Early in the morning
This phrase indicates the urgency and readiness of Gideon and his men. Early morning is often a time of new beginnings and divine encounters in Scripture, as seen in Genesis 22:3 when Abraham rises early to obey God's command. It suggests a fresh start and a readiness to follow God's leading.

Jerubbaal (that is, Gideon)
Jerubbaal means "Let Baal contend against him," a name given to Gideon after he destroyed the altar of Baal (Judges 6:32). This highlights Gideon's role as a reformer and a man of faith who stood against idolatry. His dual name reflects his identity as both a warrior for God and a challenger of false gods.

and all the men with him
Gideon's men were initially 32,000 strong, but God would later reduce this number to 300 to demonstrate His power (Judges 7:2-7). This group represents those chosen by God to fulfill His purposes, emphasizing reliance on divine strength rather than human numbers.

camped beside the spring of Harod
The spring of Harod is located in the Jezreel Valley, a strategic location for military campaigns. The name "Harod" means "trembling," possibly foreshadowing the fear that would later grip the Midianites. This setting underscores the theme of God's provision and preparation for battle.

And the camp of Midian was north of them
The Midianites were descendants of Abraham through Keturah (Genesis 25:1-2) and were often adversaries of Israel. Their camp's location to the north signifies a looming threat, setting the stage for God's deliverance through Gideon. This geographical detail highlights the imminent confrontation.

in the valley near the hill of Moreh
The valley near the hill of Moreh is part of the Jezreel Valley, a fertile and significant battleground in biblical history. The hill of Moreh is associated with divine revelation, as seen in Genesis 12:6-7 when God appeared to Abram. This location suggests a place where God would reveal His power and fulfill His promises through Gideon's victory.

Then the LORD said to Gideon
This phrase highlights the direct communication between God and Gideon, emphasizing the personal relationship and divine guidance provided to the leaders of Israel. Gideon, a judge chosen by God, is often seen as a type of Christ, as he delivers Israel from oppression. This communication underscores the importance of divine instruction in leadership and decision-making.

You have too many men for Me to deliver Midian into their hands
God's statement here is a strategic move to ensure that the victory over the Midianites is attributed to divine intervention rather than human strength. This reflects a recurring biblical theme where God uses the weak or the few to accomplish His purposes, as seen in 1 Samuel 14:6 and 1 Corinthians 1:27. The reduction of Gideon's army serves to magnify God's power and sovereignty.

lest Israel glorify themselves over Me
This phrase warns against the sin of pride and self-reliance. Throughout the Old Testament, Israel is reminded to attribute their successes to God, not to their own abilities (Deuteronomy 8:17-18). This serves as a cautionary note against idolatry of self, which is a recurring issue for Israel and humanity at large.

saying, ‘My own hand has saved me.’
The potential for Israel to claim credit for their deliverance highlights the human tendency to forget God's role in their victories. This phrase serves as a reminder of the necessity of humility and recognition of God's providence. It echoes the sentiment found in Proverbs 3:5-6, where trust in the Lord is emphasized over reliance on one's own understanding.

Now, therefore, proclaim in the hearing of the men:
This command is given by God to Gideon, emphasizing the importance of divine instruction in leadership. The act of proclaiming in the hearing of the men signifies transparency and public accountability. It reflects the biblical principle that God often communicates His will through chosen leaders, as seen with Moses and Joshua.

‘Whoever is fearful and trembling may turn back and leave Mount Gilead.’”
This directive aligns with Deuteronomy 20:8, where soldiers who are fearful are allowed to return home, ensuring that only the courageous remain. Fear can be contagious, and God desires a committed and faithful remnant. Mount Gilead, though not the exact location of the battle, symbolizes a place of decision and separation. This moment foreshadows the New Testament teaching of counting the cost of discipleship (Luke 14:25-33).

So twenty-two thousand of them turned back,
The large number of men who leave highlights human nature's tendency towards fear and self-preservation. It underscores the biblical theme that God often works through a faithful few rather than a multitude, as seen in the stories of Noah, Abraham, and the early church. This reduction in numbers sets the stage for God to demonstrate His power and glory through a smaller, more dedicated group.

but ten thousand remained.
The remaining ten thousand represent a remnant, a recurring theme in Scripture where God preserves a faithful group to accomplish His purposes. This remnant is reminiscent of the faithful few in Israel's history, such as the 7,000 who did not bow to Baal in Elijah's time (1 Kings 19:18). It also points to the concept of the "remnant" in eschatological prophecy, where a faithful group is preserved through trials.

Then the LORD said to Gideon,
This phrase highlights the direct communication between God and Gideon, emphasizing the personal relationship and divine guidance provided to the leaders of Israel. It reflects the theocratic nature of Israel during the time of the Judges, where God directly intervened in the affairs of His people. This divine communication is consistent with other instances in the Old Testament where God speaks to His chosen leaders, such as Moses (Exodus 3:4) and Samuel (1 Samuel 3:10).

