After David had finished speaking with Saul
This phrase occurs after David's victory over Goliath, a pivotal moment in Israel's history. David's conversation with Saul likely involved discussions about his lineage and his faith in God, which had been demonstrated on the battlefield. Saul, the first king of Israel, was impressed by David's courage and faith. This interaction marks the beginning of David's rise in Saul's court, setting the stage for future events. The historical context here is crucial, as Israel was transitioning from a period of judges to a monarchy, and David's role would become central in this transition.

the souls of Jonathan and David were knit together
The phrase indicates a deep, covenantal friendship between Jonathan, Saul's son, and David. In ancient Near Eastern culture, such bonds were often formalized through covenants, which were serious commitments involving loyalty and mutual support. This connection is significant because Jonathan, as the heir to Saul's throne, recognized David's anointing and God's plan for him. The Hebrew word for "knit" suggests a binding or intertwining, symbolizing a profound unity and commitment. This relationship prefigures the unity believers are called to have in Christ, as seen in the New Testament.

and Jonathan loved him as himself
Jonathan's love for David is described using the same language as the commandment to "love your neighbor as yourself" (Leviticus 19:18), which Jesus later emphasizes as a central tenet of the law (Matthew 22:39). This love is selfless and sacrificial, foreshadowing the love of Christ for humanity. Jonathan's willingness to support David, even at the cost of his own claim to the throne, exemplifies true biblical friendship and loyalty. This love also reflects the ideal of covenantal love found throughout Scripture, where relationships are based on faithfulness and commitment rather than personal gain.

And from that day
This phrase marks a significant turning point in the narrative of David's life. The "day" refers to the aftermath of David's victory over Goliath, which is a pivotal event in Israel's history. This victory not only established David as a national hero but also as a key figure in God's unfolding plan for Israel. The phrase indicates a new chapter in David's life, where he transitions from a shepherd boy to a prominent figure in the royal court.

Saul kept David with him
King Saul's decision to keep David close reflects both political and personal motivations. Politically, David's success against Goliath made him a valuable asset to Saul's military endeavors. Personally, Saul may have been drawn to David's charisma and the favor he had with the people. However, this decision also sets the stage for the complex and often tumultuous relationship between Saul and David. Saul's initial favor towards David eventually turns to jealousy and fear, as Saul perceives David as a threat to his throne.

and did not let him return to his father’s house
David's separation from his father's house signifies a break from his previous life and responsibilities as a shepherd. This move is symbolic of David's new role and identity within Israel. It also fulfills a pattern seen in Scripture where God calls individuals away from their familial ties to fulfill a greater purpose, as seen with Abraham and Moses. This separation is both a literal and figurative step towards David's future as king. Additionally, it foreshadows the eventual estrangement and conflict between Saul and David, as Saul's initial favor turns to suspicion and hostility.

Then Jonathan made a covenant with David
In the ancient Near East, covenants were solemn agreements or treaties between parties, often sealed with a ritual or sacrifice. Jonathan, the son of King Saul, initiates this covenant with David, signifying a deep bond and commitment. This act is significant as it demonstrates Jonathan's recognition of David's future as God's chosen leader of Israel, despite Jonathan's own royal lineage. The covenant reflects a selfless act of loyalty and friendship, transcending political ambitions. This mirrors the biblical theme of covenant relationships, such as God's covenants with Noah, Abraham, and Israel, emphasizing faithfulness and divine purpose.

because he loved him as himself
The phrase highlights the profound and selfless love Jonathan had for David, akin to the commandment found in Leviticus 19:18, "Love your neighbor as yourself." This love is not merely emotional but is demonstrated through actions and commitments. Jonathan's love for David is a model of true friendship and loyalty, reflecting the love that Jesus Christ later exemplifies in His teachings and sacrifice. The depth of Jonathan's love is further illustrated in his willingness to protect David from Saul's wrath, even at great personal risk. This relationship foreshadows the New Testament teaching of sacrificial love, as seen in John 15:13, "Greater love has no one than this: to lay down one's life for one's friends."

And Jonathan removed the robe he was wearing
This act of removing his robe signifies Jonathan's deep respect and affection for David. In ancient Israel, a robe was a symbol of one's status and identity. By giving his robe to David, Jonathan is symbolically transferring his own status as the king's son and heir to David, acknowledging David's future role in God's plan. This act of humility and selflessness is reminiscent of Christ's humility, as seen in Philippians 2:7, where Jesus "made himself nothing" by taking on the nature of a servant.

and gave it to David
The giving of the robe is a covenantal gesture, indicating a bond of loyalty and friendship. In the cultural context of the time, such an act would be seen as a pledge of support and alliance. This covenant between Jonathan and David is a precursor to the New Covenant established by Jesus, highlighting themes of loyalty, sacrifice, and love.

along with his tunic
The tunic was an essential garment, worn close to the body. By giving his tunic, Jonathan is offering something personal and intimate, further solidifying the bond between him and David. This act can be seen as a type of Christ's offering of Himself, as He clothes believers in righteousness (Isaiah 61:10).

his sword
The sword represents power and protection. By giving his sword to David, Jonathan is entrusting David with his own means of defense and authority. This gesture foreshadows the spiritual armor that believers are called to take up in Ephesians 6:17, where the "sword of the Spirit" is the Word of God.

his bow
The bow, a weapon of warfare, symbolizes strength and skill. Jonathan's gift of his bow to David signifies his recognition of David's role as a warrior chosen by God. This act parallels the spiritual battles faced by believers, as described in 2 Corinthians 10:4, where the weapons of warfare are not of the flesh but have divine power.

and his belt
The belt was used to secure garments and weapons, symbolizing readiness and preparedness. By giving his belt, Jonathan is equipping David for the challenges ahead. This is akin to the "belt of truth" mentioned in Ephesians 6:14, which is part of the full armor of God that believers are encouraged to wear.

