In the twelfth year
This phrase refers to the twelfth year of the exile of King Jehoiachin, which is a common chronological marker in Ezekiel. This period is significant as it marks a time of deepening despair for the exiled Israelites, who were grappling with the destruction of Jerusalem and the temple. The twelfth year would be around 585 BC, shortly after the fall of Jerusalem in 586 BC.

on the first day of the twelfth month
The specific dating highlights the precision with which Ezekiel records his visions and prophecies. The twelfth month in the Hebrew calendar is Adar, which corresponds to February-March in the Gregorian calendar. This precise dating underscores the historical reliability of the prophetic message and situates it within the broader narrative of Israel's history.

the word of the LORD came to me, saying,
This phrase indicates the divine origin of Ezekiel's message. The "word of the LORD" is a common expression in prophetic literature, emphasizing that the message is not from the prophet's own imagination but from God Himself. This divine communication is central to the role of a prophet, serving as a conduit for God's will and purposes. The phrase also connects to other instances in the Bible where God speaks directly to His prophets, such as Jeremiah and Isaiah, reinforcing the continuity of God's revelation throughout the Scriptures.

Son of man, take up a lament for Pharaoh king of Egypt and say to him:
The term "Son of man" is a title used frequently in Ezekiel, emphasizing the prophet's humanity and his role as a representative of God to the people. The instruction to "take up a lament" indicates a funeral dirge or a song of mourning, which is significant as it foreshadows the impending doom of Pharaoh and Egypt. Pharaoh, as the king of Egypt, represents not just a political leader but also a symbol of Egypt's power and influence. This lament is a divine pronouncement of judgment, reflecting the historical context where Egypt was a dominant power but often in opposition to Israel.

You are like a lion among the nations;
The comparison to a lion suggests strength, majesty, and a fearsome presence. Lions were known as apex predators, symbolizing power and dominance. In the ancient Near East, lions were often associated with royalty and divine authority. This imagery connects to other biblical references where powerful leaders or nations are likened to lions, such as in Daniel 7:4. However, the lament implies that this strength is not enough to save Pharaoh from God's judgment.

you are like a monster in the seas.
The "monster in the seas" likely refers to a crocodile or a mythical sea creature, symbolizing chaos and destruction. In Egyptian culture, the Nile crocodile was a powerful and feared creature, often associated with the god Sobek. This imagery contrasts with the lion, suggesting that Pharaoh's power is also chaotic and destructive. Biblically, sea monsters are often used to depict forces of evil or opposition to God, as seen in Isaiah 27:1 and Job 41.

You thrash about in your rivers,
This phrase highlights Pharaoh's disruptive influence within his own domain. The "rivers" refer to the Nile, the lifeblood of Egypt, essential for its agriculture and economy. Thrashing about suggests a lack of control and a disturbance of the natural order, indicating that Pharaoh's actions are causing turmoil and instability within Egypt itself.

churning up the waters with your feet and muddying the streams.
The imagery of churning and muddying waters signifies pollution and chaos, disrupting the clarity and purity of the streams. This can be seen as a metaphor for Pharaoh's governance, which instead of bringing prosperity and order, results in confusion and disorder. In a broader biblical context, clear waters often symbolize life and blessing (Psalm 23:2), while muddy waters represent judgment and calamity. This phrase underscores the consequences of Pharaoh's pride and rebellion against God, aligning with the prophetic theme of divine retribution against oppressive powers.

This is what the Lord GOD says:
This phrase emphasizes the authority and divine origin of the message. In the prophetic books, this introduction is common, underscoring that the words are not merely human opinion but a direct communication from God. It reflects the role of prophets as God's mouthpieces, as seen throughout the Old Testament, such as in Jeremiah 1:9 and Amos 3:7.

I will spread My net over you:
The imagery of a net is often used in the Bible to signify capture or entrapment, as seen in Job 19:6 and Lamentations 1:13. In the context of Ezekiel, it symbolizes God's judgment and the inescapability of His decrees. The net metaphor is particularly poignant given the fishing culture of the ancient Near East, where nets were a primary tool for capturing fish, illustrating the certainty and thoroughness of God's judgment.

with a company of many peoples:
This phrase indicates that God will use various nations as instruments of His judgment. Historically, this reflects the alliances and coalitions that were common in ancient warfare. It also points to the Babylonian Empire's practice of employing troops from conquered peoples, as seen in the accounts of Nebuchadnezzar's campaigns. This aligns with the broader biblical theme of God using foreign nations to accomplish His purposes, as seen in Isaiah 10:5-6 with Assyria.

and they will draw you up in My net:
The act of drawing up in a net suggests a complete and unavoidable capture, akin to a fisherman pulling in a catch. This reflects the certainty of Pharaoh's downfall and Egypt's defeat, as prophesied by Ezekiel. The imagery connects to the broader biblical narrative of God's sovereignty over nations, as seen in Daniel 4:17, where God is described as having authority over the kingdoms of men. The phrase also foreshadows the ultimate judgment and deliverance themes found in the New Testament, where Christ's work is seen as a means of drawing people to God, as in John 12:32.

I will abandon you on the land
This phrase signifies God's judgment and abandonment of Pharaoh and Egypt. In the biblical context, abandonment often indicates divine judgment, as seen in Deuteronomy 28:26, where disobedience leads to being left as carrion. The land here symbolizes Egypt, a once-powerful nation now left vulnerable and exposed. Historically, Egypt was a dominant power, but this prophecy foretells its downfall and humiliation.

and hurl you into the open field.
The imagery of being hurled into the open field suggests a lack of burial, a significant dishonor in ancient cultures. In the Near Eastern context, proper burial was crucial for dignity and respect. This phrase echoes the fate of the wicked in Jeremiah 8:2, where they are exposed to the elements and scavengers. The open field represents a place of disgrace and defeat, contrasting with the security of a tomb.

I will cause all the birds of the air to settle upon you,
Birds of the air settling upon a body is a common biblical metaphor for desecration and divine judgment. In Revelation 19:17-18, birds are summoned to feast on the flesh of kings and mighty men, symbolizing God's victory over His enemies. This imagery underscores the totality of Egypt's defeat and the reversal of its fortunes.

and all the beasts of the earth to eat their fill of you.
The beasts consuming the remains further emphasize the complete and utter destruction decreed by God. This reflects the curses in Deuteronomy 28:26, where disobedience leads to becoming food for birds and beasts. The consumption by animals signifies the removal of any remaining honor or power, illustrating the finality of God's judgment. This also prefigures the ultimate triumph of God's kingdom over earthly powers, as seen in the eschatological visions of Daniel and Revelation.

