Some time later
This phrase indicates a passage of time since the events of Esther 1, where Queen Vashti was deposed. Historically, this period may have included Xerxes' campaign against Greece, which ended in defeat. The time lapse suggests a cooling-off period for Xerxes, allowing for reflection and the setting of the stage for Esther's introduction.

when the anger of King Xerxes had subsided
Xerxes' anger was initially provoked by Vashti's refusal to appear before him and his guests. The subsiding of his anger suggests a return to rationality and a potential openness to new counsel. This change in demeanor is crucial for the unfolding of God's providential plan through Esther.

he remembered Vashti
Xerxes' remembrance of Vashti indicates a moment of reflection on past decisions. This could imply regret or nostalgia, highlighting the human tendency to reconsider past actions. It sets the stage for the search for a new queen, which is central to the narrative.

and what she had done
Vashti's actions were seen as defiance against the king's authority, leading to her removal. This phrase underscores the cultural expectations of women in the Persian Empire and the severe consequences of challenging royal authority. It also reflects the broader theme of power and submission in the book.

and what had been decreed against her
The decree against Vashti was irrevocable, as was typical of Persian law (cf. Daniel 6:8). This highlights the permanence of royal edicts and the legal framework within which the story unfolds. It also foreshadows the later decree concerning the Jews, which Esther and Mordecai must navigate.

Then the king’s attendants proposed
In the Persian court, attendants or advisors played a crucial role in decision-making processes. These individuals were often trusted officials who had the king's ear and could influence his decisions. The proposal by the king's attendants reflects the hierarchical structure of the Persian Empire, where the king relied on his court for counsel. This mirrors the story of Joseph in Egypt, where Pharaoh's officials also played significant roles in governance (Genesis 41:37-40).

Let a search be made
The idea of conducting a search indicates a systematic and organized approach, typical of the Persian Empire's administrative efficiency. This search was not merely a local endeavor but likely extended throughout the vast empire, which stretched from India to Ethiopia. The search for a new queen can be compared to the search for a new king in Israel, as seen in the anointing of David (1 Samuel 16:1-13), where God directed Samuel to find a king among Jesse's sons.

for beautiful young virgins
The emphasis on beauty and virginity highlights the cultural values of the time, where physical appearance and purity were highly prized, especially in royal contexts. This reflects the broader ancient Near Eastern customs, where kings often sought wives who were both beautiful and of noble character. The focus on virgins also underscores the importance of lineage and the desire for a queen who could bear legitimate heirs. This can be contrasted with the biblical ideal of inner beauty and character, as seen in Proverbs 31:30.

for the king
The search was specifically for the king, indicating the personal nature of the selection process. The king's choice of a queen was not only a personal matter but also a political one, as the queen would play a significant role in the court and potentially influence the king's decisions. This search for a queen can be seen as a type of Christ's search for His bride, the Church, as described in Ephesians 5:25-27, where Christ seeks a pure and spotless bride.

and let the king appoint commissioners in each province of his kingdom
This phrase highlights the vastness of King Xerxes' (Ahasuerus) empire, which stretched from India to Cush, encompassing 127 provinces. The appointment of commissioners indicates a structured and organized administration. This reflects the Persian Empire's historical reputation for efficient governance. The use of commissioners also underscores the king's authority and the centralized power he wielded over his vast domain.

to assemble all the beautiful young women into the harem
The gathering of young women into the harem was a common practice in ancient Near Eastern monarchies, where kings often had multiple wives and concubines. This practice was not only for personal pleasure but also for political alliances and ensuring a royal lineage. The emphasis on beauty reflects the cultural values of the time, where physical appearance was highly prized. This event sets the stage for Esther's introduction, a pivotal moment in the narrative.

at the citadel of Susa
Susa was one of the Persian Empire's capitals and a significant city in ancient Mesopotamia. Archaeological excavations have uncovered the grandeur of the citadel, which served as a royal residence and administrative center. The choice of Susa as the location for the harem underscores its importance and strategic position within the empire. The citadel's mention situates the story within a real historical and geographical context.

Let them be placed under the care of Hegai, the king’s eunuch in charge of the women
Hegai, as a eunuch, was entrusted with the care of the women in the harem, a common practice to ensure loyalty and prevent any threat to the king's lineage. Eunuchs often held significant positions in royal courts due to their perceived trustworthiness. Hegai's role is crucial as he becomes a key figure in Esther's journey, showing favor to her, which is a divine orchestration in the narrative.

and let them be given beauty treatments
The beauty treatments reflect the cultural emphasis on physical appearance and preparation for presentation to the king. These treatments likely included cosmetics, perfumes, and other forms of grooming, which were common in ancient royal courts. This process symbolizes a period of transformation and preparation, paralleling spiritual themes of purification and readiness for a divine purpose. Esther's compliance with these treatments foreshadows her rise to favor and her pivotal role in God's plan for His people.