So David marched out and prospered in everything Saul sent him to do
David's success in his missions under King Saul's command highlights his divine favor and leadership abilities. This phrase reflects the biblical theme of God's providence and blessing upon those He chooses. David's prosperity in his endeavors can be seen as a fulfillment of God's promise to be with him, similar to how God was with Joseph in Genesis 39:2-3. The phrase also underscores the importance of obedience and faithfulness, as David consistently followed Saul's orders, aligning with the biblical principle that God blesses those who are faithful in their duties.

and Saul set him over the men of war
David's appointment as a leader over the men of war signifies his rising status and the trust Saul placed in him. This role is significant as it positions David in a place of military leadership, foreshadowing his future as a king who would lead Israel in battle. The historical context of ancient Israelite warfare involved tribal militias, and being set over the men of war indicates a high level of responsibility and honor. This appointment also reflects Saul's initial recognition of David's capabilities, despite the later jealousy that would arise.

And this was pleasing in the sight of all the people
David's acceptance by the people illustrates his growing popularity and the favor he found among the Israelites. This public approval is crucial in the narrative, as it sets the stage for David's eventual rise to kingship. The people's support is a recurring theme in David's life, as seen in 1 Samuel 18:16, where it is noted that all Israel and Judah loved David. This widespread approval can be seen as a divine orchestration, preparing the way for David's future rule.

and of Saul’s officers as well
The approval of Saul's officers indicates that David's leadership and success were recognized not only by the general populace but also by those in positions of authority. This acceptance by the military leaders suggests that David's abilities and character were evident to those who worked closely with him. It also highlights the unity and harmony within Saul's ranks at this point in the narrative, before the eventual discord caused by Saul's jealousy. The officers' approval can be seen as a testament to David's God-given wisdom and leadership skills, which would later be crucial in his role as king.

As the troops were returning home after David had killed the Philistine
This phrase refers to the aftermath of David's victory over Goliath, a pivotal moment in Israel's history. David's triumph over the Philistine giant is a demonstration of God's power working through unlikely individuals. This event marks the beginning of David's rise to prominence in Israel. The Philistines were a constant threat to Israel, and David's victory was a significant military and spiritual triumph. This victory also foreshadows the ultimate victory of Jesus Christ over sin and death, as David is a type of Christ, representing the unexpected deliverer chosen by God.

the women came out of all the cities of Israel
In ancient Israel, it was customary for women to celebrate military victories with music and dance. This public display of joy and gratitude highlights the communal nature of Israelite society and the role of women in celebrating God's deliverance. The mention of "all the cities" indicates the widespread impact of David's victory and the unity it brought to the nation. This celebration can be compared to the rejoicing in Exodus 15:20-21, where Miriam and the women of Israel celebrated the defeat of the Egyptians.

to meet King Saul
King Saul was the reigning monarch of Israel at this time. The people's celebration was directed towards Saul as the leader of the nation, even though David was the one who achieved the victory. This reflects the hierarchical structure of Israelite society and the expectation that the king would lead and deliver the people. However, this moment also foreshadows the tension that will arise between Saul and David, as Saul's jealousy of David's success begins to grow.

with singing and dancing
Singing and dancing were common expressions of joy and celebration in ancient Israel. These activities were often part of religious and communal festivities, as seen in other biblical passages such as Exodus 15:20 and Judges 11:34. The use of music and dance in worship and celebration underscores the importance of these art forms in expressing devotion and gratitude to God.

with joyful songs, and with tambourines and other instruments
The use of musical instruments like tambourines in celebrations is well-documented in the Bible. Instruments were used to enhance the expression of joy and to create a festive atmosphere. This celebration with music and instruments is reminiscent of other biblical events, such as the celebration of the Ark of the Covenant's return in 2 Samuel 6:5. The joyful songs and instruments signify the people's recognition of God's hand in their victory and their desire to honor Him through worship.

And as the women danced, they sang out:
In ancient Israel, music and dance were integral parts of celebrations and communal gatherings. Women often led these activities, especially in victory celebrations, as seen in Exodus 15:20-21 with Miriam after the crossing of the Red Sea. The act of dancing and singing in this context signifies joy and communal participation in the triumphs of their leaders. This cultural practice highlights the role of women in expressing communal sentiments and the importance of music in Hebrew worship and celebration.

“Saul has slain his thousands,
Saul, the first king of Israel, was initially celebrated for his military victories and leadership. His reign began with promise, as he was chosen by God and anointed by Samuel (1 Samuel 10:1). The phrase acknowledges Saul's accomplishments and his role as a warrior king. However, it also subtly introduces the theme of comparison and competition between Saul and David, which becomes a central tension in the narrative. This comparison foreshadows Saul's growing jealousy and insecurity, which ultimately leads to his downfall.

and David his tens of thousands.”
David's reputation as a warrior is highlighted here, marking the beginning of his rise in popularity and favor among the people. This phrase not only celebrates David's military prowess but also signifies God's favor upon him, as seen in his victory over Goliath (1 Samuel 17). The hyperbolic nature of the statement underscores David's growing influence and the divine anointing that sets him apart for future kingship (1 Samuel 16:13). This comparison between Saul and David sets the stage for the unfolding narrative of David's ascent and Saul's decline, reflecting the biblical theme of God's sovereignty in raising and deposing leaders. David, as a type of Christ, prefigures the ultimate King who will reign with justice and righteousness.

