Berean Study Bible David Delivers KeilahDavid, at this time, is in the wilderness, fleeing from King Saul. The report reaching David signifies his growing reputation as a leader and protector of Israel, even while he is not yet king. This reflects the divine favor and anointing upon David, as he is seen as a deliverer by the people. The communication of such reports to David indicates the trust and hope placed in him by the Israelites. 1Sa 22:21 And Abiathar told David that Saul had killed the priests… “Look, the Philistines are fighting against Keilah Keilah is a fortified city in the lowlands of Judah, strategically important due to its location. The Philistines, perennial enemies of Israel, often attacked border towns to weaken Israel's defenses and economy. This attack on Keilah highlights the constant threat the Philistines posed during this period. The mention of Keilah connects to the broader narrative of David's battles against the Philistines, which foreshadow his future role as king and protector of Israel. Jos 15:44 Keilah, Achzib, and Mareshah—nine cities… and looting the threshing floors.” Threshing floors were critical to the agricultural economy, as they were used for processing grain. By looting these, the Philistines aimed to cripple the food supply and economic stability of the region. This act of aggression underscores the Philistines' strategy of economic warfare. The looting of threshing floors also symbolizes the spiritual and physical oppression faced by Israel, which David, as a type of Christ, is called to alleviate. This mirrors the spiritual deliverance that Christ brings, rescuing His people from the oppression of sin. Jdg 6:3-4 Whenever the Israelites planted their crops, the Midianites,… So David inquired of the LORD, David's practice of seeking God's guidance is a recurring theme in his life, demonstrating his reliance on divine wisdom rather than his own understanding. This inquiry reflects the biblical principle found in Proverbs 3:5-6, which encourages trust in the Lord for direction. David's approach contrasts with Saul, who often acted impulsively without seeking God's counsel. The use of the ephod, a priestly garment, and the presence of Abiathar the priest (1 Samuel 23:6) suggest that David sought God's will through the Urim and Thummim, tools used for divination in ancient Israel. 2Sa 2:1 Some time later, David inquired of the LORD, … “Should I go and attack these Philistines?” The Philistines were a constant threat to Israel during this period, often raiding and oppressing the Israelites. David's question indicates his concern for the people of Keilah, a town in Judah, and his willingness to act as a protector. This reflects his emerging role as a leader and foreshadows his future kingship. The Philistines' presence in the region highlights the ongoing conflict between Israel and its neighbors, a theme prevalent throughout the books of Samuel. 2Sa 5:19 So David inquired of the LORD, “Should I go up… And the LORD said to David, The direct communication from God to David underscores the special relationship between them. This divine guidance is a hallmark of David's leadership and is indicative of God's favor upon him. It also serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty and His active involvement in the affairs of His people. This interaction is reminiscent of God's guidance to other leaders, such as Moses and Joshua, reinforcing the continuity of God's covenantal relationship with Israel. 1Ch 14:10 So David inquired of God, “Should I go up…”… “Go and attack the Philistines and save Keilah.” God's command to David to save Keilah highlights His concern for justice and protection of His people. This directive not only affirms David's role as a deliverer but also prefigures Christ, who is seen as the ultimate Savior and protector of His people. The rescue of Keilah can be seen as a type of Christ's redemptive work, where He delivers humanity from the oppression of sin. The historical context of Keilah, a fortified city in Judah, emphasizes the strategic importance of this mission in securing the region against Philistine aggression. 1Sa 17:47 And all those assembled here will know that it is not… But David’s men said to him, David's men, often referred to as his "mighty men" or "the men of David," were a group of loyal followers who supported him during his time as a fugitive from King Saul. This group included warriors and those who were discontented or in distress, as described in 1 Samuel 22:2. Their loyalty to David is significant, as it reflects the gathering of a community around a future king, reminiscent of how Jesus gathered His disciples. Num 13:31-33 But the men who had gone up with him replied,… “Look, we are afraid here in Judah; Judah was David's tribal homeland, yet even there, he and his men felt fear due to Saul's pursuit. This fear highlights the tension and danger David faced, even in familiar territory. It also underscores the broader theme of trust in God amidst fear, a recurring theme in David's life and Psalms, such as Psalm 56:3, where David expresses trust in God when afraid. 2Ch 20:3 Jehoshaphat was alarmed and set his face to seek the LORD.… how much more if we go to Keilah Keilah was a fortified city in the lowlands of Judah, vulnerable to Philistine attacks. The mention of Keilah indicates a strategic location that required defense. The decision to go to Keilah involved significant risk, as it meant confronting the Philistines and potentially exposing David's position to Saul. This reflects the broader biblical theme of God's guidance in decision-making, as seen when David seeks God's counsel in 1 Samuel 23:2. Jos 15:44 Keilah, Achzib, and Mareshah—nine cities… against the armies of the Philistines?” The Philistines were a constant threat to Israel during this period, often engaging in battles with the Israelites. Their presence in Keilah posed a direct threat to the city and its inhabitants. David's willingness to confront the Philistines, despite his men's fear, foreshadows his role as a deliverer of Israel, a type of Christ who confronts the enemies of God's people. This also connects to the broader narrative of Israel's struggle against the Philistines, seen throughout the books of Samuel. 1Sa 17:1 Now the Philistines gathered their forces for war… Once again, David inquired of the LORD, David's repeated inquiry of the LORD highlights his dependence on divine guidance, a key characteristic of his leadership. This practice of seeking God's will is consistent with the biblical principle of acknowledging God in all ways (Proverbs 3:5-6). It contrasts with Saul's leadership, which often lacked such consultation with God. David's actions here reflect a heart after God's own heart (1 Samuel 13:14), emphasizing the importance of prayer and seeking God's direction in decision-making. 1Sa 30:8 David inquired of the LORD: “Should I pursue these raiders?”… and the LORD answered him: The LORD's response to David underscores the personal relationship between God and His chosen leaders. This divine communication is a recurring theme in the Old Testament, where God speaks to His prophets and leaders, providing guidance and assurance. It also demonstrates God's faithfulness in responding to those who earnestly seek Him (Jeremiah 29:13). The ability to hear from God was crucial for David's success and is a reminder of the importance of spiritual discernment. 