Then let the young woman who pleases the king become queen in place of Vashti.
This phrase reflects the cultural practices of the Persian Empire, where the king held absolute authority, including over matters of marriage and succession. The search for a new queen was initiated after Queen Vashti was deposed for her refusal to appear before King Xerxes. This event underscores the patriarchal nature of the society, where women were often seen as replaceable and valued primarily for their ability to please men in power. The selection process for a new queen involved gathering young women from across the empire, highlighting the vastness and diversity of the Persian realm. This phrase also sets the stage for Esther's rise to prominence, a key figure in the narrative who would later play a crucial role in the deliverance of the Jewish people. The idea of pleasing the king can be seen as a type of Christ, where believers are called to live lives pleasing to God, the ultimate King.

This suggestion pleased the king, and he acted accordingly.
The king's approval of the suggestion demonstrates his desire to maintain control and order within his court, following the disruption caused by Vashti's defiance. It also reflects the influence of his advisors, who played a significant role in shaping royal decisions. The king's swift action indicates the urgency and importance placed on finding a new queen, which was not only a personal matter but also a political one, as the queen held a significant position within the empire. This decision set in motion the events that would lead to Esther's selection as queen, a pivotal moment in the biblical narrative. The king's response can be paralleled with the sovereignty of God, who acts according to His will and purpose, often using human decisions to fulfill divine plans.

Now there was at the citadel of Susa
Susa, also known as Shushan, was one of the ancient capitals of the Persian Empire, located in modern-day Iran. It served as a winter residence for Persian kings. The citadel was a fortified area within the city, indicating its importance and strategic significance. The setting in Susa highlights the Jewish diaspora living under Persian rule after the Babylonian exile, as described in the books of Ezra and Nehemiah.

a Jewish man
This phrase identifies Mordecai as part of the Jewish community living in exile. The Jewish people were dispersed throughout the Persian Empire following the Babylonian captivity, which began in 586 BC. Despite being in a foreign land, Mordecai maintained his Jewish identity, which is central to the narrative of Esther and the preservation of the Jewish people.

from the tribe of Benjamin
The tribe of Benjamin was one of the twelve tribes of Israel, known for its warriors and its close association with the tribe of Judah. King Saul, Israel's first king, was also from the tribe of Benjamin, establishing a historical connection. This tribal affiliation emphasizes Mordecai's heritage and links him to the broader history of Israel.

named Mordecai
Mordecai's name is of Babylonian origin, possibly derived from the god Marduk, reflecting the cultural assimilation that occurred during the exile. Despite this, Mordecai's actions throughout the Book of Esther demonstrate his faithfulness to God and his people. His role as a protector and advisor to Esther is pivotal in the deliverance of the Jewish people.

son of Jair, the son of Shimei, the son of Kish
This genealogy connects Mordecai to Kish, the father of King Saul, reinforcing his Benjaminite lineage. The mention of Shimei may recall the Shimei who cursed David (2 Samuel 16:5-13), though the connection is not explicit. The genealogy serves to establish Mordecai's noble heritage and his rightful place within the Jewish community.

He had been carried into exile from Jerusalem
This phrase refers to the Babylonian exile, a significant event in Jewish history when the Babylonians, under King Nebuchadnezzar, conquered Jerusalem and deported many of its inhabitants. This exile fulfilled the warnings given by prophets like Jeremiah (Jeremiah 25:11-12) and was a result of the Israelites' disobedience to God. Jerusalem, the capital of Judah, was the spiritual and political center for the Jewish people, making its fall a devastating event. The exile was a period of deep reflection and transformation for the Jewish community, leading to a renewed focus on the Law and the writings of the prophets.

by Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon
Nebuchadnezzar II was one of the most powerful monarchs of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, reigning from 605 to 562 BC. He is known for his military conquests, including the destruction of Jerusalem in 586 BC, and for his grand building projects, such as the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. His role in the exile is significant as it marks a period where God used foreign rulers to discipline His people, as seen in other parts of Scripture (e.g., Daniel 1:1-2). Nebuchadnezzar's interactions with figures like Daniel and the three Hebrew boys also highlight God's sovereignty over earthly kingdoms.

among those taken captive with Jeconiah king of Judah
Jeconiah, also known as Jehoiachin, was the king of Judah who reigned for a brief period before being deposed by Nebuchadnezzar. His captivity, along with the elite of Judah, marked the second deportation to Babylon around 597 BC. This event is recorded in 2 Kings 24:10-16 and 2 Chronicles 36:9-10. Jeconiah's exile is significant in biblical prophecy and genealogy, as he is mentioned in the lineage of Jesus Christ in Matthew 1:11-12. Despite the curse pronounced on his line (Jeremiah 22:30), God's promise to David's lineage is ultimately fulfilled in Christ, demonstrating God's faithfulness and redemptive plan.