And Saul was furious and resented this song.
Saul's anger reflects his growing insecurity and jealousy towards David. This moment marks a turning point in Saul's relationship with David, as the king's fear of losing his power becomes evident. The song that incites Saul's fury is a celebration of David's military victories, highlighting the cultural practice of women singing and dancing to honor warriors returning from battle (1 Samuel 18:6-7). Saul's reaction is rooted in his awareness of God's favor shifting from him to David, as previously indicated by Samuel's prophecy (1 Samuel 15:28).

“They have ascribed tens of thousands to David,” he said,
The phrase "tens of thousands" is a hyperbolic expression used to emphasize David's success and popularity. In the ancient Near Eastern context, such exaggerations were common in songs and poetry to honor heroes. This public recognition of David's achievements exacerbates Saul's fear and jealousy, as it suggests that David is more esteemed by the people than the king himself. This echoes the earlier anointing of David by Samuel, where David is chosen by God to be the future king (1 Samuel 16:12-13).

“but only thousands to me.
Saul's comparison of the numbers highlights his perceived diminishing status and the threat he feels from David's rising fame. The contrast between "tens of thousands" and "thousands" underscores Saul's insecurity and the shift in public favor. This sentiment is a reflection of Saul's failure to fully obey God, leading to his rejection as king (1 Samuel 15:22-23). Saul's focus on numbers reveals his reliance on human approval rather than divine favor.

What more can he have but the kingdom?”
Saul's rhetorical question reveals his fear that David will usurp his throne. This fear is not unfounded, as David has already been anointed by Samuel as the future king of Israel (1 Samuel 16:1-13). Saul's statement foreshadows the eventual transfer of kingship to David, aligning with God's plan. The tension between Saul and David is a recurring theme, illustrating the struggle between human authority and divine will. This moment also prefigures the ultimate kingship of Jesus Christ, who, like David, is initially rejected but ultimately reigns as the true King.

And from that day forward
This phrase marks a significant turning point in the relationship between Saul and David. The context is crucial: David had just returned from defeating Goliath, and his popularity was soaring among the Israelites. Saul's jealousy was ignited by the women's song that praised David's victories more than Saul's. This moment signifies the beginning of Saul's deep-seated envy and suspicion, which would persist throughout the rest of his life. The phrase "from that day forward" indicates a continuous and unrelenting attitude that Saul would maintain, highlighting the enduring nature of his jealousy.

Saul kept a jealous eye on David.
Saul's jealousy is a central theme in this narrative. In the ancient Near Eastern context, kings often viewed popular military leaders as threats to their throne. Saul's insecurity is exacerbated by the Spirit of the Lord departing from him and resting on David, as seen earlier in 1 Samuel 16:14. This jealousy is not just a personal failing but a spiritual one, as Saul's disobedience to God had already led to his rejection as king (1 Samuel 15:26-28). Saul's "jealous eye" suggests a watchful, suspicious, and hostile attitude, which foreshadows his future attempts to kill David. This jealousy can be seen as a type of the world's hostility towards Christ, who, like David, was anointed by God and faced opposition from the established powers. Saul's actions contrast with Jonathan's, Saul's son, who loved David and made a covenant with him, symbolizing the acceptance and recognition of God's chosen one.

The next day
This phrase indicates a continuation from the previous events, where David had been gaining favor and success, causing Saul to become increasingly jealous. The timing suggests an immediate consequence of Saul's growing animosity towards David.

a spirit of distress sent from God
This spirit is understood as a divine judgment upon Saul for his disobedience and rejection as king. It reflects the Old Testament understanding of God's sovereignty over all spirits, both good and evil. This distressing spirit contrasts with the Holy Spirit, who had departed from Saul (1 Samuel 16:14). It serves as a reminder of the consequences of turning away from God's commands.

came upon Saul
The phrase indicates a sudden and overpowering influence, suggesting that Saul was not in control of his actions. This aligns with other instances in Scripture where individuals are overtaken by a spirit, such as the prophets who are moved by the Holy Spirit to speak God's words.

and he prophesied inside the house
The act of prophesying here is not in the sense of delivering divine messages, but rather an ecstatic, uncontrolled behavior. This is similar to the frenzied state seen in 1 Samuel 10:10 when Saul first encountered the prophets. The setting "inside the house" suggests a private, possibly domestic environment, contrasting with public prophetic acts.

while David played the harp as usual
David's role as a musician was to soothe Saul's troubled spirit, a task he had performed since being brought to Saul's court (1 Samuel 16:23). The harp, a common instrument in ancient Israel, was used in worship and to calm the mind. David's consistent service highlights his faithfulness and contrasts with Saul's instability.

Now Saul was holding a spear
The spear is a symbol of Saul's authority and warrior status, but it also foreshadows his violent intentions towards David. This detail sets the stage for Saul's subsequent attempts to harm David, illustrating the growing tension and danger in their relationship. The spear becomes a recurring motif in Saul's pursuit of David, representing his descent into paranoia and aggression.

and he hurled it
This phrase refers to King Saul's action of throwing a spear. In ancient Near Eastern culture, spears were common weapons used in warfare and personal combat. Saul's act of hurling the spear indicates a moment of intense anger and jealousy. This action is a physical manifestation of Saul's inner turmoil and his growing animosity towards David, who had found favor with God and the people of Israel.

thinking, “I will pin David to the wall.”
Saul's intention to "pin David to the wall" reveals his murderous intent. This phrase highlights Saul's desire to eliminate David, whom he saw as a threat to his throne. The imagery of pinning someone to the wall suggests a violent and decisive act. Saul's thoughts reflect his fear and insecurity, as David's successes and popularity increased. This moment foreshadows the ongoing conflict between Saul and David, which is a central theme in the narrative of 1 Samuel.