2Sa 5:19 So David inquired of the LORD, “Should I go up… “Go at once to Keilah, Keilah was a fortified city in the lowlands of Judah, strategically significant due to its location. The directive to go to Keilah indicates the urgency and importance of the mission. This command reflects God's concern for His people and His desire to protect them from their enemies. The historical context shows that the Philistines were a constant threat to Israel, and God's instruction to David is part of His ongoing deliverance of Israel from oppression. 1Ki 17:9 Get up and go to Zarephath of Sidon, and stay there.… for I will deliver the Philistines into your hand.” This promise of victory is a testament to God's sovereignty and power over Israel's enemies. It echoes God's assurances to other leaders, such as Joshua (Joshua 1:5), reinforcing the theme of divine intervention in battles. The phrase also foreshadows the ultimate deliverance through Jesus Christ, who defeats spiritual enemies and brings salvation to His people. This assurance would have bolstered David's confidence, knowing that the battle's outcome was determined by God's will. Jdg 7:7 Then the LORD said to Gideon, “With the three hundred men… Then David and his men went to Keilah, David, anointed by Samuel and pursued by King Saul, leads a group of loyal followers. Keilah, a fortified city in Judah, is under threat from the Philistines. This action demonstrates David's role as a protector of Israel, foreshadowing his future kingship. The decision to aid Keilah reflects David's reliance on divine guidance, as he sought the Lord's counsel before acting. Jos 15:44 Keilah, Achzib, and Mareshah—nine cities… fought against the Philistines, The Philistines were a constant threat to Israel during this period, often raiding and oppressing the Israelites. David's engagement with them at Keilah highlights his military prowess and leadership. This battle is part of the ongoing conflict between Israel and the Philistines, which is a recurring theme in the books of Samuel. 2Sa 5:19-20 So David inquired of the LORD, “Should I go up… and carried off their livestock, Livestock was a valuable resource, essential for sustenance and economic stability. By seizing the Philistines' livestock, David not only weakens the enemy but also provides for his men and the people of Keilah. This act of taking spoils is common in ancient warfare and serves to reward those who fight. 1Sa 30:20 And he took all the flocks and herds, which his men… striking them with a mighty blow. David's victory is described as decisive and powerful, emphasizing his effectiveness as a military leader. This phrase underscores the strength and skill of David and his men, suggesting divine favor in their endeavors. It also serves as a testament to David's growing reputation as a formidable warrior. 2Sa 23:10 Eleazar stood his ground and struck the Philistines… So David saved the people of Keilah. David's intervention results in the deliverance of Keilah from Philistine oppression. This act of salvation prefigures the role of a king as a savior and protector of his people. It also mirrors the deliverance themes found throughout the Old Testament, where God raises leaders to rescue His people. David's actions here can be seen as a type of Christ, who ultimately saves His people from spiritual enemies. 2Sa 3:18 Now take action, because the LORD has said to David… (Now Abiathar son of Ahimelech Abiathar was the only surviving son of Ahimelech, the high priest who was killed by King Saul's orders at Nob. This event is significant as it marks a turning point in the priesthood, with Abiathar becoming a key religious figure during David's rise to power. The lineage of Abiathar connects to the priestly line of Eli, fulfilling the prophecy of the downfall of Eli's house (1 Samuel 2:31-36). 2Sa 8:17 Zadok son of Ahitub and Ahimelech son of Abiathar… had brought the ephod with him The ephod was a priestly garment, often associated with the high priest, and was used for seeking God's guidance. Its presence with Abiathar signifies the continuation of legitimate priestly functions despite Saul's actions. The ephod's role in divination and decision-making is seen in other scriptures, such as when David inquires of the Lord (1 Samuel 23:9-12). This highlights the importance of seeking divine guidance in leadership. 1Sa 30:7 Then David said to Abiathar the priest, … when he fled to David at Keilah.) Abiathar's flight to David signifies a shift in allegiance from Saul to David, indicating David's growing influence and the divine favor upon him. Keilah was a city in Judah, and David's presence there underscores his role as a protector of the people, foreshadowing his future kingship. This event also prefigures Christ as a refuge and protector for those who seek Him, as David becomes a refuge for Abiathar. 1Sa 22:20 But one of the sons of Ahimelech son of Ahitub escaped.…
Saul Pursues DavidSaul, the first king of Israel, was informed about David's movements. Keilah was a fortified city in the lowlands of Judah, significant for its strategic location. This phrase highlights the ongoing pursuit of David by Saul, who saw David as a threat to his throne. The context here is David's role as a fugitive, having been anointed by Samuel as the future king of Israel, which created tension with Saul. The mention of Keilah connects to the broader narrative of David's reliance on God for guidance, as seen in his previous inquiries to God about his actions. 1Sa 27:4 And when Saul learned that David had fled to Gath,… he said, “God has delivered him into my hand, Saul interprets David's presence in Keilah as divine intervention in his favor. This reflects Saul's belief that God was still supporting his kingship, despite his disobedience and rejection by God (1 Samuel 15:26). Saul's statement reveals his misunderstanding of God's will, contrasting with David's reliance on divine guidance. This phrase also foreshadows Saul's eventual downfall, as he misinterprets circumstances as divine approval. 1Sa 17:46 This day the LORD will deliver you into my hand.… for he has trapped himself by entering a town with gates and bars.” Keilah, being a fortified city, had gates and bars, which Saul saw as an opportunity to capture David. This reflects the military strategies of the time, where fortified cities were both a refuge and a potential trap. Saul's assumption that David was trapped shows his underestimation of David's resourcefulness and God's protection over David. This situation parallels other biblical narratives where God's chosen individuals are protected despite seemingly insurmountable odds, such as the Israelites' escape from Egypt. The phrase also highlights the theme of divine providence, as David's reliance on God ultimately leads to his escape from Saul's grasp. 