And Mordecai had brought up Hadassah (that is, Esther), the daughter of his uncle
Mordecai, a Jew from the tribe of Benjamin, plays a significant role in the Book of Esther. His name suggests a connection to the Babylonian god Marduk, reflecting the cultural assimilation of Jews in exile. Hadassah, meaning "myrtle," is Esther's Hebrew name, while Esther is derived from the Persian word for "star," possibly linked to the goddess Ishtar. This duality of names highlights the tension between Jewish identity and Persian culture. Mordecai's relationship to Esther as her cousin and guardian underscores the importance of family and kinship in Jewish tradition, especially during the diaspora.

because she did not have a father or mother
Esther's orphaned status is crucial to her story, as it sets the stage for her adoption by Mordecai. Orphanhood in ancient times often left individuals vulnerable, but it also allowed for divine providence to work through unexpected means. Esther's lack of parents emphasizes God's sovereignty in using unlikely individuals to fulfill His purposes. This theme of divine orchestration is echoed in other biblical narratives, such as Joseph's rise to power in Egypt.

The young woman was lovely in form and appearance
Esther's beauty is a key factor in her selection as queen, yet the narrative suggests that her inner qualities are equally significant. The emphasis on physical beauty reflects the cultural values of the Persian Empire, where appearance could determine one's fate. However, Esther's story ultimately reveals that true beauty lies in courage, wisdom, and faithfulness. This mirrors the biblical principle found in 1 Samuel 16:7, where God looks at the heart rather than outward appearance.

and when her father and mother had died, Mordecai had taken her as his own daughter
Mordecai's adoption of Esther demonstrates the Jewish value of caring for orphans and the vulnerable, as commanded in the Torah (Deuteronomy 10:18). This act of kindness and responsibility foreshadows the protective role Mordecai will play throughout the narrative. His guardianship also prefigures the concept of spiritual adoption found in the New Testament, where believers are adopted into God's family through Christ (Ephesians 1:5). Mordecai's actions reflect God's care and provision for His people, even in exile.

When the king’s command and edict had been proclaimed
This phrase refers to the decree issued by King Xerxes (Ahasuerus) to gather young women for his harem after Queen Vashti was deposed. The king's command highlights the absolute authority of Persian monarchs, whose edicts were irrevocable (Esther 1:19). This reflects the historical context of the Persian Empire, where royal decrees were binding and executed swiftly across the vast empire.

many young women gathered at the citadel of Susa
Susa, one of the capitals of the Persian Empire, was a significant city both politically and administratively. The gathering of young women here underscores the centralized power of the Persian court. Archaeological findings have confirmed the grandeur of Susa, aligning with its depiction in the Book of Esther. The gathering of women from across the empire also illustrates the extensive reach of the king's command.

under the care of Hegai
Hegai, a eunuch, was responsible for the women in the king's harem. Eunuchs often held positions of trust in ancient royal courts due to their perceived loyalty and inability to establish their own dynasties. This role of Hegai is consistent with historical practices in Persian and other ancient Near Eastern courts, where eunuchs managed royal harems.

Esther was also taken to the palace
Esther's inclusion among the young women taken to the palace marks the beginning of her journey from obscurity to prominence. Her Jewish identity, initially hidden, becomes central to the narrative. This phrase foreshadows her future role in God's providential plan to save her people, drawing parallels to Joseph's rise in Egypt (Genesis 41:41-43).

and placed under the care of Hegai, the custodian of the women
The repetition of Hegai's role emphasizes the structured and hierarchical nature of the Persian court. Esther's placement under Hegai's care signifies her entry into a world of political intrigue and divine purpose. This setting provides a backdrop for God's unseen hand at work, as Esther finds favor with Hegai, reminiscent of Daniel's favor in Babylon (Daniel 1:9).