But David eluded him twice.
David's ability to elude Saul's attack twice demonstrates his agility and God's protection over him. This repeated evasion signifies that David was not only physically adept but also under divine favor. The number "twice" may symbolize the completeness of God's deliverance, as seen in other biblical narratives where God intervenes to protect His chosen ones. David's escape from Saul's attempts on his life is reminiscent of other biblical figures who were preserved by God for a greater purpose, such as Joseph and Moses. This protection underscores David's future role as king and his typological connection to Jesus Christ, who also faced opposition but fulfilled God's plan.

So Saul was afraid of David
Saul's fear of David is rooted in the spiritual and political dynamics of Israel at the time. Saul, the first king of Israel, was chosen by God but later rejected due to his disobedience (1 Samuel 15:26). David, on the other hand, was anointed by Samuel to be the next king (1 Samuel 16:13). Saul's fear is not just personal jealousy but a recognition of the divine favor shifting from him to David. This fear is compounded by David's growing popularity and military success, which threatened Saul's reign (1 Samuel 18:7-9).

because the LORD was with David
The presence of the LORD with David signifies divine favor and blessing. This is a recurring theme in David's life, as seen in his victory over Goliath (1 Samuel 17) and his success in various military campaigns. The LORD's presence with David is a fulfillment of the covenantal promises to Israel, where God would be with those who are faithful and obedient. This divine presence is a precursor to the New Testament understanding of God being with His people through the Holy Spirit (John 14:16-17).

but had departed from Saul
The departure of the LORD from Saul is a significant turning point in Saul's kingship. It reflects the consequences of Saul's disobedience and rejection of God's commands (1 Samuel 15:23). This departure is not just a loss of divine favor but also the removal of the Spirit of God, which had empowered Saul for leadership (1 Samuel 10:10). Theologically, this highlights the importance of obedience and faithfulness to God. It also foreshadows the New Testament teaching on the necessity of abiding in Christ to bear fruit (John 15:4-5). Saul's spiritual decline serves as a warning of the dangers of pride and disobedience.

Therefore Saul sent David away
Saul's decision to send David away comes after a period of growing jealousy and fear of David's rising popularity and success. This action reflects Saul's attempt to distance himself from David, whom he perceives as a threat to his throne. The context of this decision is rooted in Saul's earlier disobedience to God, which led to the loss of his divine favor and the anointing of David as the future king by the prophet Samuel (1 Samuel 16:1-13). Saul's actions are driven by insecurity and paranoia, as he recognizes the Lord's presence with David (1 Samuel 18:12).

and gave him command of a thousand men.
By giving David command of a thousand men, Saul is both promoting David and attempting to control him. This military appointment is significant, as it places David in a position of leadership and responsibility, further proving his capabilities and earning him respect among the people and the army. Historically, a "thousand" was a common military unit size in ancient Israel, indicating a substantial force under David's command. This move can be seen as a test of David's loyalty and skill, as well as a strategic decision by Saul to keep David occupied and potentially expose him to danger on the battlefield.

David led the troops out to battle and back,
David's leadership in battle demonstrates his military prowess and God's favor upon him. His success in leading the troops "out to battle and back" highlights his strategic acumen and ability to protect and guide his men effectively. This phrase underscores David's role as a warrior and leader, foreshadowing his future as a king who would lead Israel to numerous victories. The repeated success in battle further cements David's reputation among the people and soldiers, increasing Saul's jealousy and fear. This aspect of David's life can be seen as a type of Christ, who leads His people to spiritual victory and safety. David's ability to lead and return safely also reflects God's protection and blessing over his life, aligning with the biblical theme of divine providence and guidance for those who are chosen by God.

and he continued to prosper in all his ways
This phrase highlights David's consistent success and prosperity. In the biblical context, prosperity often signifies God's favor and blessing. David's success is not limited to a single event but is a continuous state, indicating divine approval. Historically, David's rise from a shepherd boy to a favored servant in King Saul's court exemplifies this prosperity. His victories in battle and growing reputation among the people of Israel further illustrate his success. This prosperity can be seen as a fulfillment of God's promises to Israel, where obedience and faithfulness lead to blessing and success (Deuteronomy 28:1-14). David's life foreshadows the ultimate prosperity and victory found in Jesus Christ, who perfectly fulfilled God's will.

because the LORD was with him
The presence of the LORD with David is the key reason for his prosperity. In the Old Testament, God's presence is often associated with guidance, protection, and blessing. This divine presence is a recurring theme in the lives of biblical figures such as Joseph (Genesis 39:2-3) and Moses (Exodus 33:14). The LORD's presence with David signifies a special relationship and covenantal faithfulness. It also underscores the idea that true success and prosperity come from God, not human effort alone. This phrase connects to the New Testament promise of God's presence with believers through the Holy Spirit (Matthew 28:20, John 14:16-17). David's experience serves as a type of Christ, who perfectly embodied God's presence and brought ultimate salvation and prosperity to humanity through His life, death, and resurrection.

When Saul saw that David was very successful
Saul's observation of David's success highlights the divine favor upon David, which is a recurring theme in his life. David's success can be attributed to the Spirit of the Lord being with him, as seen earlier in 1 Samuel 16:13-14, where the Spirit of the Lord departs from Saul and comes upon David. This success is not merely military but also in gaining the favor of the people and Saul's own household, as seen in 1 Samuel 18:5. The Hebrew word for "successful" can also imply wisdom and prudence, indicating that David's success was comprehensive, encompassing both his actions and his character.

he was afraid of him
Saul's fear of David is rooted in his recognition of the Lord's favor upon David, which he himself has lost. This fear is compounded by Saul's awareness of the prophecy that his kingdom would not endure and that God had sought out a man after His own heart (1 Samuel 13:14). Saul's fear is not just personal but also political, as he sees David as a threat to his throne. This fear leads to Saul's increasing paranoia and attempts to kill David, as seen in the subsequent chapters. Saul's fear contrasts with the fear of the Lord, which is the beginning of wisdom (Proverbs 9:10), highlighting Saul's spiritual decline.

