When the Canaanite king of Arad
The Canaanites were a group of ancient people who lived in the land of Canaan, which roughly corresponds to modern-day Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, and parts of Jordan and Syria. The king of Arad represents one of the many local rulers in the region. Arad was a city located in the southern part of Canaan, and its king would have been concerned about the large number of Israelites approaching his territory. This encounter highlights the ongoing conflict between the Israelites and the inhabitants of Canaan, which is a recurring theme throughout the Old Testament.

who lived in the Negev
The Negev is a desert region in the southern part of modern-day Israel. It is characterized by its arid climate and sparse population. The mention of the Negev situates the narrative geographically, indicating that the Israelites were traveling through a challenging and inhospitable environment. This region was strategically important, serving as a buffer zone between the settled areas of Canaan and the wilderness to the south.

heard that Israel was coming along the road to Atharim
The road to Atharim is not precisely identified in modern geography, but it suggests a specific route taken by the Israelites. The mention of the road indicates that the Israelites were following a known path, which would have been significant for trade or military movements. The king of Arad's awareness of Israel's approach suggests that news of the Israelites' journey and their previous victories had spread, causing concern among the local Canaanite rulers.

he attacked Israel and captured some prisoners
This attack by the king of Arad is an example of the hostilities faced by the Israelites as they journeyed toward the Promised Land. The capture of prisoners indicates a successful initial assault by the Canaanites, which would have been a demoralizing event for the Israelites. This incident sets the stage for the subsequent divine intervention and victory that the Israelites would experience, demonstrating God's faithfulness and power in delivering His people. The capture and subsequent events can be seen as a test of faith and reliance on God, themes that are prevalent throughout the Israelites' wilderness journey.

So Israel made a vow to the LORD:
In the ancient Near Eastern context, vows were solemn promises made to God, often in times of distress or need. This reflects Israel's dependence on divine intervention for victory. Vows were binding and required fulfillment, as seen in other biblical instances like Jephthah's vow in Judges 11:30-31. The act of making a vow indicates Israel's recognition of God's sovereignty and their commitment to follow through on their promise.

If You will deliver this people into our hands:
This phrase highlights Israel's reliance on God's power for military success. The "people" referred to are the Canaanites, who were occupying the land promised to Israel. The request for deliverance underscores the belief that victory in battle was not merely a result of human effort but required divine assistance. This reflects a recurring theme in the Old Testament where God is seen as the ultimate warrior and deliverer, as in Exodus 15:3.

we will devote their cities to destruction:
The term "devote to destruction" translates the Hebrew word "herem," which means to consecrate something to God by completely destroying it. This was a common practice in ancient warfare, especially in the context of holy war, where the spoils of war were not to be taken for personal gain but were to be entirely given over to God. This act was meant to purify the land from idolatry and pagan influences, aligning with God's command in Deuteronomy 7:2. It also foreshadows the ultimate judgment and purification that Christ will bring, as seen in Revelation 19:11-16.

And the LORD heard Israel’s plea
This phrase highlights the responsiveness of God to the prayers of His people. In the context of Numbers 21, the Israelites were facing opposition from the Canaanites. The plea indicates a moment of desperation and reliance on divine intervention. This reflects a recurring theme in the Old Testament where God responds to the cries of His people, as seen in Exodus 2:23-25 when God heard the groaning of the Israelites in Egypt.

and delivered up the Canaanites.
The deliverance of the Canaanites into Israel's hands signifies God's sovereignty and His role as a divine warrior on behalf of Israel. This act of deliverance is consistent with God's promise to give the land of Canaan to the descendants of Abraham (Genesis 15:18-21). It also foreshadows the eventual conquest of Canaan under Joshua, where God continues to deliver enemies into Israel's hands (Joshua 6:2).

Israel devoted them and their cities to destruction;
The term "devoted to destruction" (Hebrew: herem) indicates a complete consecration to God, often through destruction. This was a common practice in ancient warfare, especially in the context of holy war, where the spoils and people were dedicated to God, leaving nothing for personal gain. This act was meant to purify the land from idolatry and sin, aligning with Deuteronomy 7:2-5, where God commands the Israelites to destroy the nations in Canaan to prevent idolatry.

so they named the place Hormah.
Hormah means "destruction" or "devotion to destruction," and the naming of the place serves as a memorial of God's victory and judgment. This location is significant in Israel's history, as it was previously mentioned in Numbers 14:45, where the Israelites were defeated by the Amalekites and Canaanites. The renaming signifies a reversal of fortune and a testament to God's faithfulness in fulfilling His promises.

Then they set out from Mount Hor
Mount Hor is significant as the place where Aaron, the brother of Moses, died and was buried (Numbers 20:22-29). This marks a transition in leadership and a reminder of the mortality of even the greatest leaders. The Israelites are continuing their journey through the wilderness, emphasizing the theme of pilgrimage and reliance on God for guidance.

along the route to the Red Sea
The route to the Red Sea indicates a southern detour, as the Israelites were avoiding the land of Edom. This detour is a result of Edom's refusal to allow passage through their territory (Numbers 20:14-21). The Red Sea, or Yam Suph, is a significant body of water in Israel's history, notably where God parted the waters for their escape from Egypt (Exodus 14). This reference serves as a reminder of God's past deliverance and faithfulness.

in order to bypass the land of Edom
Edom, descended from Esau, Jacob's brother, had a longstanding, complex relationship with Israel. The refusal of passage by Edom highlights the ongoing tension and enmity between the two nations. This situation underscores the theme of conflict and the challenges faced by God's people in their journey to the Promised Land.

