Berean Study Bible David’s Messengers DisgracedDavid’s kingdom continued to expand in stability and influence after he showed covenant kindness to Mephibosheth. The account now turns from David’s care for Saul’s household to his relations with neighboring nations, showing that royal faithfulness involved both mercy within Israel and vigilance beyond its borders. 2Sa 8:1 Some time later, David defeated the Philistines… the king of the Ammonites died Ammon descended from Lot and became the forefather of a people east of the Jordan who often opposed Israel. A change of rulers could reshape alliances and provoke conflict, especially among nations affected by David’s growing power. 1Ch 19:1 Some time later, Nahash king of the Ammonites died… and was succeeded by his son Hanun. Hanun (“gracious” or “favored”) inherited both his father Nahash’s throne and the opportunity to preserve peaceful relations with Israel. David’s coming effort to honor Nahash’s memory would reveal whether Hanun would respond with wisdom and gratitude or allow suspicion and ungodly counsel to lead his nation toward war. 1Ch 19:2 And David said, “I will show kindness to Hanun son of Nahash… And David said, “I will show kindness to Hanun son of Nahash, just as his father showed kindness to me.” David remembered Nahash’s earlier favor and chose to answer it with faithful goodwill toward his son. Such kindness reflected the covenant faithfulness Israel’s king was to practice in his relationships, including with neighboring nations. David had shown similar loyalty to Jonathan’s house after Jonathan’s death, honoring commitments beyond personal advantage. The nature of Nahash’s kindness to David is not recorded, but David’s response reveals that he did not forget mercy received during earlier hardship. 2Sa 9:1 Then David asked, “Is there anyone left from the house… So David sent some of his servants to console Hanun concerning his father. David’s servants came as official representatives bearing condolences upon the death of Ammon’s king. The mission was peaceful and respectful, offering Hanun an opportunity to continue the favorable relationship his father had maintained with David. Instead of beginning with military pressure or political demands, David extended honor to a grieving son and a newly established ruler. 2Sa 12:24 Then David comforted his wife Bathsheba, and he went to her… But when they arrived in the land of the Ammonites, Ammon lay east of the Jordan River and had a long, troubled history with Israel. Though the Ammonites descended from Lot, they frequently opposed God’s people. David’s envoys entered Ammonite territory in peace, but their arrival became the occasion for suspicion, humiliation, and war. Human distrust would turn an act of kindness into a conflict that displayed both the cost of rejecting peace and the Lord’s preservation of Israel. 1Ch 19:1-2 Some time later, Nahash king of the Ammonites died… the princes of the Ammonites said to Hanun their lord, The Ammonites descended from Lot through Ben-ammi and occupied territory east of the Jordan. Hanun had succeeded his father Nahash, whose kindness toward David had prompted David’s embassy of condolence. Scripture does not explain the earlier kindness, but David’s action sought to honor Nahash and preserve peaceful relations with his son. Hanun’s advisors shaped the young king’s response at a vulnerable moment of transition. 1Ch 19:3 “Just because David has sent you comforters”… “Just because David has sent you comforters, do you really believe he is showing respect for your father? The officials interpreted David’s goodwill as political manipulation rather than sincere mourning. Their suspicion appealed to Hanun’s duty to defend his father’s honor and his kingdom’s security. Distrust turned a peaceful diplomatic act into an offense. 1Ch 19:2 And David said, “I will show kindness to Hanun son of Nahash… Has not David instead sent his servants to explore the city, spy it out, and overthrow it?” Ammon’s leaders charged David’s servants with reconnaissance for conquest, though David had sent them as comforters. Their false counsel led Hanun to shame the envoys and provoked a war that brought devastation upon Ammon. Suspicion unchecked by truth can transform kindness into conflict and draw nations into needless judgment. Jos 2:1-2 Then Joshua son of Nun secretly sent two spies… So Hanun took David’s servants, Hanun, king of the Ammonites, responded to David’s goodwill with suspicion and contempt. David had sent envoys to comfort Hanun after the death of Nahash, who had shown kindness to him. By seizing the royal servants, Hanun violated the customary protection granted to messengers and turned a peaceful gesture into a national insult. The Ammonites, descendants of Lot, had long opposed Israel and would soon bring war upon themselves through their contempt for David’s kingdom. 