I will put your flesh on the mountains
This phrase is a vivid depiction of the aftermath of divine judgment. In the context of Ezekiel 32, God is pronouncing judgment on Pharaoh and Egypt, symbolizing the downfall of a powerful nation. The imagery of flesh on the mountains suggests a widespread and public display of defeat, emphasizing the totality of God's judgment. Mountains in biblical literature often represent places of revelation or significant events, and here they serve as a backdrop for the consequences of rebellion against God. This imagery can be compared to other prophetic writings, such as Isaiah 34:3, where the slain are left unburied as a sign of divine wrath.

and fill the valleys with your remains.
The valleys, often seen as places of refuge or habitation, are now depicted as filled with the remains of the defeated. This signifies the complete and utter desolation that follows God's judgment. The filling of valleys with remains indicates that there will be no place untouched by the consequences of sin and rebellion. This imagery is reminiscent of the valley of dry bones in Ezekiel 37, where God demonstrates His power to bring life from death, contrasting the hopelessness of judgment with the hope of restoration. The phrase also echoes the fate of other nations judged by God, as seen in Jeremiah 8:2, where the remains of the unfaithful are left exposed.

I will drench the land with the flow of your blood
This phrase is a vivid depiction of judgment and destruction. In the context of Ezekiel 32, God is pronouncing judgment on Pharaoh and Egypt. The imagery of blood drenching the land signifies a complete and overwhelming defeat. Blood in the Bible often symbolizes life (Leviticus 17:11), and its spilling represents death and judgment. This prophecy against Egypt reflects the historical context of Egypt's decline as a dominant power, which was fulfilled as they faced invasions and internal strife. The imagery also echoes the plagues of Egypt in Exodus, where the Nile turned to blood, symbolizing divine judgment.

all the way to the mountains
The mention of mountains indicates the extent of the devastation. Mountains in biblical literature often symbolize stability and permanence, yet here they are reached by the flow of blood, suggesting that the judgment is so severe it affects even the most stable and enduring parts of the land. This could also imply that the consequences of Egypt's downfall would be far-reaching, affecting neighboring regions and peoples. The mountains may also symbolize the high places of pagan worship, which were often sites of idolatry and false security.

the ravines will be filled
Ravines, being low-lying areas, would naturally collect the flow of blood, emphasizing the completeness of the destruction. This imagery suggests that no part of the land will be untouched by the judgment. In a broader biblical context, ravines can symbolize places of desolation and abandonment (Isaiah 41:18). The filling of ravines with blood underscores the totality of God's judgment against sin and rebellion. This can be seen as a type of the final judgment, where all will be held accountable before God. The imagery also foreshadows the ultimate victory of Christ, who, through His sacrifice, conquers sin and death, bringing both judgment and redemption.

When I extinguish you
This phrase refers to God's judgment against Egypt, symbolized by Pharaoh. The imagery of extinguishing suggests a complete end or destruction, akin to snuffing out a flame. This is consistent with the prophetic tradition where God judges nations for their pride and idolatry, as seen in Isaiah 13:10 and Jeremiah 46:25-26. The "you" here is Pharaoh, representing the nation of Egypt, which was a significant power in the ancient Near East.

I will cover the heavens
The covering of the heavens signifies a cosmic disturbance, often used in prophetic literature to indicate divine intervention. This imagery is reminiscent of the plagues in Exodus, where God demonstrated His power over creation. It also echoes the Day of the Lord, a time of judgment and salvation, as seen in Joel 2:10 and Amos 8:9.

and darken their stars
Darkening the stars symbolizes the removal of guidance and hope, as stars were often used for navigation and as symbols of divine order. This reflects the chaos and disorientation that comes with God's judgment. In Matthew 24:29, similar language is used to describe the end times, indicating a disruption of the natural order.

I will cover the sun with a cloud
The sun being covered with a cloud suggests a temporary but significant obscuring of light and life, as the sun was a source of both. This can be seen as a metaphor for the loss of power and influence of Egypt. In Revelation 6:12, the sun turning black is part of the apocalyptic vision, symbolizing God's wrath and the upheaval of worldly powers.

and the moon will not give its light
The moon not giving its light further emphasizes the theme of darkness and judgment. In ancient cultures, the moon was associated with cycles and stability, and its darkening indicates a disruption of normalcy. This imagery is also found in Isaiah 13:10 and is echoed in the New Testament in passages like Mark 13:24, where it signifies the coming of God's kingdom and the end of earthly dominions.

All the shining lights in the heavens
This phrase refers to celestial bodies such as the sun, moon, and stars. In biblical literature, these lights often symbolize guidance, order, and divine presence. The darkening of these lights signifies a withdrawal of divine favor and a disruption of the natural order. This imagery is used in other prophetic texts, such as Isaiah 13:10 and Joel 2:10, to describe cosmic disturbances accompanying divine judgment. The darkening of celestial lights can also be seen as a metaphor for the loss of hope and guidance for the people under judgment.

I will darken over you
The act of darkening the heavens is a divine action, indicating God's direct intervention in the affairs of nations. This phrase suggests a specific judgment against Egypt, as Ezekiel 32 is a lamentation over Pharaoh and Egypt. The darkening symbolizes the impending doom and the removal of Egypt's power and influence. Historically, Egypt was a dominant power, and this prophecy foretells its decline. The darkening can also be seen as a reversal of creation, where God initially brought light into the world (Genesis 1:3).

and I will bring darkness upon your land,
The darkness upon the land signifies a period of calamity and distress. In the context of Egypt, this could allude to the plagues of darkness that befell Egypt during the Exodus (Exodus 10:21-23), serving as a reminder of God's power over creation and His ability to judge nations. The land of Egypt, known for its fertility and prosperity due to the Nile, would experience a metaphorical and possibly literal darkness, indicating a loss of prosperity and divine favor.

declares the Lord GOD.
This declaration emphasizes the authority and sovereignty of God over all nations. The use of "Lord GOD" (YHWH Elohim) underscores His covenantal relationship with Israel and His supreme power over creation. This phrase assures the certainty of the prophecy, as it is not merely a human prediction but a divine decree. The fulfillment of such prophecies serves to affirm God's control over history and His ability to bring about His purposes, reinforcing the trustworthiness of His word.