“There are still too many men.
God's statement underscores the principle that victory comes not by human strength or numbers but by divine power. This is a recurring theme in Scripture, as seen in 1 Samuel 14:6, where Jonathan declares that the LORD can save "by many or by few." It also prefigures the New Testament teaching that God's power is made perfect in weakness (2 Corinthians 12:9).

Take them down to the water,
The water serves as a place of testing and separation. In biblical symbolism, water often represents purification and testing (e.g., the crossing of the Red Sea in Exodus 14 and the Jordan River in Joshua 3). This setting provides a practical means for God to demonstrate His sovereignty in choosing the right men for the task.

and I will sift them for you there.
The sifting process indicates a divine selection, separating those who are fit for battle from those who are not. This echoes the idea of God refining His people, as seen in passages like Malachi 3:3, where God is described as a refiner and purifier. It also foreshadows the New Testament concept of God testing and refining believers (1 Peter 1:7).

If I say to you, ‘This one shall go with you,’ he shall go.
This phrase emphasizes obedience to God's specific instructions. It reflects the necessity of following divine guidance without question, a principle seen throughout Scripture, such as in the call of Abraham (Genesis 12:1-4) and the instructions given to Joshua (Joshua 1:7-9).

But if I say, ‘This one shall not go with you,’ he shall not go.”
The exclusion of certain men highlights God's sovereign choice and the importance of reliance on His wisdom rather than human judgment. This principle is mirrored in the New Testament, where Jesus chooses His disciples (John 15:16) and where believers are reminded that God’s ways are higher than human ways (Isaiah 55:8-9).

So Gideon brought the men down to the water
Gideon, a judge of Israel, is leading his men against the Midianites. The location is near the spring of Harod, which is significant as it is a natural water source in the Jezreel Valley, a strategic area for military campaigns. This setting emphasizes the need for divine guidance in choosing the right men for battle, as the Israelites are vastly outnumbered. The act of bringing the men to the water symbolizes a test of faith and obedience, reminiscent of other biblical tests such as Abraham's test with Isaac.

and the LORD said to him
The direct communication from the LORD to Gideon highlights the divine involvement in Israel's deliverance. This phrase underscores the theme of God’s sovereignty and His role as the ultimate leader of Israel. It reflects the pattern seen throughout the Old Testament where God provides specific instructions to His chosen leaders, such as Moses and Joshua, ensuring that His plans are fulfilled.

“Separate those who lap the water with their tongues like a dog
This instruction serves as a divine test to distinguish between the men. Lapping water like a dog suggests vigilance and readiness, as these men would remain alert to their surroundings while drinking. This method of selection is unique and emphasizes God's unconventional ways of achieving His purposes, often using the weak or the few to demonstrate His power, as seen in 1 Corinthians 1:27.

from those who kneel to drink.”
Kneeling to drink indicates a lack of readiness and awareness, as these men would be more vulnerable to surprise attacks. This separation process is not based on human wisdom but on divine criteria, illustrating that God’s ways are higher than human understanding (Isaiah 55:8-9). The distinction between the two groups foreshadows the reduction of Gideon's army, ensuring that the victory would be attributed to God alone, not human strength or numbers. This principle is echoed in Zechariah 4:6, where it is stated that success comes "not by might nor by power, but by My Spirit," says the LORD Almighty.

And the number of those who lapped the water with their hands to their mouths was three hundred men;
This phrase highlights the selection of Gideon's army. The act of lapping water with their hands to their mouths is significant as it demonstrates vigilance and readiness, qualities necessary for the battle ahead. The number three hundred is symbolic of God's power and provision, as it is a small number compared to the Midianite army, emphasizing that victory comes from the Lord, not human strength. This selection process is reminiscent of God's choosing of the faithful remnant throughout Scripture, such as the 7,000 in Israel who did not bow to Baal (1 Kings 19:18).

all the others knelt to drink.
The contrast between the two groups is stark. Those who knelt to drink were less alert, focusing on their immediate needs rather than the potential threat. This distinction serves as a metaphor for spiritual readiness and the importance of being watchful, as echoed in the New Testament exhortations to be vigilant (1 Peter 5:8). The act of kneeling, while not inherently negative, in this context suggests a lack of preparedness, which is crucial in the spiritual battles faced by believers. This separation of the vigilant from the complacent is a recurring theme in Scripture, illustrating the need for discernment and readiness in following God's call.

Then the LORD said to Gideon
This phrase highlights the direct communication between God and Gideon, emphasizing the divine guidance in Israel's deliverance. In the context of the Old Testament, God often spoke directly to leaders and prophets to guide His people. This communication underscores Gideon's role as a chosen leader, despite his initial hesitance and feelings of inadequacy (Judges 6:15).

