Now the LORD said
This phrase indicates direct divine communication, emphasizing the authority and importance of the message. The LORD, or Yahweh, is the covenant name of God, highlighting His personal relationship with Israel. This communication underscores God's active role in the deliverance of His people, a theme consistent throughout the Exodus narrative.

to Moses and Aaron
Moses and Aaron are central figures in the Exodus story. Moses, chosen by God as the leader of the Israelites, and Aaron, his brother and spokesperson, are instrumental in the liberation of the Israelites from Egyptian bondage. Their partnership is significant, as it demonstrates God's provision of leadership and support. This also prefigures the New Testament concept of apostleship, where leaders are sent with divine authority.

in the land of Egypt
The setting in Egypt is crucial, as it represents the place of Israel's bondage and suffering. Egypt, a powerful and advanced civilization, is often symbolic of worldly power and oppression in biblical literature. The historical context of the Israelites' enslavement sets the stage for God's redemptive acts. This location also foreshadows the greater deliverance from sin and death through Jesus Christ, as Egypt is a type of the world from which believers are delivered.

This month is the beginning of months for you;
This phrase marks a significant shift in the Hebrew calendar, establishing a new beginning for the Israelites. The month referred to is Nisan (also known as Abib), which corresponds to March-April in the Gregorian calendar. This change signifies a new identity and a fresh start for the Israelites as they prepare to leave Egypt. Theologically, it represents God's intervention in history, setting apart His people with a distinct calendar that commemorates their deliverance. This month becomes the starting point for the religious year, emphasizing the importance of the Passover event. The concept of a new beginning is echoed in the New Testament, where believers are called to a new life in Christ (2 Corinthians 5:17).

it shall be the first month of your year.
By designating Nisan as the first month, God establishes a calendar that centers around His redemptive acts. This reordering of time underscores the significance of the Passover, which is to be celebrated annually as a perpetual reminder of God's deliverance. Historically, this calendar was used for religious purposes, while a separate civil calendar began in the fall with the month of Tishri. The dual calendar system reflects the dual nature of Israel's identity as both a religious and a national community. Theologically, this first month foreshadows the ultimate redemption through Jesus Christ, the Lamb of God, whose sacrifice brings about a new covenant and a new creation (John 1:29, Revelation 21:5).

Tell the whole congregation of Israel
This directive is given to Moses and Aaron to communicate to the entire assembly of the Israelites. The term "congregation" indicates a collective identity, emphasizing unity and shared purpose. This is the first time the term is used in the Bible, marking the beginning of Israel's national identity. The instruction is communal, highlighting the importance of collective obedience and participation in God's plan.

that on the tenth day of this month
The specific timing is significant, as it marks the beginning of the Jewish religious calendar with the month of Nisan (or Abib). The tenth day is chosen to allow time for the lamb to be selected and observed, ensuring it is without blemish. This timing also foreshadows the triumphal entry of Jesus into Jerusalem, which occurred on the tenth day of Nisan, aligning with His role as the Lamb of God.

each man must select a lamb for his family
The selection of a lamb is a personal responsibility, emphasizing the role of the head of the household in spiritual leadership. The lamb is to be chosen with care, symbolizing purity and innocence. This act prefigures Christ, the Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world. The personal selection underscores the necessity of individual faith and commitment in the redemption process.

one per household
The provision of one lamb per household signifies the sufficiency of the sacrifice for each family unit. It reflects the communal aspect of salvation, where each household is covered by the blood of the lamb. This mirrors the New Testament teaching that Christ's sacrifice is sufficient for all who believe. The household focus also points to the importance of family in God's covenantal promises and the transmission of faith across generations.

If the household is too small for a whole lamb,
In ancient Israel, families were often large, but there were instances where a household might not be able to consume an entire lamb. The Passover lamb was to be eaten entirely, with nothing left until morning, symbolizing the completeness of God's deliverance. This requirement ensured that the sacrifice was not wasted and that the community was involved in the observance. The lamb represents Christ, the Lamb of God, whose sacrifice is sufficient for all, yet must be personally appropriated.

they are to share with the nearest neighbor
This directive emphasizes community and fellowship, reflecting the communal nature of Israelite society. Sharing the lamb with a neighbor not only ensured that the commandment was fulfilled but also fostered unity and mutual support. This principle of sharing and community is echoed in the New Testament, where believers are encouraged to bear one another's burdens and share in the Lord's Supper.

based on the number of people,
The number of people determined the sharing of the lamb, ensuring that everyone had enough to eat. This practical approach highlights God's concern for order and provision. It also prefigures the inclusivity of the Gospel, where salvation through Christ is available to all, regardless of number or status.

and apportion the lamb accordingly.
The careful apportioning of the lamb underscores the importance of stewardship and responsibility in God's commands. Each person was to receive a portion, symbolizing the personal nature of salvation. This mirrors the New Testament teaching that each believer must personally partake in the sacrifice of Christ, the true Passover Lamb, for redemption.

Your lamb must be an unblemished year-old male
The requirement for an "unblemished" lamb signifies purity and perfection, symbolizing the sinlessness required for a sacrificial offering. This foreshadows Jesus Christ, referred to as the "Lamb of God" (John 1:29), who was without sin (1 Peter 1:19). The specification of a "year-old male" indicates maturity and strength, representing the prime of life. In the context of the Passover, this lamb was to be a substitute for the firstborn of Israel, pointing to Christ's substitutionary atonement for humanity.

and you may take it from the sheep or the goats
The allowance to choose from "sheep or the goats" provides flexibility for the Israelites, ensuring that all families could participate regardless of their livestock resources. This inclusivity reflects God's provision and care for His people. In biblical symbolism, sheep often represent God's people (Psalm 100:3), while goats can symbolize those who are separated from God (Matthew 25:32-33). The choice between sheep and goats may also highlight the universality of Christ's sacrifice, available to all, regardless of background.

You must keep it until the fourteenth day of the month
This instruction refers to the Passover lamb, which was selected on the tenth day of the month of Nisan. The four-day period allowed the Israelites to inspect the lamb for any blemishes, ensuring it was perfect and suitable for sacrifice. This practice foreshadows Christ, the Lamb of God, who was without blemish or defect (1 Peter 1:19). The timing also aligns with Jesus' entry into Jerusalem and His subsequent crucifixion, which occurred during Passover.

when the whole assembly of the congregation of Israel
The phrase emphasizes the communal aspect of the Passover. All Israelites participated, symbolizing unity and collective obedience to God's command. This prefigures the unity of believers in Christ, as seen in the New Testament church (Acts 2:42-47). The term "assembly" also highlights the importance of community worship and shared faith experiences.

will slaughter the animals at twilight
The slaughtering at twilight, or "between the evenings," marks the beginning of the 14th day, as the Jewish day begins at sunset. This timing is significant as it aligns with the time of Jesus' death, often referred to as the "ninth hour" or around 3 PM (Matthew 27:45-50). The act of slaughtering the lambs points to the sacrificial death of Christ, who was crucified during Passover, fulfilling the typology of the Passover lamb as the ultimate sacrifice for sin.

They are to take some of the blood
The blood of the lamb is central to the Passover ritual, symbolizing life and atonement. In the ancient Near Eastern context, blood was often associated with covenant and purification. This act prefigures the sacrificial system established later in the Mosaic Law and ultimately points to the sacrificial death of Jesus Christ, the Lamb of God, whose blood brings redemption (John 1:29, Hebrews 9:22).

and put it on the sides and tops of the doorframes
The application of blood on the doorframes served as a sign of protection and obedience. The doorframe, being the entrance to the home, symbolized the threshold between life and death. This act of marking the doorposts with blood was a public declaration of faith and trust in God's promise of deliverance. It parallels the concept of being marked or sealed by God, as seen in Ezekiel 9:4 and Revelation 7:3.

of the houses
The house represents the family unit, which was central to Israelite society. The communal aspect of the Passover meal highlights the importance of family and community in worship and obedience to God. This also foreshadows the New Testament concept of the household of faith (Galatians 6:10).

where they eat the lambs
Eating the lamb was an integral part of the Passover celebration, signifying participation in the covenant and the sustenance provided by God. The lamb, without blemish, is a type of Christ, who is sinless and provides spiritual nourishment to believers (1 Corinthians 5:7, John 6:53-56). The communal meal underscores the unity and fellowship among God's people, a theme that is echoed in the Lord's Supper.

They are to eat the meat that night
This instruction is part of the Passover ritual, where the Israelites were commanded to eat the lamb on the night of their deliverance from Egypt. The immediacy of "that night" underscores the urgency and readiness required for their impending exodus. This meal was to be consumed in haste, symbolizing the swift departure from bondage. The night also holds significance as it marks the time when the Lord passed over the houses of the Israelites, sparing them from the plague of the firstborn (Exodus 12:12-13).

Roasted over the fire
Roasting the lamb over fire, rather than boiling or eating it raw, was a specific command. Fire symbolizes judgment and purification in the Bible, and this method of cooking can be seen as a representation of the judgment that passed over the Israelites. The roasting also ensured the lamb was consumed whole, without breaking any bones, which is a type of Christ, as none of His bones were broken during His crucifixion (John 19:36).