1Ch 19:4 So Hanun took David’s servants, shaved their beards… shaved off half of each man’s beard, A beard represented a man’s dignity, maturity, and public honor in the ancient Near East. Hanun’s mutilation of the servants was designed to shame them before their own people and to dishonor the king who had sent them. Israel’s law treated the beard with respect (Leviticus 19:27), making the humiliation especially grievous. David’s representatives bore the disgrace inflicted upon them, foreshadowing the shame endured by Christ when He was rejected and mocked by those He came to bless. Jer 41:5 eighty men who had shaved off their beards… cut off their garments at the hips, The garments were cut so that the men were exposed and disgraced. Such treatment stripped them of the visible marks of honor appropriate to royal envoys and reduced them to public ridicule. Hanun intended the humiliation to reach beyond the servants themselves and insult David’s throne. His actions revealed the folly of counsel shaped by fear and hostility rather than truth. Isa 20:4 the king of Assyria will lead away the captives… and sent them away. Hanun sent David’s servants home as a deliberate message of defiance. Rather than preserving peace, he provoked conflict with Israel and forced his people to face the consequences of their king’s dishonor. David would show compassion toward the humiliated men, allowing them to remain at Jericho until their beards had grown back, while also answering Ammon’s aggression with righteous judgment. 1Ch 19:5 When someone came and told David about his men,… When this was reported to David, David learned that Hanun of Ammon had publicly shamed the envoys sent in friendship and condolence. The insult was directed not only against David’s servants but against David himself and the peace he had sought with Ammon. 2Sa 12:18-23 On the seventh day the child died. But David’s servants… he sent messengers to meet the men, David acted promptly to care for his servants rather than leaving them exposed in their disgrace. His response shows the responsibility of a king to defend the honor of those who represent him. 1Ch 19:2 And David said, “I will show kindness to Hanun son of Nahash… since they had been thoroughly humiliated. The shaving of half their beards and the cutting of their garments were deliberate acts of public contempt. In a culture where a beard signified manhood and dignity, Hanun’s treatment of the men was intended to disgrace Israel and provoke conflict. 1Ch 19:4 So Hanun took David’s servants, shaved their beards… The king told them, “Stay in Jericho Jericho lay near the Jordan and provided a suitable place for the men to remain outside the public eye. The city, once conquered under Joshua, stood within Israel’s land as a place of safety for David’s dishonored servants. 1Ki 2:36-38 Then the king summoned Shimei and said to him,… until your beards have grown back, David allowed time for their outward shame to be removed before they returned to Jerusalem. Their restored appearance would visibly mark the recovery of their dignity. 2Sa 19:24 Then Mephibosheth, Saul’s grandson, went down… and then return.” David’s compassion did not overlook Ammon’s offense, but he first cared for the wounded honor of his men. The events that followed showed that contempt for the king’s representatives brought serious consequences upon Ammon. 1Ch 19:5 When someone came and told David about his men,… When the Ammonites realized that they had become a stench to David, Hanun’s public humiliation of David’s servants had rejected a sincere gesture of kindness and violated the customs of diplomacy. The Ammonites understood that their contempt had made peaceful relations impossible. David’s coming response would uphold justice and defend the honor of Israel’s king. 1Sa 13:4 And all Israel heard the news: “Saul has attacked an outpost… they hired twenty thousand Aramean foot soldiers from Beth-rehob and Zoba, Ammon relied on paid Aramean forces from powerful northern city-states rather than trusting its own strength. Beth-rehob and Zoba lay in the Syrian region north of Israel and supplied experienced soldiers. The growing coalition revealed that neighboring rulers recognized David’s expanding authority as a threat to their independence. 1Ch 19:6 When the Ammonites realized that they had become a stench,… as well as a thousand men from the king of Maacah Maacah was a small Aramean kingdom near Israel’s northern border. Its king joined the conflict with a limited but politically significant force, lending his support to Ammon’s resistance against David. 1Ch 19:7 So they hired for themselves thirty-two thousand chariots,… and twelve thousand men from Tob. Tob was east of the Jordan and had previously sheltered Jephthah during his exile (Judges 11:3). Ammon gathered warriors from distant regions in an effort to overcome Israel through numbers and alliances. The coalition’s strength would soon prove unable to stand against the Lord’s purpose for David and His people. Jdg 11:3 So Jephthah fled from his brothers and settled in the land… On hearing this, David learned that the Ammonites had secured Aramean mercenaries for war. He did not ignore the threat or leave Israel vulnerable, but acted decisively to defend the people and uphold the security of the kingdom. 