And the young woman pleased him and obtained his favor
Esther's ability to please Hegai, the custodian of the women, highlights her grace and charm, which are seen as gifts from God. This favor is reminiscent of Joseph's favor in Egypt (Genesis 39:4) and Daniel's favor in Babylon (Daniel 1:9), suggesting divine providence at work. The concept of favor is significant in biblical narratives, often indicating God's unseen hand guiding events for His purposes.

so he quickly provided her with beauty treatments and the special diet
The beauty treatments and special diet reflect the Persian customs of preparing women for presentation to the king. This preparation period, which lasted a year (Esther 2:12), underscores the importance of physical appearance in the Persian court. The special diet may have included rich foods and oils, contrasting with Daniel's choice to abstain from royal food (Daniel 1:8-16), highlighting different responses to cultural assimilation.

He assigned to her seven select maidservants from the palace
The number seven often symbolizes completeness or perfection in the Bible (Genesis 2:2-3, Revelation 1:4). Assigning seven maidservants to Esther indicates her elevated status and the thoroughness of her preparation. This provision also reflects the opulence of the Persian Empire and the importance placed on the king's harem.

and transferred her with them to the best place in the harem
The best place in the harem signifies Esther's favored position among the women. This preferential treatment foreshadows her eventual rise to queen. The harem, a secluded part of the palace, was a place of both privilege and confinement, reflecting the complex dynamics of power and isolation in royal courts. Esther's journey from obscurity to prominence parallels the biblical theme of God elevating the humble (1 Samuel 2:8, Luke 1:52).

Esther did not reveal her people or her lineage
Esther's concealment of her Jewish identity is a strategic decision in the narrative. In the Persian Empire, Jews were a minority and often faced prejudice. By not revealing her heritage, Esther avoids potential discrimination and positions herself to later act on behalf of her people. This secrecy is reminiscent of other biblical figures who concealed their identity for a greater purpose, such as Joseph in Egypt. The theme of hidden identity also foreshadows the eventual revelation and deliverance of the Jewish people.

because Mordecai had instructed her not to do so
Mordecai's instruction to Esther highlights his wisdom and understanding of the political climate. As a Jew living in exile, Mordecai is aware of the potential dangers and prejudices that could arise if Esther's Jewish identity were known. His guidance reflects a protective and strategic approach, ensuring Esther's safety and influence within the royal court. This instruction also sets the stage for the unfolding of God's providential plan, as Esther's hidden identity becomes crucial in the deliverance of the Jews. Mordecai's role as a guardian and advisor is pivotal, paralleling the protective and guiding nature of God over His people.

And every day Mordecai would walk back and forth
Mordecai's daily actions demonstrate his deep concern and vigilance for Esther's well-being. This phrase highlights his consistent dedication and protective nature. In the cultural context of ancient Persia, the harem was a secluded area, and access was restricted. Mordecai's persistent presence underscores his commitment and possibly his anxiety about Esther's situation. His actions can be seen as a reflection of God's providential care, as Mordecai is used to ensure Esther's safety and success.

in front of the court of the harem
The court of the harem was a place of seclusion where the king's concubines and wives resided. This setting emphasizes the separation between Esther and the outside world, including her family. The harem was a symbol of the king's wealth and power, and its security was paramount. Mordecai's position outside the court suggests his limited access but also his strategic placement to gather information. This reflects the broader theme of God's people living in exile, maintaining their identity and faithfulness amidst foreign influences.

to learn about Esther’s welfare
Mordecai's concern for Esther's welfare indicates the familial bond and responsibility he feels towards her. Esther, an orphan raised by Mordecai, is now in a vulnerable position within the royal harem. This phrase highlights the uncertainty and potential danger she faces. Mordecai's actions can be seen as a type of Christ, who cares for His people and intercedes on their behalf. The narrative foreshadows the protective and guiding role that God plays in the lives of His people.

and what was happening to her
This phrase suggests the unfolding of events beyond Mordecai's control, emphasizing the theme of divine providence. Esther's situation is precarious, and Mordecai's desire to know what is happening reflects the tension and suspense in the narrative. Historically, the selection process for a new queen was competitive and fraught with uncertainty. This mirrors the broader biblical theme of God's sovereignty, where He orchestrates events for the deliverance of His people, as seen in other scriptures like Joseph's rise to power in Egypt.