Along with unleavened bread
Unleavened bread, or matzah, is bread made without yeast. In the context of the Passover, it symbolizes purity and the absence of sin, as leaven often represents sin and corruption in Scripture (1 Corinthians 5:6-8). The haste of their departure from Egypt meant there was no time for the dough to rise, further emphasizing the urgency of their escape. This bread is also a reminder of the affliction and suffering endured in Egypt, as it is referred to as the "bread of affliction" (Deuteronomy 16:3).

And bitter herbs
The bitter herbs, likely including plants such as chicory or endive, were eaten to remind the Israelites of the bitterness of their slavery in Egypt. This element of the meal serves as a tangible reminder of their past suffering and the harshness of their bondage. The bitterness also points to the suffering of Christ, who bore the bitterness of sin and death on behalf of humanity. The inclusion of bitter herbs in the Passover meal is a call to remember and reflect on the cost of redemption and deliverance.

Do not eat any of the meat raw or cooked in boiling water
This command emphasizes the importance of following God's specific instructions for the Passover meal. Eating the meat raw or boiled would not align with the symbolism of the sacrifice. The roasting process signifies the complete and thorough judgment, akin to the consuming fire of God's holiness. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, boiling was a common method of cooking, but here it is specifically prohibited to maintain the distinctiveness of the Passover ritual. This instruction also foreshadows the sacrificial system where offerings were often burned, symbolizing purification and atonement.

but only roasted over the fire
Roasting over fire is a method that ensures the entire lamb is consumed by the flames, symbolizing the totality of the sacrifice. Fire in the Bible often represents God's presence and judgment, as seen in the burning bush (Exodus 3:2) and the pillar of fire (Exodus 13:21). This method of cooking aligns with the idea of a burnt offering, which is wholly given to God. The roasting also points to the suffering and sacrifice of Jesus Christ, the Lamb of God, who endured the "fire" of God's wrath for humanity's sins.

its head and legs and inner parts
The inclusion of the head, legs, and inner parts signifies the completeness of the sacrifice. Nothing is to be left out, indicating that the offering is whole and perfect. This mirrors the requirement for a lamb without blemish (Exodus 12:5), pointing to the sinless nature of Christ. The head represents leadership and authority, the legs symbolize the walk or journey, and the inner parts denote the heart and soul. Together, they reflect the totality of Christ's sacrifice, encompassing His mind, actions, and innermost being. This comprehensive offering underscores the thoroughness of redemption provided through Jesus.

Do not leave any of it until morning;
This command is part of the instructions for the Passover meal, which the Israelites were to eat in haste as they prepared for their exodus from Egypt. The urgency of the command reflects the immediacy of their departure. In a broader biblical context, this instruction emphasizes the importance of obedience and trust in God's timing. The prohibition against leaving any of the lamb until morning signifies the completeness of the sacrifice, which is a type of Christ, the Lamb of God, whose sacrifice is complete and sufficient for salvation (John 1:29). The command also underscores the need for readiness and faith, as the Israelites were to be prepared to leave at a moment's notice.

before the morning you must burn up any part that is left over.
The requirement to burn any leftovers ensures that the sacrifice remains holy and is not profaned by decay or misuse. This practice of burning remains is consistent with other sacrificial laws found in Leviticus, where offerings not consumed by the priests were to be burned (Leviticus 7:17). The act of burning signifies purification and the complete dedication of the offering to God. In a typological sense, this can be seen as a foreshadowing of Christ's complete and unblemished sacrifice, which leaves nothing lacking in the atonement for sin. The burning of leftovers also symbolizes the finality and totality of God's deliverance, as the Israelites were to leave nothing behind in Egypt, just as believers are called to leave their old lives behind in Christ (2 Corinthians 5:17).

This is how you are to eat it:
This directive is given to the Israelites regarding the consumption of the Passover lamb. It emphasizes the importance of following God's instructions precisely. The Passover meal is not just a regular meal but a sacred observance with specific guidelines, symbolizing obedience and readiness for deliverance.

You must be fully dressed for travel:
The Israelites were to be prepared for immediate departure from Egypt. This instruction signifies readiness and anticipation of God's deliverance. In a broader sense, it reflects the Christian call to be spiritually prepared for Christ's return, as seen in the parable of the ten virgins (Matthew 25:1-13).

With your sandals on your feet:
Wearing sandals indicates readiness for a journey. In ancient times, removing sandals was customary when entering a home, so keeping them on signifies that the Israelites were not to settle but to be ready to leave at a moment's notice. This can be seen as a metaphor for the Christian life, where believers are called to be pilgrims and sojourners in the world (1 Peter 2:11).

And your staff in your hand:
The staff is a symbol of support and guidance during travel. It represents God's provision and protection as the Israelites embark on their journey. This imagery is echoed in Psalm 23:4, where the psalmist speaks of God's rod and staff providing comfort.

You are to eat in haste:
Eating in haste underscores the urgency of the situation. The Israelites were to be ready to leave Egypt quickly, without delay. This reflects the urgency of responding to God's call and the immediacy of salvation, as emphasized in 2 Corinthians 6:2, "Now is the time of God's favor, now is the day of salvation."

It is the LORD’s Passover:
The Passover is a pivotal event in Israel's history, marking their deliverance from slavery in Egypt. It is a foreshadowing of Christ's sacrifice, as He is referred to as "our Passover lamb" (1 Corinthians 5:7). The blood of the lamb, which protected the Israelites from the angel of death, prefigures the blood of Christ, which saves believers from eternal death.

On that night
This phrase refers to the specific night of the Passover, a pivotal event in the history of Israel. It marks the culmination of the ten plagues that God sent upon Egypt to compel Pharaoh to release the Israelites from slavery. The timing underscores the immediacy and urgency of God's intervention.

I will pass through the land of Egypt
God's presence moving through Egypt signifies divine judgment and deliverance. This action is reminiscent of the theophany, where God manifests His presence in a tangible way. It also foreshadows the future deliverance of God's people, pointing to the ultimate redemption through Christ.

and strike down every firstborn male, both man and beast
The death of the firstborn is the final and most severe of the plagues, targeting the future and strength of Egypt. This act demonstrates God's power over life and death and serves as a direct challenge to the Egyptian belief in the divine protection of their firstborn. It also prefigures the sacrifice of Jesus, the firstborn of all creation, who dies to bring life.

and I will execute judgment against all the gods of Egypt
This phrase highlights the spiritual warfare aspect of the plagues. Each plague systematically dismantles the authority of the Egyptian deities, demonstrating their impotence before the God of Israel. This judgment reveals the futility of idolatry and affirms the supremacy of the one true God.

I am the LORD
This declaration asserts God's identity and authority. The use of "LORD" (YHWH) is significant, as it is the covenant name of God, emphasizing His eternal, self-existent nature. It reassures the Israelites of His faithfulness and power to fulfill His promises, ultimately pointing to the revelation of God in Jesus Christ, who embodies the fullness of God's covenantal love and faithfulness.

The blood on the houses where you are staying will be a sign;
In the context of the first Passover, the Israelites were instructed to apply the blood of a lamb to the doorposts and lintels of their homes. This act served as a visible sign of obedience and faith in God's promise of deliverance. The use of blood as a sign is significant throughout Scripture, symbolizing life and atonement (Leviticus 17:11). The blood on the houses foreshadows the sacrificial death of Jesus Christ, the Lamb of God, whose blood provides salvation and protection from spiritual death (John 1:29, 1 Peter 1:18-19).

when I see the blood, I will pass over you.
This phrase introduces the concept of divine protection and deliverance. The term "pass over" is the origin of the term "Passover," a pivotal event in Jewish history commemorated annually. It signifies God's mercy and judgment, as He spared the Israelites while executing judgment on the Egyptians. This act of passing over prefigures the ultimate deliverance through Christ, who provides eternal salvation to those covered by His blood (Romans 5:9). The Passover event is a type of Christ's redemptive work, highlighting the necessity of faith and obedience for salvation.

No plague will fall on you to destroy you
The plague referred to here is the death of the firstborn, the final and most severe of the ten plagues that God sent upon Egypt (Exodus 11:4-6). This plague was a direct judgment against the Egyptian gods and Pharaoh, who was considered a deity. The protection from the plague underscores God's sovereignty and faithfulness to His covenant people. It also illustrates the principle of divine justice and mercy, as those who obeyed God's command were spared from destruction.

when I strike the land of Egypt.
The striking of Egypt represents God's judgment against a nation that had oppressed His people. It serves as a historical demonstration of God's power and His commitment to fulfilling His promises to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob (Genesis 15:13-14). The plagues, culminating in the death of the firstborn, were designed to compel Pharaoh to release the Israelites and to reveal God's supremacy over all false gods (Exodus 12:12). This event is a reminder of God's ultimate authority and the deliverance He provides to those who trust in Him.

