Now the first covenant
The "first covenant" refers to the Mosaic Covenant, established between God and the Israelites at Mount Sinai. This covenant is foundational to the Old Testament and includes the Law given through Moses. It is characterized by a system of laws, sacrifices, and rituals designed to set Israel apart as God's chosen people. This covenant is often contrasted with the New Covenant, which is fulfilled in Jesus Christ, as seen in Jeremiah 31:31-34 and Hebrews 8:6-13.

had regulations for worship
The regulations for worship under the first covenant were detailed and specific, encompassing various sacrifices, offerings, and rituals. These regulations are primarily found in the books of Exodus, Leviticus, and Numbers. They include instructions for burnt offerings, sin offerings, and peace offerings, among others. These regulations served to maintain the holiness of the people and their relationship with God, emphasizing the need for atonement and purification. They also foreshadowed the ultimate sacrifice of Jesus Christ, who fulfilled the law and provided a perfect atonement for sin.

and also an earthly sanctuary.
The "earthly sanctuary" refers to the Tabernacle, and later the Temple, which were physical structures where God's presence dwelled among His people. The Tabernacle, described in detail in Exodus 25-31, was a portable tent used during Israel's wilderness wanderings. It contained the Holy Place and the Most Holy Place, where the Ark of the Covenant was kept. The Temple, built by Solomon in Jerusalem, was a more permanent structure that continued the functions of the Tabernacle. These sanctuaries were central to Israel's worship and served as a type of the heavenly sanctuary, pointing to the ultimate dwelling of God with humanity through Jesus Christ, as elaborated in Hebrews 9:11-12 and Revelation 21:3.

A tabernacle was prepared.
The tabernacle, as described in Exodus 25-27, was a portable sanctuary used by the Israelites during their wilderness journey. It was meticulously designed according to God's instructions to Moses on Mount Sinai. The preparation of the tabernacle involved skilled craftsmanship and the use of precious materials, symbolizing the holiness and majesty of God. The tabernacle served as the dwelling place of God among His people, foreshadowing the incarnation of Christ, who "tabernacled" among us (John 1:14).

In its first room were the lampstand, the table, and the consecrated bread.
The first room of the tabernacle, known as the Holy Place, contained specific items with deep symbolic meaning. The lampstand, or menorah, was made of pure gold and provided light, representing God's guidance and the light of His presence. The table held the consecrated bread, also known as the Bread of the Presence or showbread, which consisted of twelve loaves symbolizing the twelve tribes of Israel. This bread was a continual offering before the Lord, signifying God's provision and fellowship with His people. The items in the Holy Place prefigure Christ, who is the light of the world (John 8:12) and the bread of life (John 6:35).

This was called the Holy Place.
The Holy Place was the first section of the tabernacle, distinct from the Most Holy Place, or Holy of Holies, which housed the Ark of the Covenant. The Holy Place was accessible only to the priests, who performed daily rituals and maintained the sacred items. This separation emphasized the holiness of God and the need for mediation between God and humanity. The concept of holiness is central to understanding the nature of God and His requirements for His people. The Holy Place serves as a type of the heavenly sanctuary, where Christ, our High Priest, intercedes for us (Hebrews 8:1-2).

Behind the second curtain
The "second curtain" refers to the veil that separated the Holy Place from the Most Holy Place in the tabernacle and later in the temple. This curtain was a significant barrier, symbolizing the separation between God and humanity due to sin. Only the high priest could pass through this veil, and only once a year on the Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur), as described in Leviticus 16. The tearing of the temple veil at the moment of Jesus' death (Matthew 27:51) signifies the removal of this barrier, granting believers direct access to God through Christ.

was a room
The "room" mentioned here is the innermost part of the tabernacle, known as the Most Holy Place or the Holy of Holies. This was the most sacred area, where God's presence was believed to dwell above the Ark of the Covenant. The design and dimensions of this room were given by God to Moses on Mount Sinai (Exodus 25-27), emphasizing its divine significance and the care required in its construction and use.

called the Most Holy Place
The "Most Holy Place" was the central and most sacred area of the tabernacle and later the temple. It housed the Ark of the Covenant, which contained the tablets of the Law, Aaron's rod, and a jar of manna (Hebrews 9:4). This room represented the throne room of God on earth, where His presence was most intensely felt. The high priest's annual entry into this space foreshadowed Christ's ultimate sacrifice and His role as our eternal High Priest, who entered the heavenly sanctuary once for all (Hebrews 9:11-12). The Most Holy Place is a type of the heavenly reality, where Christ now intercedes for believers.

containing the golden altar of incense
The golden altar of incense was located in the Holy Place, just before the veil that separated it from the Most Holy Place. It was used for burning incense, symbolizing the prayers of the people ascending to God (Exodus 30:1-10). The incense was to be burned every morning and evening, representing continual prayer and intercession. This altar's presence in the Holy Place signifies the importance of prayer and worship in the life of the believer. In Revelation 8:3-4, incense is again associated with the prayers of the saints, showing continuity in the symbolism from the Old to the New Testament.

and the gold-covered ark of the covenant
The ark of the covenant was the most sacred object in the tabernacle, representing God's throne on earth and His covenant with Israel. It was made of acacia wood and overlaid with gold, signifying both humanity and divinity. The ark was kept in the Most Holy Place, where God's presence dwelt between the cherubim on the mercy seat (Exodus 25:10-22). The ark's covering with gold points to the purity and holiness required to approach God. The ark is a type of Christ, who is both fully God and fully man, and through whom we have access to the Father (Hebrews 10:19-22).