With the three hundred men who lapped the water
The selection of the 300 men who lapped water like a dog is significant. This method of selection was not based on military prowess but on God's criteria, which often defies human logic. The act of lapping water may symbolize vigilance and readiness, as these men did not kneel fully, keeping their eyes on their surroundings. This echoes God's preference for using the weak and humble to achieve His purposes, as seen in 1 Corinthians 1:27.

I will save you and deliver the Midianites into your hand
This promise of deliverance is a recurring theme in the Bible, where God assures His people of victory not by their strength but by His power. The deliverance from the Midianites is a fulfillment of God's covenant promises to Israel, demonstrating His faithfulness. This act of salvation prefigures the ultimate deliverance through Jesus Christ, who saves humanity from sin and death.

But all the others are to go home
The reduction of Gideon's army from 32,000 to 300 men serves to ensure that the victory could only be attributed to God, not human strength or numbers. This principle is echoed in Zechariah 4:6, "Not by might nor by power, but by My Spirit," highlighting the importance of reliance on God rather than human resources. The dismissal of the majority also reflects God's sovereignty in choosing whom He will use for His purposes.

So Gideon sent the rest of the Israelites to their tents
Gideon's decision to send the majority of his troops home is a demonstration of faith and obedience to God's command. Earlier in Judges 7, God instructed Gideon to reduce his army to prevent Israel from boasting that their own strength saved them. This act reflects a recurring biblical theme where God uses a faithful remnant to achieve His purposes, as seen in stories like Noah's family during the flood and the remnant of Israel in exile.

but kept the three hundred men
The selection of the 300 men is significant, as it highlights God's power in using a small, seemingly inadequate force to achieve victory. This echoes the biblical principle that God often chooses the weak and foolish things of the world to shame the strong and wise (1 Corinthians 1:27). The number 300 is not symbolic in itself but serves to emphasize the miraculous nature of the impending victory.

who took charge of the provisions and rams’ horns of the others
The provisions and rams' horns (shofars) are practical and symbolic. The provisions indicate readiness for battle, while the rams' horns are instruments of war and worship, used to signal and rally troops. The shofar is also associated with significant biblical events, such as the fall of Jericho (Joshua 6) and the proclamation of the Year of Jubilee (Leviticus 25:9), symbolizing God's intervention and deliverance.

And the camp of Midian lay below him in the valley
The geographical setting underscores the strategic advantage given by God. The Midianites' position in the valley makes them vulnerable to surprise attacks from the higher ground. This setting is reminiscent of other biblical battles where God grants victory against overwhelming odds, such as David's triumph over Goliath (1 Samuel 17). The valley also symbolizes a place of testing and decision, as seen in the Valley of Jehoshaphat (Joel 3:2), where God judges the nations.

That night
This phrase indicates the specific timing of God's communication with Gideon. It was a time of vulnerability and uncertainty, as night often symbolizes in Scripture. The timing underscores God's sovereignty and His ability to work in unexpected ways. Nighttime encounters with God are seen elsewhere, such as with Jacob in Genesis 32:22-32.

the LORD said to Gideon
The direct communication from the LORD highlights the personal relationship between God and Gideon. This divine interaction is consistent with God's pattern of calling and guiding leaders in Israel, as seen with Moses in Exodus 3 and Joshua in Joshua 1. It emphasizes God's initiative in delivering His people.

Get up and go down against the camp
This command is a call to action, requiring faith and obedience from Gideon. The phrase "go down" suggests a descent, possibly indicating the geographical setting where the Midianite camp was located in a valley. This mirrors other biblical narratives where God calls His servants to confront challenges directly, such as David against Goliath in 1 Samuel 17.

for I have delivered it into your hand
This assurance of victory is a common theme in the Old Testament, where God promises deliverance before the battle is fought. It reflects God's omnipotence and faithfulness to His covenant people. The phrase "into your hand" signifies complete control and victory, similar to God's promises to Joshua in Joshua 6:2. This prefigures the ultimate victory found in Jesus Christ, who delivers believers from sin and death.

But if you are afraid to do so
This phrase acknowledges human fear and weakness, even in a leader chosen by God. Gideon, despite being called a "mighty warrior" by the angel of the Lord (Judges 6:12), still experiences fear. This reflects the biblical theme that God often chooses the weak and fearful to accomplish His purposes, as seen in 1 Corinthians 1:27. It also highlights God's understanding and compassion, providing reassurance and additional support when needed.

then go down to the camp
The instruction to go down to the camp is significant in the context of ancient warfare. The Midianite camp was likely located in the Valley of Jezreel, a strategic location for military campaigns. This action would require courage, as it involved entering enemy territory. The act of going down to the camp symbolizes a step of faith and obedience, trusting in God's plan despite personal fears.

with your servant Purah
Purah's presence is a reminder of the importance of companionship and support in fulfilling God's mission. In biblical narratives, servants often play crucial roles, providing assistance and encouragement. This mirrors the New Testament principle of the body of Christ working together, as seen in 1 Corinthians 12:12-27. Additionally, Purah's role can be seen as a type of the Holy Spirit, who accompanies and supports believers in their spiritual journey.

and listen to what they are saying.
This phrase highlights the importance of divine guidance and assurance. Gideon is instructed to listen to the Midianites, which suggests that God often uses unexpected sources to confirm His plans. In the biblical context, listening is a recurring theme, emphasizing obedience and discernment. This moment foreshadows the fulfillment of God's promise to deliver Israel, as Gideon will hear something that strengthens his resolve. It also reflects the broader biblical principle that faith comes by hearing (Romans 10:17).