And this day will be a memorial for you
This phrase refers to the institution of the Passover, marking the Israelites' deliverance from Egyptian bondage. The term "memorial" signifies a lasting remembrance, emphasizing the importance of recalling God's mighty acts. In biblical context, memorials often serve as reminders of God's faithfulness and covenant with His people, similar to the stones set up by Joshua after crossing the Jordan River (Joshua 4:7).

and you are to celebrate it as a feast to the LORD
The celebration is not merely a cultural tradition but a religious observance dedicated to the LORD. The Passover feast involves specific rituals, including the sacrifice of a lamb, which prefigures Christ as the Lamb of God (John 1:29). This feast underscores the theme of redemption and deliverance, central to the narrative of salvation history.

as a permanent statute
The term "permanent statute" indicates that this observance is to be kept perpetually by the Israelites. It highlights the enduring nature of God's commands and the importance of obedience. This concept of a lasting ordinance is echoed in other biblical feasts and laws, such as the Sabbath (Exodus 31:16-17).

for the generations to come
This phrase emphasizes the transmission of faith and tradition across generations. It underscores the responsibility of each generation to teach the next about God's deliverance and covenant. This idea is reinforced in Deuteronomy 6:6-7, where parents are instructed to diligently teach God's commandments to their children. The continuity of the Passover celebration serves as a reminder of God's unchanging nature and His ongoing relationship with His people.

For seven days you must eat unleavened bread.
The command to eat unleavened bread for seven days is part of the Feast of Unleavened Bread, which immediately follows Passover. This feast commemorates the Israelites' hasty departure from Egypt, where they did not have time to let their bread rise. Unleavened bread, or matzah, symbolizes purity and the absence of sin, as leaven often represents sin or corruption in biblical symbolism (1 Corinthians 5:6-8). The seven-day period signifies completeness and perfection in biblical numerology, reflecting a complete cycle of purification and dedication to God.

On the first day you are to remove the leaven from your houses.
Removing leaven from the house is a physical act that symbolizes spiritual cleansing. In the context of the Exodus, it was a practical necessity due to the haste of departure, but it also serves as a metaphor for removing sin from one's life. This practice is still observed in Jewish households today during Passover, where a thorough cleaning is done to ensure no leaven is present. The act of removing leaven can be seen as a precursor to the Christian practice of self-examination and repentance.

Whoever eats anything leavened from the first day through the seventh must be cut off from Israel.
The severe consequence of being "cut off" underscores the importance of obedience to God's commands. In ancient Israel, being cut off could mean excommunication or even death, depending on the context. This phrase highlights the seriousness with which God views sin and disobedience. It also foreshadows the New Testament teaching on church discipline and the need for purity within the community of believers (1 Corinthians 5:1-13). The emphasis on community purity reflects the holiness required by God and the need for His people to be set apart from the surrounding nations.

On the first day you are to hold a sacred assembly
This phrase refers to the beginning of the Feast of Unleavened Bread, which follows the Passover. The sacred assembly signifies a holy convocation, a gathering of the Israelites to worship and focus on God. This assembly marks the start of a week-long observance commemorating the Israelites' exodus from Egypt. The concept of a sacred assembly is rooted in the idea of setting apart time for God, reflecting the Sabbath principle of rest and worship. It emphasizes the importance of community worship and collective remembrance of God's deliverance.

and another on the seventh day
The seventh day marks the conclusion of the Feast of Unleavened Bread, bookending the festival with another sacred assembly. This structure highlights the importance of both the beginning and the end of the festival, reinforcing the theme of completion and rest. The seventh day is significant in biblical numerology, often symbolizing perfection and completion, as seen in the creation narrative. This day of assembly serves as a reminder of God's provision and the completion of the Israelites' journey from slavery to freedom.

You must not do any work on those days
This command underscores the sanctity of the sacred assemblies, aligning with the broader biblical principle of Sabbath rest. By refraining from work, the Israelites were to focus solely on worship and reflection, acknowledging God's sovereignty and provision. This cessation of labor is a recurring theme in the Old Testament, seen in the Sabbath commandment and other festival observances, emphasizing trust in God's provision rather than human effort.

except to prepare the meals—that is all you may do
The allowance for meal preparation indicates the practical needs of the people while maintaining the day's sanctity. This exception highlights the balance between spiritual observance and daily necessities. It reflects the understanding that while worship and rest are paramount, God also acknowledges human needs. This provision can be seen as a precursor to Jesus' teaching on the Sabbath, where He emphasizes mercy and necessity over strict legalism, as in Matthew 12:1-8.

So you are to keep the Feast of Unleavened Bread
The Feast of Unleavened Bread is a significant observance in the Jewish calendar, lasting seven days immediately following Passover. It commemorates the haste with which the Israelites left Egypt, not having time to let their bread rise. Leaven, or yeast, is often symbolic of sin in the Bible (1 Corinthians 5:6-8), and the removal of leaven from homes during this feast represents purification and holiness. This feast is a call to remember God's deliverance and to live a life set apart from sin.

for on this very day I brought your divisions out of the land of Egypt
This phrase highlights the historical event of the Exodus, where God delivered the Israelites from slavery in Egypt. The term "divisions" suggests an organized departure, emphasizing God's sovereignty and order in the liberation process. The Exodus is a foundational event in Israel's history, symbolizing God's power and faithfulness. It is also a type of Christ's redemptive work, as Jesus delivers believers from the bondage of sin (Luke 9:31, which uses the term "exodus" to describe Jesus' departure).

You must keep this day as a permanent statute
The command to observe this day as a "permanent statute" underscores its enduring significance. It is not merely a historical remembrance but a perpetual ordinance, reflecting the unchanging nature of God's covenant with His people. This observance is a reminder of God's eternal promises and His call for His people to remember His acts of salvation throughout generations.

for the generations to come
This phrase emphasizes the importance of passing down the story of God's deliverance to future generations. It is a call to teach children about God's mighty works and faithfulness (Deuteronomy 6:6-9). The continuity of this observance ensures that each generation understands their identity as God's people and their responsibility to live in obedience to Him. It also points to the ultimate fulfillment in Christ, whose sacrifice is remembered and proclaimed until He returns (1 Corinthians 11:26).

In the first month
The first month refers to Nisan (or Abib), which is the beginning of the Hebrew religious calendar. This month typically corresponds to March-April in the Gregorian calendar. The timing is significant as it marks the beginning of the Israelites' deliverance from Egypt, symbolizing new beginnings and redemption. This month is also when the Passover is celebrated, a pivotal event in Jewish history.

you are to eat unleavened bread
Unleavened bread, or matzah, is bread made without yeast. In the context of the Exodus, it symbolizes the haste with which the Israelites left Egypt, as they did not have time to let their bread rise. Spiritually, leaven often represents sin or corruption in the Bible (1 Corinthians 5:6-8), and eating unleavened bread signifies purity and separation from sin. This practice is part of the Feast of Unleavened Bread, which is a time of reflection and dedication to God.

from the evening of the fourteenth day
The evening of the fourteenth day of Nisan marks the beginning of Passover. In Jewish tradition, a day begins at sunset, so the Passover meal, which includes the eating of unleavened bread, is observed on this evening. This timing is crucial as it commemorates the night when the Lord passed over the houses of the Israelites in Egypt, sparing their firstborns (Exodus 12:12-13).

until the evening of the twenty-first day
The Feast of Unleavened Bread lasts for seven days, concluding on the evening of the twenty-first day of Nisan. This period is a time of remembrance and celebration of God's deliverance from slavery in Egypt. It is a time of purification and dedication, as the Israelites were commanded to remove all leaven from their homes (Exodus 12:15). This week-long observance underscores the importance of living a life free from sin and dedicated to God, drawing a parallel to the Christian life of sanctification.

For seven days there must be no leaven found in your houses.
The command to remove leaven for seven days is part of the observance of the Feast of Unleavened Bread, which immediately follows Passover. Leaven, or yeast, symbolizes sin and corruption due to its fermenting process. The seven-day period represents completeness and total purification. This practice is a reminder of the haste with which the Israelites left Egypt, not having time to let their bread rise. It also signifies a call to holiness and separation from sin, as seen in 1 Corinthians 5:7-8, where Paul urges believers to purge the old leaven.

If anyone eats something leavened,
Eating leavened bread during this period is a direct violation of God's command and symbolizes a return to sin and corruption. The act of eating leavened bread during the Feast of Unleavened Bread is seen as a serious offense because it undermines the spiritual significance of the festival. This command underscores the importance of obedience and the need for spiritual vigilance.

that person, whether a foreigner or native of the land,
The inclusion of both foreigners and natives indicates the universal application of God's laws to all who are part of the community of Israel. This reflects the inclusive nature of God's covenant, which extends beyond ethnic boundaries. It also foreshadows the New Testament teaching that salvation through Christ is available to all, Jew and Gentile alike, as seen in Galatians 3:28.

must be cut off from the congregation of Israel.
Being "cut off" implies a severe penalty, possibly excommunication or even death, depending on the context. This punishment highlights the seriousness of disobedience and the need for communal purity. It serves as a deterrent against sin and maintains the sanctity of the community. This concept is echoed in the New Testament in passages like Matthew 18:15-17, where church discipline is discussed.