Inside the ark were the gold jar of manna
The gold jar of manna was a reminder of God's provision for the Israelites during their 40 years in the wilderness (Exodus 16:32-34). Manna, which means "What is it?" in Hebrew, was the bread from heaven that sustained the Israelites. This foreshadows Jesus Christ, the true bread from heaven, who sustains us spiritually (John 6:31-35). The preservation of manna in a gold jar signifies the eternal nature of God's provision and faithfulness.

Aaron’s staff that had budded
Aaron's staff that budded was a sign of God's chosen priesthood (Numbers 17:1-10). When Korah and others challenged Aaron's authority, God caused Aaron's rod to bud, blossom, and produce almonds overnight, confirming his divine appointment. This miraculous event prefigures Christ's resurrection, affirming His role as our eternal High Priest (Hebrews 7:23-25). The staff's presence in the ark serves as a reminder of God's sovereign choice and the legitimacy of His appointed leaders.

and the stone tablets of the covenant
The stone tablets of the covenant, also known as the Ten Commandments, were given to Moses on Mount Sinai (Exodus 31:18). They represent God's moral law and His covenant with Israel. The tablets being placed inside the ark signify the centrality of God's law in the life of His people. In the New Covenant, the law is written on believers' hearts (Jeremiah 31:33; Hebrews 8:10), fulfilled in Christ, who perfectly kept the law on our behalf (Matthew 5:17). The presence of the tablets in the ark underscores the continuity of God's moral standards and His desire for a holy people.

Above the ark were the cherubim of glory
The cherubim are angelic beings often associated with the presence and glory of God. In the context of the tabernacle and later the temple, they were crafted from gold and placed on the Ark of the Covenant, symbolizing the divine presence and protection. The cherubim's wings overshadowed the mercy seat, representing God's throne on earth. This imagery connects to the vision of God's throne in Ezekiel 1 and Revelation 4, where cherubim are depicted as part of the heavenly host. The cherubim's presence signifies the holiness and majesty of God, emphasizing the sacredness of the Ark and the covenant it contained.

overshadowing the mercy seat
The mercy seat, or "atonement cover," was the lid of the Ark of the Covenant, where the high priest would sprinkle the blood of the sacrifice on the Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur) to atone for the sins of Israel. This act foreshadowed the ultimate atonement made by Jesus Christ, whose sacrifice on the cross fulfilled the need for continual animal sacrifices. The term "overshadowing" suggests protection and divine presence, similar to the Holy Spirit overshadowing Mary in Luke 1:35, indicating the inception of Jesus as the ultimate atonement.

But we cannot discuss these things in detail now
This phrase indicates the author's intention to focus on the broader theological implications rather than the specifics of the tabernacle's design. The author of Hebrews is more concerned with the spiritual realities these symbols represent, particularly how they point to Christ's superior priesthood and sacrifice. This approach aligns with the overall theme of Hebrews, which emphasizes the fulfillment of the Old Covenant through the New Covenant in Christ. The restraint in detailing suggests a focus on the transformative power of Christ's work rather than the ritualistic aspects of the old system.

When everything had been prepared in this way
This phrase refers to the meticulous preparations required under the Old Covenant for worship in the tabernacle. The tabernacle, as described in Exodus 25-31, was a portable earthly sanctuary where God dwelled among His people. The preparation involved specific rituals and offerings, as outlined in Leviticus, to ensure that everything was in accordance with God's commands. This preparation symbolizes the need for purity and order in approaching God, reflecting the holiness required to enter His presence.

the priests entered regularly into the first room
The "first room" refers to the Holy Place within the tabernacle, distinct from the Most Holy Place (Holy of Holies). Only priests from the tribe of Levi could enter this area, and they did so daily to maintain the lampstand, table of showbread, and altar of incense (Exodus 30:7-8). This regular entry signifies the ongoing nature of the Old Covenant worship, which required continual offerings and rituals. The Holy Place served as a type of Christ, who is the true light (John 8:12), the bread of life (John 6:35), and the intercessor for believers (Hebrews 7:25).

to perform their sacred duties
The sacred duties included burning incense, maintaining the lampstand, and replacing the showbread. These acts were not only ritualistic but also symbolic of the spiritual service and intercession required by the priests on behalf of the people. The incense represented prayers ascending to God (Psalm 141:2), while the lampstand symbolized God's guidance and presence. The showbread, or "bread of the Presence," signified God's provision and fellowship with His people. These duties foreshadowed the ultimate priestly work of Jesus Christ, who fulfills and surpasses these roles as the eternal High Priest (Hebrews 4:14-16).

But only the high priest entered the second room
The "second room" refers to the Holy of Holies, the innermost part of the Tabernacle and later the Temple, where God's presence was believed to dwell. Only the high priest could enter this sacred space, signifying the separation between God and humanity due to sin. This exclusivity underscores the holiness of God and the need for a mediator. The high priest's role as the sole entrant foreshadows Christ as the ultimate High Priest, who mediates between God and humanity (Hebrews 4:14-16).

and then only once a year
This annual entrance occurred on the Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur), as described in Leviticus 16. It was the most solemn day in the Jewish calendar, emphasizing the seriousness of sin and the need for atonement. The once-a-year access highlights the limitations of the Old Covenant and contrasts with the New Covenant, where believers have continual access to God through Jesus (Hebrews 10:19-22).