But all Israel and Judah loved David
David's popularity among the people of Israel and Judah is significant, as it highlights the unity of the nation under his leadership. This love for David can be seen as a fulfillment of God's favor upon him, as previously indicated in 1 Samuel 16:13 when Samuel anointed him. The mention of both Israel and Judah underscores the later division of the kingdom, but at this time, David's influence and favor transcend tribal boundaries. His ability to unify the people foreshadows his future role as king over a united Israel. This love also prefigures the love and acceptance Jesus Christ would receive from those who recognized Him as the Messiah, as seen in passages like John 12:13.

because he was leading them out to battle and back
David's role as a military leader is crucial in understanding his rise to prominence. His success in battle, as seen in his victory over Goliath (1 Samuel 17), established him as a capable and divinely favored leader. The phrase "leading them out to battle and back" indicates not only his military prowess but also his responsibility and care for the troops, ensuring their safe return. This mirrors the role of a shepherd, a theme prevalent in David's life and later in his writings, such as Psalm 23. The imagery of a shepherd leading his flock safely is a type of Christ, who is referred to as the Good Shepherd in John 10:11, emphasizing His guidance and protection over His people.

Then Saul said to David,
This phrase marks a significant moment in the relationship between Saul and David. Saul, the first king of Israel, is addressing David, who has gained favor in his eyes after defeating Goliath. This interaction is set against the backdrop of Saul's growing jealousy and fear of David's rising popularity and success. Saul's words are outwardly generous, but they conceal his ulterior motives.

“Here is my older daughter Merab.
Merab, Saul's eldest daughter, is mentioned here as part of Saul's plan. In ancient Israel, marriages were often used to form alliances and secure political power. Offering Merab to David could be seen as an honor, but it also serves Saul's strategic purposes. The mention of Merab highlights the cultural practice of arranged marriages and the importance of family alliances in maintaining power.

I will give her to you in marriage.
This offer of marriage is significant because it fulfills a promise Saul made earlier to the man who would defeat Goliath (1 Samuel 17:25). However, Saul's intentions are not purely to reward David; he uses this offer as a means to entrap him. The marriage proposal is a political maneuver, reflecting the complex dynamics of Saul's court and his attempts to control David.

Only be valiant for me and fight the LORD’s battles.”
Saul's request for David to be valiant and fight the LORD's battles is a manipulation of David's loyalty and faith. Saul appeals to David's sense of duty and his reputation as a warrior. The phrase "the LORD's battles" suggests a divine mandate, aligning Saul's desires with God's will. This reflects the theocratic nature of Israel's monarchy, where kings were expected to lead in accordance with God's commands.

But Saul was thinking,
This insight into Saul's thoughts reveals his duplicity. While he speaks of honor and duty, his internal motives are far from noble. This contrast between Saul's words and thoughts underscores the theme of deception and the corrupting influence of power. It also highlights the biblical principle that God sees beyond outward appearances to the heart (1 Samuel 16:7).

“I need not raise my hand against him;
Saul's internal monologue reveals his desire to eliminate David without direct involvement. By not raising his own hand against David, Saul seeks to maintain a facade of righteousness while orchestrating David's downfall. This reflects the moral decline of Saul's character and his reliance on cunning rather than faithfulness to God.

let the hand of the Philistines be against him.”
Saul's plan is to use the Philistines, Israel's perennial enemies, as instruments of David's destruction. This reflects the ongoing conflict between Israel and the Philistines, a central theme in the narrative of 1 Samuel. Saul's reliance on external enemies to do his bidding illustrates his desperation and lack of trust in God's protection. This phrase also foreshadows the continued struggles David will face, both from external foes and internal betrayal.

And David said to Saul
David's response to Saul comes after Saul offers his daughter in marriage to David. This offer is not just a personal matter but a political one, as marriage into the royal family would elevate David's status significantly. David's humility is evident here, reflecting his character as a man after God's own heart (1 Samuel 13:14). This humility contrasts with Saul's growing pride and insecurity.

Who am I
David's rhetorical question underscores his humility and self-awareness. Despite his recent victory over Goliath and rising popularity, David does not see himself as worthy of such an honor. This humility is a recurring theme in David's life and is reminiscent of Moses' response to God's call in Exodus 3:11. It also foreshadows the humility of Christ, who, despite His divine nature, took on the form of a servant (Philippians 2:6-7).

and what is my family
David's family, the house of Jesse, was not of significant social standing in Israel. They were from Bethlehem, a small town in Judah, which was not considered a place of prominence. This acknowledgment of his family's humble status highlights the biblical theme that God often chooses the lowly and unexpected to fulfill His purposes, as seen in 1 Corinthians 1:27-29.

or my father’s clan in Israel
The mention of his father's clan emphasizes the modesty of David's background. Jesse's family was not part of the ruling elite or priestly class. This humility is significant in the biblical narrative, as it sets the stage for God's sovereign choice of David as king, demonstrating that God's criteria for leadership differ from human expectations (1 Samuel 16:7).

that I should become the son-in-law of the king?
Becoming the king's son-in-law would have been a significant honor and responsibility. In ancient Israel, marriage alliances were often used to secure political power and stability. David's question reflects his awareness of the gravity of such a position. This moment foreshadows the greater covenant relationship between God and His people, ultimately fulfilled in Jesus Christ, who is both the Son of David and the King of Kings (Revelation 19:16).