I will trouble the hearts of many peoples
This phrase indicates a divine action that causes fear and anxiety among various groups. The troubling of hearts suggests a widespread impact beyond the immediate context, reflecting God's sovereignty over nations. This echoes the fear that fell upon nations during other divine judgments, such as the plagues in Egypt (Exodus 9:14-16). The phrase also highlights the universal recognition of God's power, as seen in Psalm 9:20, where God is asked to instill fear in the nations.

when I bring about your destruction among the nations
The destruction mentioned here refers to the downfall of Egypt, a significant power in the ancient Near East. This event is part of a series of prophecies against Egypt (Ezekiel 29-32), emphasizing God's control over empires. Historically, Egypt's fall would have been a monumental event, affecting trade and political alliances. The phrase underscores the theme of divine retribution, as seen in the fall of other nations like Babylon (Isaiah 13) and Assyria (Nahum 3).

in countries you do not know
This suggests the far-reaching consequences of Egypt's destruction, affecting regions unfamiliar to them. It implies that the impact of God's judgment transcends geographical boundaries, aligning with the biblical theme of God's universal dominion (Psalm 24:1). The phrase also hints at the interconnectedness of ancient civilizations, where the fall of one power could ripple across distant lands, as seen in the spread of news and influence in the ancient world.

I will cause many peoples to be appalled over you
This phrase indicates a divine action where God is orchestrating events to provoke a reaction among the nations. The "many peoples" refers to the surrounding nations who would witness the downfall of Egypt, a powerful and influential nation at the time. Historically, Egypt was a dominant force in the ancient Near East, and its fall would have been shocking to other nations. This reflects the broader biblical theme of God's sovereignty over all nations, as seen in other prophetic books like Isaiah and Jeremiah, where God uses nations to fulfill His purposes.

and their kings will shudder in horror because of you
The reaction of the kings highlights the fear and awe that God's judgment can instill. In the ancient world, kings were seen as powerful and often divine figures, yet here they are depicted as trembling. This serves as a reminder of the ultimate authority of God over earthly rulers, a theme echoed in Daniel 2:21, where God is described as the one who "removes kings and sets up kings." The horror experienced by these kings underscores the severity of Egypt's judgment and serves as a warning to other nations.

when I brandish My sword before them
The imagery of God brandishing a sword is a powerful symbol of divine judgment and warfare. In biblical literature, the sword often represents God's instrument of justice and wrath, as seen in passages like Isaiah 34:5-6. This phrase emphasizes that the judgment is not merely a natural occurrence but a deliberate act of God. The sword being "before them" suggests that the nations are witnesses to God's direct intervention, reinforcing His role as the ultimate judge.

On the day of your downfall
This phrase specifies a particular time of judgment, indicating that Egypt's fall is both certain and divinely appointed. The "day" often signifies a moment of significant divine action in biblical prophecy, akin to the "Day of the Lord" found in other prophetic texts. It serves as a reminder of the inevitability of God's plans and the fulfillment of His prophetic word, as seen in the consistent pattern of prophecy and fulfillment throughout the Bible.

each of them will tremble every moment for his life.
The individual response of trembling "every moment" highlights the pervasive and personal impact of God's judgment. It suggests a continuous state of fear and anxiety, reflecting the totality of God's power and the seriousness of His decrees. This personal fear is reminiscent of the fear of the Lord, which is the beginning of wisdom (Proverbs 9:10), but here it is a fear of impending judgment. The phrase underscores the vulnerability of even the most powerful individuals when faced with divine judgment, a theme that resonates throughout Scripture, reminding believers of the importance of aligning with God's will.

For this is what the Lord GOD says:
This phrase emphasizes the authority and sovereignty of God in delivering His message. Throughout the book of Ezekiel, the prophet frequently uses this introduction to assert that the words he speaks are not his own but are divinely inspired. This underscores the prophetic nature of Ezekiel's ministry, aligning with other prophets like Isaiah and Jeremiah who also declare, "Thus says the Lord." It is a reminder of God's ultimate control over nations and history.

The sword of the king of Babylon:
The "sword" symbolizes war, judgment, and destruction. In the context of Ezekiel, Babylon is often depicted as an instrument of God's judgment against nations, including Israel and Egypt. Historically, Babylon, under King Nebuchadnezzar, was a dominant military power in the ancient Near East. This phrase connects to the broader narrative of Babylon's role in God's plan, as seen in the books of Jeremiah and Daniel, where Babylon is used to discipline and purify God's people. The imagery of the sword is also found in the New Testament, representing divine judgment and authority (e.g., Revelation 19:15).

Will come against you!
This is a direct warning of impending judgment and invasion. The "you" refers to Egypt, specifically Pharaoh and his people, as the context of Ezekiel 32 is a lament over Egypt. Historically, Egypt was a powerful and influential nation, often seen as a rival to Babylon. The prophecy highlights the futility of relying on earthly power and alliances instead of trusting in God. This theme is echoed in other scriptures, such as Isaiah 31:1, where reliance on Egypt is criticized. The certainty of the prophecy ("will come") reflects God's control over historical events and His ability to fulfill His word.

I will make your hordes fall by the swords of the mighty
This phrase indicates divine judgment executed through human agents. The "hordes" refer to the vast armies of Egypt, symbolizing its power and influence. The "swords of the mighty" suggests a formidable military force, often interpreted as the Babylonians under King Nebuchadnezzar. This aligns with historical accounts of Babylon's conquests and God's use of foreign nations to execute judgment, as seen in Jeremiah 25:9. Theologically, it underscores God's sovereignty over nations and His ability to use them to fulfill His purposes.

the most ruthless of all nations
This description of the Babylonians highlights their reputation for brutality and efficiency in warfare. Historically, Babylon was known for its military prowess and harsh treatment of conquered peoples, as evidenced by their siege of Jerusalem (2 Kings 25). This phrase emphasizes the severity of the judgment against Egypt, serving as a warning of the consequences of pride and idolatry. It also reflects the biblical theme of God raising up nations to accomplish His will, as seen in Isaiah 10:5-6.

They will ravage the pride of Egypt
The "pride of Egypt" refers to its wealth, culture, and military strength, which were sources of national pride. Egypt was a dominant power in the ancient Near East, often relying on its resources and alliances rather than seeking God. This phrase indicates a humbling of Egypt, stripping away its self-reliance and exposing its vulnerability. It echoes the biblical principle that pride precedes destruction (Proverbs 16:18) and serves as a reminder of the futility of trusting in human strength over divine power.

and all her multitudes will be destroyed
The "multitudes" signify the population and armies of Egypt, indicating widespread devastation. This comprehensive destruction fulfills the prophetic warnings given by Ezekiel and other prophets (Ezekiel 29:12). It serves as a testament to the certainty of God's word and His ability to bring about His decrees. Theologically, it points to the ultimate judgment that awaits all nations and individuals who oppose God's will, foreshadowing the final judgment described in Revelation 19:15.