2Sa 13:21 When King David heard all this, he was furious. David sent Joab David entrusted the campaign to his nephew and chief military commander. Joab possessed proven skill in battle, and his leadership would be needed against an enemy force assembled from several Aramean territories. 1Ch 19:7 So they hired for themselves thirty-two thousand chariots,… and the entire army of mighty men. David deployed Israel’s strongest fighting force because the danger was serious and immediate. The mighty men had distinguished themselves through courage and loyalty to David, and their service reflects the need for God’s people to meet opposition with steadfast faith, disciplined obedience, and confidence in the Lord. 2Sa 16:6 He threw stones at David and all the servants of the king,… The Ammonites marched out and arrayed themselves for battle at the entrance of the city gate, The Ammonites had rejected David’s goodwill by humiliating his servants and then prepared for the consequences of their offense. Their position near the city gate placed them under the protection of the city’s defenses while allowing them to confront Israel’s army. The descendants of Lot had repeatedly opposed Israel, and their fear of David’s growing strength led them to choose hostility rather than seek peace. 1Ch 19:9 The Ammonites marched out and arrayed themselves for battle… while the Arameans of Zobah and Rehob The Ammonites had hired Aramean forces from the north to strengthen their defense. Zobah and Rehob supplied experienced soldiers and charioteers, revealing the seriousness of the threat against Israel. The coalition brought together kingdoms that saw David’s expanding rule as a danger to their own independence. 1Ch 19:6 When the Ammonites realized that they had become a stench,… and the men of Tob and Maacah were by themselves in the open country. The forces from Tob and Maacah formed a separate battle line in the open field, creating a coordinated threat against Israel from more than one direction. Their placement contributed to the encirclement Joab soon recognized, with enemies before and behind him. Israel’s victory would show that military alliances, numbers, and tactical positioning cannot prevail when the Lord gives His people strength. 1Ch 19:7 So they hired for themselves thirty-two thousand chariots,…
David Defeats Ammon and AramJoab recognized that Israel had been placed between the Aramean forces in the open country and the Ammonites positioned near their city. The allied armies intended to divide Israel’s attention and trap David’s army in a vulnerable position. Joab faced the danger realistically, yet he acted with disciplined courage rather than panic. 2Ch 13:13-14 Now Jeroboam had sent troops around to ambush from the rear,… he selected some of the best men of Israel Joab entrusted the strongest and most experienced soldiers with the battle against the greater external threat. David’s kingdom had been strengthened through men of proven faithfulness and courage, including the mighty men who had fought beside David in earlier conflicts. Human skill and preparation mattered, but Joab would soon acknowledge that the outcome rested with the LORD. 1Sa 14:52 And the war with the Philistines was fierce… and arrayed them against the Arameans. The Arameans had come as hired allies of the Ammonites and represented a formidable military force. Joab placed his chosen troops against them while assigning the remaining army under Abishai to face Ammon. Israel’s enemies had coordinated their attack, but their alliance could not prevail against the God who defended His people. 1Ki 20:27-29 The Israelites also mobilized, gathered supplies… And he placed the rest of the troops under the command of his brother Abishai, Joab entrusted Abishai with the forces assigned to confront the Ammonites while he led the selected troops against the Aramean coalition. Abishai, another son of Zeruiah and nephew of David, had repeatedly proved himself a courageous and loyal warrior (1 Samuel 26:6–9; 2 Samuel 23:18). The division of command met the danger on two fronts and enabled Israel’s army to respond quickly if either force required support. Joab’s confidence in his brother reflects the close bonds and tested leadership within David’s military officers. Their cooperation also anticipated Joab’s charge that each commander should strengthen the other if the battle turned against him (2 Samuel 10:11). 