Then your hands will be strengthened to attack the camp.”
The strengthening of hands is a metaphor for courage and readiness. In ancient warfare, physical and moral strength were crucial for victory. This assurance from God is a direct encouragement to Gideon, who previously expressed fear and doubt. The phrase connects to other biblical instances where God strengthens His people, such as Joshua before entering the Promised Land (Joshua 1:9). It underscores the theme of divine empowerment, where God equips those He calls to fulfill His purposes.

So he went with Purah his servant
Gideon's decision to take Purah reflects the cultural practice of having a trusted servant accompany a leader. This companionship provides both practical support and a witness to God's unfolding plan. The presence of Purah also highlights the theme of community and shared mission in God's work. In a broader biblical context, it mirrors the concept of discipleship and mentorship, as seen in relationships like Moses and Joshua or Paul and Timothy.

to the outposts where armed men were guarding the camp.
The mention of outposts and armed men provides a glimpse into the military strategies of the time. Outposts were critical for surveillance and defense, indicating the Midianites' preparedness and the challenge Gideon faced. This setting emphasizes the miraculous nature of Israel's eventual victory, as it was achieved not by might but by divine intervention. The scenario also parallels other biblical narratives where God's people face overwhelming odds, such as David against Goliath (1 Samuel 17) or the Israelites at Jericho (Joshua 6), reinforcing the theme of God's sovereignty in battle.

Now the Midianites, Amalekites, and all the other people of the east
The Midianites and Amalekites were nomadic tribes often in conflict with Israel. The Midianites were descendants of Abraham through Keturah (Genesis 25:1-2), while the Amalekites were descendants of Esau (Genesis 36:12). The "people of the east" likely refers to other nomadic groups from the Arabian desert. These groups were known for their raids and were a constant threat to Israel during the time of the Judges. This coalition of enemies highlights the severity of the threat against Israel, necessitating divine intervention.

had settled in the valley
The valley mentioned is the Valley of Jezreel, a strategic and fertile area in northern Israel. This location was significant for its agricultural productivity, making it a prime target for raiding parties. The valley's geography made it an ideal battleground, as it was accessible and provided ample space for large armies to gather.

like a swarm of locusts
The imagery of a "swarm of locusts" conveys the overwhelming number and destructive potential of the enemy forces. Locusts are known for their ability to devastate crops, symbolizing the threat of total destruction. This metaphor emphasizes the dire situation faced by Israel, as the enemy's numbers seemed insurmountable.

and their camels were as countless as the sand on the seashore
Camels were a valuable asset in ancient warfare, providing mobility and endurance across desert terrains. The mention of camels being "countless as the sand on the seashore" underscores the vastness of the enemy forces. This hyperbolic expression is reminiscent of God's promise to Abraham regarding his descendants (Genesis 22:17), contrasting the overwhelming enemy with the promise of God's faithfulness to Israel. The use of camels also indicates the wealth and preparedness of the invading forces, further highlighting the challenge Gideon faced.

And as Gideon arrived, a man was telling his friend about a dream.
Gideon's arrival at the Midianite camp is divinely timed, highlighting God's sovereignty in orchestrating events. Dreams in the ancient Near East were often considered messages from the divine, and this dream serves as a prophetic revelation. The setting underscores the fear and uncertainty among the Midianites, contrasting with the assurance given to Gideon by God. This moment is pivotal, as it confirms God's promise of victory to Gideon, aligning with the biblical theme of God using the weak to confound the strong.

“Behold, I had a dream,” he said,
The phrase "Behold, I had a dream" emphasizes the significance of the dream as a divine message. In biblical narratives, dreams often serve as a means of divine communication, as seen with Joseph in Genesis and Daniel in Babylon. This dream is a tool used by God to instill fear in the Midianites and to encourage Gideon. The dream's recounting to a friend suggests a communal sharing of divine insights, which was common in ancient cultures.

“and I saw a loaf of barley bread come tumbling into the Midianite camp.
Barley bread, a staple of the poor, symbolizes Gideon and his humble origins. Barley was less valued than wheat, reflecting Gideon's status as the least in his family and his tribe's insignificance. The tumbling loaf represents the unexpected and seemingly insignificant force that God uses to achieve His purposes. This imagery aligns with the biblical theme of God choosing the lowly and despised to accomplish His will, as seen in 1 Corinthians 1:27-29.