I will slaughter all her cattle beside the abundant waters.
This phrase is part of a lamentation over Egypt, symbolizing the nation's downfall. The "cattle" represent Egypt's wealth and resources, which were abundant due to the Nile River's fertile banks. The imagery of slaughtering cattle signifies the complete destruction of Egypt's prosperity. Historically, Egypt relied heavily on its livestock and agriculture, supported by the Nile's waters. This prophecy aligns with the broader biblical theme of God's judgment on nations that oppose His will, as seen in other prophetic books like Isaiah and Jeremiah. The "abundant waters" emphasize the richness of Egypt's resources, which will be rendered useless in the face of divine judgment.

No human foot will muddy them again,
This phrase indicates a cessation of human activity and life, suggesting desolation and abandonment. The absence of human feet muddying the waters symbolizes the end of Egypt's bustling civilization. In biblical context, muddy waters often represent chaos and disorder, contrasting with the peace and purity God promises to His people. The imagery here is reminiscent of the desolation prophesied against other nations, such as Babylon in Isaiah 13. It underscores the totality of God's judgment, leaving the land uninhabited and undisturbed by human presence.

and no cattle hooves will disturb them.
The absence of cattle hooves further emphasizes the complete desolation of the land. Cattle were integral to Egypt's economy and daily life, and their absence signifies the collapse of societal and economic structures. This imagery connects to the broader biblical narrative of God's sovereignty over creation and His ability to bring low the proud and powerful. The stillness of the waters, undisturbed by cattle, contrasts with the previous abundance and activity, highlighting the severity of the judgment. This desolation serves as a warning to other nations and a reminder of the consequences of turning away from God.

Then I will let her waters settle
This phrase suggests a period of calm and restoration following turmoil. In the context of Ezekiel 32, God is speaking about the judgment on Egypt, a nation known for its mighty Nile River. The settling of waters symbolizes the cessation of chaos and the establishment of peace. Biblically, water often represents life and chaos, as seen in Genesis 1:2 where the Spirit of God hovers over the waters. The settling of waters can also be seen as a metaphor for God's control over creation, similar to Jesus calming the storm in Mark 4:39.

and will make her rivers flow like oil,
The imagery of rivers flowing like oil indicates abundance and prosperity. Oil in the Bible is often associated with anointing, blessing, and the presence of the Holy Spirit, as seen in Psalm 23:5 and 1 Samuel 16:13. This transformation from turbulent waters to smooth, oil-like rivers suggests a divine intervention that brings about a new order. Historically, Egypt's economy and agriculture depended heavily on the Nile, so this imagery would resonate deeply with the original audience, indicating a future hope of restoration and divine favor.

declares the Lord GOD.
This phrase emphasizes the authority and sovereignty of God in executing His plans. The use of "declares the Lord GOD" underscores the certainty and divine origin of the prophecy. Throughout the book of Ezekiel, this formula is used to affirm that the messages are not from the prophet himself but from God. It reflects the biblical theme of God's ultimate control over nations and history, as seen in Isaiah 46:10, where God declares the end from the beginning. This assurance of God's word being fulfilled is a central tenet of biblical prophecy.

When I make the land of Egypt a desolation
This phrase refers to God's judgment on Egypt, a powerful nation in the ancient world. Historically, Egypt was known for its wealth, military strength, and influence. The prophecy of desolation indicates a complete overthrow of its power and prosperity. This aligns with other biblical prophecies against Egypt, such as those found in Isaiah 19 and Jeremiah 46, where Egypt's downfall is foretold as a demonstration of God's sovereignty over all nations.

and empty it of all that filled it
The imagery of emptiness suggests a total devastation, where the land is stripped of its inhabitants, wealth, and resources. This can be seen as a reversal of Egypt's previous abundance and fertility, often symbolized by the Nile River. The phrase echoes the plagues of Exodus, where God demonstrated His power over Egypt by bringing calamity and ruin.

when I strike down all who live there
This indicates a divine judgment that affects the entire population, not just the leaders or military. It underscores the comprehensive nature of God's judgment, which spares no one. The phrase can be connected to the broader biblical theme of God's justice, where He holds nations accountable for their actions, as seen in the judgments against other nations in the prophetic books.

then they will know that I am the LORD
This is a recurring theme in Ezekiel, emphasizing the purpose of God's judgments: to reveal His identity and authority. The recognition of God as LORD is a central message throughout the Bible, where God's actions in history serve to demonstrate His power and sovereignty. This acknowledgment is not limited to Israel but extends to all nations, as seen in similar declarations in Ezekiel 6:7 and 25:11. The ultimate goal is for all people to recognize and submit to God's lordship, a theme that finds its fulfillment in the New Testament revelation of Jesus Christ as Lord.

This is the lament they will chant for her;
The term "lament" refers to a traditional form of mourning or expression of grief, often used in the context of funerals or national tragedies. In the biblical context, laments are poetic expressions found throughout the Scriptures, notably in the Book of Lamentations and various Psalms. This particular lament is directed towards Egypt, a nation that was once a powerful empire. The use of a lament signifies the depth of the fall and the sorrow associated with it. In the prophetic tradition, laments often serve as a warning or a reflection on the consequences of sin and rebellion against God.

the daughters of the nations will chant it.
The phrase "daughters of the nations" suggests that the lament will be taken up by surrounding peoples, indicating that Egypt's downfall will be widely recognized and mourned. In ancient Near Eastern culture, women often led in public expressions of mourning, such as wailing and chanting. This reflects the communal nature of grief and the impact of Egypt's fall on neighboring nations. The involvement of "daughters" also highlights the cultural practice of women participating in lamentation rituals, which were integral to expressing collective sorrow.

Over Egypt and all her multitudes they will chant it,
Egypt, known for its wealth, military power, and influence, is the subject of this lament. The "multitudes" refer to the vast population and the various peoples under Egypt's control or influence. The lament over "all her multitudes" underscores the comprehensive nature of the judgment and the widespread impact of Egypt's downfall. Historically, Egypt was a dominant force in the region, and its decline would have significant geopolitical implications. This phrase emphasizes the totality of the judgment and the end of Egypt's era of dominance.

declares the Lord GOD.”
The declaration by the "Lord GOD" (Yahweh) affirms the divine authority behind the prophecy. It underscores that the lament and the events it describes are not merely human observations but are decreed by God Himself. This divine declaration assures the certainty of the prophecy's fulfillment. Throughout the Bible, God's declarations are portrayed as powerful and unchangeable, reinforcing the idea that His purposes will be accomplished. This phrase also serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty over nations and history, a central theme in the prophetic literature.