2Sa 18:2 He sent out the troops, a third under Joab,… who arrayed them against the Ammonites. The Ammonites had withdrawn to the entrance of their city, while their hired Aramean allies stood in the open country, placing Israel between opposing forces. Abishai’s troops faced the Ammonites to prevent them from joining the Arameans in an attack against Joab’s rear. The conflict arose from Hanun’s public humiliation of David’s servants and his subsequent attempt to secure protection through foreign mercenaries (2 Samuel 10:1–6). Though Ammon descended from Lot, its rulers had often opposed Israel and sought to challenge Israel’s security east of the Jordan. Israel’s careful preparation shows that courage and faith do not exclude wise planning; Joab committed the outcome to the Lord while faithfully carrying out his responsibility (2 Samuel 10:12). 1Ch 19:11 And he placed the rest of the troops under the command… “If the Arameans are too strong for me,” Joab faced the Arameans, whom the Ammonites had hired to oppose Israel. Their reputation and military strength required careful preparation, so Joab divided Israel’s forces rather than allowing either enemy army to gain an advantage. 1Ch 19:12 “If the Arameans are too strong for me,” said Joab,… said Joab, As David’s chief military commander, Joab directed the battle with courage and practical wisdom. He placed Abishai over the troops confronting Ammon while he led the stronger part of the army against the Arameans. 1Ch 19:13 Be strong and let us fight bravely for our people… “then you will come to my rescue. Joab expected Abishai to strengthen him if the Arameans prevailed. Their agreement shows that Israel’s leaders were to stand together rather than seek personal glory. Their mutual aid prepared them to act decisively amid an uncertain battle. Ecc 4:9-10 Two are better than one, because they have a good return… And if the Ammonites are too strong for you, The Ammonites had long opposed Israel and now sought to weaken David’s kingdom through foreign alliances. Abishai’s position against them was dangerous, since the Ammonite army remained near the city while the Arameans threatened from another direction. 1Ch 19:14-15 So Joab and his troops advanced to fight the Arameans,… then I will come to your rescue. Joab pledged to bring his forces to Abishai’s aid if needed. Their confidence rested not merely in military cooperation but in the conviction expressed in the following words: “May the LORD do what is good in His sight.” God’s people are called to faithful action, mutual support, and trust in the Lord for the outcome. 2Sa 22:17-20 He reached down from on high and took hold of me;… Be strong Joab called Israel’s warriors to courage as they faced the combined armies of Ammon and Aram. Their strength was to be shown in steadfast obedience and confidence that the LORD was present with His covenant people. Jos 1:6 Be strong and courageous, for you shall give… and let us fight bravely Joab and Abishai divided their forces to meet threats from opposite directions, requiring discipline and resolve. Israel’s soldiers fought with real weapons against real enemies, yet the battle also concerned the honor of the God whom Israel served. 1Co 16:13 Be on the alert. Stand firm in the faith. Be men of courage.… for our people The defense of Israel involved more than personal survival or military reputation. Joab urged the men to protect their families, tribes, and fellow Israelites from those who sought to humiliate and subdue them. Neh 4:14 After I had made an inspection, I stood up and said… and for the cities of our God. Israel’s towns belonged to the LORD because the land had been given to His people by covenant promise. Defending those cities meant preserving the inheritance entrusted to Israel and resisting enemies who opposed God’s purposes. 1Ch 19:13 Be strong and let us fight bravely for our people… May the LORD do what is good in His sight.” Joab acted responsibly, prepared for battle, and entrusted the outcome to the LORD’s sovereign will. Courage does not presume success; it obeys faithfully while resting in God’s wisdom and goodness. 1Sa 3:18 So Samuel told him everything and did not hide… So Joab and his troops advanced Joab led David’s army against the allied forces assembled by the Ammonites. With the Arameans positioned in the open country and the Ammonites near the city, Joab had prepared for a two-front battle by placing Abishai over part of the army. His advance showed disciplined leadership and confidence in the Lord’s will. 1Ch 19:14 So Joab and his troops advanced to fight the Arameans,… to fight the Arameans, The Arameans had been hired by Hanun of Ammon to strengthen his resistance against Israel. Their presence turned an Ammonite conflict into a wider regional war, involving forces from Aram-beth-rehob, Zobah, Maacah, and Tob. Israel faced a formidable coalition, yet Joab acted decisively rather than allowing the enemy’s numbers or position to control the battle. 2Ki 8:28 Then Ahaziah went with Joram son of Ahab to fight… who fled before him. The Aramean retreat broke the alliance’s battle plan and caused the Ammonites to withdraw into their city. The conflict was not yet finished, for the Arameans later regrouped under Hadadezer, but their initial flight displayed the weakness of those who opposed the kingdom God had established under David. 