and never without blood
Blood was essential for atonement, symbolizing life given to cover sin (Leviticus 17:11). The high priest's offering of blood prefigures Christ's sacrifice, whose blood was shed once for all to atone for sin (Hebrews 9:12-14). This requirement underscores the gravity of sin and the necessity of a sacrificial system, ultimately fulfilled in Jesus.

which he offered for himself
The high priest, being human and sinful, needed to offer a sacrifice for his own sins before he could intercede for the people (Leviticus 16:6). This necessity highlights the imperfection of the Levitical priesthood and contrasts with Christ, who is sinless and did not need to offer a sacrifice for Himself (Hebrews 7:26-27).

and for the sins the people had committed in ignorance
Sins of ignorance refer to unintentional sins, which still required atonement under the Mosaic Law (Numbers 15:27-29). This provision illustrates God's grace in covering even those sins committed unknowingly. It points to the comprehensive nature of Christ's atonement, which covers all sin, intentional and unintentional, for those who believe (1 John 1:7).

By this arrangement
The term "arrangement" refers to the Old Covenant system, including the tabernacle and its rituals. This system was divinely instituted and served as a shadow of the heavenly realities. The arrangement was temporary and symbolic, pointing to a greater fulfillment in Christ.

the Holy Spirit was showing
The Holy Spirit, as the divine author of Scripture, reveals truths through the Old Testament practices. The Spirit's role in illumination is crucial, as He guides believers to understand the deeper meanings behind the rituals and symbols of the Old Covenant.

that the way into the Most Holy Place
The Most Holy Place, or Holy of Holies, was the innermost part of the tabernacle where God's presence dwelt. Access was restricted to the high priest once a year on the Day of Atonement, symbolizing the separation between God and humanity due to sin. This foreshadows Christ's role as the ultimate High Priest who provides direct access to God.

had not yet been disclosed
The full revelation of access to God was not made clear under the Old Covenant. The rituals and sacrifices were anticipatory, awaiting the coming of Christ who would open the way for all believers to enter God's presence.

as long as the first tabernacle was still standing
The "first tabernacle" refers to the earthly sanctuary, which was a temporary structure. Its standing signifies the continuation of the Old Covenant system. The destruction of the temple in AD 70 symbolized the end of the old order and the establishment of the New Covenant through Jesus Christ, who is the true temple.

It is an illustration for the present time
This phrase refers to the Old Testament tabernacle and its rituals as a symbolic representation. The tabernacle served as a physical and visual teaching tool, pointing to deeper spiritual truths. In the context of Hebrews, the "present time" refers to the era of the New Covenant inaugurated by Christ. The tabernacle's rituals were temporary and preparatory, foreshadowing the ultimate redemption through Jesus. This aligns with Paul's teaching in Galatians 3:24, where the law is described as a tutor leading to Christ.

because the gifts and sacrifices being offered
The "gifts and sacrifices" refer to the various offerings prescribed in the Mosaic Law, such as burnt offerings, grain offerings, peace offerings, sin offerings, and guilt offerings (Leviticus 1-7). These were central to the worship and religious life of Israel, serving as a means to maintain a covenant relationship with God. However, they were repetitive and could not provide a permanent solution to sin. This is echoed in Hebrews 10:1-4, which states that the law can never, by the same sacrifices repeated endlessly year after year, make perfect those who draw near to worship.

were unable to cleanse the conscience of the worshiper
The inability to cleanse the conscience highlights the limitations of the Old Covenant sacrifices. While they could provide ceremonial cleanliness and temporary atonement, they could not transform the inner person or remove the guilt of sin. This points to the need for a better sacrifice, fulfilled in Christ, who offers a once-for-all sacrifice that purifies the conscience (Hebrews 9:14). The concept of conscience in biblical terms involves an awareness of sin and the need for true reconciliation with God, which is fully realized in the New Covenant through Jesus' atoning work.

They consist only in food and drink and special washings—
This phrase refers to the ceremonial laws and rituals of the Old Covenant, which included dietary restrictions and purification rites. These practices were part of the Mosaic Law given to the Israelites and are detailed in Leviticus and Deuteronomy. The food laws distinguished clean and unclean animals (Leviticus 11), while the special washings involved various purification rituals (Numbers 19:7-10). These regulations were symbolic, pointing to the need for spiritual purity and separation from sin. They were external and temporary, serving as a shadow of the greater spiritual realities fulfilled in Christ (Colossians 2:16-17).

external regulations imposed until the time of reform.
The "external regulations" were outward observances that did not have the power to cleanse the conscience or bring about true spiritual transformation (Hebrews 9:13-14). They were imposed as part of the Old Covenant, which was a preparatory system leading to the New Covenant established by Jesus Christ. The "time of reform" refers to the coming of Christ, who fulfilled the Law and the Prophets (Matthew 5:17) and inaugurated a new era of grace and truth (John 1:17). This reform brought a shift from the external to the internal, emphasizing a personal relationship with God through faith in Jesus, who is the ultimate High Priest and mediator of the New Covenant (Hebrews 8:6).

But when Christ came as high priest
This phrase introduces Christ's role as the ultimate High Priest, a fulfillment of the Old Testament priesthood. The high priest in the Old Testament was the mediator between God and the people, offering sacrifices for sins. Christ's coming as High Priest signifies the transition from the old covenant to the new covenant, where He serves as the mediator of a better covenant (Hebrews 8:6). This role is prophesied in Psalm 110:4, where the Messiah is declared a priest forever in the order of Melchizedek, a type of Christ who was both king and priest.

of the good things that have come
The "good things" refer to the blessings and promises of the new covenant, which include eternal redemption, a cleansed conscience, and direct access to God. These are contrasted with the temporary and imperfect benefits of the old covenant. The new covenant's blessings are realized through Christ's sacrificial death and resurrection, fulfilling the promises of a new heart and spirit as prophesied in Jeremiah 31:31-34.