It struck the tent so hard that the tent overturned and collapsed.”
The tent represents the Midianite power and presence in the land. The collapse of the tent signifies the total defeat and removal of the Midianite oppression over Israel. This imagery of destruction is reminiscent of other biblical accounts where God delivers His people from their enemies, such as the fall of Jericho in Joshua 6. The dream's fulfillment demonstrates God's faithfulness to His promises and His ability to deliver His people through unexpected means. This event foreshadows the ultimate victory of Christ over sin and death, where the seemingly weak and humble triumph over the strong.

His friend replied:
In the context of Judges 7, this phrase refers to the companion of a Midianite soldier who interprets a dream. Dreams were often seen as divine messages in ancient cultures, and interpretations were taken seriously. This reflects the belief in divine intervention and guidance, a common theme throughout the Bible.

This is nothing less than the sword of Gideon son of Joash, the Israelite:
Gideon, also known as Jerubbaal, was a judge of Israel chosen by God to deliver the Israelites from the oppression of the Midianites. The mention of "the sword of Gideon" symbolizes God's empowerment of Gideon to lead Israel to victory. The reference to his father, Joash, emphasizes Gideon's humble origins, highlighting God's use of unlikely individuals to fulfill His purposes. This foreshadows the New Testament theme of God using the weak to shame the strong (1 Corinthians 1:27).

God has delivered Midian and the whole camp into his hand:
This statement acknowledges God's sovereignty and His role in the deliverance of Israel. The phrase "delivered into his hand" is a common biblical expression indicating complete victory granted by God. This reflects the recurring biblical theme of God fighting for His people (Exodus 14:14) and is a fulfillment of the promise God made to Gideon earlier in Judges 6:16. It also prefigures the ultimate victory of Christ over sin and death, as God delivers His people through Jesus.

When Gideon heard the dream and its interpretation
Gideon overhears a Midianite soldier recounting a dream and its interpretation, which signifies the impending defeat of the Midianites. Dreams in the ancient Near East were often considered divine messages, and their interpretations were taken seriously. This moment is pivotal as it reassures Gideon of God's promise. Similar to Joseph and Daniel, who also interpreted dreams, this event underscores God's sovereignty and His ability to communicate His will through dreams.

he bowed in worship
Gideon's immediate response is worship, reflecting his recognition of God's power and faithfulness. Worship in the Old Testament often involved physical gestures such as bowing, which demonstrated reverence and submission to God. This act signifies Gideon's acknowledgment of God's presence and assurance, aligning with the biblical theme that true faith leads to worship.

He returned to the camp of Israel
Gideon's return to the Israelite camp signifies a transition from doubt to action. The camp of Israel, located near the Hill of Moreh in the Jezreel Valley, was strategically positioned for the upcoming battle. This geographical setting is significant as it was a fertile area often contested by various groups, including the Midianites, who were nomadic invaders.

and said, “Get up, for the LORD has delivered the camp of Midian into your hand.”
Gideon's command to "Get up" is a call to action, reflecting his newfound confidence in God's promise. The phrase "the LORD has delivered" indicates the certainty of victory, emphasizing God's role as the deliverer. This assurance is reminiscent of other biblical instances where God promises victory, such as in the battles led by Joshua. The deliverance of Midian into Israel's hand is a fulfillment of God's covenant promises, showcasing His faithfulness and power to save His people.

And he divided the three hundred men into three companies
Gideon, under divine instruction, strategically divides his small force of 300 men into three groups. This division is significant as it reflects a military tactic aimed at creating confusion and surprise among the Midianite army. The number three often symbolizes completeness or divine perfection in the Bible, seen in the Trinity and other scriptural instances. This division also highlights the theme of God using small numbers to achieve great victories, emphasizing reliance on divine power rather than human strength.

and gave each man a ram’s horn in one hand
The ram's horn, or shofar, is a significant instrument in Israelite culture, used for religious ceremonies, signaling, and warfare. Its use here is symbolic of divine intervention and the proclamation of God's presence. The shofar is also associated with the giving of the Law at Sinai and the fall of Jericho, linking Gideon's battle to God's past deliverances. The sound of the shofar would have been both a psychological weapon and a spiritual declaration, instilling fear in the enemy and confidence in the Israelites.

and a large jar in the other, containing a torch
The large jar, likely made of clay, served to conceal the torch's light until the right moment. This imagery can be seen as a metaphor for the hidden power of God, revealed at the appointed time. The breaking of the jars to reveal the torches parallels the breaking of barriers to reveal divine truth and light, reminiscent of the light of Christ breaking into the darkness of the world. The use of torches also connects to the theme of light overcoming darkness, a recurring biblical motif. This tactic would have created the illusion of a larger force, contributing to the panic and confusion among the Midianites.

Watch me and do as I do
Gideon, chosen by God to lead Israel against the Midianites, emphasizes the importance of imitation and obedience. This reflects the biblical principle of leadership by example, as seen in 1 Corinthians 11:1 where Paul urges believers to imitate him as he imitates Christ. Gideon's directive underscores the necessity of unity and trust in leadership, crucial for the success of their mission.