1Ch 19:18 But the Arameans fled before Israel, … When the Ammonites saw that the Arameans had fled, The Ammonites were descendants of Lot and often in conflict with Israel. Their alliance with the Arameans, a powerful group from the region of modern-day Syria, was strategic. The Arameans’ retreat signaled a significant loss of morale and support for the Ammonites. This reflects the common ancient Near Eastern practice of forming coalitions for military campaigns. The Arameans’ flight may have been seen as a divine judgment, as alliances against God’s people often ended in failure (Psalm 2:1-4). 1Ch 19:14 So Joab and his troops advanced to fight the Arameans,… they too fled before Abishai, Abishai had been entrusted with the force facing Ammon while Joab engaged the Arameans. His success fulfilled Joab’s earlier charge that both brothers should fight courageously for their people and entrust the outcome to the Lord. Israel’s victory came through capable leaders, yet the battle showed that the Lord was the decisive defender of His covenant people. 1Sa 17:52 Then the men of Israel and Judah charged forward… and they entered the city. The Ammonites abandoned the open field and withdrew behind the protection of their fortified capital, Rabbah. Their retreat ended the immediate battle but did not resolve the conflict. The following year David’s army would return during the season of kings’ campaigns and lay siege to the city. 1Ki 20:30 The rest of them fled into the city of Aphek,… So Joab returned from fighting against the Ammonites Joab did not press an immediate assault against the fortified city after the enemy had withdrawn. The campaign had broken the hostile alliance and removed the immediate danger to Israel, while leaving Ammon’s final defeat for a later military operation. 1Ch 20:1 In the spring, at the time when kings march out to war,… and came to Jerusalem. Joab returned to the city from which David ruled the united kingdom. Jerusalem stood not only as Israel’s political center but also as the place God had established for His name, reminding the nation that its security rested ultimately in the Lord rather than in military strength. 1Ch 19:15 When the Ammonites saw that the Arameans had fled,… When the Arameans saw that they had been defeated by Israel, The Arameans, also known as Syrians, were a significant power in the ancient Near East. Their defeat by Israel highlights the military prowess of King David’s forces, which were divinely supported. This event is part of a series of victories that established Israel as a dominant regional power. The Arameans’ defeat can be seen as a fulfillment of God’s promise to David to subdue his enemies (2 Samuel 7:9). This phrase also reflects the ongoing conflict between Israel and surrounding nations, a theme prevalent throughout the Old Testament. 1Ch 19:16 When the Arameans saw they had been defeated by Israel,… they regrouped. Hadadezer of Zobah summoned additional Aramean forces from beyond the Euphrates under Shobach, the commander of his army. Rather than accepting defeat, Israel’s enemies prepared for a larger conflict, setting the stage for David himself to lead Israel to a decisive victory at Helam. Their resistance could not overturn God’s purpose to establish David’s kingdom and give Israel security from hostile nations. 1Ki 20:26 In the spring, Ben-hadad mobilized the Arameans… Hadadezer sent messengers Hadadezer, king of Zobah in Aram, responded to the earlier defeat of his allied forces by seeking a larger coalition. Ancient kings depended on messengers to summon troops, negotiate alliances, and coordinate campaigns across great distances. 1Ch 19:16 When the Arameans saw they had been defeated by Israel,… to bring more Arameans from beyond the Euphrates, Hadadezer called for soldiers from Aramean territories east of the Euphrates, the great river that marked a major political and military boundary. The reinforcements reveal both the extent of his influence and the seriousness of the threat gathering against Israel. 2Sa 8:5 When the Arameans of Damascus came to help… and they came to Helam Helam lay east of the Jordan, though its exact location is no longer known. The assembled Aramean force chose a place where it could meet David’s advancing army and defend the coalition’s interests. 1Ch 19:17 When this was reported to David, he gathered all Israel… with Shobach the commander of Hadadezer’s army leading them. Shobach, called Shophach in 1 Chronicles 19:16, commanded Hadadezer’s professional army. His leadership showed that the Arameans had organized their strongest available forces, yet their military strength could not overturn the Lord’s purpose to establish David and secure Israel from its enemies. 1Ch 19:18 But the Arameans fled before Israel, … When this was reported to David, David, the king of Israel, was known for his military prowess and leadership. The report likely came from his messengers or scouts who kept him informed of enemy movements. This reflects the importance of communication and intelligence in ancient warfare. David’s response to the report demonstrates his proactive leadership and readiness to defend Israel. 