You are not to eat anything leavened;
This command is part of the instructions for the Feast of Unleavened Bread, which follows the Passover. Leaven, or yeast, is often symbolic of sin and corruption in the Bible (1 Corinthians 5:6-8). The removal of leaven from the home represents the purging of sin from one's life. Historically, leaven was a small piece of dough left over from the previous batch, which would ferment and cause the new dough to rise. This process can symbolize how sin, if left unchecked, can permeate and affect the whole community or individual. The prohibition against leaven during this time underscores the need for purity and holiness as the Israelites prepared to leave Egypt, a land of idolatry and sin.

eat unleavened bread
Unleavened bread, or matzah, is bread made without yeast, symbolizing purity and the haste with which the Israelites left Egypt (Exodus 12:39). It is a reminder of their affliction and the urgency of their departure. In the New Testament, unleavened bread is also seen as a type of Christ, who is sinless and pure (John 6:35). The consumption of unleavened bread during this feast is a call to remember God's deliverance and to live a life free from the corruption of sin.

in all your homes.”
The command to eat unleavened bread in all homes emphasizes the communal and familial aspect of the observance. It was not just a public or temple ritual but a practice to be observed within the household, signifying that the remembrance of God's deliverance and the call to holiness is personal and affects every aspect of life. This practice would have united the community in shared faith and obedience, reinforcing their identity as God's chosen people. The home-centered observance also foreshadows the New Testament teaching that faith and worship are not confined to a specific place but are to be lived out in daily life (Acts 2:46, Colossians 3:16).

Then Moses summoned all the elders of Israel
Moses, as the leader appointed by God, calls upon the elders, who are the representatives and leaders of the tribes of Israel. This reflects the hierarchical structure of ancient Israelite society, where elders held positions of authority and were responsible for communicating and implementing God's commands. The summoning of the elders signifies the importance of the message and the need for immediate action. This gathering also highlights the communal aspect of the Passover, as the elders would relay the instructions to their respective families.

and told them, “Go at once and select for yourselves a lamb for each family,
The urgency in "Go at once" underscores the immediacy of the situation, as the Israelites were on the brink of the final plague and their subsequent exodus from Egypt. The instruction to "select for yourselves a lamb" emphasizes personal responsibility and the necessity for each family to participate in the Passover. The lamb, a common domestic animal, was to be without blemish, symbolizing purity and foreshadowing Christ as the sinless Lamb of God (John 1:29). The selection of a lamb for each family ensures that the act of sacrifice and the ensuing meal are intimate and personal, reinforcing the covenant relationship between God and His people.

and slaughter the Passover lamb.
The act of slaughtering the lamb is central to the Passover ritual, marking the beginning of the Israelites' deliverance from bondage. This sacrifice is a type of Christ's sacrificial death, as He is referred to as "our Passover lamb" (1 Corinthians 5:7). The blood of the lamb, which would be applied to the doorposts, served as a sign for the Lord to "pass over" the houses of the Israelites, sparing them from the plague of the firstborn. This act of faith and obedience is a precursor to the New Covenant, where believers are saved through the blood of Christ. The Passover lamb thus becomes a powerful symbol of redemption and divine protection.

Take a cluster of hyssop
Hyssop is a small, bushy plant used in ancient rituals for purification and cleansing. Its use here signifies a symbolic act of purification and protection. Hyssop is mentioned in other biblical contexts, such as in Leviticus 14:4-6 for cleansing lepers and in Psalm 51:7, where David asks to be cleansed with hyssop. This plant's role in the Passover foreshadows its use in the New Testament, where it is associated with the crucifixion of Jesus (John 19:29), symbolizing purification through His sacrifice.

Dip it into the blood in the basin
The blood in the basin comes from the Passover lamb, which is central to the Passover ritual. This act of dipping signifies the application of the sacrificial blood, which is essential for the protection of the Israelites. The blood represents life and atonement, as seen in Leviticus 17:11, where it is stated that the life of the flesh is in the blood. This prefigures the blood of Christ, the Lamb of God, whose sacrifice brings redemption and protection from spiritual death (1 Peter 1:18-19).

And brush the blood on the top and sides of the doorframe
The application of blood on the doorframe serves as a sign for the Lord to pass over the house, sparing the firstborn from death. This act of marking the doorframe is a public declaration of faith and obedience to God's command. The doorframe, being the entrance to the home, symbolizes the threshold between life and death, safety and danger. This act parallels the sealing of believers with the Holy Spirit in the New Testament (Ephesians 1:13), marking them as God's own.

None of you shall go out the door of his house until morning
This command emphasizes the importance of remaining under the protection of the blood. It signifies trust and obedience to God's instructions, highlighting the theme of divine protection during the night of judgment. The restriction to stay indoors until morning reflects the idea of waiting for deliverance and safety, akin to the resurrection morning when Christ's victory over death is revealed. This also connects to the concept of spiritual vigilance and readiness, as seen in the parable of the ten virgins (Matthew 25:1-13), where staying prepared is crucial for salvation.

When the LORD passes through to strike down the Egyptians
This phrase refers to the final plague that God brought upon Egypt, the death of the firstborn, as a judgment against Pharaoh and the gods of Egypt. The LORD's action here is a direct intervention in human history, demonstrating His sovereignty and power. This event is a pivotal moment in the Exodus narrative, leading to the liberation of the Israelites from slavery. The judgment against the Egyptians also serves as a fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham that He would judge the nation that enslaved his descendants (Genesis 15:14).

He will see the blood on the top and sides of the doorframe
The blood on the doorframe is the blood of a lamb, which the Israelites were commanded to apply as a sign of their faith and obedience. This act of marking the doorframes with blood is a type of Christ, foreshadowing the sacrificial death of Jesus, the Lamb of God, whose blood brings salvation and protection from spiritual death (John 1:29, 1 Peter 1:19). The specific instruction to place the blood on the top and sides of the doorframe symbolizes a complete covering, indicating total protection.

and will pass over that doorway
The term "pass over" is the origin of the Jewish festival of Passover, commemorating this event. It signifies God's mercy and grace in sparing the Israelites from the plague. This act of passing over is a demonstration of God's faithfulness to His covenant people, highlighting the theme of redemption that runs throughout Scripture. The Passover event is a precursor to the ultimate redemption through Christ's sacrifice.

so He will not allow the destroyer to enter your houses and strike you down
The "destroyer" is often understood as an angel of death or a divine agent executing God's judgment. This protection from the destroyer underscores the importance of obedience to God's commands and the power of the blood as a means of salvation. It also reflects the broader biblical theme of divine protection for those who trust in God (Psalm 91:10-11). The sparing of the Israelites' firstborn is a testament to God's ability to distinguish between those who are His and those who are not, a theme echoed in the New Testament with the separation of the sheep and the goats (Matthew 25:31-46).

And you are to keep this command
This phrase emphasizes the importance of obedience to God's instructions. In the context of Exodus 12, the command refers to the observance of the Passover, a pivotal event in Israel's history marking their deliverance from Egyptian bondage. The Passover is a type of Christ, symbolizing Jesus as the Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world (John 1:29). The command to keep the Passover highlights the necessity of remembering God's acts of salvation.

as a permanent statute
The term "permanent statute" indicates that this command is not temporary but is to be observed continually. This reflects the enduring nature of God's covenant with Israel. The Passover is a perpetual reminder of God's deliverance and faithfulness. In the New Testament, the Lord's Supper is instituted by Jesus as a new covenant, fulfilling the Passover and establishing a lasting ordinance for believers (1 Corinthians 11:23-26).

for you and your descendants
This phrase underscores the generational aspect of God's covenant. The command is not only for the immediate recipients but also for future generations, ensuring that the memory of God's deliverance is preserved. This reflects the biblical principle of teaching and passing down faith to subsequent generations (Deuteronomy 6:6-7). It also points to the continuity of God's promises and the inclusion of future believers in the covenant community.

When you enter the land
This phrase refers to the Israelites' future entrance into the Promised Land, Canaan. Historically, this event occurs after the Exodus from Egypt and the subsequent 40 years of wandering in the desert. The land is described as "flowing with milk and honey" (Exodus 3:8), symbolizing abundance and blessing. The entry into the land is a fulfillment of God's promise to the patriarchs, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.

that the LORD will give you
The land is a divine gift from the LORD, emphasizing God's sovereignty and faithfulness. This promise is rooted in the Abrahamic Covenant (Genesis 12:7), where God pledged to give Abraham's descendants the land of Canaan. The giving of the land is not based on Israel's merit but on God's grace and covenantal faithfulness.

as He promised
This highlights the reliability and trustworthiness of God's word. The promise of the land is reiterated throughout the Pentateuch, including in Genesis 15:18-21 and Exodus 6:8. It underscores the theme of God's faithfulness to His promises, a central tenet in the biblical narrative.

you are to keep this service
The "service" refers to the observance of the Passover, a perpetual ordinance for the Israelites (Exodus 12:14). This observance serves as a memorial of God's deliverance from Egypt and a foreshadowing of Christ's sacrificial death, as the Passover lamb is a type of Christ (1 Corinthians 5:7). The keeping of this service is an act of obedience and remembrance, reinforcing the covenant relationship between God and His people.