He went through the greater and more perfect tabernacle
This phrase highlights the superiority of Christ's ministry. The earthly tabernacle, built by Moses, was a shadow of the heavenly reality (Hebrews 8:5). Christ's ministry takes place in the "greater and more perfect tabernacle," which is the heavenly sanctuary. This emphasizes the transcendence and perfection of Christ's priestly work, as He ministers in the true presence of God, not in a man-made structure.

that is not made by hands
The phrase "not made by hands" indicates that this tabernacle is divine in origin, not constructed by human effort. It underscores the spiritual and eternal nature of Christ's priestly work, contrasting with the physical and temporal nature of the earthly tabernacle. This aligns with Jesus' teaching in John 4:24, where worship is to be in spirit and truth, not confined to physical locations.

and is not a part of this creation
This final phrase emphasizes the heavenly and eternal realm in which Christ operates as High Priest. It distinguishes the new covenant's spiritual realities from the old covenant's earthly and material elements. This aligns with the broader theme in Hebrews of the superiority of the heavenly over the earthly, as seen in Hebrews 12:22-24, where believers are described as coming to the heavenly Jerusalem. Christ's priesthood is thus part of the new creation, pointing to the ultimate fulfillment of God's redemptive plan.

He did not enter by the blood of goats and calves
In the Old Testament, the high priest would enter the Most Holy Place once a year on the Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur) with the blood of goats and calves to atone for the sins of the people (Leviticus 16:15-16). This ritual was a temporary measure, symbolizing the need for a more perfect sacrifice. The blood of animals was insufficient for true atonement, serving as a foreshadowing of the ultimate sacrifice to come. The use of animal blood highlights the limitations of the Old Covenant and the need for a superior, lasting solution.

but He entered the Most Holy Place once for all by His own blood
Jesus, as the ultimate High Priest, entered the heavenly sanctuary, not the earthly tabernacle, offering His own blood as the perfect and final sacrifice. This act fulfilled the requirements of the Law and established a New Covenant. The phrase "once for all" emphasizes the completeness and sufficiency of Christ's sacrifice, contrasting with the repeated animal sacrifices under the Old Covenant. His entry into the Most Holy Place signifies the opening of direct access to God for believers, a privilege not available under the Old Covenant.

thus securing eternal redemption
The term "eternal redemption" indicates a permanent and complete deliverance from sin, achieved through Christ's sacrifice. Unlike the temporary atonement provided by animal sacrifices, Jesus' offering provides a once-and-for-all solution to the problem of sin. This redemption is not only for the present but extends into eternity, ensuring believers' salvation and reconciliation with God. The concept of eternal redemption is rooted in the promises of the New Covenant, as prophesied in Jeremiah 31:31-34, where God promises to forgive sins and remember them no more.

For if the blood of goats and bulls
This phrase refers to the sacrificial system established in the Old Testament, particularly in Leviticus. The blood of goats and bulls was used in various offerings, including the sin offering and the Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur) rituals. These sacrifices were central to the Mosaic Law and were intended to atone for the sins of the people. The shedding of animal blood symbolized the seriousness of sin and the need for purification.

and the ashes of a heifer
The ashes of a heifer refer to the ritual described in Numbers 19, where a red heifer was burned, and its ashes were used to create water for purification. This was specifically for cleansing those who had become ceremonially unclean through contact with a dead body. The red heifer ritual was unique and emphasized the need for purity and separation from death, which was considered a defilement.

sprinkled on those who are ceremonially unclean
The act of sprinkling was a common method of applying blood or ashes in purification rituals. It symbolized the transfer of purity from the sacrifice to the person or object being cleansed. Those who were ceremonially unclean were often excluded from worship and community life until they were purified, highlighting the importance of holiness and separation from sin.

sanctify them so that their bodies are clean
Sanctification in this context refers to the ritual purification that allowed individuals to participate in religious activities and community life. The cleansing was external, affecting the body rather than the heart or conscience. This external purification foreshadowed the deeper, spiritual cleansing that would be accomplished through Christ's sacrifice, as discussed later in Hebrews. The temporary and external nature of these Old Testament rituals pointed to the need for a more permanent solution to sin, fulfilled in Jesus Christ.

how much more will the blood of Christ
This phrase emphasizes the superiority of Christ's sacrifice over the Old Testament sacrifices. In the context of Hebrews, the author contrasts the blood of animals, which was used in the sacrificial system of the Mosaic Law, with the blood of Christ. The blood of Christ is seen as infinitely more effective in purifying and redeeming humanity. This echoes the theme of Hebrews that Christ is the fulfillment and perfection of the law (Hebrews 7:27, 10:4).

who through the eternal Spirit
This phrase highlights the role of the Holy Spirit in the sacrificial offering of Christ. The "eternal Spirit" suggests the divine nature and eternal existence of the Holy Spirit, who empowered and sustained Christ in His earthly ministry and sacrificial death. This aligns with the Trinitarian understanding of God, where the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit work in unity (Romans 8:11).

offered Himself unblemished to God
Christ's offering of Himself is central to the Christian understanding of atonement. Unlike the animal sacrifices, which had to be without physical defect, Christ was morally and spiritually unblemished, fulfilling the requirement for a perfect sacrifice (1 Peter 1:19). This reflects the Old Testament typology of the Passover lamb (Exodus 12:5) and underscores Christ's voluntary and willing sacrifice (John 10:18).