In the twelfth year,
This phrase refers to the twelfth year of the exile of King Jehoiachin, which helps to date the prophecy around 585 BC. This period is significant as it follows the fall of Jerusalem in 586 BC, a pivotal event in Jewish history. The twelfth year marks a time of reflection and understanding of the consequences of Israel's disobedience.

on the fifteenth day of the month,
The specific dating indicates the precision with which Ezekiel recorded his visions, emphasizing the importance of the message. The fifteenth day of the month may not correspond to a specific Jewish festival, but it underscores the regularity and consistency of God's communication with His prophets.

the word of the LORD came to me,
This phrase highlights the divine origin of the message. The "word of the LORD" is a common expression in prophetic literature, signifying that the message is not of human origin but is a revelation from God. It underscores the authority and authenticity of the prophecy.

saying,
This introduces the content of the divine message. The use of "saying" indicates that what follows is a direct communication from God, which Ezekiel is to convey to the people. It sets the stage for the prophetic declaration that follows, emphasizing the role of the prophet as a mouthpiece for God.

Son of man
This phrase is a common title for Ezekiel, emphasizing his humanity and role as a prophet. It is used over 90 times in the book, highlighting the contrast between human frailty and divine authority. The title is also significant in the New Testament, where Jesus frequently refers to Himself as the "Son of Man," indicating His role as the representative human and the fulfillment of prophecy.

wail for the multitudes of Egypt
The command to "wail" indicates a lamentation over impending judgment. Egypt, a powerful nation in Ezekiel's time, is facing divine retribution. Historically, Egypt was a dominant force in the ancient Near East, often opposing Israel. The "multitudes" refer to the vast population and armies of Egypt, emphasizing the scale of the coming destruction.

and consign her and the daughters of the mighty nations
This phrase suggests that Egypt, along with other powerful nations, will face a similar fate. The "daughters of the mighty nations" could refer to smaller, dependent states or allies of Egypt. This reflects the interconnectedness of ancient Near Eastern politics and the widespread impact of God's judgment.

to the depths of the earth
The "depths of the earth" symbolize the grave or Sheol, the abode of the dead in Hebrew thought. This imagery conveys the finality and severity of the judgment. It also reflects the belief in a distinct separation between the living and the dead, a common theme in biblical eschatology.

with those who descend to the Pit
The "Pit" is another term for Sheol, emphasizing the place of the dead. This phrase connects Egypt's fate with that of other nations and individuals who have faced divine judgment. It serves as a warning of the consequences of pride and rebellion against God. The imagery of descent suggests a fall from power and glory, a common motif in prophetic literature.

Whom do you surpass in beauty?
This rhetorical question challenges the pride and self-perception of Egypt, a nation known for its grandeur and splendor. In the biblical context, Egypt was often seen as a symbol of worldly power and beauty, yet here it is being questioned. This echoes the theme found in Isaiah 14:13-15, where the pride of Babylon is similarly addressed. The question implies that despite Egypt's perceived beauty and strength, it is not above judgment. Historically, Egypt was a dominant power, but its reliance on its own beauty and strength rather than on God led to its downfall. This can be seen as a warning against pride and self-reliance, a theme consistent throughout Scripture.

Go down and be placed with the uncircumcised!
This phrase signifies Egypt's impending judgment and humiliation. In the ancient Near Eastern context, being "uncircumcised" was synonymous with being outside the covenant community of God, often referring to Gentile nations that did not know or follow Yahweh. The imagery of "going down" suggests descending into Sheol, the realm of the dead, which is a common motif in prophetic literature (e.g., Isaiah 14:9-11). This is a prophetic declaration of Egypt's fate, aligning with the broader biblical narrative where nations that oppose God and His people face judgment. Theologically, it underscores the idea that no nation, regardless of its power or beauty, is exempt from divine justice. This also foreshadows the ultimate judgment and separation of those who are not in covenant with God, as seen in the eschatological teachings of the New Testament.

They will fall among those slain by the sword.
This phrase indicates a judgment pronounced by God through the prophet Ezekiel. The imagery of falling by the sword is a common biblical metaphor for defeat and destruction in battle, often used to describe divine judgment against nations or individuals who have opposed God's will. In the context of Ezekiel, this prophecy is directed towards Egypt, a nation that had been a significant power in the ancient Near East. Historically, Egypt had been involved in various conflicts with Israel and other nations, often opposing God's people. The sword symbolizes God's instrument of judgment, and falling among the slain suggests a complete and utter defeat, aligning with the broader theme of divine retribution found throughout the prophetic books.

The sword is appointed!
This phrase emphasizes the certainty and inevitability of the judgment. The appointment of the sword signifies that this is a divine decree, not a random act of violence. In biblical terms, when God appoints something, it is assured to come to pass. This reflects the sovereignty of God over the nations and His control over historical events. The use of the sword as an appointed instrument of judgment can be seen in other scriptures, such as Jeremiah 25:31, where God declares His judgment against the nations. It underscores the theme of divine justice and the fulfillment of God's prophetic word.

Let them drag her away along with all her multitudes.
This part of the verse portrays the aftermath of the judgment, where the defeated are taken away. The imagery of being dragged away suggests humiliation and subjugation, common consequences for defeated nations in the ancient world. The mention of "her multitudes" indicates the vast number of people affected by this judgment, highlighting the comprehensive nature of God's decree against Egypt. This can be connected to the broader biblical narrative where entire nations face consequences for their actions, as seen in the fall of Babylon (Isaiah 47) and other empires. The dragging away of multitudes also foreshadows the ultimate judgment and separation described in eschatological passages, such as Matthew 25:31-46, where nations are gathered and judged before Christ.

Mighty chiefs will speak from the midst of Sheol
In ancient Near Eastern thought, Sheol is often depicted as the realm of the dead, a shadowy place where departed spirits reside. The "mighty chiefs" refer to powerful leaders or warriors who have died and are now in Sheol. This imagery suggests that even in death, these leaders retain a form of consciousness and can communicate. The concept of Sheol is consistent with other Old Testament references, such as in Isaiah 14:9-11, where the dead are portrayed as aware of new arrivals. Theologically, this passage underscores the idea that earthly power and might do not prevent one from facing judgment after death.

about Egypt and her allies:
Egypt, a significant power in the ancient world, often found itself in conflict with Israel and other nations. The mention of Egypt and her allies indicates a coalition of nations that opposed God's people. Historically, Egypt was known for its alliances with various nations, including those in the Levant and Africa. This passage reflects the broader biblical theme of God's judgment against nations that oppose His will, as seen in the prophecies against Egypt in Ezekiel 29-32. The alliances mentioned here could include nations like Cush, Put, and Lud, which are often associated with Egypt in biblical texts.