2Ch 14:7 So he said to the people of Judah, “Let us build… Then Saul summoned all his troops Saul, the first king of Israel, is depicted as a leader who often relied on military might. His summoning of troops indicates a significant mobilization, reflecting the seriousness with which he viewed David as a threat. This action is consistent with Saul's character, as seen in previous chapters where he frequently gathered forces to pursue David. The summoning of troops also highlights Saul's authority and the centralized power of the monarchy in Israel at the time. 1Sa 15:4 So Saul summoned the troops and numbered them at Telaim… to go to war at Keilah Keilah was a fortified city in the lowlands of Judah, strategically important due to its location. The Philistines had previously attacked Keilah, and David had delivered the city from them, as recorded earlier in the chapter. Saul's decision to go to war at Keilah suggests a tactical move to capture David while he was within the city's walls. This reflects the ongoing conflict between Saul and David, as well as the broader struggle between Israel and the Philistines. The mention of Keilah also underscores the geographical and political complexities of the region during this period. Jos 10:5 So the five kings of the Amorites joined forces… and besiege David and his men. The term "besiege" indicates a military strategy aimed at surrounding and isolating David and his men, cutting off their supplies and escape routes. This reflects Saul's determination to eliminate David, whom he saw as a rival to his throne. David's men, often referred to as his "mighty men," were a group of loyal followers who supported him during his fugitive years. The siege at Keilah is part of the larger narrative of David's rise to power and the divine protection he experienced despite Saul's efforts. This event foreshadows David's eventual kingship and God's providential care over his anointed. 1Sa 24:2 So Saul took three thousand chosen men from all Israel… When David learned that Saul was plotting evil against him, David, the anointed future king of Israel, is in a precarious situation as King Saul, driven by jealousy and fear, seeks to kill him. This phrase highlights the ongoing conflict between Saul and David, a central theme in 1 Samuel. Saul's pursuit of David is relentless, reflecting the spiritual decline of Saul and his disobedience to God. David's awareness of Saul's intentions demonstrates his vigilance and reliance on God for protection. This situation is reminiscent of the broader biblical theme of the righteous being pursued by the wicked, as seen in Psalms and other scriptures. 1Sa 19:1 Then Saul ordered his son Jonathan and all his servants… he said to Abiathar the priest, Abiathar, the son of Ahimelech, is the sole survivor of Saul's massacre of the priests at Nob. His presence with David signifies the transfer of priestly support from Saul to David, symbolizing God's favor shifting towards David. Abiathar's role as a priest is crucial, as he provides spiritual guidance and access to divine counsel through the ephod. This relationship between David and Abiathar underscores the importance of seeking God's will in times of crisis. 1Sa 22:20 But one of the sons of Ahimelech son of Ahitub escaped.… “Bring the ephod.” The ephod, a priestly garment, is used for seeking God's guidance, particularly through the Urim and Thummim, which are believed to be sacred lots or stones used for divination. David's request for the ephod indicates his desire to seek God's direction in response to Saul's threat. This act of seeking divine guidance contrasts with Saul's earlier disobedience and lack of reliance on God. The ephod's use here foreshadows the New Testament emphasis on seeking God's will through prayer and the guidance of the Holy Spirit. David's reliance on the ephod can also be seen as a type of Christ, who is our ultimate High Priest, providing access to God and His will. 1Sa 30:7-8 Then David said to Abiathar the priest, … And David said, David, the anointed future king of Israel, often sought guidance from God during his trials. This reflects his dependence on divine wisdom rather than solely on his own understanding, a theme consistent throughout his life (see 1 Samuel 30:8). 1Sa 17:45 But David said to the Philistine, “You come against me… “O LORD, God of Israel, David addresses God with reverence, acknowledging Him as the covenant God of Israel. This title emphasizes God's unique relationship with Israel, as seen in Exodus 3:15, and highlights David's recognition of God's sovereignty and faithfulness to His people. 1Ki 8:23 O LORD, God of Israel, there is no God like You in heaven… Your servant has heard David refers to himself as God's servant, indicating humility and submission to God's will. This is a common self-designation for those who seek to align themselves with God's purposes, as seen in the lives of other biblical figures like Moses (Numbers 12:7) and Daniel (Daniel 6:20). 1Sa 3:9 “Go and lie down,” he said to Samuel, “and if He calls you,… that Saul intends to come to Keilah Saul, the current king, is pursuing David out of jealousy and fear of losing his throne. Keilah is a city in the lowlands of Judah, significant for its strategic location. This pursuit reflects the ongoing conflict between Saul and David, a central narrative in 1 Samuel. 1Sa 19:11 Then Saul sent messengers to David’s house… and destroy the city on my account. David is concerned that his presence in Keilah will bring destruction upon the city due to Saul's relentless pursuit. This reflects the broader theme of the innocent suffering due to the actions of others, a motif seen throughout scripture, such as in the story of Joseph (Genesis 39-41). David's concern for Keilah's inhabitants shows his protective and kingly qualities, foreshadowing his future role as a shepherd of Israel. 1Sa 22:19 He also put to the sword Nob, the city of the priests… Will the citizens of Keilah surrender me into his hand? David, having just saved the city of Keilah from the Philistines, is concerned about his safety. The citizens of Keilah, though recently aided by David, may feel pressured by King Saul's authority and military power. This reflects the precarious nature of alliances and loyalty in ancient Israel, where survival often depended on aligning with the most powerful force. The question highlights the theme of betrayal and the fickle nature of human loyalty, which is a recurring issue in David's life. 2Sa 20:21-22 That is not the case. But a man named Sheba son of Bichri… Will Saul come down, as Your servant has heard? David seeks confirmation from God about the intelligence he has received regarding Saul's movements. This reflects the constant threat Saul poses to David, who is anointed but not yet reigning as king. The phrase underscores the tension between David and Saul, a central narrative in 1 Samuel. It also illustrates David's reliance on divine guidance rather than solely on human intelligence or military strategy. 1Sa 26:2 So Saul, accompanied by three thousand chosen men… O LORD, God of Israel, please tell Your servant.” David's plea to God demonstrates his dependence on divine wisdom and guidance. The invocation of "O LORD, God of Israel" emphasizes the covenant relationship between God and His chosen people. David's approach to God as "Your servant" shows humility and recognition of his role under God's authority. This phrase is a model of prayerful inquiry, seeking God's will in times of uncertainty. 1Sa 30:8 David inquired of the LORD: “Should I pursue these raiders?”… “He will,” said the LORD. God's response is direct and clear, affirming the reliability of divine revelation. This assurance from God provides David with the necessary information to make strategic decisions. The certainty of God's word contrasts with the uncertainty of human intentions and plans. This interaction highlights the theme of God's sovereignty and foreknowledge, as well as His active involvement in the lives of His chosen leaders. 2Ki 3:18-19 This is a simple matter in the sight of the LORD… So David asked, David, the anointed future king of Israel, is inquiring of the Lord through the priest Abiathar, who has brought the ephod with him. This reflects David's reliance on divine guidance during his time of distress. It highlights the importance of seeking God's will in decision-making, a theme prevalent throughout the Bible, as seen in Proverbs 3:5-6. 