In the twelve months before her turn to go to King Xerxes
This phrase sets the stage for the preparation period required for the young women before they could meet King Xerxes. The twelve-month period reflects the Persian custom of extensive preparation, emphasizing the importance placed on physical beauty and presentation in the royal court. This time frame also indicates the level of competition and the high stakes involved in being chosen as queen. The mention of King Xerxes connects to the historical figure known as Xerxes I, who reigned from 486-465 BC, providing a historical anchor for the events in the Book of Esther.

the harem regulation required each young woman to receive beauty treatments
The harem was a secluded part of the royal household where the king's wives and concubines lived. The regulation of beauty treatments underscores the structured and controlled environment of the Persian court. This practice highlights the cultural emphasis on external beauty and the lengths to which the empire went to ensure that the women presented to the king were of the highest standard. The concept of beauty treatments can be seen as a metaphor for spiritual preparation, drawing a parallel to the Christian idea of sanctification and being made ready for the presence of the King of Kings.

with oil of myrrh for six months
Myrrh, a resin used for its fragrance and medicinal properties, was highly valued in ancient times. Its use in beauty treatments signifies purification and anointing, which can be seen as a type of Christ, who was anointed with myrrh (Mark 15:23, John 19:39). The six-month period of treatment with myrrh suggests a thorough process of purification and preparation, symbolizing the need for spiritual cleansing and readiness in the presence of God.

and then with perfumes and cosmetics for another six months
The additional six months of treatment with perfumes and cosmetics further emphasizes the importance of beauty and presentation in the Persian court. Perfumes and cosmetics were used to enhance attractiveness and appeal, reflecting the cultural values of the time. This extended period of beautification can be seen as a parallel to the Christian life, where believers are continually being transformed and prepared for their ultimate meeting with Christ. The use of perfumes and cosmetics also connects to the biblical theme of fragrance as a symbol of worship and devotion (2 Corinthians 2:15).

When the young woman would go to the king
This phrase refers to the process by which each young woman, including Esther, was presented to King Xerxes (Ahasuerus) after a year of beauty treatments. The Persian custom involved a lengthy preparation period, emphasizing the importance of physical beauty and presentation in the royal court. This reflects the cultural values of the Persian Empire, where the king's favor was often sought through external appearances. The process also highlights the vulnerability and lack of agency of these women, who were essentially at the mercy of the king's desires.

she was given whatever she requested
This indicates a level of autonomy granted to the women, allowing them to choose items that might enhance their appeal to the king. It suggests a strategic element, as the women could select clothing, jewelry, or other items to make a favorable impression. This choice could reflect their personal tastes or advice from others, such as the eunuchs in charge. The freedom to request items also underscores the competitive nature of the selection process, as each woman sought to distinguish herself.

to take with her from the harem
The harem was a secluded part of the palace where the king's wives and concubines lived. It was a place of both privilege and confinement, as the women had access to luxury but were also isolated from the outside world. The harem's existence is well-documented in ancient Near Eastern cultures, serving as a symbol of the king's wealth and power. The mention of the harem highlights the controlled environment in which these women lived, emphasizing their role as part of the king's possessions.

to the king’s palace
The king's palace was the center of political power in the Persian Empire, a grand and opulent structure reflecting the king's authority and wealth. Archaeological findings at sites like Persepolis provide insight into the grandeur of such palaces, with their elaborate architecture and decorations. The movement from the harem to the palace signifies a transition from preparation to presentation, as the women entered the king's presence. This setting underscores the gravity of the moment, as the king's decision would determine their future.

She would go there in the evening
In the context of ancient Persian customs, the evening was a time when the king would entertain guests or spend time with his harem. This practice reflects the cultural norms of the time, where the king's interactions with women were often conducted under the cover of night, away from public scrutiny. The evening setting also symbolizes a transition from the public duties of the day to the private affairs of the king's household.

and in the morning she would return to a second harem
The mention of a "second harem" indicates a structured system within the royal palace. The first harem was for virgins, while the second was for those who had already been with the king. This separation underscores the hierarchical and organized nature of the Persian court. It also highlights the limited agency of women in this context, as their movements and status were strictly controlled.

under the care of Shaashgaz, the king’s eunuch in charge of the concubines
Eunuchs were often placed in positions of trust within royal courts due to their perceived loyalty and inability to produce heirs, which minimized threats to the king's lineage. Shaashgaz's role as the overseer of the concubines indicates his high status and the importance of maintaining order and security within the harem. This reflects the broader theme of control and authority within the Persian Empire.

She would not return to the king unless he delighted in her
This phrase highlights the precarious position of women in the harem, whose futures depended on the king's favor. It underscores the theme of favor and choice, which is prevalent throughout the Book of Esther. The king's delight was the determining factor for a woman's continued presence and influence in the royal court, illustrating the power dynamics at play.

and summoned her by name
Being summoned by name signifies personal recognition and favor, contrasting with the anonymity and obscurity faced by many in the harem. This detail emphasizes the importance of individual identity and the king's selective attention. It also foreshadows Esther's unique position and eventual rise to prominence, as she gains favor in the eyes of the king, aligning with the providential themes of the narrative.