So when it was time to give Saul’s daughter Merab to David
This phrase indicates a specific time when a promise was to be fulfilled. Saul had previously promised his daughter to the man who defeated Goliath (1 Samuel 17:25). David, having achieved this, was entitled to marry Merab. This reflects the cultural practice of arranged marriages and the use of marriage as a political tool in ancient Israel. The giving of a daughter in marriage was a significant event, often involving negotiations and agreements between families.

she was given in marriage to Adriel of Meholah
Instead of fulfilling his promise to David, Saul gives Merab to Adriel. This act of giving Merab to another man highlights Saul's growing jealousy and fear of David, as well as his unreliability and deceit. Adriel of Meholah is mentioned here, and Meholah is a region in the Jordan Valley, indicating a connection to a specific geographical location. This marriage would later have tragic consequences, as seen in 2 Samuel 21:8-9, where the sons of Merab and Adriel are executed. This reflects the complex and often harsh realities of political alliances and family dynamics in the biblical narrative.

Now Saul’s daughter Michal loved David
Michal's love for David is significant as it marks the first mention of romantic love in the Bible. Her affection for David contrasts with her father Saul's growing jealousy and animosity towards him. Michal's love can be seen as a divine orchestration, as David's eventual marriage to her would further entrench him within the royal family, aligning with God's plan for David to become king. This love also sets the stage for future events where Michal's loyalty to David will be tested. The mention of Michal, a woman, having agency in her feelings is notable in the cultural context of ancient Israel, where marriages were often arranged for political alliances rather than personal affection.

and when this was reported to Saul
The report to Saul about Michal's love for David is a pivotal moment. Saul, who is already aware of David's rising popularity and God's favor upon him, sees this as an opportunity to manipulate the situation to his advantage. The fact that this information is reported to Saul suggests that there were observers within the court who were aware of the dynamics between David and Saul's family, indicating a politically charged environment. This report sets in motion Saul's plan to use Michal as a pawn in his attempts to ensnare David, reflecting Saul's increasingly desperate and cunning nature.

it pleased him
Saul's pleasure at hearing of Michal's love for David is not rooted in fatherly affection or concern for his daughter's happiness. Instead, it is a strategic reaction. Saul sees Michal's love as a means to entrap David, as he later offers her in marriage with the hope that she will be a snare to him (1 Samuel 18:21). This pleasure is ironic, as Saul's intentions are malevolent, yet they inadvertently align with God's providential plan for David's rise to kingship. Saul's reaction highlights the theme of God's sovereignty, where even the schemes of men ultimately fulfill divine purposes.

“I will give her to David,”
Saul's offer to give his daughter in marriage to David is a strategic move rather than a gesture of goodwill. In ancient Israel, marriages often served political purposes, solidifying alliances or consolidating power. Saul's intention here is not to honor David but to manipulate the situation to his advantage. This reflects the complex dynamics of royal marriages in the ancient Near East, where personal relationships were often secondary to political strategy.

“so that she may be a snare to him,”
Saul's plan is to use his daughter as a means to entrap David. The term "snare" suggests a trap or a stumbling block, indicating Saul's desire to see David fall into misfortune. This reflects Saul's growing jealousy and fear of David, who is gaining popularity and favor among the people. The use of family members as pawns in political schemes was not uncommon in ancient times, highlighting the often ruthless nature of royal politics.

“and the hand of the Philistines may be against him.”
Saul hopes that by marrying his daughter, David will be drawn into conflicts with the Philistines, Israel's perennial enemies. The Philistines were a significant threat during Saul's reign, and Saul's intention is to have David killed in battle. This reflects Saul's desperation to eliminate David, whom he sees as a rival to his throne. The Philistines' presence in the narrative underscores the constant external threats faced by Israel and the need for strong leadership.

So Saul said to David, “For a second time now you can be my son-in-law.”
This statement refers to Saul's previous offer of his elder daughter, Merab, to David, which did not come to fruition (1 Samuel 18:17-19). Saul's repeated offer indicates his persistent attempts to ensnare David. The phrase "for a second time" highlights Saul's manipulative tactics and his determination to use marriage as a means to control David. This also foreshadows the ongoing tension between Saul and David, which is a central theme in the narrative of 1 Samuel.

Then Saul ordered his servants
Saul, the first king of Israel, often used intermediaries to communicate his intentions, reflecting the hierarchical structure of ancient monarchies. This approach also indicates Saul's growing insecurity and indirect methods, as he sought to manipulate situations to his advantage. The use of servants highlights the king's authority and the social stratification of the time.

“Speak to David privately
David, a young shepherd who had gained fame by defeating Goliath, was becoming increasingly popular. Saul's request for a private conversation suggests a level of secrecy and manipulation, as Saul's intentions were not entirely genuine. This reflects the political intrigue common in royal courts, where private conversations could be used to sway opinions or set traps.

and tell him, ‘Behold, the king is pleased with you,
Saul's statement of pleasure is ironic, given his underlying jealousy and fear of David's rising popularity. This duplicity is a recurring theme in Saul's interactions with David. The phrase also highlights the importance of royal favor in ancient Israel, where the king's approval could significantly impact one's social and political standing.

and all his servants love you.
David's favor among Saul's servants underscores his charisma and leadership qualities, which were evident even at a young age. This popularity among the king's court contrasts with Saul's growing paranoia and fear of losing his throne. The love of the servants for David foreshadows his future as a beloved king of Israel.