1Ch 14:10 So David inquired of God, “Should I go up…”… “Will the citizens of Keilah surrender me and my men into the hand of Saul?” Keilah was a fortified city in Judah, which David had just saved from the Philistines. Despite his recent deliverance of the city, David is aware of the political and social pressures that might lead the citizens to betray him to King Saul. This situation underscores the precariousness of David's position and the fickle nature of human loyalty, reminiscent of Jesus' experience with the crowds who later called for His crucifixion (John 19:15). 1Sa 24:18 And you have declared this day how you have treated me well,… “They will,” said the LORD. The Lord's response is direct and foreboding, indicating the certainty of the betrayal. This divine revelation demonstrates God's omniscience and the fulfillment of His sovereign plans, even when human actions seem to contradict His purposes. It also foreshadows the betrayal of Jesus by Judas Iscariot, as foretold in Psalm 41:9 and fulfilled in the Gospels, illustrating the theme of betrayal by those who have been helped or loved. 2Sa 5:19 So David inquired of the LORD, “Should I go up… Then David and his men, about six hundred strong, David's band of followers had grown from the initial group of 400 (1 Samuel 22:2) to about 600, indicating his increasing influence and leadership. This group consisted of those who were in distress, in debt, or discontented, reflecting David's role as a leader for the marginalized. The number 600 is significant in biblical narratives, often symbolizing a complete or substantial group, as seen in other military contexts (e.g., Judges 18:11). 1Sa 27:2 So David set out with his six hundred men… set out and departed from Keilah, Keilah was a fortified city in the lowlands of Judah, which David had just saved from the Philistines (1 Samuel 23:1-5). Despite his victory, David had to leave due to the threat from Saul, highlighting the precariousness of his situation. This departure underscores the theme of David as a fugitive, constantly on the move to evade Saul's pursuit. 1Sa 22:3-5 From there David went to Mizpeh of Moab, … moving from place to place. This phrase captures the transient and uncertain nature of David's life during this period. It reflects the broader biblical theme of God's anointed being tested and refined through trials and wanderings, similar to the Israelites in the wilderness. David's movement also foreshadows the itinerant ministry of Jesus, who had "no place to lay his head" (Matthew 8:20). 1Sa 21:10 That day David fled from Saul and went to Achish… When Saul was told that David had escaped from Keilah, Saul's pursuit of David is relentless, driven by jealousy and fear of losing his kingdom. This pursuit is a key narrative tension in 1 Samuel, illustrating the conflict between Saul's declining kingship and David's rise as God's chosen leader. Saul's reliance on intelligence reports contrasts with David's reliance on divine guidance, as seen in his consultations with the prophet Gad and the priest Abiathar. 1Sa 19:15-17 But Saul sent the messengers back to see David and told them… he declined to go forth. Saul's decision not to pursue David further at Keilah shows his strategic calculations and perhaps a recognition of the futility of capturing David, who is under God's protection. This moment highlights Saul's increasing impotence and the divine favor that shields David, reinforcing the theme of God's sovereignty in the rise and fall of leaders. 1Sa 27:4 And when Saul learned that David had fled to Gath,… And David stayed in the wilderness strongholds David's choice to stay in the wilderness strongholds reflects his strategic acumen and understanding of the terrain. The wilderness provided natural fortifications and concealment from Saul's forces. This period of David's life is marked by his reliance on God for protection and guidance, as he was anointed but not yet king. The wilderness experience is reminiscent of other biblical figures who encountered God in desolate places, such as Moses and Elijah. 1Sa 22:4-5 So he left them in the care of the king of Moab,… and in the hill country of the Wilderness of Ziph. The Wilderness of Ziph is located in the Judean desert, south of Hebron. This area is characterized by its rugged terrain and sparse vegetation, making it an ideal location for hiding. The Ziphites, inhabitants of the region, later betray David to Saul, highlighting the constant danger and betrayal David faced. The geographical setting underscores the theme of divine protection amidst human treachery. 1Sa 26:1-3 Then the Ziphites came to Saul at Gibeah and said,… Day after day Saul searched for him, Saul's relentless pursuit of David illustrates his growing paranoia and desperation to maintain his kingship. This pursuit is a physical manifestation of Saul's spiritual decline and disobedience to God. The narrative contrasts Saul's human efforts with God's sovereign plan, emphasizing that no amount of human striving can thwart God's purposes. 1Sa 19:20-24 he sent messengers to seize him. But when they saw the group… but God would not deliver David into his hand. This phrase underscores the divine protection over David's life. Despite Saul's persistent efforts, God's providence ensures David's safety. This protection is a fulfillment of God's promise to David and a testament to His faithfulness. It also foreshadows the ultimate deliverance and kingship of David, a type of Christ, who would also be pursued but not overcome by His enemies. This divine intervention highlights the theme of God's sovereignty and the futility of opposing His anointed. 1Sa 25:29-31 And should someone pursue you and seek your life… While David was in Horesh in the Wilderness of Ziph, David's presence in Horesh, located in the Wilderness of Ziph, highlights his status as a fugitive. The Wilderness of Ziph is a rugged, desolate area in the Judean desert, south of Hebron. This region provided natural hiding places, which were crucial for David as he evaded King Saul. The geographical setting underscores the harsh conditions David faced and his reliance on God for protection. The wilderness experience is reminiscent of other biblical figures, such as Moses and Elijah, who also encountered God in desolate places. This setting foreshadows the trials and spiritual growth David would undergo, preparing him for future leadership. 1Sa 26:1-2 Then the Ziphites came to Saul at Gibeah and said,… he saw that Saul had come out to take his life. David's awareness of Saul's pursuit emphasizes the ongoing threat to his life. Saul's relentless pursuit is driven by jealousy and fear of losing his kingdom, as prophesied by Samuel (1 Samuel 15:28). This pursuit is a physical manifestation of the spiritual battle between God's anointed king, David, and the rejected king, Saul. The phrase highlights the tension between divine providence and human free will. David's life being sought after by Saul parallels the future persecution of Jesus Christ, the ultimate anointed one, who was also pursued by those in power. This connection underscores the theme of suffering and deliverance that runs throughout the biblical narrative. 1Sa 24:11 See, my father, look at the corner of your robe… And Saul’s son Jonathan Jonathan, the son of King Saul, is a significant figure in the narrative of David's rise to kingship. Despite being the heir to the throne, Jonathan demonstrates remarkable loyalty and friendship to David, recognizing God's anointing on him. This relationship is a profound example of covenant friendship, reflecting the biblical theme of selfless love and loyalty. Jonathan's actions can be seen as a type of Christ, who also laid aside His rights for the sake of others. 