Gideon said
Gideon, whose name means "hewer" or "one who cuts down," is a judge of Israel during a time of oppression by the Midianites. His leadership is marked by divine selection and empowerment, as seen in Judges 6:12-16. His role as a judge is both military and spiritual, serving as a deliverer and a restorer of faith in God.

When I come to the outskirts of the camp
The strategic approach to the Midianite camp highlights the element of surprise and the psychological warfare employed by Gideon. The outskirts of the camp represent the boundary between safety and vulnerability. This tactic is reminiscent of other biblical battles where God uses unconventional means to secure victory, such as the fall of Jericho in Joshua 6.

do exactly as I do
This command reinforces the need for precise obedience and coordination among Gideon's men. It reflects the biblical theme of following God's appointed leader, as seen in Hebrews 13:17, which speaks to the importance of submitting to those who lead in accordance with God's will. The phrase also foreshadows the New Testament call to follow Christ's example, as in 1 Peter 2:21.

When I and all who are with me blow our horns
This phrase highlights Gideon's leadership and the unity of his men. The use of horns, or trumpets, in battle was a common practice in ancient Israel, often signifying a call to arms or a divine intervention (Joshua 6:4-5). The blowing of horns by Gideon and his men symbolizes a coordinated effort and reliance on God's guidance. The trumpet, or shofar, was made from a ram's horn and was used in religious and military contexts, emphasizing the sacred nature of their mission.

then you are also to blow your horns from all around the camp
Gideon's strategy involved surrounding the Midianite camp, creating confusion and fear among the enemy. This tactic of encirclement is reminiscent of the battle of Jericho, where the Israelites used a similar strategy to achieve victory (Joshua 6:16). The simultaneous blowing of horns from all sides would have amplified the sound, making the Israelite force seem larger and more formidable than it was. This reflects God's power working through seemingly inadequate means, a recurring theme in Scripture.

and shout, ‘For the LORD and for Gideon!’”
The shout serves as both a battle cry and a declaration of allegiance. By invoking the name of the LORD, the Israelites acknowledge that their victory depends on divine intervention. The inclusion of Gideon's name signifies his role as God's chosen leader and judge, emphasizing the human-divine partnership in achieving deliverance. This dual cry can be seen as a type of Christ, where Jesus is both the divine Savior and the human leader who brings victory over sin and death. The phrase also underscores the importance of faith and obedience in the face of overwhelming odds, a lesson applicable to believers throughout history.

Gideon and the hundred men with him
Gideon, a judge of Israel, was chosen by God to deliver the Israelites from the oppression of the Midianites. The number "hundred" signifies a small, divinely chosen group, emphasizing God's power rather than human strength. This reflects the biblical theme of God using the weak to confound the strong (1 Corinthians 1:27).

reached the outskirts of the camp
The Midianite camp was located in the Valley of Jezreel, a strategic location in ancient Israel. The Israelites' approach to the camp's outskirts signifies a tactical move, allowing them to surprise the enemy. This mirrors other biblical accounts where God leads His people to victory through unexpected means (Joshua 6:15-20).

at the beginning of the middle watch
The middle watch was a period during the night, typically from 10 PM to 2 AM, when soldiers would be most vulnerable due to fatigue. This timing highlights God's strategic planning, ensuring the element of surprise. It also connects to other biblical narratives where God acts during the night (Exodus 12:29-30).

just after the changing of the guard
The changing of the guard was a routine military procedure, and attacking at this time would cause confusion and disarray among the Midianites. This reflects God's wisdom in using human practices to achieve His purposes, as seen in other biblical battles (1 Samuel 14:16-20).

They blew their horns
The blowing of horns, or shofars, was a common practice in Israelite warfare, symbolizing God's presence and the call to battle. This act is reminiscent of the fall of Jericho, where the sound of trumpets preceded victory (Joshua 6:4-5). It also signifies divine intervention and the proclamation of God's power.

and broke the jars that were in their hands
The breaking of jars served as a psychological tactic, creating noise and confusion. The jars likely concealed torches, and their breaking revealed the light, symbolizing the revelation of God's power and truth. This act can be seen as a type of Christ, who is the light of the world (John 8:12), breaking through darkness.

The three companies blew their horns
The use of trumpets or horns in ancient Israel often signified a call to battle or a divine announcement (Joshua 6:4-5). In Judges 7, Gideon's army is divided into three companies, a strategic move that reflects military tactics of the time, allowing for surprise and confusion among the enemy. The number three can also symbolize completeness or divine perfection in biblical numerology.

and shattered their jars
The jars, likely made of clay, were used to conceal the torches until the right moment. The breaking of the jars symbolizes the revelation of God's power and the suddenness of His deliverance. This act of breaking jars can be seen as a metaphor for the breaking of earthly vessels to reveal divine light, reminiscent of 2 Corinthians 4:7, where believers are described as jars of clay containing the treasure of the gospel.