purify our consciences from works of death
The purification of conscience refers to the internal cleansing from sin and guilt, which the Old Testament sacrifices could not achieve (Hebrews 10:1-2). "Works of death" likely refers to sinful deeds and the dead works of the law that cannot bring life or salvation. This purification is a transformative process, enabling believers to live in righteousness (Titus 3:5).

so that we may serve the living God!
The ultimate purpose of Christ's sacrifice is to enable believers to serve God, who is described as "living," contrasting with dead idols (1 Thessalonians 1:9). This service is not merely ritualistic but involves a life dedicated to God's will and purposes. It reflects the new covenant relationship where believers are empowered to live out their faith actively and obediently (Romans 12:1).

Therefore Christ is the mediator of a new covenant
Christ's role as mediator signifies His unique position as the intermediary between God and humanity. This new covenant is contrasted with the old covenant given through Moses, which was based on the Law. The new covenant, prophesied in Jeremiah 31:31-34, is established through Christ's sacrificial death, offering a direct relationship with God. The term "mediator" highlights Christ's priestly function, as seen in 1 Timothy 2:5, where He is the sole mediator between God and men.

so that those who are called may receive the promised eternal inheritance
The "called" refers to those who respond to God's invitation to salvation, echoing Romans 8:28-30, where the called are predestined, justified, and glorified. The "promised eternal inheritance" connects to the Abrahamic promise of blessing to all nations (Genesis 12:3) and is fulfilled in Christ, offering believers eternal life and a place in God's kingdom, as seen in 1 Peter 1:4.

now that He has died to redeem them from the transgressions committed under the first covenant
Christ's death is the pivotal act of redemption, freeing believers from the penalties of sin under the Mosaic Law. The first covenant, based on adherence to the Law, highlighted humanity's inability to achieve righteousness on their own (Romans 3:20). Christ's sacrifice fulfills the requirements of the Law (Matthew 5:17) and provides atonement, as foreshadowed by the sacrificial system in Leviticus, ultimately pointing to the necessity of a perfect sacrifice, which is found in Christ (Hebrews 10:1-10).

In the case of a will
The term "will" here refers to a legal document that outlines the distribution of a person's estate after their death. In biblical times, a will, or testament, was a common legal practice, much like today. The Greek word used is "diathēkē," which can mean both "covenant" and "will." This dual meaning is significant in understanding the New Covenant established through Jesus Christ, as it implies both a legal and relational agreement. The concept of a will is also seen in the Old Testament, where God's covenants with His people often included promises that would be fulfilled in the future.

it is necessary to establish the death
The necessity of death to enact a will underscores the seriousness and finality of the covenant. In the context of Hebrews, this phrase highlights the importance of Jesus' sacrificial death to activate the New Covenant. The death of the testator (the one who made the will) is a legal requirement for the will to take effect, symbolizing the fulfillment of God's promises through Christ's death. This mirrors the sacrificial system of the Old Testament, where the death of an animal was required to atone for sin, pointing to the ultimate sacrifice of Jesus.

of the one who made it
The "one who made it" refers to the testator, in this case, Jesus Christ. His role as both the mediator and the testator of the New Covenant is central to the message of Hebrews. This phrase emphasizes the personal nature of the covenant; it is not just a legal transaction but a deeply relational act initiated by Christ Himself. Theologically, this connects to the idea of Jesus as the fulfillment of the law and the prophets, as He is both the author and the perfecter of faith. His death was necessary to bring the promises of the New Covenant into effect, offering eternal inheritance to believers.

because a will does not take effect until the one who made it has died;
In biblical times, a will or testament was a legal document that outlined the distribution of a person's estate after their death. This concept is rooted in the Greco-Roman legal system, which influenced the cultural context of the New Testament. The idea of a will taking effect only after death parallels the Old Testament covenants, which often required a sacrifice or death to be enacted. This phrase highlights the necessity of Christ's death to activate the New Covenant, as seen in Jeremiah 31:31-34, where a new covenant is promised. The death of Christ is the fulfillment of this promise, making the inheritance of eternal life available to believers.

it cannot be executed while he is still alive.
This phrase emphasizes the legal principle that a will is not operational until the death of the testator. In the context of Hebrews, this underscores the necessity of Christ's sacrificial death for the New Covenant to be effective. The Old Covenant, established through the sacrificial system, required the shedding of blood for the atonement of sins (Leviticus 17:11). Similarly, the New Covenant required the death of Christ, the ultimate sacrifice, to be enacted. This reflects the typology of Jesus as the Lamb of God, whose death brings redemption and fulfills the prophetic imagery found in Isaiah 53. The execution of the will, or covenant, is thus contingent upon the death of the one who made it, illustrating the profound theological truth of Christ's atoning work.