1Sa 18:1-4 After David had finished speaking with Saul,… came to David in Horesh Horesh is located in the Wilderness of Ziph, a desolate area in the Judean wilderness. This setting underscores the danger and isolation David faced while fleeing from Saul. Jonathan's journey to Horesh highlights his courage and commitment to David, as he risks his own safety to support his friend. The wilderness often symbolizes a place of testing and preparation in the Bible, as seen in the lives of Moses and Jesus. 1Sa 20:41-42 Then he and Jonathan kissed each other and wept together… and strengthened his hand in God, This phrase indicates that Jonathan encouraged David spiritually, reminding him of God's promises and faithfulness. In times of distress, biblical figures often find strength in God's presence and promises, as seen in Psalms and the encouragement given by prophets. Jonathan's support is a reminder of the importance of godly friendships and community in sustaining faith. This act of strengthening is akin to the role of the Holy Spirit, who comforts and empowers believers. 1Sa 30:6 And David was greatly distressed because the people spoke… saying, “Do not be afraid, Jonathan, the son of King Saul, speaks these words to David, who is in hiding from Saul. The phrase "Do not be afraid" is a common biblical exhortation, often used by God or His messengers to reassure His people (e.g., Joshua 1:9, Isaiah 41:10). It reflects a divine assurance of protection and guidance, encouraging trust in God's plan despite present dangers. Jos 1:9 Have I not commanded you to be strong and courageous?… for my father Saul will never lay a hand on you. Jonathan reassures David of his safety from Saul, who is actively seeking David's life. This statement is significant because it reflects Jonathan's faith in God's protection over David. Despite Saul's intentions, Jonathan believes in God's sovereignty and His promise to David. This echoes the biblical theme that God's plans cannot be thwarted by human actions (Job 42:2). Psa 121:7 The LORD will guard you from all evil; He will preserve… And you will be king over Israel, Jonathan acknowledges David's future as king, which aligns with God's anointing of David through the prophet Samuel (1 Samuel 16:1-13). This recognition by Jonathan, the heir apparent, underscores the divine legitimacy of David's future kingship. It also highlights Jonathan's humility and submission to God's will, as he willingly accepts David's God-ordained role. 2Sa 5:2 Even in times past, while Saul was king over us,… and I will be your second-in-command. Jonathan expresses his willingness to serve under David, demonstrating his loyalty and friendship. This reflects the biblical principle of servant leadership and the importance of supporting God's chosen leaders. Jonathan's attitude contrasts with Saul's jealousy and fear, showcasing a selfless commitment to God's plan. Est 10:3 For Mordecai the Jew was second only to King Xerxes,… Even my father Saul knows this is true.” Jonathan asserts that Saul is aware of David's destined kingship, despite his attempts to prevent it. This acknowledgment indicates Saul's internal conflict and recognition of God's will, even as he resists it. It highlights the futility of opposing God's purposes and serves as a reminder of the prophetic nature of God's promises, which are evident throughout Scripture (e.g., Isaiah 46:10). 1Sa 24:20 Now I know for sure that you will be king… So the two of them made a covenant before the LORD. This phrase highlights the deep bond between David and Jonathan, rooted in their shared faith and commitment to God. Covenants in the biblical context are solemn agreements, often involving God as a witness, which underscores the seriousness of their promise. This covenant reflects mutual loyalty and support, crucial during David's time of fleeing from King Saul. The act of making a covenant "before the LORD" indicates their recognition of God's sovereignty and presence in their relationship. This mirrors other biblical covenants, such as those between God and Abraham, emphasizing faithfulness and divine oversight. Jonathan's willingness to make this covenant, despite his father Saul's animosity towards David, demonstrates his understanding of God's plan for David's future kingship, aligning with the prophetic anointing of David by Samuel. 1Sa 18:3 Then Jonathan made a covenant with David… And David remained in Horesh, Horesh, located in the wilderness of Ziph, served as a refuge for David during his flight from Saul. The geographical setting of Horesh, a rugged and remote area, provided natural protection and concealment. This period in David's life is marked by reliance on God's guidance and provision, as he navigates the challenges of being pursued by Saul. The wilderness experience is a recurring theme in Scripture, often symbolizing a time of testing and preparation, as seen in the lives of Moses and Jesus. David's stay in Horesh reflects his trust in God's protection and his strategic acumen in choosing a defensible location. 1Sa 22:5 Then the prophet Gad said to David, “Do not stay…… while Jonathan went home. Jonathan's return home signifies his continued loyalty to his father Saul, despite his covenant with David. This dual allegiance highlights the tension Jonathan faced, balancing familial duty with his recognition of God's anointing on David. Jonathan's actions demonstrate his integrity and faith, as he supports David without betraying his father. This situation foreshadows the eventual transition of kingship from Saul to David, as Jonathan's support for David aligns with God's divine plan. Jonathan's departure also marks a poignant moment in their friendship, as it is one of their last recorded meetings before Jonathan's death, underscoring the sacrificial nature of true friendship and loyalty. 1Sa 20:42 And Jonathan said to David, “Go in peace.… Then the Ziphites came up to Saul at Gibeah The Ziphites were inhabitants of the region of Ziph, located in the Judean wilderness. This area was known for its rugged terrain, making it a suitable place for David to hide. The Ziphites' decision to approach Saul indicates their loyalty to the king, possibly motivated by a desire for favor or fear of retribution. Gibeah, Saul's hometown and royal residence, was the center of his power. This act of betrayal by the Ziphites highlights the political tensions and shifting allegiances during Saul's reign. 1Sa 26:1 Then the Ziphites came to Saul at Gibeah and said,… and said, “Is not David hiding among us David, anointed by Samuel as the future king of Israel, was on the run from Saul, who saw him as a threat to his throne. The Ziphites' question implies they were aware of David's presence and chose to inform Saul, perhaps to curry favor with the king. This reflects the broader theme of David's persecution and the testing of his faith and character during his time in the wilderness. 1Sa 26:2 So Saul, accompanied by three thousand chosen men… in the strongholds at Horesh, Horesh was a location in the wilderness of Ziph, characterized by its natural fortifications. These strongholds provided David with protection and a strategic advantage against Saul's forces. The mention of strongholds underscores the constant danger David faced and his reliance on God's guidance and provision for safety. 