Now Esther was the daughter of Abihail, the uncle from whom Mordecai had adopted her as his own daughter.
Esther's lineage is significant as it connects her to the tribe of Benjamin, one of the twelve tribes of Israel. Her father, Abihail, is mentioned to emphasize her Jewish heritage, which plays a crucial role in the narrative. Mordecai, her cousin, adopts her, highlighting the close-knit family structures typical in Jewish culture. This adoption also sets the stage for Mordecai's protective and guiding role in Esther's life, which is pivotal in the unfolding events of the book.

And when it was her turn to go to the king,
This phrase indicates the process by which young women were presented to King Xerxes (Ahasuerus) as potential queens. The Persian custom involved a lengthy preparation period, emphasizing the importance of physical beauty and presentation in the royal court. Esther's turn signifies her entry into a critical moment of divine providence, where her actions would have significant implications for her people.

she did not ask for anything except what Hegai, the king’s trusted official in charge of the harem, had advised.
Esther's decision to rely solely on Hegai's advice demonstrates her wisdom and humility. Hegai, as the king's eunuch and official in charge of the harem, had insider knowledge of what would please the king. Esther's trust in his guidance reflects her strategic thinking and discernment, qualities that would later be crucial in her role as queen. This also shows her ability to gain favor with those in authority, a recurring theme in her story.

And Esther found favor in the eyes of everyone who saw her.
Esther's favor with others is a testament to her character and the divine favor upon her life. This favor is not merely due to her physical beauty but also her demeanor and grace. The concept of finding favor is a recurring biblical theme, often associated with God's blessing and purpose. Esther's favor with all who saw her foreshadows her future influence and the pivotal role she will play in the deliverance of her people, paralleling the favor found by other biblical figures such as Joseph and Daniel.

She was taken to King Xerxes
Esther's introduction to King Xerxes marks a pivotal moment in the narrative. The phrase "she was taken" suggests a lack of agency, reflecting the cultural norms of ancient Persia where women, especially those in the king's harem, had limited autonomy. This event is part of God's providential plan, as Esther's position would later be crucial for the deliverance of the Jewish people. The king, known historically as Xerxes I, ruled the Persian Empire from 486 to 465 BC, a vast empire stretching from India to Ethiopia.

in the royal palace
The royal palace in Susa (Shushan) was one of the capitals of the Persian Empire. Archaeological excavations have uncovered the grandeur of this palace, which included a large audience hall and luxurious living quarters. The setting emphasizes the opulence and power of the Persian monarchy, contrasting with Esther's humble Jewish origins. The palace serves as the backdrop for the unfolding drama of Esther's rise to queen and her subsequent influence.

in the tenth month, the month of Tebeth
The month of Tebeth corresponds to December-January in the Gregorian calendar. This timing is significant as it situates Esther's introduction to the king during the winter months, a period when the Persian court would have been in residence at Susa. The specific mention of the month underscores the historical accuracy and attention to detail in the narrative, grounding the story in a real historical context.

in the seventh year of his reign
The seventh year of Xerxes' reign would be around 479 BC. This timing is crucial as it follows Xerxes' failed invasion of Greece, which ended in 480 BC. The king's return to Susa and the subsequent search for a new queen may reflect a period of consolidation and reorganization within the empire. Esther's rise to queenship during this time highlights God's sovereignty in placing her in a position of influence at a critical juncture in history.

And the king loved Esther more than all the other women
This phrase highlights the unique favor Esther found with King Xerxes. In the context of the Persian Empire, where kings often had large harems, Esther's selection is significant. Her beauty and character set her apart, reflecting God's providential hand. This mirrors the biblical theme of God elevating the humble, as seen with Joseph in Egypt (Genesis 41:41) and David being chosen as king (1 Samuel 16:12).

and she found grace and favor in his sight more than all of the other virgins
The terms "grace" and "favor" suggest divine intervention, as these words often indicate God's blessing in Scripture. Esther's favor with the king can be compared to Joseph's favor with Pharaoh (Genesis 39:4). This favor is not merely human attraction but a divinely orchestrated plan for the preservation of the Jewish people, foreshadowing the grace believers find in Christ (Ephesians 2:8).