Holding the torches in their left hands
The torches represent the light of God, guiding and illuminating the path of His people. In the context of battle, the light would have been a psychological weapon, creating fear and confusion among the Midianites. The left hand, often considered the weaker hand, holding the torch, signifies that the true strength and victory come from God, not human might.

and the horns in their right hands
The right hand is traditionally associated with power and authority in biblical literature (Psalm 110:1). By holding the horns in their right hands, the Israelites demonstrate that their authority and power in this battle come from God. The simultaneous use of light and sound would have amplified the perceived size and strength of Gideon's army.

they shouted, “A sword for the LORD and for Gideon!”
This battle cry acknowledges both divine intervention and human leadership. The phrase emphasizes that the victory belongs to the LORD, yet it also recognizes Gideon's role as God's chosen instrument. This dual acknowledgment is a recurring theme in Scripture, where God works through human agents to accomplish His purposes (1 Samuel 17:47). The sword, though not physically present, symbolizes the power and judgment of God, reminiscent of the "sword of the Spirit" in Ephesians 6:17.

Each Israelite took his position around the camp
This phrase highlights the obedience and strategic positioning of Gideon's men. The Israelites, numbering only 300, were instructed by God to surround the Midianite camp. This act of taking position signifies faith and trust in God's plan, as they were vastly outnumbered. The positioning around the camp is reminiscent of the Israelites' encirclement of Jericho (Joshua 6), where obedience to God's unconventional strategy led to victory. It also reflects the importance of unity and discipline among God's people, as each man had a specific role to play in the divine plan.

and the entire Midianite army fled
The flight of the Midianite army is a testament to God's power and the fulfillment of His promise to deliver Israel. Historically, the Midianites were a nomadic people who had oppressed Israel, and their sudden retreat underscores the fear and confusion God instilled in them. This event parallels other instances in Scripture where God causes confusion among enemy forces, such as in 2 Chronicles 20:22-23, where the Ammonites and Moabites turned against each other. It demonstrates that victory comes not by might, but by the Spirit of the Lord (Zechariah 4:6).

crying out as they ran
The Midianites' cries as they fled indicate panic and terror, a common reaction when God intervenes on behalf of His people. This panic was likely exacerbated by the sound of trumpets and the breaking of jars by Gideon's men, creating the illusion of a larger force. The cries can be seen as a fulfillment of the fear prophesied in Judges 7:14, where a Midianite soldier interprets a dream as a sign of their defeat by Gideon. This scene foreshadows the ultimate victory of Christ over His enemies, where those who oppose God will be put to flight (Revelation 19:11-21).

And when the three hundred rams’ horns sounded
The use of rams' horns, or shofars, in ancient Israel was significant for both religious and military purposes. The sounding of the shofar was often a call to battle or a signal of divine intervention. In this context, the three hundred men under Gideon's command used the horns to create confusion and fear among the Midianite army. The number three hundred is symbolic of God's power working through a small, faithful remnant, as seen in other biblical narratives where God uses the few to achieve His purposes (e.g., David's mighty men).

the LORD set all the men in the camp against one another with their swords
This phrase highlights the divine intervention in the battle. The confusion and chaos that ensued among the Midianites were not due to the military prowess of Gideon's men but rather the direct action of the LORD. This mirrors other instances in Scripture where God causes confusion among enemy forces, such as in 1 Samuel 14:20 with the Philistines. It underscores the theme that victory comes from the LORD, not human strength or numbers.

The army fled to Beth-shittah toward Zererah
Beth-shittah and Zererah are locations that are not precisely identified today, but they are believed to be in the region of the Jezreel Valley. The flight of the Midianite army in this direction indicates a retreat towards the east, away from the advancing Israelites. This movement reflects the panic and disorder that God instilled in the enemy camp, fulfilling His promise to deliver Israel from oppression.

as far as the border of Abel-meholah near Tabbath
Abel-meholah is known as the birthplace of the prophet Elisha (1 Kings 19:16). It is located in the Jordan Valley, suggesting that the Midianites fled a considerable distance in their panic. The mention of Tabbath, though not well-documented archaeologically, serves to emphasize the extent of the Midianite retreat. This geographical detail highlights the completeness of the victory God provided, as the enemy was driven far from Israelite territory. The narrative serves as a reminder of God's faithfulness to His covenant people and His ability to deliver them against overwhelming odds.