2Sa 15:13 Then a messenger came to David and reported,… he gathered all Israel, David summoned a national force, demonstrating both the unity of the tribes and the seriousness of the conflict. Israel’s strength rested not merely in military numbers, but in the Lord’s covenant faithfulness to the nation He had established. 1Ch 13:5 So David assembled all Israel, from the River Shihor… crossed the Jordan, David led Israel eastward into Transjordan, refusing to allow the enemy coalition to dictate the location or course of the war. The crossing recalled Israel’s earlier entrance into the land under Joshua, when the Lord brought His people through the Jordan to confront their enemies. 2Sa 17:22 So David and all the people with him got up… and went to Helam. Helam lay in the region where the Aramean forces had assembled, likely north or northeast of the Sea of Galilee. David’s advance brought the conflict directly to the allied forces serving Hadadezer of Zobah. 2Sa 17:24 Then David went to Mahanaim, and Absalom crossed… Then the Arameans arrayed themselves against David The Arameans, a group of Semitic people, were often in conflict with Israel. Their decision to array themselves against David indicates their readiness for battle and their intent to challenge Israel’s dominance. This confrontation is part of the broader narrative of Israel’s conflicts with surrounding nations, which often served as a test of faith and reliance on God. 1Ch 19:17 When this was reported to David, he gathered all Israel… and fought against him. The battle revealed that Israel’s security depended on the Lord, who had repeatedly given David victory over hostile nations. David fought responsibly as king, yet the outcome would show that no coalition could overturn God’s purposes for His anointed servant and His people. 1Ch 19:18 But the Arameans fled before Israel, … But the Arameans fled before Israel, David’s forces broke the coalition assembled by Hadadezer of Zobah and his Aramean allies. Israel’s victory fulfilled the Lord’s promise to defend His covenant people against their enemies and further secured David’s kingdom from northern threats. 2Ki 7:6-7 For the Lord had caused the Arameans to hear the sound… and David killed seven hundred charioteers The loss of the chariot force crippled an important element of Aramean military strength. Chariots offered speed, force, and prestige in ancient warfare, yet they could not withstand the God who gave David victory. 2Sa 8:4 David captured from him a thousand chariots,… and forty thousand foot soldiers. The scale of the defeat revealed the decisive nature of the battle. Israel did not prevail merely through military skill; the Lord established David and preserved His people as He had promised. 1Ki 20:29-30 For seven days the armies camped opposite each other,… He also struck down Shobach the commander of their army, who died there. Shobach’s death removed the commander responsible for leading the Aramean coalition and brought its resistance to collapse. David’s triumph over hostile kings anticipates the greater reign of the Messiah, the Son of David, who will finally overcome every enemy of God’s people. 1Ch 19:18 But the Arameans fled before Israel, … When all the kings who were subject to Hadadezer Hadadezer of Zobah had exercised authority over neighboring Aramean rulers, forming a network of dependent kingdoms north and east of Israel. Their united forces had come to support the Ammonites against David, but Israel’s victories broke the power of this coalition. 2Sa 8:3-4 David also defeated Hadadezer son of Rehob… saw that they had been defeated by Israel, The defeat exposed the futility of resisting the kingdom God was establishing through David. Israel’s success did not rest merely on military strength; the Lord had promised David victory over his enemies and was extending Israel’s influence as He had declared. 2Sa 8:5 When the Arameans of Damascus came to help… they made peace with Israel and became subject to them. The former allies of Hadadezer accepted David’s rule and entered a relationship of submission, likely involving tribute and political loyalty. God turned hostile nations into subjects of Israel, securing David’s kingdom and demonstrating that no alliance can overturn His purposes. 1Ch 19:19 When Hadadezer’s subjects saw they had been defeated… So the Arameans were afraid to help the Ammonites anymore. Ammon was left isolated after the Arameans recognized the cost of opposing Israel. Fear restrained nations that had once been willing to join against David, bringing a measure of peace to Israel’s borders. 2Ch 20:29 And the fear of God came upon all the kingdoms of the lands… This is a draft of the Berean Study Bible. Please send all comments and recommendations to bereanstudybible@aol.com. Bible Hub |
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