1Sa 22:4 So he left them in the care of the king of Moab,… on the hill of Hachilah The hill of Hachilah was a specific geographical feature in the wilderness of Ziph. Its mention provides a precise location for David's hiding place, emphasizing the detailed knowledge the Ziphites had of the area. This detail also highlights the challenges David faced in remaining hidden and the persistent threat posed by Saul's pursuit. 1Sa 26:3 Saul camped beside the road at the hill of Hachilah… south of Jeshimon? Jeshimon refers to a desolate or desert area, further emphasizing the harsh conditions David endured while evading Saul. The wilderness setting serves as a backdrop for David's spiritual growth and dependence on God. This phrase also connects to the broader biblical theme of the wilderness as a place of testing and preparation, seen in the experiences of figures like Moses and Jesus. Num 21:20 from Bamoth to the valley in Moab where the top of Pisgah… Now, O king, This phrase addresses King Saul, the first king of Israel, who was anointed by the prophet Samuel. Saul's reign is marked by his initial obedience to God, followed by a gradual decline into disobedience and jealousy, particularly towards David. The title "king" signifies Saul's authority and the respect he commanded, despite his spiritual failings. 1Sa 26:17 Then Saul recognized David’s voice and asked,… come down whenever your soul desires, The invitation for Saul to "come down" indicates a strategic movement, likely from a higher elevation to the wilderness of Ziph where David was hiding. The phrase "whenever your soul desires" reflects the cultural understanding of the king's will as paramount. It also highlights the Ziphites' eagerness to align themselves with Saul, possibly for political favor or protection. 1Sa 26:2 So Saul, accompanied by three thousand chosen men… and we will be responsible for delivering him into your hand.” The Ziphites' offer to deliver David to Saul shows their willingness to betray David, who was anointed by God to be the next king. This act of betrayal is reminiscent of other biblical accounts where individuals are handed over to authorities, such as Judas Iscariot's betrayal of Jesus. The phrase underscores the theme of human treachery and divine providence, as despite their intentions, God ultimately protects David. 1Sa 24:4 So David’s men said to him, “This is the day…”… “May you be blessed by the LORD,” This phrase reflects the common practice of invoking God's blessing as a form of gratitude or approval. Saul's use of "the LORD" indicates his acknowledgment of the God of Israel, despite his disobedience and moral decline. The invocation of a blessing here is ironic, as Saul is seeking to harm David, the Lord's anointed. This highlights the tension between Saul's words and his actions, a recurring theme in his reign. The blessing also reflects the cultural and religious practice of seeking divine favor, which was central to Israelite life. Rut 2:20 Then Naomi said to her daughter-in-law, “May he be blessed… replied Saul, Saul's response is significant in the narrative of 1 Samuel, as it shows his continued pursuit of David, whom he sees as a threat to his throne. Saul's character is complex; he is a king chosen by God but later rejected due to his disobedience. His reply here is part of his manipulative and desperate attempts to maintain power. This moment is set against the backdrop of Saul's deteriorating mental state and his increasing paranoia about David's rise. 1Sa 26:25 Saul said to him, “May you be blessed, David my son.”… “for you have had compassion on me. Saul's statement of receiving compassion is ironic, as he is the one pursuing David with the intent to kill him. The people he addresses are the Ziphites, who have informed Saul of David's whereabouts. This reflects the political dynamics of the time, where local tribes and groups often aligned with the reigning king for protection or favor. Saul's use of "compassion" is manipulative, as he seeks to justify his actions and gain support. This contrasts with the true compassion shown by David, who spares Saul's life on multiple occasions, demonstrating a Christ-like forbearance and mercy. 1Sa 26:21 Then Saul replied, “I have sinned. Come back, David my son.… Please go and prepare further. This phrase indicates a directive for thorough preparation and investigation. In the context of 1 Samuel 23, Saul is speaking to the Ziphites, who have informed him of David's whereabouts. The need for further preparation underscores the seriousness of Saul's pursuit of David. This reflects the broader biblical theme of diligence and preparation, as seen in Proverbs 21:5, which emphasizes the value of careful planning. Deu 13:14 then you must inquire, investigate,… Investigate and watch carefully where he goes The instruction to "investigate and watch carefully" highlights the strategic and cautious approach Saul is taking to capture David. This reflects the broader biblical narrative of vigilance and awareness, as seen in 1 Peter 5:8, which warns believers to be alert. The geographical context of the wilderness of Ziph, a rugged and difficult terrain, adds to the complexity of tracking David, emphasizing the need for careful observation. Jos 2:1 Then Joshua son of Nun secretly sent two spies… and who has seen him there, This phrase suggests the importance of eyewitness testimony in ancient times, a common practice in establishing facts and making decisions. The cultural context of the time placed significant value on personal witness accounts, as seen in Deuteronomy 19:15, which requires two or three witnesses to establish a matter. This also reflects the broader biblical theme of truth and testimony. 1Sa 22:9 But Doeg the Edomite, who had stationed himself… for I am told that he is extremely cunning. Saul acknowledges David's cunning, which is a testament to David's wisdom and resourcefulness. This recognition of David's abilities aligns with earlier biblical accounts of David's success and favor with God, as seen in 1 Samuel 18:14, where David is described as prospering in all his ways because the Lord was with him. The acknowledgment of David's cunning also foreshadows his future role as a wise and strategic king, a type of Christ who embodies wisdom and discernment. 2Co 11:3 I am afraid, however, that just as Eve was deceived… Observe and find out all the places where he hides. This phrase reflects Saul's determination to capture David, who was fleeing from him. The context is Saul's relentless pursuit of David, who was anointed by Samuel to be the next king of Israel. David's hiding places were often in the wilderness areas of Judah, such as the Desert of Ziph. This pursuit highlights the tension between Saul and David, a recurring theme in 1 Samuel. The act of observing and finding out suggests espionage and the use of informants, which was common in ancient warfare and political intrigue. 1Sa 26:2 So Saul, accompanied by three thousand chosen men… Then come back to me with certainty, Saul demands precise information, indicating his desperation and the importance of eliminating David as a threat to his throne. The need for certainty underscores the high stakes involved and Saul's reliance on human intelligence rather than seeking divine guidance. This reflects Saul's spiritual decline and contrasts with David's reliance on God for guidance, as seen in other parts of 1 Samuel. 