Now therefore, become his son-in-law.’”
Saul's offer for David to become his son-in-law by marrying his daughter Michal was a strategic move. In ancient cultures, marriage alliances were often used to secure political loyalty and strengthen familial ties. However, Saul's offer was also a ploy to place David in dangerous situations, hoping he would fall in battle against the Philistines. This reflects the complex interplay of personal relationships and political strategy in biblical narratives.

But when Saul’s servants relayed these words to David
In the context of 1 Samuel 18, King Saul is attempting to ensnare David by offering his daughter Michal in marriage, hoping to bring about David's downfall. Saul's servants act as intermediaries, a common practice in ancient Near Eastern royal courts, where direct communication with the king was often mediated through trusted officials. This reflects the hierarchical structure of the society and the importance of protocol in royal matters.

he replied, “Does it seem trivial in your sight to be the son-in-law of the king?
David's response highlights his humility and awareness of the honor and responsibility associated with becoming part of the royal family. In ancient Israel, marriage alliances were significant, often used to secure political stability and alliances. David's rhetorical question underscores the gravity of the offer, contrasting his humble origins with the elevated status of being the king's son-in-law. This also foreshadows David's future as king, where he will continue to demonstrate humility and reliance on God.

I am a poor man and lightly esteemed.”
David acknowledges his low social standing and lack of wealth, which would typically disqualify him from marrying into royalty. This statement reflects the socio-economic realities of the time, where wealth and status were crucial for forming alliances. David's humility is a recurring theme in his life, aligning with biblical principles that God exalts the humble (James 4:10). This humility is a type of Christ, who, though King of Kings, took on the form of a servant (Philippians 2:7). David's acknowledgment of his lowly status also sets the stage for God's providence and favor in elevating him to kingship, demonstrating that divine selection often defies human expectations.

And the servants told Saul
In the context of ancient Israel, servants often acted as intermediaries between the king and others, reflecting the hierarchical structure of the society. Saul, as the first king of Israel, relied on his servants for information and communication. This phrase highlights the role of servants in the royal court, who were privy to sensitive information and played a crucial role in the administration. The mention of Saul here is significant, as it sets the stage for the unfolding tension between him and David, a central theme in the narrative of 1 Samuel.

what David had said.
David's words, though not directly quoted in this verse, are pivotal in understanding the dynamics between him and Saul. At this point in the narrative, David is gaining favor and recognition, which stirs Saul's jealousy and fear. David's humility and wisdom in his speech often contrast with Saul's insecurity and paranoia. This interaction foreshadows the growing conflict between Saul and David, which is a recurring theme throughout the books of Samuel. David's character and actions are often seen as a type of Christ, exemplifying humility, faithfulness, and reliance on God, which are qualities that stand in stark contrast to Saul's disobedience and self-reliance.

Saul replied
Saul, the first king of Israel, is responding to his servants who are acting as intermediaries between him and David. This reflects the hierarchical communication typical in ancient monarchies. Saul's reply is strategic, revealing his cunning nature and his underlying intentions.

“Say to David,
David, the young shepherd who had already been anointed by Samuel to be the next king, is the recipient of Saul's message. At this point, David is gaining popularity and favor among the people and Saul's court, which causes Saul to view him as a threat.

‘The king desires no other dowry
In ancient Israel, a dowry was a customary gift given by the groom to the bride's family. Saul's statement here is significant because it implies that he is offering his daughter Michal to David without the usual financial dowry, which would have been a substantial burden for someone of David's humble background.

but a hundred Philistine foreskins
The Philistines were a constant threat to Israel during Saul's reign. By asking for the foreskins, Saul is demanding proof of the death of a hundred Philistine warriors, which would be a dangerous and difficult task. This request is both a test of David's loyalty and a trap, as it requires David to engage in risky combat.

as revenge on his enemies.’”
Saul frames the request as an act of vengeance against Israel's enemies, appealing to David's sense of duty and patriotism. This reflects the ongoing conflict between Israel and the Philistines, who were a dominant military power in the region.

But Saul intended to cause David’s death at the hands of the Philistines.
Saul's true motive is revealed here. He hopes that David will be killed in the process of fulfilling this dangerous task. This highlights Saul's growing jealousy and fear of David, as well as his willingness to use deceit to eliminate a rival. This also foreshadows the continued conflict between Saul and David, which is a central theme in the narrative of 1 Samuel.

When the servants reported these terms to David
This phrase refers to the servants of King Saul who conveyed the king's proposal to David. The terms mentioned earlier in the chapter involve Saul's offer of his daughter Michal in marriage to David, with the condition of bringing back a dowry of one hundred Philistine foreskins. This reflects the ancient Near Eastern custom of bride price, which was a common practice. Saul's intention was to put David in harm's way, hoping the Philistines would kill him. This highlights Saul's growing jealousy and fear of David, who was gaining popularity and success.

he was pleased to become the king’s son-in-law
David's pleasure in becoming the king's son-in-law indicates his acceptance of the honor and the opportunity it presented. This marriage would elevate David's status and integrate him into the royal family, aligning with God's plan for David's future kingship. It also shows David's confidence in God's protection and his willingness to face the challenge posed by Saul's condition. This moment foreshadows David's eventual rise to power and the fulfillment of God's promise to him.

Before the wedding day arrived
This phrase sets the stage for the events that follow, emphasizing the urgency and immediacy of David's actions. In the cultural context, weddings were significant social events, often involving extended celebrations. The mention of the wedding day underscores the importance of the alliance between David and Saul's family. It also highlights the tension and anticipation surrounding David's mission to fulfill Saul's dangerous requirement, which he accomplishes with God's favor, further solidifying his reputation as a capable and divinely supported leader.