When your children ask you,
This phrase anticipates a future inquiry from the next generation, highlighting the importance of passing down faith and traditions. In the ancient Near Eastern context, oral tradition was a primary means of education. The question from children signifies curiosity and a desire to understand their heritage, which is a common theme in the Bible (Deuteronomy 6:20). It underscores the role of parents as spiritual educators, a principle echoed in Proverbs 22:6.

‘What does this service mean to you?’
The "service" refers to the Passover, a pivotal event in Israel's history commemorating their deliverance from Egyptian bondage. This question invites reflection on the significance of the Passover, which is both a historical remembrance and a spiritual symbol. The Passover lamb is a type of Christ, as seen in 1 Corinthians 5:7, where Paul refers to Jesus as "our Passover lamb." The inquiry encourages a personal connection to the ritual, ensuring that the observance is not merely a tradition but a meaningful act of worship. This aligns with the broader biblical theme of remembrance and the importance of understanding God's redemptive acts (Psalm 78:4-7).

you are to reply, ‘It is the Passover sacrifice to the LORD,
This phrase establishes the Passover as a divinely instituted observance. The term "Passover" (Hebrew: Pesach) signifies the act of God "passing over" the Israelite homes during the final plague. The sacrifice is directed to the LORD, emphasizing the covenant relationship between God and Israel. The Passover lamb is a type of Christ, as seen in 1 Corinthians 5:7, where Christ is referred to as our Passover lamb, sacrificed for us.

who passed over the houses of the Israelites in Egypt
This highlights God's protective action during the tenth plague, where the firstborn of Egypt were struck down. The blood of the lamb on the doorposts served as a sign for God to "pass over" the homes of the Israelites, sparing them from judgment. This act of deliverance is a foreshadowing of salvation through Christ's blood, as seen in Romans 5:9.

when He struck down the Egyptians and spared our homes.’”
The striking down of the Egyptians' firstborn was the final and most severe of the ten plagues, leading to the liberation of the Israelites. This event underscores God's sovereignty and justice, as well as His mercy towards His chosen people. The sparing of the Israelite homes is a testament to God's faithfulness to His promises, as seen in Genesis 12:3, where God promises to bless those who bless Abraham's descendants.

Then the people bowed down and worshiped.
The response of the Israelites is one of reverence and gratitude. Bowing down signifies submission and acknowledgment of God's authority and deliverance. Worship here is both a physical act and a spiritual response to God's mighty works. This mirrors the call to worship in spirit and truth found in John 4:24, and it sets a precedent for the communal and individual worship practices seen throughout the Bible.

And the Israelites went and did
This phrase highlights the obedience of the Israelites to God's command. In the context of the Passover, their actions were a direct response to the instructions given by God through Moses and Aaron. This obedience is significant as it demonstrates their faith and trust in God's promise of deliverance. The act of going and doing is a recurring theme in Scripture, emphasizing the importance of faith accompanied by action (James 2:17).

just what the LORD had commanded
The precision of their obedience underscores the importance of following God's instructions exactly as given. This reflects the covenant relationship between God and His people, where blessings are often contingent upon obedience (Deuteronomy 28:1-2). The Israelites' adherence to God's command also prefigures the necessity of obedience to Christ's teachings in the New Testament (John 14:15).

Moses and Aaron
Moses and Aaron serve as God's chosen leaders and mediators between Him and the Israelites. Their leadership is crucial during the Exodus, as they convey God's commands and guide the people. This leadership dynamic is mirrored in the New Testament with Jesus as the ultimate mediator between God and humanity (1 Timothy 2:5). Moses, in particular, is a type of Christ, as both are deliverers of their people (Acts 7:35-37).

Now at midnight
The timing of midnight is significant as it represents a moment of transition and judgment. In biblical terms, midnight often symbolizes a time of divine intervention or deliverance (e.g., Acts 16:25-26). It underscores the suddenness and unexpected nature of God's actions.

the LORD struck down every firstborn male in the land of Egypt
This act of judgment was the final and most severe of the ten plagues. It demonstrated God's power over life and death and served as a direct challenge to the Egyptian gods, particularly those associated with fertility and life. The firstborn held a place of prominence in ancient cultures, often seen as the primary heir and the future of the family line.

from the firstborn of Pharaoh, who sat on his throne
Pharaoh was considered a god-king in Egyptian culture, and the death of his firstborn was a direct affront to his perceived divinity and authority. This act showed that no one, not even the most powerful ruler, was beyond the reach of God's judgment.

to the firstborn of the prisoner in the dungeon
This phrase emphasizes the universality of the plague, affecting all social classes equally. It highlights the impartiality of God's judgment, where status and position offer no protection. The mention of prisoners also underscores the totality of the plague's impact on the entire Egyptian society.

as well as all the firstborn among the livestock
The inclusion of livestock in the judgment further demonstrates the comprehensive nature of the plague. Livestock were vital to the Egyptian economy and religious practices, and their loss would have had significant economic and spiritual implications. This also connects to earlier plagues that targeted Egyptian resources and deities associated with animals.

This verse, as a whole, foreshadows the sacrificial death of Jesus Christ, the "firstborn over all creation" (Colossians 1:15), who would die to bring deliverance from sin. The Passover event, of which this verse is a part, is a type of Christ's redemptive work, where His blood, like the lamb's blood on the doorposts, provides salvation and protection from judgment.

During the night Pharaoh got up—
This phrase indicates the immediacy and urgency of the situation. The plague struck at midnight, a time often associated with divine intervention and judgment in the Bible. Pharaoh's rising in the night signifies a disruption of normalcy and the beginning of a pivotal moment in Israel's history. This event fulfills God's warning to Pharaoh through Moses and Aaron, demonstrating God's sovereignty over Egypt's gods and Pharaoh himself.

he and all his officials and all the Egyptians—
The inclusion of Pharaoh's officials and all Egyptians highlights the widespread impact of the plague. It was not limited to the common people but affected the entire social hierarchy, emphasizing that no one was exempt from God's judgment. This mirrors the earlier plagues, which progressively demonstrated God's power over Egypt's deities and the futility of their resistance. The collective experience of the Egyptians underscores the national scale of the calamity.

and there was loud wailing in Egypt;
The loud wailing signifies profound grief and despair. In ancient cultures, wailing was a common expression of mourning, often involving loud cries and lamentations. This intense sorrow reflects the magnitude of the loss experienced by the Egyptians. The wailing also serves as a stark contrast to the silence of the Israelites, who were spared by the blood of the Passover lamb, symbolizing God's protection and deliverance.

for there was no house without someone dead.
This phrase underscores the totality of the plague's impact. Every Egyptian household experienced the death of the firstborn, fulfilling God's warning in Exodus 11:4-6. The death of the firstborn was particularly devastating, as the firstborn held a place of prominence and inheritance in the family. This event foreshadows the sacrificial death of Jesus Christ, the firstborn of all creation, whose death brings life and deliverance to those who believe. The universality of the judgment also serves as a reminder of the consequences of sin and the need for redemption.

Then Pharaoh summoned Moses and Aaron by night
This phrase indicates the urgency and immediacy of Pharaoh's response following the final plague, the death of the firstborn. The summoning "by night" suggests a sense of desperation and fear, as nighttime was typically a period of rest. This action contrasts with Pharaoh's previous refusals and hard-heartedness, highlighting a significant turning point. The urgency also reflects the fulfillment of God's warning to Pharaoh through Moses and Aaron, demonstrating God's sovereignty and the power of His judgments.

and said, “Get up, leave my people, both you and the Israelites!
Pharaoh's command to "get up" and "leave" signifies a complete reversal of his previous stance. The phrase "my people" indicates Pharaoh's acknowledgment of the Israelites' distinct identity, separate from the Egyptians. This separation fulfills God's promise to make a distinction between His people and Egypt (Exodus 8:22-23). The inclusion of "both you and the Israelites" emphasizes the collective liberation of the entire nation, not just Moses and Aaron, aligning with God's covenant promise to Abraham about his descendants (Genesis 15:13-14).

Go, worship the LORD as you have requested.
Pharaoh's permission for the Israelites to "go, worship the LORD" marks the culmination of Moses' repeated requests to let the people go to serve God (Exodus 5:1). This phrase underscores the primary purpose of the Exodus: to worship and serve Yahweh. It highlights the centrality of worship in the Israelites' identity and mission. The phrase "as you have requested" indicates Pharaoh's reluctant compliance with God's demand, showcasing God's ultimate authority over earthly rulers. This moment foreshadows the future worship of God in the Promised Land and points to the ultimate deliverance and worship through Jesus Christ, who liberates believers from the bondage of sin.