That is why
This phrase connects the current discussion to the preceding verses, where the author of Hebrews explains the necessity of blood for the purification of sins. It serves as a conclusion to the argument that blood is essential for the establishment of covenants, drawing from the broader context of the sacrificial system outlined in the Old Testament.

even the first covenant
The "first covenant" refers to the Mosaic Covenant, established between God and the Israelites at Mount Sinai. This covenant included the Ten Commandments and various laws and ordinances. It was foundational for the Jewish faith and set the stage for the coming of the New Covenant through Jesus Christ. The Mosaic Covenant is detailed in Exodus 19-24.

was not put into effect
This indicates that the covenant required a formal enactment process. In the ancient Near Eastern context, covenants were often ratified through rituals, which frequently involved sacrifices. The enactment of the Mosaic Covenant involved a series of sacrifices and the sprinkling of blood, as described in Exodus 24:3-8.

without blood
Blood symbolizes life and is a critical element in the sacrificial system. In Leviticus 17:11, it is stated that "the life of the flesh is in the blood," and it is given on the altar to make atonement for souls. The use of blood in the covenantal context signifies the seriousness of the agreement and the need for purification and atonement. This foreshadows the ultimate sacrifice of Jesus Christ, whose blood established the New Covenant, as seen in Matthew 26:28 and Hebrews 9:12-14.

For when Moses had proclaimed every commandment of the law to all the people
This phrase refers to the event at Mount Sinai where Moses communicated God's laws to the Israelites. This is documented in Exodus 24:3-8. The proclamation of the law was a foundational moment for the Israelites, establishing the covenant between God and His people. It underscores the importance of the law in guiding the moral and spiritual life of the community. Moses acted as a mediator, a role that prefigures Christ as the ultimate mediator of a new covenant (Hebrews 8:6).

he took the blood of calves and goats
The use of animal blood in sacrificial rituals was central to the Old Covenant. Blood symbolized life and was necessary for atonement, as seen in Leviticus 17:11. The specific mention of calves and goats highlights the sacrificial system's complexity and the need for purification. This foreshadows the ultimate sacrifice of Christ, whose blood would establish a new and better covenant (Hebrews 9:12-14).

along with water, scarlet wool, and hyssop
These elements were part of the purification process. Water signifies cleansing, while scarlet wool and hyssop were used in ceremonial rites (Leviticus 14:4-7). Scarlet wool, dyed with a bright red color, symbolizes the blood and sacrifice, while hyssop, a plant used for sprinkling, represents purification and cleansing (Psalm 51:7). These elements point to the thoroughness required in the purification process, which Christ fulfills spiritually.

and sprinkled the scroll and all the people
The act of sprinkling blood on the scroll and the people signifies the ratification of the covenant. The scroll, containing the law, and the people, as recipients of the law, were both consecrated through this act. This ritual underscores the seriousness of the covenant and the people's commitment to obey God's commands. It prefigures the New Covenant, where believers are cleansed by the blood of Christ, as seen in 1 Peter 1:2, emphasizing the transformative power of Christ's sacrifice.

saying,
This phrase introduces a direct quotation, indicating that the speaker is referencing a significant statement. In the context of Hebrews 9, the author is recalling the words of Moses during the establishment of the Old Covenant. This sets the stage for understanding the importance of the covenant and its implications for the audience.

“This is the blood of the covenant,
The phrase "blood of the covenant" is a direct reference to Exodus 24:8, where Moses sprinkles the blood of sacrificed animals on the people, signifying the ratification of the covenant between God and Israel. Blood, in biblical terms, symbolizes life and is essential for atonement (Leviticus 17:11). This foreshadows the New Covenant established through the blood of Jesus Christ, as seen in the Last Supper (Matthew 26:28), where Jesus refers to His blood as the "blood of the covenant."

which God has commanded you to keep.”
This part emphasizes the divine origin and authority of the covenant. The covenant is not a human invention but a command from God, requiring obedience and faithfulness from the people. In the historical context, the Israelites were bound to follow the laws and stipulations given by God through Moses. This reflects the seriousness of the covenant relationship and the expectation of adherence to God's commands. In the New Testament, this is paralleled by the call to follow Christ and His teachings, as the New Covenant is also established by God's command and requires commitment from believers.

In the same way
This phrase indicates a continuation of a previous action or pattern. In the context of Hebrews 9, it refers to the ritual practices of purification and consecration described earlier in the chapter. The author of Hebrews is drawing a parallel between the Old Covenant practices and the New Covenant established through Jesus Christ. The "same way" suggests a consistency in the necessity of blood for purification, a theme deeply rooted in the sacrificial system of the Old Testament.

he sprinkled with blood
The act of sprinkling blood was a significant ritual in the Old Testament, symbolizing purification and atonement. In Leviticus, the high priest would sprinkle blood on the altar and other sacred objects to cleanse them from impurity and sin. This act foreshadows the ultimate sacrifice of Jesus, whose blood was shed for the atonement of humanity's sins. The sprinkling of blood signifies the sanctification and dedication of objects and people to God.

the tabernacle
The tabernacle was the portable sanctuary used by the Israelites during their wanderings in the desert, as described in Exodus. It was the dwelling place of God among His people and the center of Israelite worship. The tabernacle's construction and the rituals performed there were detailed and specific, emphasizing the holiness required to approach God. The sprinkling of blood on the tabernacle underscored its sanctity and the need for purification before entering God's presence.

and all the vessels used in worship
The vessels used in worship included items such as the altar, the Ark of the Covenant, the lampstand, and various utensils. Each of these had specific functions in the worship and sacrificial system. The consecration of these items with blood highlighted their sacred purpose and the necessity of purity in worship. This practice pointed to the greater reality of Christ's sacrifice, which purifies not just physical objects but the hearts of believers, enabling true worship in spirit and truth.