‘They have come down and lie with the uncircumcised,
The phrase "come down" signifies descent into Sheol, emphasizing the finality of death. "Lie with the uncircumcised" is a derogatory term used in the Old Testament to describe those outside the covenant community of Israel. Circumcision was a sign of the covenant between God and Abraham's descendants (Genesis 17:10-14). Thus, being uncircumcised symbolized being outside of God's covenant and favor. This phrase highlights the shame and dishonor of Egypt and her allies, as they are grouped with those who are not part of God's chosen people, reflecting their spiritual and moral state.

with those slain by the sword.’
Being "slain by the sword" indicates a violent death, often seen as a form of divine judgment in the Old Testament. This phrase suggests that Egypt and her allies met their end through warfare, a common fate for nations that opposed God's purposes. The imagery of the sword is frequently used in prophetic literature to symbolize God's instrument of judgment (Jeremiah 25:31; Ezekiel 21:3-5). This serves as a warning to all nations that defy God's authority, reinforcing the theme of divine retribution and the ultimate futility of opposing God's will.

Assyria is there with her whole company;
Assyria, once a dominant empire known for its military prowess and conquests, is depicted here as being in Sheol, the realm of the dead. This reflects the historical reality of Assyria's fall, which occurred in 612 BC with the destruction of Nineveh. The "whole company" suggests the entirety of Assyria's might and people, emphasizing the totality of their defeat. This serves as a reminder of the transient nature of earthly power and the ultimate sovereignty of God over nations. Assyria's presence in this context is a fulfillment of prophetic warnings given by prophets like Isaiah and Nahum, who foretold its downfall due to its pride and cruelty.

her graves are all around her.
The imagery of graves surrounding Assyria underscores the completeness of its destruction. In ancient Near Eastern culture, burial practices were significant, and being surrounded by graves could symbolize dishonor and defeat. This phrase highlights the finality of Assyria's judgment, as they are not only defeated but also buried in disgrace. The graves serve as a testament to the consequences of defying God and oppressing His people, as Assyria did during its campaigns against Israel and Judah.

All of them are slain,
The phrase "all of them are slain" emphasizes the totality of the judgment against Assyria. It reflects the historical reality of the Assyrian army's defeat and the subsequent collapse of their empire. This serves as a warning to other nations and leaders about the dangers of pride and reliance on military strength. Biblically, it echoes the fate of other nations that opposed God's will, such as Egypt and Babylon, reinforcing the theme of divine justice.

fallen by the sword.
The sword is a common biblical symbol of warfare and divine judgment. The Assyrians, known for their brutal military tactics, meet their end through the very means they often employed against others. This phrase connects to the broader biblical narrative where God uses nations as instruments of judgment but also holds them accountable for their actions. The fall of Assyria by the sword serves as a type of Christ's ultimate victory over sin and death, where He conquers not through violence but through sacrificial love.

Her graves are set in the depths of the Pit
This phrase refers to the final resting place of the nation or people being judged, symbolizing a deep and inescapable place of death and destruction. The "Pit" is often used in the Old Testament to describe Sheol, the abode of the dead (Isaiah 14:15). It signifies a place of humiliation and defeat, contrasting with the heights of power and pride they once held. The imagery of graves in the depths underscores the totality of their downfall and the permanence of their judgment.

and her company is all around her grave
The "company" refers to the allies or associated nations that shared in the same fate. This suggests a collective judgment, where not only the primary nation but also its confederates are condemned. This communal aspect of judgment is seen elsewhere in Scripture, such as in the judgment of Babylon and its allies (Jeremiah 50:9). It highlights the idea that those who align themselves with wickedness will share in its consequences.

All of them are slain, fallen by the sword
This phrase emphasizes the manner of their demise—violent and decisive. Being "slain" and "fallen by the sword" indicates a death in battle, a common fate for nations that opposed God's will. The sword is often a symbol of divine judgment (Ezekiel 21:3-5). This reflects the historical context of ancient Near Eastern warfare, where military defeat was seen as a sign of divine disfavor.

those who once spread terror in the land of the living
This describes the former power and influence of the nation or people now judged. They were once a source of fear and domination, possibly through military conquest or oppressive rule. This reversal of fortune is a common theme in prophetic literature, where the proud and mighty are brought low (Isaiah 14:4-6). It serves as a warning against arrogance and a reminder of God's ultimate sovereignty over the nations.

Elam is there with all her multitudes around her grave.
Elam, an ancient kingdom located in what is now southwestern Iran, was a significant power in the ancient Near East. The mention of Elam in this context reflects its historical enmity with Israel and its eventual downfall. The "multitudes around her grave" suggests a collective judgment, indicating that not only the leaders but also the people of Elam face divine retribution. This imagery of a grave signifies the finality of their judgment and the end of their influence.

All of them are slain, fallen by the sword—
This phrase emphasizes the violent end that has come upon Elam. The sword is often a symbol of divine judgment in the Bible, representing God's instrument of justice. The historical context may refer to the various military defeats Elam suffered, particularly at the hands of the Assyrians and later the Babylonians. This serves as a reminder of the consequences of opposing God's people and His purposes.

those who went down uncircumcised to the earth below,
In the Hebrew context, circumcision was a sign of the covenant between God and His people. To be "uncircumcised" was to be outside of this covenant, symbolizing spiritual impurity and separation from God. The phrase "earth below" refers to Sheol, the abode of the dead, indicating that these individuals died without the hope of covenantal relationship with God.

who once spread their terror in the land of the living.
Elam was known for its military prowess and had instilled fear in neighboring nations. This phrase highlights the reversal of fortunes; those who once caused terror are now themselves subject to terror in death. It serves as a warning against pride and reliance on military might, echoing themes found throughout the prophetic books.

They bear their disgrace with those who descend to the Pit.
The "Pit" is another term for Sheol, the place of the dead. Bearing disgrace in this context means that Elam's downfall is not only physical but also carries a lasting shame. This aligns with the biblical theme of divine justice, where the proud and wicked are brought low. The disgrace is shared with other nations and individuals who have similarly opposed God, reinforcing the idea of collective judgment and the ultimate futility of opposing God's will.

Among the slain they prepare a resting place for Elam with all her hordes, with her graves all around her.
Elam was an ancient kingdom located in what is now southwestern Iran. Historically, Elam was a significant power, often in conflict with Assyria and Babylon. The "resting place" among the slain signifies judgment and defeat, a common theme in prophetic literature where nations opposing God’s people face divine retribution. The imagery of graves "all around" suggests total destruction and the end of Elam's power and influence.