Take your flocks and herds as well
This phrase indicates Pharaoh's final concession to Moses' demands after the devastating plagues, particularly the death of the firstborn. Previously, Pharaoh had attempted to negotiate by allowing only the men to go or by keeping the livestock (Exodus 10:24). The inclusion of flocks and herds signifies a complete release, acknowledging the Israelites' need for sacrifices and sustenance. This reflects God's power in fulfilling His promise to deliver His people completely (Exodus 3:18).

just as you have said
Pharaoh's words here echo Moses' earlier requests (Exodus 10:9). This phrase underscores the fulfillment of God's word through Moses, highlighting the authority and accuracy of prophetic declarations. It also demonstrates Pharaoh's reluctant submission to God's will, as he repeats the terms Moses had set forth, showing the triumph of divine over human authority.

and depart!
The command to "depart" signifies the culmination of the Exodus narrative, where the Israelites are finally freed from Egyptian bondage. This moment is pivotal in Israel's history, marking the beginning of their journey to the Promised Land. It also prefigures the spiritual liberation found in Christ, who delivers believers from the bondage of sin (John 8:36).

And bless me also.”
Pharaoh's request for a blessing is significant, as it reveals a moment of vulnerability and recognition of the God of Israel's power. Despite his hardened heart, Pharaoh seeks favor from the very people he oppressed. This request can be seen as an acknowledgment of the true God, contrasting with the Egyptian pantheon. It also foreshadows the blessing to all nations through Abraham's descendants (Genesis 12:3), ultimately fulfilled in Jesus Christ, who brings salvation to all peoples.

And in order to send them out of the land quickly
The urgency of the Egyptians to send the Israelites out of Egypt reflects the culmination of the ten plagues, particularly the devastating final plague—the death of the firstborn. This haste is significant as it fulfills God's promise to deliver His people swiftly (Exodus 12:11). The rapid departure also prefigures the urgency of salvation in the New Testament, where believers are called to respond promptly to God's call (2 Corinthians 6:2).

the Egyptians urged the people on
The Egyptians' insistence on the Israelites' departure highlights the fear and desperation that gripped Egypt after the plagues. This moment marks a reversal of the previous oppression, as the Egyptians now implore the Israelites to leave. This can be seen as a fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham that his descendants would be strangers in a foreign land but would eventually be delivered (Genesis 15:13-14). The urging also symbolizes the breaking of the chains of slavery, a type of the spiritual liberation found in Christ (John 8:36).

“For otherwise,” they said, “we are all going to die!”
The Egyptians' fear of death underscores the severity of God's judgment and the recognition of His power. This statement reflects the realization that the God of Israel is sovereign over life and death, a theme that runs throughout Scripture (Deuteronomy 32:39). The fear of death here can be paralleled with the fear of eternal death, from which Christ delivers believers (Romans 6:23). The Egyptians' acknowledgment of potential death also serves as a warning of the consequences of hardening one's heart against God, as Pharaoh did.

So the people took their dough before it was leavened
This phrase highlights the urgency of the Israelites' departure from Egypt. The unleavened dough symbolizes haste, as there was no time to let the dough rise. This event is commemorated in the Feast of Unleavened Bread, which is a reminder of God's deliverance. The absence of leaven also represents purity and separation from sin, as leaven is often a symbol of corruption in Scripture (1 Corinthians 5:6-8).

carrying it on their shoulders
The act of carrying the dough on their shoulders indicates the readiness and mobility required for the journey. It reflects the burden of leaving behind the familiar and stepping into the unknown, trusting in God's promise. This imagery can be seen as a precursor to the Christian call to bear one's cross and follow Christ (Matthew 16:24).

in kneading bowls wrapped in clothing
The kneading bowls were essential tools for daily life, signifying the practical aspects of the Israelites' preparation. Wrapping them in clothing suggests protection and care for their provisions. This detail underscores the resourcefulness and adaptability of the Israelites. It also foreshadows the provision and care God would continue to show them in the wilderness, as He provided manna and quail (Exodus 16). The wrapping of the bowls can be seen as a metaphor for God's covering and protection over His people.

Furthermore, the Israelites acted on Moses’ word
This phrase highlights the obedience of the Israelites to Moses, who was God's appointed leader. Moses' instructions were based on God's command (Exodus 3:21-22). This obedience is significant as it demonstrates faith in God's promises and leadership. It also sets a precedent for the importance of following divine guidance, a theme that recurs throughout the Bible.

and asked the Egyptians for articles of silver and gold,
The request for silver and gold is a fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham in Genesis 15:14, where God foretold that his descendants would leave their place of bondage with great possessions. This act can be seen as a form of divine reparation for the years of slavery. The wealth acquired would later be used in the construction of the Tabernacle (Exodus 25:1-8), symbolizing the use of earthly wealth for divine purposes. The Egyptians' willingness to give these items may reflect God's influence over their hearts (Exodus 12:36).

and for clothing.
Clothing was a valuable commodity in ancient times, often signifying wealth and status. The request for clothing indicates a preparation for the journey ahead, ensuring that the Israelites were equipped for their exodus from Egypt. This provision also symbolizes God's care for His people, ensuring they had what they needed for their journey to the Promised Land. The acquisition of clothing can be seen as a precursor to the spiritual "clothing" of righteousness that believers receive through faith in Christ (Isaiah 61:10).

And the LORD gave the people such favor in the sight of the Egyptians
This phrase highlights the divine intervention in the Israelites' exodus from Egypt. The favor granted by the LORD is reminiscent of earlier biblical narratives where God influences the hearts of others, such as in Genesis 39:21, where Joseph finds favor in the eyes of the prison warden. Theologically, this demonstrates God's sovereignty and His ability to fulfill His promises to His people, as seen in Genesis 15:14, where God foretells that the Israelites will leave Egypt with great possessions. The favor in the sight of the Egyptians also reflects a reversal of the Israelites' previous status as slaves, showcasing God's power to change circumstances.

that they granted their request
The Israelites' request refers to the asking of silver, gold, and clothing from the Egyptians, as instructed by God in Exodus 3:21-22. This act of requesting and receiving wealth can be seen as a form of reparations for the years of slavery and oppression endured by the Israelites. It also fulfills God's promise to Abraham that his descendants would leave their place of bondage with great wealth. The Egyptians' willingness to comply may be attributed to the fear and awe instilled by the plagues, particularly the final plague, which demonstrated the power of the God of Israel.

In this way they plundered the Egyptians
The term "plundered" is significant as it conveys the idea of a victorious outcome, typically associated with warfare. However, in this context, it is achieved without violence, underscoring the miraculous nature of the event. This act of plundering fulfills God's promise and serves as a type of Christ, who, through His death and resurrection, disarmed the powers and authorities, making a public spectacle of them (Colossians 2:15). Theologically, it also prefigures the ultimate victory of God's people over their oppressors and the eventual inheritance of the promised land. Historically, this transfer of wealth from Egypt to Israel sets the stage for the construction of the Tabernacle, as the materials provided by the Egyptians would later be used for this purpose.

The Israelites journeyed from Rameses to Succoth
Rameses is identified as a city in the land of Goshen, where the Israelites lived during their time in Egypt. It is often associated with the city of Pi-Ramesses, a royal city built by Pharaoh Ramesses II. This departure marks the beginning of the Exodus, a pivotal event in Israelite history, symbolizing liberation from slavery. Succoth, meaning "booths" or "temporary shelters," was the first stop on their journey. This movement from Rameses to Succoth signifies the initial step in fulfilling God's promise to bring the Israelites out of Egypt and into the Promised Land.

with about 600,000 men on foot
The number 600,000 refers specifically to the men, likely those of fighting age, suggesting a total population of around two million when including women and children. This large number underscores the magnitude of the Exodus and the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham to make his descendants as numerous as the stars (Genesis 15:5). The logistics of moving such a large group highlight the miraculous nature of God's provision and guidance.

besides women and children
The mention of women and children emphasizes the family units that made up the Israelite community. This detail highlights the comprehensive nature of the Exodus, involving entire households, not just a select group. It also reflects the cultural and societal structure of the time, where men were often counted separately in censuses and military contexts. The inclusion of women and children underscores the communal aspect of God's deliverance and the continuity of the covenant community.

And a mixed multitude also went up with them
This phrase indicates that the Israelites were not alone in their exodus from Egypt. The "mixed multitude" likely included non-Israelites who had witnessed the plagues and recognized the power of the God of Israel. This group may have consisted of Egyptians and other foreigners who lived in Egypt, possibly slaves or those seeking freedom and a new life. This diverse group foreshadows the inclusive nature of God's covenant, which would later be extended to Gentiles (Isaiah 56:6-8, Romans 11:17-24). The presence of the mixed multitude also introduces challenges, as seen later in the wilderness when they incite complaints and rebellion (Numbers 11:4-6).

along with great droves of livestock
The mention of "great droves of livestock" highlights the wealth and resources the Israelites took with them. Livestock was a sign of wealth and essential for survival, providing food, clothing, and sacrifices. This detail underscores God's provision and blessing, as the Israelites left Egypt not as impoverished slaves but as a people equipped for their journey. The livestock would also play a crucial role in the sacrificial system established later in the Mosaic Law (Leviticus 1-7).

both flocks and herds
The distinction between "flocks" and "herds" suggests a variety of animals, including sheep, goats, and cattle. This variety was necessary for different types of sacrifices and offerings, as well as for sustaining the community. The presence of both flocks and herds indicates the comprehensive nature of God's provision, ensuring that the Israelites had all they needed for their journey and future worship. This abundance can be seen as a fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham that his descendants would leave their place of bondage with great possessions (Genesis 15:14).