David and his men went out and killed two hundred Philistines.
This phrase highlights David's leadership and military prowess. The Philistines were a significant threat to Israel during this period, often engaging in battles with the Israelites. David's ability to lead his men to victory against such a formidable enemy demonstrates his growing reputation as a warrior. This act also fulfills King Saul's challenge to David, which was intended to be a dangerous task. The number "two hundred" is significant as it exceeds Saul's original demand of one hundred, showcasing David's dedication and perhaps his desire to ensure Saul's satisfaction or to demonstrate his capability.

He brought their foreskins and presented them as payment in full to become the king’s son-in-law.
The collection of foreskins as a bride price is a unique and culturally specific practice. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, a bride price was often required for marriage, and Saul's demand for Philistine foreskins was both a test of David's bravery and a means to endanger him. The foreskins served as proof of the Philistines' deaths, as they were uncircumcised, unlike the Israelites. This act also symbolizes David's commitment to fulfilling Saul's condition for marriage, despite the inherent danger. It reflects the cultural and religious tensions between the Israelites and the Philistines, emphasizing the covenantal sign of circumcision for the Israelites.

Then Saul gave his daughter Michal to David in marriage.
Michal's marriage to David is significant in several ways. It solidifies David's position within the royal family, aligning him more closely with Saul. However, Saul's motivations were not entirely benevolent; he hoped that the marriage would be a snare for David, as seen in earlier verses. Michal's love for David, mentioned in previous chapters, adds a personal dimension to this political alliance. This marriage also sets the stage for future conflicts and developments in David's life, as Michal's loyalty will later be tested. The union is a pivotal moment in David's rise to power, marking a transition from a shepherd boy to a member of the royal household.

When Saul realized that the LORD was with David
Saul's realization marks a pivotal moment in the narrative. The presence of the LORD with David signifies divine favor and protection, a theme recurrent throughout David's life. This echoes earlier biblical accounts where God's presence with individuals like Joseph (Genesis 39:2) and Moses (Exodus 3:12) led to their success and leadership. Saul's awareness of God's favor upon David contrasts with his own experience, as the Spirit of the LORD had departed from Saul (1 Samuel 16:14). This realization likely intensified Saul's jealousy and fear, as he understood that David was chosen by God, potentially as his successor. Theologically, this highlights the sovereignty of God in choosing leaders and the importance of divine presence for legitimate leadership.

and that his daughter Michal loved David
Michal's love for David introduces a personal and familial dimension to the unfolding drama. In the cultural context of ancient Israel, marriages often involved political alliances and familial strategies. Michal's affection for David, however, appears genuine and personal, adding complexity to Saul's relationship with David. This love is significant as it later plays a role in David's escape from Saul's attempts on his life (1 Samuel 19:11-17). Michal's love for David can be seen as a divine provision for David's protection, aligning with God's overarching plan for David's rise to kingship. Additionally, Michal's love for David contrasts with Saul's growing animosity, highlighting the division within Saul's own household. This division foreshadows the eventual transfer of loyalty from Saul to David among the people of Israel.

he grew even more afraid of David.
Saul's fear of David intensified due to David's continued success and popularity among the people of Israel. This fear was rooted in Saul's awareness that the Lord was with David, as seen in previous chapters where David's victories and favor with the people were evident. Saul's fear can be linked to his own insecurity and the realization that his kingdom was being threatened, as Samuel had already prophesied that the kingdom would be torn from him (1 Samuel 15:28). This fear is a reflection of Saul's spiritual decline and his inability to trust in God's plan, contrasting with David's faithfulness and reliance on God. Saul's fear also foreshadows the eventual transfer of kingship to David, aligning with God's sovereign plan.

So from then on Saul was David’s enemy.
This marks a turning point in Saul and David's relationship, transitioning from a mentor-mentee dynamic to one of enmity. Saul's enmity towards David is not just personal but also spiritual, as Saul is opposing God's anointed future king. This enmity is a fulfillment of the tension between the house of Saul and the house of David, which is a recurring theme throughout the books of Samuel. Saul's hostility towards David can be seen as a type of the world's opposition to God's chosen ones, paralleling the opposition Jesus faced from the religious leaders of His time. Saul's enmity also sets the stage for David's trials and his eventual rise to the throne, demonstrating God's faithfulness in fulfilling His promises despite human opposition.

Every time the Philistine commanders came out for battle
The Philistines were a significant threat to Israel during the time of Saul and David. They were a seafaring people who settled along the coastal regions of Canaan. Their military prowess and advanced weaponry, including iron chariots and swords, made them formidable opponents. The phrase indicates the frequent military engagements between Israel and the Philistines, highlighting the ongoing conflict and the need for strong leadership in Israel.

David was more successful than all of Saul’s officers
David's success in battle is a testament to his God-given abilities and favor. His victories were not just due to his military skill but also his reliance on God, as seen in his earlier triumph over Goliath. This success set David apart from Saul's other officers, indicating God's anointing and preparation for his future role as king. It also foreshadows the decline of Saul's reign and the rise of David, aligning with the biblical theme of God raising the humble and bringing down the proud.

so that his name was highly esteemed
David's growing reputation among the people of Israel and even among his enemies is significant. In ancient cultures, a person's name represented their character and reputation. David's esteemed name reflects his integrity, leadership, and the favor of God upon him. This esteem is a precursor to his eventual kingship and mirrors the way Jesus Christ, a descendant of David, would be highly esteemed and exalted. David's rise in esteem also fulfills the prophecy of Samuel, who anointed him as the future king of Israel, indicating God's sovereign plan unfolding despite human opposition.