All of them are uncircumcised, slain by the sword, although their terror was once spread in the land of the living.
In the Old Testament, circumcision was a sign of the covenant between God and His people, Israel. To be "uncircumcised" symbolically represents being outside of God's covenant and favor. The phrase "slain by the sword" indicates a violent end, often used in prophetic texts to describe divine judgment. Elam's "terror" refers to its former might and influence, which has now been nullified, emphasizing the transient nature of earthly power.

They bear their disgrace with those who descend to the Pit.
The "Pit" is a metaphor for Sheol, the abode of the dead in Hebrew thought. Bearing "disgrace" indicates a loss of honor and status, a common fate for those judged by God. This phrase connects to the broader biblical theme of divine justice, where the proud and powerful are brought low. It also echoes the fate of other nations and individuals who opposed God, as seen in Isaiah and Jeremiah.

They are placed among the slain.
This final phrase underscores the completeness of Elam's judgment. Being "placed among the slain" signifies not only physical death but also spiritual and eternal separation from God. It serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of living in opposition to God's will, a theme prevalent throughout the prophetic books. This imagery also foreshadows the ultimate judgment at the end of times, as described in Revelation.

Meshech and Tubal are there with all their multitudes
Meshech and Tubal are often associated with regions in Asia Minor, possibly modern-day Turkey. These names appear in other biblical texts, such as Genesis 10:2, where they are listed as descendants of Japheth, indicating their ancient origins. Historically, these groups were known for their warrior culture and trade, particularly in metals. Their mention here signifies their downfall and serves as a reminder of the fate of nations that oppose God.

with their graves all around them
The imagery of graves surrounding them emphasizes the totality of their destruction. In ancient Near Eastern culture, burial practices were significant, and being surrounded by graves could symbolize dishonor or a lack of proper burial rites. This phrase underscores the completeness of their defeat and the judgment they face.

All of them are uncircumcised
In the Hebrew context, being uncircumcised was synonymous with being outside the covenant community of Israel. It denotes spiritual separation from God and His promises. This term is often used in the Old Testament to describe those who are not part of God's chosen people, highlighting their spiritual state and the reason for their judgment.

slain by the sword
The sword is a common biblical symbol of divine judgment and warfare. This phrase indicates that their demise was violent and decisive, a direct result of their actions. It reflects the biblical principle that those who live by the sword will die by the sword, as seen in Matthew 26:52.

because they spread their terror in the land of the living
This phrase explains the reason for their judgment: their actions brought fear and destruction to others. It reflects the biblical theme of retribution, where those who cause terror and violence are ultimately held accountable. This concept is echoed in other scriptures, such as Proverbs 22:8, which states that those who sow injustice will reap calamity.

They do not lie down with the fallen warriors of old
This phrase refers to a distinction between the current group being addressed and the ancient warriors who have already perished. In the context of Ezekiel 32, the prophet is speaking about the judgment and downfall of Egypt and its allies. The "fallen warriors of old" could be seen as a reference to the mighty men of renown mentioned in Genesis 6:4, or other ancient warriors known for their strength and valor. This distinction highlights the shame and dishonor of not being counted among these notable figures, suggesting a lack of honor in death for those being addressed.

who went down to Sheol with their weapons of war
Sheol is the Hebrew term for the realm of the dead, often depicted as a shadowy place where the deceased reside. The imagery of warriors going down to Sheol with their weapons suggests a burial with honor, as it was customary in ancient Near Eastern cultures to bury warriors with their weapons as a sign of their valor and status. This practice is evidenced in archaeological findings, such as burial sites where weapons and other personal items were interred with the deceased.

whose swords were placed under their heads
This phrase indicates a burial custom where swords were placed under the heads of the deceased warriors, symbolizing their readiness and valor even in death. This practice reflects the honor given to warriors, ensuring they are remembered for their strength and bravery. It also signifies a form of eternal vigilance, as if they are prepared for battle even in the afterlife.

whose shields rested on their bones
The placement of shields on the bones of the deceased further emphasizes the honor and respect given to these warriors. Shields, as symbols of protection and strength, resting on their bones, suggest a continued legacy of their might and the protection they offered in life. This imagery reinforces the idea of a dignified burial, contrasting with the dishonor of those who do not receive such treatment.

although the terror of the mighty was once in the land of the living
This phrase acknowledges the fear and respect these warriors commanded during their lifetimes. The "terror of the mighty" suggests that these individuals were formidable and influential, instilling fear in their enemies and commanding respect from their allies. This reputation in life contrasts with their current state in Sheol, highlighting the transient nature of earthly power and the ultimate leveling effect of death. This serves as a reminder of the fleeting nature of human strength and the inevitability of divine judgment, a common theme throughout the book of Ezekiel.

But you too will be shattered
This phrase is a direct address to Pharaoh and Egypt, indicating their impending downfall. The imagery of being "shattered" suggests complete destruction and defeat, a common theme in prophetic literature where God judges nations for their pride and idolatry. Historically, Egypt was a powerful nation, often seen as invincible, but this prophecy underscores the sovereignty of God over all nations, regardless of their might.

and lie down among the uncircumcised
In the Old Testament, circumcision was a sign of the covenant between God and His people, Israel. To be "uncircumcised" was to be outside of this covenant, often symbolizing impurity or being unclean. This phrase indicates that Egypt, despite its power and influence, will share the same fate as other nations that do not know God. It reflects the ultimate humiliation for a nation that prided itself on its own gods and strength.

with those slain by the sword
This part of the verse emphasizes the manner of Egypt's downfall—through violent conquest. The sword is a common biblical symbol for war and divine judgment. Historically, Egypt faced numerous invasions and defeats, notably by the Babylonians and later the Persians. This prophecy aligns with the broader biblical narrative where God uses other nations as instruments of His judgment, as seen in the fall of Assyria and Babylon.

The entire verse serves as a reminder of the futility of relying on earthly power and the inevitability of divine justice. It also foreshadows the ultimate victory of God's kingdom, where all earthly powers will be subdued.

Edom is there, and all her kings and princes
Edom, a nation descended from Esau, Jacob's brother, often opposed Israel throughout biblical history. The mention of Edom and its leaders signifies the judgment upon nations that opposed God's people. Historically, Edom was known for its fortified cities and strategic location, yet its leaders are depicted as powerless in the face of divine judgment.

who despite their might are laid among those slain by the sword
Edom's might, characterized by its military strength and strategic alliances, ultimately could not save it from destruction. This phrase emphasizes the futility of earthly power against God's sovereign will. The imagery of being slain by the sword is a common biblical motif for divine judgment, seen in other prophetic books like Isaiah and Jeremiah.