Since their dough had no leaven
In the context of the Exodus, leaven represents sin and corruption. The absence of leaven in the dough signifies purity and a break from the past life in Egypt, which was filled with idolatry and oppression. This unleavened bread, or matzah, becomes a symbol of the haste in which the Israelites left Egypt, as well as a reminder of their deliverance. The Feast of Unleavened Bread, which follows Passover, commemorates this event and is a time for the Israelites to reflect on their liberation and God's provision.

the people baked what they had brought out of Egypt into unleavened loaves
The act of baking unleavened loaves highlights the practical aspects of the Israelites' departure. They had to use what they had on hand, emphasizing their reliance on God for sustenance. This moment foreshadows the manna that God would later provide in the wilderness, further illustrating His provision. The unleavened loaves also serve as a tangible reminder of the Israelites' journey from slavery to freedom, a theme that resonates throughout the Bible.

For when they had been driven out of Egypt
The phrase "driven out" underscores the urgency and divine intervention in the Exodus. Pharaoh's decision to release the Israelites came after the final plague, the death of the firstborn, which broke his resistance. This expulsion was not just a physical departure but a spiritual liberation from bondage. It reflects God's power and faithfulness in fulfilling His promises to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and sets the stage for the establishment of Israel as a nation.

they could not delay
The haste of the departure is significant, as it demonstrates the immediacy of God's deliverance. The Israelites had to leave quickly, without time to prepare, which underscores their dependence on God. This urgency is mirrored in the New Testament call to be ready for Christ's return, living in a state of spiritual preparedness and reliance on God's timing.

and had not prepared any provisions for themselves
The lack of provisions highlights the Israelites' faith journey. They left Egypt with only what they could carry, trusting in God's promise to lead them to a land flowing with milk and honey. This reliance on God for daily needs is a recurring theme in Scripture, seen in the provision of manna and quail in the wilderness and echoed in Jesus' teaching to pray for "our daily bread." It serves as a reminder of God's faithfulness and the importance of trusting Him for sustenance and guidance.

Now the duration of the Israelites’ stay in Egypt
The phrase indicates a specific period during which the Israelites lived in Egypt. This time began with the arrival of Jacob and his family during a famine, as recorded in Genesis 46. The Israelites initially settled in the land of Goshen, a fertile area suitable for their livestock. Over time, they grew from a family into a large nation. This period is significant as it marks the transition from the patriarchal age to the formation of a distinct people group, setting the stage for the Exodus.

was 430 years.
The 430 years is a key chronological marker in biblical history. This duration is often debated, with some interpretations suggesting it includes the time from Abraham's covenant with God to the Exodus. However, the straightforward reading here focuses on the Israelites' time in Egypt. This period saw the Israelites' transformation from favored guests to enslaved people, leading to their eventual deliverance. The number 430 also connects to Galatians 3:17, where Paul discusses the law given 430 years after the promise to Abraham, highlighting the continuity of God's plan. This period foreshadows the redemptive work of Christ, as the Exodus is a type of salvation, with Moses as a type of Christ leading his people to freedom.

At the end of the 430 years
This phrase marks the completion of a significant period in Israelite history, beginning with the sojourn of Abraham's descendants in Egypt. The 430 years likely include the time from Abraham's arrival in Canaan to the Exodus. This period fulfills God's promise to Abraham in Genesis 15:13, where He foretold that his descendants would be strangers in a land not their own and would be enslaved and mistreated for 400 years. The precision of "430 years" underscores God's faithfulness in fulfilling His promises at the appointed time.

to the very day
The specificity of "to the very day" emphasizes the exactness of God's timing. It suggests that the Exodus occurred on the anniversary of the Israelites' entry into Egypt, highlighting God's sovereignty and precision in His plans. This phrase also underscores the importance of divine timing in biblical events, reflecting the meticulous nature of God's covenantal promises.

all the LORD’s divisions
The term "divisions" refers to the organized groups or tribes of Israel, often likened to military formations. This reflects the structured and orderly nature of the Israelite community as they prepared to leave Egypt. The use of "LORD's divisions" indicates that the Israelites were under divine command, portraying God as a commander leading His people to freedom. This imagery foreshadows the spiritual battles and journeys the Israelites would face, with God as their leader.

went out of the land of Egypt
This phrase marks the physical departure of the Israelites from Egypt, signifying liberation from slavery and the beginning of their journey to the Promised Land. It fulfills God's promise of deliverance and is a pivotal moment in Israelite history. The Exodus is a foundational event, symbolizing redemption and salvation, and is often seen as a type of Christ's redemptive work. Just as the Israelites were freed from physical bondage, Christ offers freedom from spiritual bondage. The departure from Egypt also sets the stage for the giving of the Law at Sinai and the establishment of Israel as a covenant nation.

Because the LORD kept a vigil that night
This phrase highlights God's active role in the deliverance of the Israelites. The term "vigil" implies watchfulness and protection. In the biblical context, this night refers to the Passover, when God passed over the homes of the Israelites, sparing them from the plague of the firstborn. This act of divine intervention underscores God's faithfulness to His covenant with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. It also foreshadows the vigilance of Christ, who watches over His people.

to bring them out of the land of Egypt
The deliverance from Egypt is a pivotal event in Israel's history, symbolizing liberation from bondage. Egypt, often seen as a place of oppression, represents the world and sin. The Exodus prefigures the salvation offered through Jesus Christ, who delivers believers from the bondage of sin. This event fulfills God's promise to Abraham in Genesis 15:13-14, where He foretold the liberation of his descendants.

this same night is to be a vigil to the LORD
The repetition of the vigil emphasizes its importance as a perpetual observance. It is a night dedicated to remembering God's deliverance and faithfulness. This observance is not just a historical commemoration but a spiritual practice that reinforces the identity of the Israelites as God's chosen people. It parallels the Christian practice of communion, which commemorates Christ's sacrifice and deliverance from sin.

to be observed by all the Israelites
The command for all Israelites to observe this vigil underscores the communal aspect of faith and remembrance. It is a collective act of worship and gratitude, reinforcing unity among God's people. This communal observance is akin to the gathering of believers in the New Testament, where the church is called to remember and proclaim the Lord's death until He comes (1 Corinthians 11:26).

for the generations to come
The perpetual nature of this observance highlights the importance of passing down faith and tradition. It ensures that future generations understand and appreciate their heritage and God's mighty acts. This concept is echoed in Deuteronomy 6:6-7, where parents are instructed to teach God's commandments to their children. It also points to the eternal nature of God's covenant, fulfilled in Christ, whose sacrifice is remembered throughout all generations.

And the LORD said to Moses and Aaron
This phrase indicates direct divine communication, emphasizing the authority and importance of the message. Moses and Aaron, as leaders of the Israelites, are the chosen mediators between God and His people. This reflects the theocratic leadership structure where God directly guides His people through appointed leaders.

This is the statute of the Passover
The term "statute" signifies a permanent ordinance or law, highlighting the enduring nature of the Passover celebration. The Passover commemorates the Israelites' deliverance from Egyptian bondage, marking a pivotal moment in their history. It is a foundational event that prefigures Christ's sacrificial death, as the Passover lamb is a type of Christ, the Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world (John 1:29).

No foreigner is to eat of it
This restriction underscores the covenantal relationship between God and Israel. The Passover meal is a sacred observance meant for those within the covenant community. It signifies belonging and participation in the promises of God. In the New Testament, this exclusivity is transformed as Gentiles are grafted into the covenant through faith in Christ (Ephesians 2:12-13). The term "foreigner" here refers to those not part of the Israelite community, emphasizing the importance of identity and faith in the covenant relationship.

But any slave who has been purchased
In the ancient Near Eastern context, slavery was a common practice, and the Israelites themselves were once slaves in Egypt. The mention of a "purchased" slave indicates a legal transaction, suggesting ownership and integration into the household. This reflects the broader biblical theme of redemption, where God "purchases" His people from slavery to sin. The concept of being bought and belonging to a new master parallels the New Testament teaching of believers being bought with a price (1 Corinthians 6:20).

may eat of it
The "it" refers to the Passover meal, a significant event in Israelite history commemorating their deliverance from Egypt. Eating the Passover was a sign of inclusion in the covenant community. This inclusion of a purchased slave highlights the expansive nature of God's covenant, foreshadowing the inclusion of Gentiles into the faith community, as seen in the New Testament (Ephesians 2:11-13).

after you have circumcised him
Circumcision was the physical sign of the Abrahamic covenant (Genesis 17:10-14). It was a prerequisite for participation in the Passover, symbolizing purification and commitment to God. This requirement underscores the importance of covenant identity and purity before partaking in holy observances. In the New Testament, circumcision of the heart becomes the focus (Romans 2:29), pointing to an inward transformation necessary for true inclusion in God's people. This transformation is fulfilled in Christ, who brings both Jews and Gentiles into one body through faith (Galatians 3:28).