So he placed the royal crown upon her head
The act of crowning Esther signifies her official status as queen. This moment is pivotal, as it positions Esther to influence the king and protect her people. The crown symbolizes authority and responsibility, akin to the believer's future reign with Christ (2 Timothy 2:12). Archaeological findings from the Persian period, such as reliefs and inscriptions, depict the grandeur of royal ceremonies, underscoring the significance of this event.

and made her queen in place of Vashti
Vashti's removal and Esther's ascension highlight themes of divine sovereignty and the reversal of fortunes. Vashti's refusal to appear before the king (Esther 1:12) led to her deposition, making way for Esther. This reflects the biblical principle that God raises and removes leaders according to His purposes (Daniel 2:21). Esther's rise prefigures Christ's exaltation after His humility (Philippians 2:9), emphasizing God's redemptive plan through unexpected means.

Then the king held a great banquet
In the Persian Empire, banquets were significant social and political events, often used to display wealth and power. This banquet, like others in the Book of Esther, underscores the opulence of King Xerxes' reign. Banquets in the ancient Near East were also occasions for making important decisions or announcements, as seen in Esther 1:3-4.

Esther’s banquet
Naming the banquet after Esther highlights her newfound status as queen and the king's favor towards her. This public recognition would have solidified her position and influence within the royal court. It also foreshadows her future role in saving her people, as her elevated status becomes crucial in the narrative.

for all his officials and servants
The inclusion of both officials and servants indicates the hierarchical structure of the Persian court, where the king's favor and decisions impacted all levels of society. This gathering would have been an opportunity for the king to reinforce loyalty among his subjects, a common practice in ancient monarchies.

He proclaimed a tax holiday in the provinces
A tax holiday would have been a significant gesture of goodwill, likely intended to celebrate Esther's coronation and to gain favor among the populace. This act reflects the king's authority over the vast Persian Empire, which extended from India to Cush, as described in Esther 1:1. It also demonstrates the king's ability to impact the daily lives of his subjects.

and gave gifts worthy of the king’s bounty
The giving of gifts was a customary practice in ancient royal courts, symbolizing the king's generosity and wealth. These gifts would have been lavish, reflecting the king's status and the prosperity of his reign. This act of generosity can be seen as a parallel to the divine provision and grace found in other parts of Scripture, where God bestows blessings upon His people.

When the virgins were assembled a second time
This phrase indicates a continuation of the process that began in Esther 2:8, where young women were gathered for King Xerxes' selection of a new queen. The "second time" suggests that this was a recurring event, possibly to replenish the harem or for another purpose related to the king's court. The gathering of virgins reflects the practices of Persian royalty, where the king had the authority to summon women from across the empire. This practice underscores the absolute power of the king and the vulnerability of the subjects, especially women, in the ancient Near Eastern context.

Mordecai was sitting at the king’s gate
Mordecai's presence at the king's gate signifies his role and status within the Persian empire. The king's gate was not merely an entrance but a place of official business and legal matters, akin to a modern-day courthouse or city hall. Mordecai's position here suggests he held a role of some importance, possibly as an official or a judge. This location is significant in the narrative, as it places Mordecai in a position to overhear the plot against the king (Esther 2:21-23), which later becomes crucial for the deliverance of the Jewish people. The king's gate also symbolizes a place of decision-making and authority, foreshadowing Mordecai's rise to power. This setting connects to other biblical instances where city gates are places of judgment and leadership, such as in Ruth 4:1-11 and Proverbs 31:23.

Esther still had not revealed her lineage or her people
Esther's concealment of her Jewish identity is a central theme in the narrative. This secrecy was crucial for her safety and the unfolding of God's plan. The Jewish people were often subject to prejudice and persecution, and revealing her identity could have jeopardized her position and influence. This mirrors the broader biblical theme of God's providence and protection over His people, even when they are in foreign lands, as seen in the stories of Joseph in Egypt and Daniel in Babylon.

just as Mordecai had instructed
Mordecai's role as a guardian and advisor to Esther is significant. His wisdom and foresight are evident in his instruction to keep her identity hidden. This reflects the biblical principle of honoring and obeying parental or guardian authority, as seen in the commandment to honor one's father and mother (Exodus 20:12). Mordecai's guidance also highlights the importance of strategic wisdom in navigating complex social and political environments.

She obeyed Mordecai’s command
Esther's obedience to Mordecai is a testament to her character and the respect she had for him. This obedience is consistent with the biblical theme of submission to authority, which is often portrayed as a virtue. It also underscores the importance of trust and loyalty in relationships, particularly within the family structure. Esther's compliance with Mordecai's instructions can be seen as a precursor to her later actions, where her obedience to God's leading results in the deliverance of her people.

as she had done under his care
This phrase indicates a long-standing relationship of trust and obedience between Esther and Mordecai. It suggests that Esther's character was shaped by her upbringing and the values instilled in her by Mordecai. This continuity of behavior emphasizes the importance of a godly upbringing and the impact of mentorship. It also reflects the biblical principle that faithfulness in small things leads to greater responsibilities, as seen in the parable of the talents (Matthew 25:21).

