Strong's Lexicon mas or mis: Forced labor, tribute, levy, taskwork Original Word: מַס Word Origin: Derived from the root verb נָסַס (nasas), meaning "to lift up" or "to carry." Corresponding Greek / Hebrew Entries: The concept of forced labor or tribute in the Greek Septuagint is often translated with terms like φόρος (phoros, G5411) meaning "tribute" or δουλεία (douleia, G1397) meaning "slavery" or "bondage." Usage: The term "mas" or "mis" refers to a system of forced labor or a levy imposed on a population. It is often used in the context of labor that is extracted by a ruling power from its subjects, typically for public works or as a form of tribute. This concept is seen in the context of ancient Near Eastern practices where conquered peoples were often subjected to such labor. Cultural and Historical Background: In the ancient Near East, including Israel, the imposition of forced labor was a common practice by ruling authorities. It was a means of utilizing the labor of subjugated peoples for the construction of infrastructure, such as roads, temples, and palaces. This practice is well-documented in the historical records of empires like Egypt and Babylon. In Israel, King Solomon is noted for using forced labor to build the temple and other significant projects (1 Kings 5:13-14). NAS Exhaustive Concordance Word Originof uncertain derivation Definition body of forced laborers, forced service, taskworkers, taskwork, serfdom NASB Translation forced (2), forced labor (13), forced laborer (1), forced laborers (5), laborers* (2), men subject to forced labor (1), taskmasters* (1), tribute (1). Brown-Driver-Briggs I. מַס noun masculine1Ki 5:27 usually collective body of forced labourers, task-workers, labour-band or gang, also (late) forced service, task-work, serfdom ( ᵑ7 מִסָּא, especially in phrase מַסְּקֵי מִיסִּין (implying late and [for Biblical Hebrew] false sense 'tribute,' so Late Hebrew מַעֲלֵי מָסִּים; √ unknown, probably loan-word; follows analogue of ע׳׳ע); — absolute ׳מ 1 Kings 5:27 +; לָמַ֑ס Joshua 17:13 +; הַמַּ֑ס 2 Samuel 20:24 +; plural מִסִּים Exodus 1:11; — 1 labour-band, labour-gang, body of task-workers for public service, formed by levy upon the people by Solomon וַיַּ֫עַל הַמֶּלֶךְ שׁלֹמֹה מַס מִכָּליִֿשְׂרָאֵל 1 Kings 5:27, amounting to 30,000 men v.1 Kings 5:27; אֲשֶׁר הֶעֱלָה ׳הַמּ 1 Kings 9:15; ׳וַיַּעֲלֵם שׁ לְמַס עֹבֵד 1 Kings 9:21 and Solomon levied them for a toiling labour-band (compare Genesis 49:15; Joshua 16:10) = ׳לְמַס וַיַּעֲלֵם שׁ2Chronicles 8:8; apparently instituted, earlier, by David, compare וַאֲדֹרָם עַלהַֿמַּ֑ס 2 Samuel 20:24, i.e. had charge of the body of labourers, so 1 Kings 4:6; 1 Kings 5:28; 1 Kings 12:18 2Chronicles 10:18. 2. a. of labour-bands, slave-gangs of Israel in Egypt, only שָׂרֵי מִסִּים Exodus 1:11 (J) gang-overseers. b. of conquered populations, subject to forced labour: יִהְיוּ לְךָ לָמַס וַעֲבָדוּךָ Deuteronomy 20:11 compare Judges 1:30,33,35 (see GFM), Isaiah 31:8; Lamentations 1:1; so ויהי לְמַס עֹבֵד Joshua 16:10 (compare Genesis 49:15; 1 Kings 9:21); וַיִתְּנוּ אֶתהַֿכְּנַעֲנִי לָמַ֑ס Joshua 17:13, compare (׳וַיָּ֫שֶׂם וגו) Judges 1:28. 3 in General: וַיְהִי לְמַסעֹֿבֵד Genesis 49:15 and he (Issachar) became a slaving labour-band (poem in J; compare Joshua 16:10; 1 Kings 9:21); compare רְמִיָּה תִּהְיֶה לָמַ֑ס Proverbs 12:24 (here apparently of individual) 4 forced service, serfdom (or possibly (in late passage) tribute = enforced payment, compare Late Hebrew, ᵑ7, see above), only of Ahasuerus: ׳וַיָּשֶׂם הַמֶּלֶךְ מַס עַלהָֿאָרֶץ וגו Esther 10:1. II. מַס see מסס. מֵסַב, מֵסֵב see סבב. מַסְגֵּר, מִסְגֶּ֫רֶת see סגר. מַסַּד see יסד. [מִסְדְּרוֺן] see סדר Strong's Exhaustive Concordance discomfited, levy, taskmaster, tributary Or mic {mees}; from macac; properly, a burden (as causing to faint), i.e. A tax in the form of forced labor -- discomfited, levy, task(-master), tribute(-tary). see HEBREW macac Forms and Transliterations הַמַּ֑ס הַמַּ֔ס הַמַּ֜ס הַמַּֽס׃ המס המס׃ לְמַ֔ס לְמַס־ לָמַ֑ס לָמַ֖ס לָמַ֥ס לָמַֽס׃ למס למס־ למס׃ מִסִּ֔ים מַ֖ס מַ֛ס מס מסים ham·mas hammas lā·mas laMas lāmas lə·mas lə·mas- lemas ləmas ləmas- mas mis·sîm misSim missîmLinks Interlinear Greek • Interlinear Hebrew • Strong's Numbers • Englishman's Greek Concordance • Englishman's Hebrew Concordance • Parallel TextsEnglishman's Concordance Genesis 49:15 HEB: לִסְבֹּ֔ל וַיְהִ֖י לְמַס־ עֹבֵֽד׃ ס NAS: a slave at forced labor. KJV: and became a servant unto tribute. INT: to bear and became forced A slave Exodus 1:11 Deuteronomy 20:11 Joshua 16:10 Joshua 17:13 Judges 1:28 Judges 1:30 Judges 1:33 Judges 1:35 2 Samuel 20:24 1 Kings 4:6 1 Kings 5:13 1 Kings 5:13 1 Kings 5:14 1 Kings 9:15 1 Kings 9:21 1 Kings 12:18 2 Chronicles 8:8 2 Chronicles 10:18 Esther 10:1 Proverbs 12:24 Isaiah 31:8 Lamentations 1:1 23 Occurrences |
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