2Sa 15:28 See, I will wait at the fords of the wilderness… and I will go with you. Saul's willingness to personally lead the pursuit shows his vested interest in capturing David. It also indicates the seriousness of the threat David posed to Saul's reign. This personal involvement contrasts with earlier instances where Saul delegated tasks to others, showing his increasing obsession with David. Deu 31:8 The LORD Himself goes before you; He will be with you.… If he is in the land, This phrase acknowledges the possibility that David might have left the territory of Judah, which was under Saul's control. It reflects the uncertainty and difficulty in tracking David, who was skilled in evasion and had the support of local populations. The land of Judah is significant as it is David's tribal territory, providing him with some level of protection and support. 1Ki 18:10 As surely as the LORD your God lives, there is no nation… I will search him out among all the clans of Judah.” Saul's intent to search among all the clans of Judah indicates a thorough and exhaustive effort to find David. The clans of Judah were numerous and spread out, making this a daunting task. This phrase highlights the tribal structure of ancient Israel, where loyalty to one's clan could supersede loyalty to the king. It also foreshadows the eventual support David would receive from the tribe of Judah when he becomes king. Saul's determination to search among the clans also reflects the broader theme of division and conflict within Israel, which is a backdrop to the narrative of 1 Samuel. Jos 7:14-18 In the morning you must present yourselves tribe by tribe.… So they set out and went to Ziph ahead of Saul. The Ziphites were inhabitants of the town of Ziph, located in the hill country of Judah. This area is significant in the narrative of David's life as it was a place where he sought refuge while fleeing from King Saul. The Ziphites' decision to inform Saul of David's whereabouts reflects the political tension and divided loyalties within Israel during this period. Ziph's location is strategic, providing a vantage point for observing movements in the surrounding wilderness. This act of betrayal by the Ziphites is later referenced in Psalm 54, where David calls upon God for deliverance from his enemies. 1Sa 26:1 Then the Ziphites came to Saul at Gibeah and said,… Now David and his men were in the Wilderness of Maon The Wilderness of Maon is part of the larger Judean wilderness, characterized by its rugged terrain and sparse vegetation. This area provided natural fortifications and hiding places for David and his men. The wilderness experience is a recurring theme in David's life, symbolizing both physical and spiritual trials. It is in these desolate places that David often composed psalms, expressing his reliance on God for protection and guidance. The wilderness also serves as a type of Christ's own time in the wilderness, where He faced temptation and emerged victorious. 1Sa 25:2 Now there was a man in Maon whose business was in Carmel.… in the Arabah south of Jeshimon, The Arabah refers to the desert region stretching from the Dead Sea to the Gulf of Aqaba. It is a harsh environment, emphasizing the severity of David's circumstances as he evades Saul. The term "Jeshimon" means "desolation," further highlighting the barrenness of the area. This setting underscores the theme of God's provision and faithfulness, as David survives in such inhospitable conditions. The geographical details also serve to authenticate the historical narrative, providing a tangible context for the events described. The Arabah's desolation contrasts with the spiritual sustenance David receives from God, prefiguring the spiritual nourishment Christ offers in the midst of life's deserts. Num 21:20 from Bamoth to the valley in Moab where the top of Pisgah… and Saul and his men went to seek him. This phrase highlights Saul's relentless pursuit of David, who was anointed by Samuel to be the next king of Israel. Saul's jealousy and fear of losing his throne drove him to seek David's life. This pursuit is a recurring theme in 1 Samuel, illustrating the conflict between Saul's declining kingship and David's rise. Saul's actions can be seen as a warning against allowing jealousy and fear to dictate one's actions, as they lead to destructive behavior. 1Sa 24:2 So Saul took three thousand chosen men from all Israel… When David was told about it, David's awareness of Saul's movements indicates the presence of loyal informants and supporters who helped him evade capture. This reflects the providence of God in protecting David, who was chosen to lead Israel. It also underscores the importance of wise counsel and vigilance in times of danger, as seen throughout David's life. 1Sa 19:2 My father Saul intends to kill you. Be on guard… he went down to the rock The "rock" likely refers to a specific geographical feature that provided a strategic advantage for David. In the biblical narrative, rocks and strongholds often symbolize refuge and protection. This imagery is echoed in the Psalms, where God is frequently described as a rock and fortress (e.g., Psalm 18:2). David's choice to go to the rock demonstrates his reliance on both natural defenses and divine protection. 2Sa 22:3 My God is my rock, in whom I take refuge… and stayed in the Wilderness of Maon. The Wilderness of Maon is located in the Judean Desert, a rugged and desolate area that offered natural concealment. This setting emphasizes David's status as a fugitive and the harsh conditions he endured. The wilderness experience is a common motif in Scripture, often associated with testing and preparation, as seen in the lives of Moses and Jesus. David's time in the wilderness prepared him for future leadership by teaching him dependence on God. 1Sa 25:1 When Samuel died, all Israel gathered to mourn for him;… And when Saul heard of this, Saul's intelligence network was also active, indicating the resources he had at his disposal as king. This phrase shows the ongoing cat-and-mouse dynamic between Saul and David, with each move countered by the other. It highlights the tension and uncertainty of the period, as well as the broader theme of God's sovereignty in guiding the events according to His purposes. 1Sa 24:1 After Saul had returned from pursuing the Philistines,… he pursued David there. Saul's pursuit of David to the Wilderness of Maon demonstrates his determination to eliminate David as a threat. This relentless pursuit can be seen as a reflection of Saul's spiritual decline and his inability to accept God's will. The pursuit also foreshadows the eventual transition of power from Saul to David, as God orchestrates events to fulfill His promises. David's evasion of Saul's pursuit is a testament to God's faithfulness in preserving His chosen servant. 1Sa 26:18 And he continued, “Why is my lord pursuing his servant?… Saul was proceeding along one side of the mountain, This phrase highlights the relentless pursuit of Saul, who was determined to capture David. The geographical setting of a mountain indicates a rugged terrain, which was common in the Judean wilderness where David often sought refuge. Saul's pursuit reflects his obsession and jealousy, as he saw David as a threat to his throne. This pursuit is a continuation of Saul's disobedience to God, who had already rejected him as king (1 Samuel 15:26-28). 1Sa 26:20 So do not let my blood fall to the ground.… and David and his men along the other side. David's strategic movement on the opposite side of the mountain demonstrates his tactical acumen and reliance on God for protection. David's men, who were loyal to him, were often outnumbered, yet they trusted in David's leadership and God's providence. This scenario is reminiscent of other biblical instances where God's chosen are protected despite overwhelming odds, such as the Israelites crossing the Red Sea (Exodus 14:21-22). 