A temporary resident or hired hand
In the context of ancient Israel, a temporary resident refers to a foreigner living among the Israelites who has not fully integrated into the covenant community. A hired hand is someone employed for labor, often without the rights and privileges of a family member or citizen. This distinction highlights the exclusivity of the Passover as a covenantal meal, reserved for those who are part of the Israelite community. The concept of a temporary resident is seen in other parts of the Old Testament, such as Leviticus 19:34, where the Israelites are commanded to treat the foreigner living among them as a native-born. This reflects God's concern for justice and inclusion, yet with boundaries regarding sacred practices.

shall not eat the Passover.
The Passover meal was a sacred observance commemorating the Israelites' deliverance from Egypt, as described in Exodus 12. It was a sign of the covenant between God and His people, requiring full participation in the community of faith. The restriction against temporary residents and hired hands partaking in the Passover underscores the importance of covenant identity and purity. This exclusivity points to the necessity of being part of God's covenant people to fully participate in His redemptive acts. In the New Testament, the Passover is seen as a type of Christ, who is referred to as our Passover lamb in 1 Corinthians 5:7. Just as the original Passover required identification with the covenant community, so too does participation in the salvation offered through Christ require faith and identification with His body, the Church.

It must be eaten inside one house.
This directive emphasizes the unity and communal aspect of the Passover meal. The Israelites were to gather as families or small groups within a single dwelling, symbolizing the unity of God's people. This practice also ensured the sanctity and sacredness of the meal, as it was a solemn observance of God's deliverance from Egypt. The house served as a place of protection, much like the blood on the doorposts protected the Israelites from the plague. This can be seen as a type of the church, where believers gather in unity under the protection of Christ's sacrifice.

You are not to take any of the meat outside the house,
This restriction underscores the sacredness of the Passover lamb, which was not to be profaned by being taken outside the designated place of consumption. It highlights the importance of keeping the holy separate from the common. The meat, representing the sacrifice, was to remain within the confines of the house, much like the spiritual nourishment and protection provided by Christ remains within the community of believers. This also prefigures the exclusivity of salvation through Christ, as the benefits of His sacrifice are for those who are within the covenant community.

and you may not break any of the bones.
This command is significant both in its immediate context and its prophetic implications. In the context of the Passover, it ensured that the lamb remained whole, symbolizing completeness and perfection. Prophetically, this points to Jesus Christ, the ultimate Passover Lamb, whose bones were not broken during His crucifixion, fulfilling the prophecy in Psalm 34:20 and referenced in John 19:36. This detail underscores the perfection and unblemished nature of Christ's sacrifice, aligning with the requirement for the Passover lamb to be without defect.

The whole congregation of Israel
This phrase emphasizes the collective responsibility and unity of the Israelites. The term "congregation" refers to the assembly of the people of Israel, highlighting their identity as a chosen nation. This collective identity is significant throughout the Old Testament, as seen in passages like Exodus 19:6, where Israel is called a "kingdom of priests and a holy nation." The unity of the congregation is also a precursor to the New Testament concept of the Church as the body of Christ (1 Corinthians 12:12-27).

must celebrate it
The command to celebrate refers to the observance of the Passover, a pivotal event in Israel's history marking their deliverance from Egyptian bondage. This celebration is not optional but a divine mandate, underscoring its importance in the life of the Israelites. The Passover is a type of Christ, as it foreshadows Jesus as the Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world (John 1:29). The requirement for all to participate points to the inclusivity of God's salvation plan, later expanded to all nations through Christ (Galatians 3:28). The celebration involves specific rituals and practices, as detailed in Exodus 12, which serve as a remembrance of God's deliverance and faithfulness.

If a foreigner resides with you
This phrase acknowledges the presence of non-Israelites living among the Israelites. In the ancient Near East, it was common for foreigners to reside in different lands due to trade, war, or other circumstances. The inclusion of foreigners in religious practices highlights the openness of the Israelite community to those outside their ethnic group, provided they adhere to certain covenantal requirements.

and wants to celebrate the LORD’s Passover
The Passover was a pivotal event commemorating Israel's deliverance from Egyptian bondage. It was not only a historical remembrance but also a spiritual observance. The desire of a foreigner to participate indicates a recognition of the LORD's sovereignty and a willingness to align with His people. This foreshadows the inclusion of Gentiles in the New Covenant, as seen in the New Testament.

all the males in the household must be circumcised
Circumcision was the sign of the Abrahamic Covenant (Genesis 17:10-14). It was a physical mark of belonging to God's chosen people. For a foreigner to partake in the Passover, circumcision was necessary, symbolizing a full commitment to the covenant community. This requirement underscores the seriousness of entering into a relationship with God and His people.

then he may come near to celebrate it
The phrase "come near" suggests a movement towards holiness and participation in the sacred. It implies that once the covenantal sign is observed, the foreigner is granted full access to the religious life of Israel. This mirrors the New Testament teaching that through Christ, believers are brought near to God (Ephesians 2:13).

and he shall be like a native of the land
This indicates full inclusion and equality within the community of Israel. The foreigner, once circumcised, is no longer seen as an outsider but as one who fully belongs. This prefigures the New Testament concept of the church as one body, where there is neither Jew nor Gentile (Galatians 3:28).

But no uncircumcised man may eat of it
This restriction emphasizes the sanctity and exclusivity of the Passover meal. It serves as a boundary marker for the community, ensuring that only those who have committed to the covenant can participate. This principle of separation for holiness is echoed in the New Testament, where believers are called to live distinct lives (2 Corinthians 6:17).

The same law shall apply
This phrase emphasizes the universality and equality of God's law. In the context of the Exodus narrative, it underscores the idea that God's commandments are not limited to a specific ethnic group but are applicable to all who choose to follow Him. This principle is echoed in the New Testament, where Paul writes in Galatians 3:28 that there is neither Jew nor Greek, for all are one in Christ Jesus. The law serves as a unifying standard, reflecting God's impartiality and justice.

to both the native
The term "native" refers to the Israelites, the descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, who were the original recipients of God's covenant. This highlights the continuity of God's promises to His chosen people. The Israelites were to be a kingdom of priests and a holy nation (Exodus 19:6), and their adherence to God's law was a testament to their unique relationship with Him. The law was integral to their identity and mission as God's people.

and the foreigner who resides among you.
The inclusion of the "foreigner" or "sojourner" signifies God's inclusive nature and His concern for all humanity. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, foreigners often had limited rights and were marginalized. However, God's law provided protection and inclusion for them, reflecting His compassion and justice. This provision foreshadows the New Testament teaching that the gospel is for all nations (Matthew 28:19). It also points to the future gathering of all peoples into God's kingdom, as seen in Revelation 7:9, where a multitude from every nation, tribe, people, and language stands before the throne of God.

Then all the Israelites did this—
This phrase highlights the collective obedience of the Israelites. It underscores the unity and communal action of the people in following God's instructions. This obedience is significant in the context of the Passover, a pivotal event in Israelite history. The Israelites' compliance is a demonstration of faith and trust in God's deliverance, which is a recurring theme throughout the Old Testament. This collective action also prefigures the unity expected in the body of Christ, as seen in the New Testament (1 Corinthians 12:12-27).

they did just as the LORD had commanded Moses and Aaron.
This phrase emphasizes the importance of following divine instructions precisely. Moses and Aaron, as leaders appointed by God, serve as intermediaries between God and the people. Their role is crucial in conveying God's commands accurately. The Israelites' adherence to these commands is a testament to their faith and reverence for God's authority. This obedience is a type of Christ's perfect obedience to the Father, as seen in the Gospels (John 5:19, 30). It also reflects the broader biblical principle that blessings follow obedience to God's word (Deuteronomy 28:1-14). The meticulous observance of God's commands during the Passover foreshadows the sacrificial death of Jesus, the Lamb of God, who fulfills the ultimate deliverance from sin (John 1:29).

And on that very day
This phrase emphasizes the immediacy and precision of God's timing. The deliverance of the Israelites from Egypt occurred exactly as God had promised. This reflects God's sovereignty and faithfulness in fulfilling His promises. The phrase "that very day" underscores the culmination of the Passover event, which was a pivotal moment in Israel's history, marking the transition from slavery to freedom.

the LORD brought the Israelites
The use of "the LORD" (Yahweh) highlights the divine initiative and power in the deliverance. It was not by human effort but by God's mighty hand that the Israelites were freed. This act of deliverance is a central theme in the Old Testament, often recalled in later scriptures (e.g., Deuteronomy 5:6, Psalm 81:10). It prefigures the ultimate deliverance through Jesus Christ, who brings spiritual freedom from sin.

out of the land of Egypt
Egypt, in biblical symbolism, often represents bondage and oppression. The exodus from Egypt is a foundational event for the Israelites, symbolizing liberation and the beginning of a covenant relationship with God. Archaeological evidence supports the existence of a Semitic presence in ancient Egypt, aligning with the biblical narrative. This exodus is a type of Christ's redemptive work, as He leads believers out of the bondage of sin.

by their divisions
The term "divisions" suggests an organized departure, possibly indicating tribal or family groups. This organization reflects God's order and structure within the community of His people. It also points to the military-like formation, preparing them for the journey ahead and the battles they would face. This orderly departure contrasts with the chaos of the plagues and the disarray of the Egyptians, highlighting God's control and provision for His people.