They lie down with the uncircumcised
In the Hebrew context, circumcision was a sign of the covenant between God and His people. To lie with the uncircumcised symbolizes being cut off from God's covenant blessings and being associated with those outside of His chosen people. This reflects the ultimate disgrace and separation from God.

with those who descend to the Pit
The "Pit" is often a metaphor for Sheol, the abode of the dead, in the Old Testament. It signifies a place of judgment and separation from the living. This phrase underscores the finality of Edom's judgment, aligning with the prophetic theme of the downfall of nations that oppose God. The imagery of descending to the Pit is echoed in other prophetic writings, reinforcing the theme of divine retribution.

All the leaders of the north and all the Sidonians are there;
This phrase refers to the leaders of nations north of Israel, including the Sidonians, who were part of the Phoenician civilization. Historically, the Phoenicians were known for their maritime prowess and trade. The "north" often symbolizes regions that were threats to Israel, such as Assyria and Babylon. The inclusion of Sidonians highlights their historical enmity and idolatry, which were condemned by the prophets.

they went down in disgrace with the slain,
The imagery of going "down" signifies death and descent into Sheol, the abode of the dead. The disgrace mentioned here reflects the loss of honor and power, a common theme in prophetic literature where the proud are humbled. This aligns with the biblical principle that those who exalt themselves will be brought low.

despite the terror of their might.
This phrase acknowledges the formidable power and influence these leaders once wielded. Despite their might, they could not escape judgment. This serves as a reminder of the transient nature of earthly power and the ultimate sovereignty of God over all nations, as seen in other scriptures like Isaiah 40:15-17.

They lie uncircumcised with those slain by the sword
Being "uncircumcised" in this context symbolizes being outside the covenant community of Israel, often associated with impurity and judgment. The slain by the sword indicates a violent end, common in divine judgments against nations. This reflects the fate of those who oppose God, as seen in the fate of Goliath and other enemies of Israel.

and bear their shame with those who descend to the Pit.
The "Pit" is another term for Sheol, emphasizing the finality and hopelessness of their condition. Bearing shame indicates a loss of dignity and honor, a common theme in prophetic warnings. This phrase underscores the biblical teaching that those who reject God will face eternal separation and disgrace, contrasting with the hope of resurrection and eternal life for the faithful.

Pharaoh will see them and be comforted over all his multitude
This phrase suggests a vision or understanding granted to Pharaoh in the afterlife, where he observes the fate of others who have gone before him. In the context of Ezekiel 32, this refers to the judgment upon Egypt and its leader, Pharaoh. The imagery of the afterlife here is consistent with ancient Near Eastern beliefs about the dead being aware of their surroundings. The "comfort" mentioned is ironic, as it implies a grim satisfaction in seeing others share his fate. This reflects the biblical theme of divine justice, where the proud and powerful are brought low. The multitude refers to the Egyptian army and people, emphasizing the comprehensive nature of the judgment.

Pharaoh and all his army
This phrase highlights the collective judgment on both the leader and his forces. Historically, Egypt was a dominant power, often relying on its military might. The mention of the army underscores the futility of relying on human strength against divine judgment. This is a recurring theme in the Bible, where God opposes the proud and brings down those who trust in their own power (Isaiah 31:1-3). The judgment on Pharaoh and his army serves as a warning to other nations and leaders who might oppose God's will.

slain by the sword
The sword is a common biblical symbol of judgment and warfare. In this context, it signifies the violent end that awaits Pharaoh and his forces. This phrase connects to the broader theme of divine retribution found throughout the prophetic books, where God uses nations as instruments of His judgment (Jeremiah 25:9). The imagery of the sword also points to the inevitability of God's decrees, as seen in the fall of other nations like Assyria and Babylon. The sword here is not just a literal weapon but a representation of God's righteous judgment.

declares the Lord GOD
This phrase emphasizes the authority and certainty of the prophecy. The use of "declares the Lord GOD" is a common prophetic formula that underscores the divine origin of the message. It assures the audience that the words spoken are not merely human predictions but are guaranteed by the sovereign will of God. This declaration serves as a reminder of God's ultimate control over history and His ability to bring about His purposes, as seen in other prophetic declarations (Isaiah 46:10). The use of "Lord GOD" highlights both His covenantal relationship with His people and His supreme authority over all nations.

For I will spread My terror in the land of the living
This phrase indicates God's active role in executing judgment. The "land of the living" refers to the world of the living as opposed to the realm of the dead. This judgment is a divine act meant to instill fear and demonstrate God's sovereignty. The terror spread by God is a recurring theme in the prophetic books, where God's power is shown through acts that cause nations to tremble (Isaiah 2:19-21, Jeremiah 25:15-29). It serves as a warning to those who oppose God's will.

so that Pharaoh and all his multitude
Pharaoh represents the epitome of earthly power and pride, often seen as a symbol of opposition to God. The multitude refers to the Egyptian army and people who followed Pharaoh. Historically, Egypt was a dominant power, and its downfall would have been a significant event. This prophecy against Pharaoh is part of a series of oracles against Egypt (Ezekiel 29-32), highlighting the futility of relying on human strength and alliances instead of God.

will be laid to rest among the uncircumcised
Being laid to rest among the uncircumcised signifies disgrace and dishonor. In the ancient Near East, circumcision was a sign of covenant and belonging to God's people (Genesis 17:10-14). To be buried with the uncircumcised was to be associated with those outside the covenant, indicating judgment and separation from God's favor. This imagery underscores the ultimate humiliation and defeat of Egypt, aligning with other prophecies where nations are judged and found wanting (Isaiah 14:9-11).

with those slain by the sword
This phrase emphasizes the violent and definitive nature of God's judgment. The sword is a common biblical symbol for divine judgment and warfare (Jeremiah 25:31, Revelation 19:15). It indicates that Pharaoh and his multitude will meet a violent end, similar to other nations and peoples who opposed God. This serves as a reminder of the consequences of defying God's authority and the certainty of His justice.

declares the Lord GOD.
This declaration affirms the authority and certainty of the prophecy. The use of "Lord GOD" (Adonai Yahweh) emphasizes God's sovereignty and covenantal relationship with His people. It assures the audience that the prophecy is not merely a human prediction but a divine decree that will surely come to pass. This phrase is a common conclusion in prophetic literature, reinforcing the reliability and seriousness of God's word (Ezekiel 17:24, Isaiah 45:23).