1Sa 26:13 Then David crossed to the other side and stood… Even though David was hurrying to get away, David's urgency in escaping reflects his awareness of the imminent danger posed by Saul. Despite being anointed as the future king of Israel (1 Samuel 16:13), David faced numerous trials and tribulations, which tested his faith and reliance on God. This urgency also underscores the human aspect of fear and survival, even for those chosen by God. 1Sa 27:1 David, however, said to himself, “One of these days… Saul and his men were closing in on David and his men to capture them. The closing in of Saul's forces signifies the intense pressure and threat David faced. This moment of crisis is a test of faith, where David must rely on God's deliverance. It parallels other biblical narratives where God's intervention is crucial, such as Daniel in the lion's den (Daniel 6:22) and the deliverance of Peter from prison (Acts 12:7-11). This pursuit also foreshadows the ultimate deliverance and victory found in Jesus Christ, who, despite being pursued and persecuted, fulfilled God's plan for salvation. Psa 31:4 You free me from the net laid out for me… Then a messenger came to Saul, In the context of 1 Samuel 23, Saul is in pursuit of David, who is hiding in the wilderness of Ziph. The arrival of a messenger signifies a pivotal moment, interrupting Saul's pursuit. Messengers in ancient times were crucial for communication, often traveling long distances to deliver urgent news. This moment highlights the providence of God in protecting David, as the messenger's timing is critical in diverting Saul's attention. 1Sa 4:12-17 That same day a Benjamite ran from the battle line… saying, “Come quickly, The urgency in the messenger's words underscores the immediate threat posed by the Philistines. The Philistines were a constant adversary of Israel, often raiding and plundering the land. This call to action reflects the ongoing conflict between Israel and the Philistines, a theme prevalent throughout the books of Samuel. The urgency also serves as a divine intervention, pulling Saul away from his pursuit of David. 1Sa 20:38 Then Jonathan cried out, “Hurry! Make haste! Do not delay!”… for the Philistines have raided the land!” The Philistine raids were a common occurrence during this period, as they sought to exploit Israel's vulnerabilities. These raids often targeted agricultural areas, impacting the food supply and economy. Historically, the Philistines were a seafaring people known for their military prowess and advanced weaponry, including iron chariots. This phrase connects to the broader narrative of Israel's struggle to maintain sovereignty and security in the Promised Land. Theologically, it can be seen as a reminder of the consequences of Israel's disobedience and the need for a faithful leader, foreshadowing David's eventual kingship and his role as a type of Christ, who delivers His people from their enemies. 1Sa 13:17-18 And raiders went out of the Philistine camp… So Saul broke off his pursuit of David This phrase indicates a pivotal moment in the narrative where Saul, who has been relentlessly pursuing David, is forced to abandon his chase. Saul's pursuit of David is a significant theme in 1 Samuel, highlighting the tension between the anointed king and the one chosen by God to succeed him. This pursuit reflects Saul's jealousy and fear of losing his throne, as seen in earlier chapters. Theologically, this moment can be seen as God's providential protection over David, who is destined to become king. It also illustrates the futility of opposing God's will, as Saul's efforts are continually thwarted. 1Sa 27:4 And when Saul learned that David had fled to Gath,… and went to meet the Philistines. The Philistines were a constant threat to Israel during this period, often engaging in battles with the Israelites. Saul's decision to confront the Philistines instead of continuing his pursuit of David underscores the immediate threat they posed. Historically, the Philistines were a powerful seafaring people, and their presence in the region was a significant challenge for Israel. This diversion can be seen as God's intervention, using external circumstances to protect David. It also highlights the ongoing conflict between Israel and the Philistines, which is a recurring theme throughout the books of Samuel. 1Sa 13:5-7 Now the Philistines assembled to fight against Israel… That is why that place is called Sela-hammahlekoth. Sela-hammahlekoth translates to "Rock of Escape" or "Rock of Divisions," signifying the location where David was delivered from Saul's grasp. Geographically, this place is believed to be in the wilderness of Maon, a rugged area providing natural fortifications. The naming of locations based on significant events is a common biblical practice, serving as a memorial to God's deliverance and intervention. This place name serves as a testament to God's faithfulness in protecting David, who is a type of Christ in his role as the anointed king and shepherd of Israel. Theologically, it reminds believers of God's sovereignty and ability to provide refuge in times of trouble. 2Sa 5:20 So David went to Baal-perazim, where he defeated… And David went up from there This phrase indicates a transition in David's movements. David had been in the wilderness of Ziph, where he narrowly escaped capture by Saul. The phrase "went up" suggests a movement to a higher elevation, which is consistent with the geography of the region. This movement is part of David's ongoing evasion of King Saul, who sought his life due to jealousy and fear of losing his throne. David's journey reflects his reliance on God's guidance and protection, as he continually seeks refuge in various locations. 1Sa 22:1 So David left Gath and took refuge in the cave of Adullam.… and lived in the strongholds The term "strongholds" refers to natural fortifications, often caves or rocky areas that provide defense and concealment. In the context of David's life, these strongholds symbolize God's provision of safety and security amidst adversity. David's choice to reside in such places highlights his strategic acumen and his dependence on God's protection. The strongholds also serve as a metaphor for God's strength and refuge, themes frequently echoed in the Psalms attributed to David. 2Sa 5:9 So David took up residence in the fortress… of En-gedi. En-gedi is an oasis located near the western shore of the Dead Sea. Known for its lush vegetation and abundant water supply, it provided an ideal refuge for David and his men. The geographical features of En-gedi, including its cliffs and caves, offered natural protection against Saul's forces. Historically, En-gedi was a place of refuge and sustenance, and its mention here underscores God's provision for David. The location is also significant in biblical history, as it is mentioned in other scriptures, such as Song of Solomon 1:14, highlighting its beauty and fertility. En-gedi's strategic and resourceful environment made it a fitting place for David to regroup and plan his next moves while remaining under God's care. 1Sa 24:1 After Saul had returned from pursuing the Philistines,… This is a draft of the Berean Study Bible. Please send all comments and recommendations to bereanstudybible@aol.com. Bible Hub |
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