According to the law, in fact, nearly everything must be purified with blood
This phrase refers to the Mosaic Law, which was given to the Israelites at Mount Sinai. The law included detailed instructions for sacrifices and purification rituals, emphasizing the necessity of blood for cleansing. Leviticus 17:11 states, "For the life of the flesh is in the blood," highlighting the significance of blood in atonement. The sacrificial system was central to the Israelites' worship and relationship with God, symbolizing the seriousness of sin and the need for purification. The use of "nearly everything" acknowledges that while most purification rites required blood, there were exceptions, such as the use of water or fire for certain objects (Numbers 31:23).

and without the shedding of blood there is no forgiveness
This phrase underscores the theological principle that forgiveness of sins requires a blood sacrifice. The Old Testament sacrificial system pointed to the ultimate sacrifice of Jesus Christ, whose blood was shed for the forgiveness of sins (Hebrews 10:4-10). The concept of blood as a means of atonement is rooted in the Passover lamb (Exodus 12) and the Day of Atonement rituals (Leviticus 16), both of which prefigure Christ's sacrificial death. The necessity of blood for forgiveness is fulfilled in the New Covenant, where Jesus' sacrifice is once and for all, unlike the repeated sacrifices of the Old Covenant. This highlights the continuity and fulfillment of the Old Testament in the New Testament, emphasizing the sufficiency and finality of Christ's atoning work.

So it was necessary for the copies of the heavenly things to be purified with these sacrifices
This phrase refers to the earthly tabernacle and its furnishings, which were considered copies or shadows of the true heavenly realities. In the Old Testament, the tabernacle and later the temple were central to Israelite worship, serving as the dwelling place of God's presence among His people. The purification of these earthly copies with animal sacrifices was a requirement under the Mosaic Law, as seen in Exodus 29:36-37 and Leviticus 16. These sacrifices were part of the ceremonial law, which pointed forward to the ultimate sacrifice of Christ. The necessity of purification underscores the holiness of God and the need for atonement to approach Him.

but the heavenly things themselves with better sacrifices than these
The "heavenly things" refer to the true spiritual realities in heaven, of which the earthly tabernacle was a mere shadow. The "better sacrifices" point to the sacrifice of Jesus Christ, which is superior to the animal sacrifices of the Old Covenant. Christ's sacrifice is once for all, perfect and complete, as emphasized in Hebrews 10:10-14. This sacrifice cleanses not only the earthly copies but also provides access to the heavenly sanctuary, fulfilling the typology of the Old Testament sacrificial system. The superiority of Christ's sacrifice is a central theme in Hebrews, highlighting His role as the ultimate High Priest and the mediator of a new and better covenant, as prophesied in Jeremiah 31:31-34.

For Christ did not enter a man-made copy of the true sanctuary
This phrase highlights the distinction between the earthly tabernacle and the heavenly reality. The earthly tabernacle, as described in Exodus, was a temporary and imperfect representation of the heavenly sanctuary. It was constructed by human hands and served as a shadow of the true, eternal sanctuary in heaven. The earthly tabernacle was where the high priest entered once a year to offer sacrifices for the people's sins, as outlined in Leviticus 16. This system was a foreshadowing of the ultimate sacrifice and priesthood of Christ. The use of "man-made" emphasizes the limitations and impermanence of the Old Covenant system.

but He entered heaven itself
This phrase underscores the superiority of Christ's priesthood and sacrifice. Unlike the high priests of the Old Covenant who entered the Holy of Holies in the earthly tabernacle, Christ entered the true Holy of Holies—heaven itself. This act signifies the fulfillment of the Old Testament types and shadows, such as the Day of Atonement rituals. Christ's ascension into heaven is a pivotal event, marking His victory over sin and death and His exaltation at the right hand of God, as seen in Acts 1:9-11 and Ephesians 1:20-23. This entrance into heaven signifies the completion of His redemptive work and His ongoing intercession for believers.

now to appear on our behalf
Christ's appearance in heaven is not merely symbolic; it is an active, ongoing ministry. He serves as our advocate and mediator before God, as described in 1 John 2:1 and 1 Timothy 2:5. This advocacy is rooted in His sacrificial death and resurrection, which provide the basis for our justification and reconciliation with God. The phrase "on our behalf" emphasizes the personal and communal nature of Christ's work, highlighting His role as the High Priest who intercedes for His people, ensuring their access to God's grace and mercy.

in the presence of God
This phrase signifies the ultimate goal of Christ's redemptive work: to bring believers into the presence of God. In the Old Testament, the presence of God was often associated with the Holy of Holies, where only the high priest could enter once a year. Through Christ's sacrifice, the veil separating humanity from God's presence was torn, as described in Matthew 27:51, granting believers direct access to God. This access is a fulfillment of the promises found in the Old Testament, such as Jeremiah 31:33-34, where God promises a new covenant with His people. Christ's presence before God assures believers of their acceptance and the hope of eternal life in God's presence.

Nor did He enter heaven to offer Himself again and again
This phrase emphasizes the sufficiency and finality of Christ's sacrifice. Unlike the repeated sacrifices of the Old Testament, Christ's offering was once for all. The high priests of Israel had to enter the Most Holy Place annually to atone for the sins of the people, highlighting the temporary and incomplete nature of those sacrifices. In contrast, Christ's single entry into heaven signifies the completion and perfection of His redemptive work. This aligns with Hebrews 7:27, which states that Jesus does not need to offer sacrifices daily, as the high priests did.

as the high priest enters the Most Holy Place every year
The high priest's annual entry into the Most Holy Place occurred on Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement, as described in Leviticus 16. This was the only time the high priest could enter the innermost part of the tabernacle or temple, symbolizing the presence of God. The ritual underscored the separation between God and humanity due to sin, and the need for atonement. The high priest's role was a foreshadowing of Christ's ultimate priesthood, as He entered the true heavenly sanctuary once and for all.

with blood that is not his own
The high priest carried the blood of bulls and goats, which were insufficient for true atonement, as noted in Hebrews 10:4. These sacrifices were symbolic, pointing to the need for a perfect sacrifice. In contrast, Christ offered His own blood, which was perfect and without blemish, fulfilling the requirements for eternal redemption. This act is a fulfillment of the prophecy in Isaiah 53, where the suffering servant bears the iniquities of many. Christ's self-sacrifice is the ultimate expression of His role as both priest and offering, providing a permanent solution to the problem of sin.