Then the men of Israel were called out
This phrase indicates a mobilization of the Israelite tribes. In the context of Judges 7, Gideon had just achieved a miraculous victory over the Midianites with only 300 men. The calling out of the men of Israel signifies a rallying of additional forces to capitalize on the victory. This reflects a common practice in ancient warfare where initial victories were often followed by a broader call to arms to ensure complete defeat of the enemy.

from Naphtali, Asher, and all Manasseh
These tribes were located in the northern part of Israel, close to the area where the battle against the Midianites took place. Naphtali and Asher were situated near the Sea of Galilee, while Manasseh was a larger tribe with territory on both sides of the Jordan River. The inclusion of these tribes highlights their geographical proximity to the conflict and their vested interest in the outcome. Historically, these tribes often faced threats from northern invaders, making their participation crucial.

and they pursued the Midianites
The pursuit of the Midianites indicates a strategic follow-up to the initial victory. In ancient warfare, pursuing a retreating enemy was essential to prevent them from regrouping and counterattacking. This pursuit also fulfills God's promise of delivering the Midianites into Israel's hands, as seen earlier in Judges 7. The Midianites were a nomadic people who had oppressed Israel, and their defeat was a significant turning point. This pursuit can be seen as a type of Christ's ultimate victory over sin and evil, where the initial victory on the cross is followed by the ongoing pursuit of righteousness and the eventual complete eradication of evil.

Gideon sent messengers throughout the hill country of Ephraim
Gideon, a judge of Israel, strategically sends messengers to the tribe of Ephraim, a significant tribe in Israel known for its strength and numbers. The hill country of Ephraim is a central region in the land of Israel, characterized by its rugged terrain and strategic location. This action highlights Gideon's leadership and ability to mobilize the tribes of Israel for a common cause. The tribe of Ephraim, being descendants of Joseph, held a prominent position among the tribes, and their involvement was crucial for the success of the campaign against the Midianites.

to say, “Come down against the Midianites and seize the waters of the Jordan ahead of them as far as Beth-barah.”
Gideon's message to the Ephraimites is a call to action to intercept the Midianites at a critical juncture. The waters of the Jordan River were vital for travel and sustenance, making them a strategic point to control. By seizing these waters, the Israelites could cut off the Midianites' escape route and supply line. Beth-barah, though not extensively mentioned elsewhere in the Bible, is believed to be a ford of the Jordan River, emphasizing the tactical importance of controlling crossing points. This strategy reflects Gideon's military acumen and the divine guidance he received, as seen earlier in the chapter when God reduced Gideon's army to ensure that victory would be attributed to divine intervention rather than human strength.

So all the men of Ephraim were called out, and they captured the waters of the Jordan as far as Beth-barah.
The response of the Ephraimites demonstrates their willingness to join the battle and their recognition of the importance of unity among the tribes of Israel. Their successful capture of the waters of the Jordan as far as Beth-barah signifies a turning point in the conflict with the Midianites. This victory not only prevented the Midianites from regrouping but also showcased the power of collective action under God's guidance. The cooperation between Gideon and the Ephraimites can be seen as a foreshadowing of the unity that would later be required among the tribes of Israel under the monarchy. This event also prefigures the ultimate deliverance and victory found in Jesus Christ, who unites believers and leads them to triumph over spiritual adversaries.

They also captured Oreb and Zeeb, the two princes of Midian;
The capture of Oreb and Zeeb signifies a turning point in the battle against the Midianites. These two princes represent the leadership and strength of the Midianite forces. The Midianites were a nomadic people often in conflict with Israel, and their oppression of Israel is a recurring theme in the Book of Judges. The capture of their leaders symbolizes a significant victory for Israel, as it disrupts the command structure of the enemy. This event fulfills God's promise to deliver the Midianites into the hands of Gideon, showcasing divine intervention in Israel's military endeavors.

and they killed Oreb at the rock of Oreb and Zeeb at the winepress of Zeeb.
The specific locations of their deaths, the rock and the winepress, may have been named after these events, indicating the significance of the victory. The rock and the winepress are symbolic of judgment and deliverance. The rock often represents strength and refuge in biblical literature, while the winepress can symbolize judgment, as seen in Isaiah 63:3. The execution of these princes at these sites underscores the completeness of Israel's triumph and God's judgment against the oppressors.

So they pursued the Midianites
The pursuit of the Midianites demonstrates the thoroughness of Israel's victory. It reflects the relentless nature of God's deliverance, ensuring that the threat is entirely neutralized. This pursuit is reminiscent of other biblical accounts where enemies are chased down to ensure complete victory, such as in the battles led by Joshua. It also highlights the obedience and courage of Gideon's men, who follow through on God's command to defeat the Midianites.

and brought the heads of Oreb and Zeeb to Gideon on the other side of the Jordan.
Bringing the heads of the defeated princes to Gideon serves as a tangible proof of victory and a morale booster for the Israelites. It is a common practice in ancient warfare to display the heads of defeated leaders as a sign of triumph and to demoralize the remaining enemy forces. This act also reinforces Gideon's role as the divinely appointed leader and judge of Israel, fulfilling his mission to deliver Israel from Midianite oppression. The crossing of the Jordan signifies a return to the land of promise, echoing the Israelites' earlier crossing into Canaan under Joshua's leadership.