In those days
This phrase sets the historical context during the reign of King Xerxes (also known as Ahasuerus), who ruled the Persian Empire from 486 to 465 BC. The events occur after Esther has become queen, highlighting a period of political intrigue and tension within the royal court.

while Mordecai was sitting at the king’s gate
The king's gate was a place of official business and legal matters, indicating Mordecai's position of some authority or influence. Sitting at the gate suggests he was involved in the administration or judicial processes, a common practice in ancient Near Eastern cultures. This location becomes significant as it places Mordecai in a position to overhear important information.

Bigthan and Teresh, two of the king’s eunuchs who guarded the entrance
Eunuchs were often trusted officials in ancient royal courts, responsible for various duties, including guarding the king's private quarters. Bigthan and Teresh's roles as guards suggest they had close access to the king, making their conspiracy particularly dangerous. The mention of their names personalizes the narrative, emphasizing the real threat to the king's life.

grew angry and conspired to assassinate King Xerxes
The anger of Bigthan and Teresh is not explained, but it reflects the volatile nature of court politics, where personal grievances could lead to deadly plots. Assassination attempts were not uncommon in ancient empires, where power struggles and betrayal were frequent. This conspiracy sets the stage for Mordecai's loyalty to the king, which later plays a crucial role in the deliverance of the Jewish people.

When Mordecai learned of the plot
Mordecai, a Jew living in the Persian Empire, was positioned at the king's gate, a place of significance where legal matters and business transactions occurred. His presence there suggests he held a position of some authority or influence. The plot he uncovered was an assassination attempt against King Xerxes (Ahasuerus), orchestrated by two of the king's eunuchs, Bigthana and Teresh. This reflects the political intrigue and danger present in the Persian court. Mordecai's vigilance and loyalty to the king, despite being a foreigner, highlight his integrity and the providential role he plays in the narrative.

he reported it to Queen Esther
Mordecai's relationship with Esther, his cousin whom he had raised as his own daughter, was crucial. Esther, now queen, had not revealed her Jewish identity, as Mordecai had advised. This secrecy was strategic, allowing her to navigate the complexities of the Persian court. Mordecai's decision to report the plot through Esther demonstrates his trust in her and his understanding of the court's dynamics. It also underscores the theme of divine providence, as Esther's position as queen was instrumental in saving the king and later, the Jewish people.

and she informed the king on Mordecai’s behalf
Esther's role as an intermediary between Mordecai and the king is significant. Her ability to communicate directly with King Xerxes indicates her influence and the trust the king placed in her. By crediting Mordecai, Esther ensures that he receives recognition for his loyalty, which later becomes pivotal in the story. This act of reporting the plot not only saves the king's life but also sets the stage for Mordecai's eventual rise to power. The narrative foreshadows the deliverance of the Jewish people, illustrating themes of justice and divine orchestration.

After the report had been investigated and verified
This phrase highlights the importance of due diligence and justice in the Persian Empire. The investigation process reflects the administrative practices of the time, where accusations were thoroughly examined before any action was taken. This mirrors the biblical principle of establishing truth through multiple witnesses (Deuteronomy 19:15). The careful verification process underscores the seriousness of the conspiracy against King Xerxes and the integrity of Mordecai, who reported it.

both officials were hanged on the gallows
The execution of the officials, Bigthana and Teresh, who plotted against the king, demonstrates the severe consequences of treason in ancient Persia. The term "gallows" may refer to a wooden structure used for hanging or impalement, a common method of execution in the ancient Near East. This act of justice serves as a reminder of the divine protection over the king and the unfolding of God's providential plan, as Mordecai's loyalty is later rewarded, playing a crucial role in the deliverance of the Jewish people.

And all this was recorded in the Book of the Chronicles in the presence of the king
The recording of events in the royal chronicles signifies the importance of documentation in the Persian court. These records were official documents that preserved significant occurrences and decisions. This practice ensured that Mordecai's good deed was not forgotten, setting the stage for future developments in the narrative. The mention of the king's presence emphasizes the authenticity and authority of the record. This act of recording parallels the biblical theme of God's remembrance of righteous deeds (Malachi 3:16) and foreshadows the eventual recognition and elevation of Mordecai, which is pivotal in the story of Esther.