Otherwise, Christ would have had to suffer repeatedly since the foundation of the world.
This phrase emphasizes the sufficiency and finality of Christ's sacrifice. In the Old Testament, the sacrificial system required repeated offerings for sin, as seen in Leviticus 16 with the Day of Atonement. The idea of Christ suffering repeatedly contradicts the unique and complete nature of His sacrifice. The "foundation of the world" refers to the beginning of creation, highlighting the eternal plan of God for redemption through Christ, as seen in Revelation 13:8, which speaks of the Lamb slain from the foundation of the world.

But now He has appeared once for all at the end of the ages
The phrase "once for all" underscores the singular and definitive act of Christ's sacrifice, contrasting with the repeated sacrifices of the Old Covenant. "At the end of the ages" indicates the culmination of God's redemptive history, marking the transition from the Old Covenant to the New Covenant. This aligns with Galatians 4:4, which speaks of God sending His Son in the fullness of time. The appearance of Christ is the fulfillment of messianic prophecies, such as Isaiah 53, which foretells the suffering servant.

to do away with sin by the sacrifice of Himself.
This phrase highlights the purpose and effect of Christ's sacrifice. Unlike the animal sacrifices that could only cover sin temporarily, Christ's sacrifice effectively removes sin, fulfilling the promise of a new covenant in Jeremiah 31:31-34, where God promises to remember sins no more. The self-sacrifice of Christ is a central theme in the New Testament, as seen in John 1:29, where John the Baptist identifies Jesus as the Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world. This act of self-giving love is the ultimate expression of God's grace and mercy, providing a way for humanity to be reconciled to God.

Just as man is appointed to die once
This phrase emphasizes the universality and inevitability of death for all humanity. In biblical context, death entered the world through Adam's sin (Genesis 3:19; Romans 5:12). The concept of dying once contrasts with certain beliefs in reincarnation, affirming the finality of physical death. The appointment to die once underscores God's sovereign plan and the natural order established since the fall of man. This aligns with the broader biblical narrative that life is temporary and that humans are mortal beings (Psalm 90:10; Ecclesiastes 3:2).

and after that to face judgment
This phrase introduces the certainty of divine judgment following death. It reflects the biblical teaching that all individuals will be held accountable for their lives (Ecclesiastes 12:14; 2 Corinthians 5:10). The judgment is depicted as a singular event, reinforcing the finality of one's earthly life and the absence of a second chance post-mortem. This judgment is consistent with the teachings of Jesus, who spoke of a final judgment where the righteous and the wicked are separated (Matthew 25:31-46). The concept of judgment after death is a call to live a life of faith and obedience, knowing that earthly actions have eternal consequences.

so also Christ was offered once to bear the sins of many;
This phrase emphasizes the singular and sufficient sacrifice of Christ, contrasting with the repeated sacrifices of the Old Testament (Hebrews 10:11-12). The term "offered once" highlights the finality and completeness of Jesus' atonement, fulfilling the sacrificial system outlined in Leviticus. The phrase "to bear the sins of many" echoes Isaiah 53:12, where the Suffering Servant bears the iniquities of others, indicating Jesus as the fulfillment of this prophecy. The use of "many" signifies the vast scope of Christ's redemptive work, though not implying universal salvation, but rather the availability of salvation to all who believe (John 3:16).

and He will appear a second time,
This points to the Second Coming of Christ, a core tenet of Christian eschatology. Unlike His first coming, which was marked by humility and suffering, His second appearance will be in glory and power (Matthew 24:30). This future event is anticipated throughout the New Testament (Acts 1:11, 1 Thessalonians 4:16-17) and serves as a source of hope and encouragement for believers. The certainty of His return is a promise that motivates holy living and perseverance (2 Peter 3:11-14).

not to bear sin,
In His second coming, Christ's purpose will not be to deal with sin as He did in His first coming. His initial mission was to provide atonement through His death and resurrection (1 Peter 3:18). The phrase underscores the completed work of salvation regarding sin, as Jesus' sacrifice was once and for all (Hebrews 10:14). This distinction clarifies that His return will not involve another sacrificial act, as His first coming fully addressed the sin problem.

but to bring salvation
This refers to the consummation of salvation, which includes the final deliverance from sin's presence and the full realization of eternal life (Romans 8:23-24). While believers experience spiritual salvation now, the ultimate fulfillment occurs at Christ's return, when they will receive glorified bodies and eternal inheritance (1 Corinthians 15:51-54). This future aspect of salvation is a key component of Christian hope and expectation.

to those who eagerly await Him.
This phrase describes the attitude of believers who live in anticipation of Christ's return. The eagerness reflects a deep longing and readiness, akin to the parable of the wise virgins in Matthew 25:1-13. It implies a life of faithfulness and watchfulness, as believers are called to be prepared for His coming (Titus 2:13). This expectation is not passive but involves active engagement in God's work and living a life that honors Him (Philippians 3:20-21).