But the people grew impatient on the journey
The impatience of the Israelites is a recurring theme throughout their wilderness wanderings. It reflects a lack of trust in God's provision and timing. This impatience often leads to complaints and rebellion, as seen in previous instances (Exodus 16, Numbers 11). It serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of losing faith and the importance of perseverance and trust in God's plan.

and spoke against God and against Moses:
This phrase highlights the Israelites' recurring pattern of rebellion and complaint during their wilderness journey. Speaking against God and Moses signifies a lack of faith and trust in divine leadership. This behavior is reminiscent of earlier instances in Exodus 16:2-3 and Numbers 14:2, where the Israelites grumbled against their leaders. It reflects a deeper spiritual issue of ingratitude and forgetfulness of God's past deliverance and provision.

“Why have you led us up out of Egypt to die in the wilderness?:
The Israelites' question reveals their distorted perception of their situation. Despite witnessing numerous miracles, they express a preference for the bondage of Egypt over the challenges of freedom. This complaint echoes their earlier lament in Exodus 14:11-12. It underscores a lack of understanding of God's purpose in their journey, which was to lead them to the Promised Land. The wilderness represents a place of testing and transformation, as seen in Deuteronomy 8:2-3.

There is no bread or water,
This complaint about the lack of basic necessities reflects a physical and spiritual crisis. While God had provided manna and water miraculously (Exodus 16:4, 17:6), the Israelites' dissatisfaction points to a deeper spiritual hunger and thirst. It serves as a reminder of humanity's dependence on God for sustenance, both physical and spiritual, as Jesus later teaches in Matthew 4:4.

and we detest this wretched food!”
The "wretched food" refers to the manna, which God provided daily. Their disdain for this miraculous provision highlights their ingratitude and spiritual blindness. Manna is a type of Christ, the Bread of Life (John 6:31-35), symbolizing God's provision and sustenance. The Israelites' rejection of manna foreshadows humanity's rejection of Christ, despite His offer of eternal life. This phrase serves as a caution against taking God's blessings for granted and the danger of spiritual complacency.

So the LORD sent venomous snakes among the people
This phrase indicates divine intervention as a response to the Israelites' complaints and lack of faith. The sending of venomous snakes, or "fiery serpents," is a direct act of God, demonstrating His sovereignty and justice. The term "fiery" may refer to the burning sensation of the bites or the appearance of the snakes. This event occurs during the Israelites' wilderness journey, a period marked by repeated instances of rebellion and divine discipline. The wilderness itself, likely the region of the Negev or the Arabah, was known for its harsh conditions and dangerous wildlife, including snakes. This incident is a reminder of the consequences of disobedience and the seriousness of sin. It also foreshadows the need for a savior, as the Israelites later seek deliverance from the consequences of their actions.

and many of the Israelites were bitten and died
The severity of the punishment is highlighted by the fact that many Israelites suffered and perished. This underscores the gravity of their sin and the holiness of God, who cannot tolerate rebellion. The death of many serves as a stark warning to the community about the cost of disobedience. This event is later referenced in the New Testament, specifically in John 3:14-15, where Jesus compares His crucifixion to the lifting up of the bronze serpent by Moses, providing a means of salvation for those who believe. The physical death caused by the snake bites symbolizes the spiritual death that results from sin, pointing to the need for redemption and the ultimate sacrifice of Christ for humanity's salvation.

Then the people came to Moses and said,
This phrase indicates a moment of realization and repentance among the Israelites. The act of coming to Moses signifies acknowledgment of his leadership and their need for mediation. In the broader context of the wilderness journey, the Israelites often approached Moses when they faced dire situations, recognizing his role as God's appointed leader and mediator.

“We have sinned by speaking against the LORD and against you.
Here, the Israelites confess their sin, which is a crucial step in the process of repentance. Speaking against the LORD and Moses reflects a recurring theme of rebellion and complaint throughout the Israelites' journey (e.g., Exodus 16:2-3, Numbers 14:2). This acknowledgment of sin is essential for reconciliation with God, as seen in other biblical instances where confession precedes divine forgiveness (1 John 1:9).

Intercede with the LORD so He will take the snakes away from us.”
The request for intercession highlights Moses' role as a mediator between God and the people, a type of Christ who intercedes on behalf of humanity (Hebrews 7:25). The presence of snakes, or serpents, is significant as they are often symbolic of sin and judgment (Genesis 3:1-14). The plea for their removal indicates a desire for relief from the consequences of their sin, paralleling the human need for deliverance from sin's penalty.

So Moses interceded for the people.
Moses' intercession is a demonstration of his leadership and compassion, despite the people's rebellion. This act of intercession is a precursor to the ultimate intercession of Christ, who prays for believers (John 17:9). Moses' willingness to intercede reflects the biblical principle of loving one's enemies and praying for those who persecute you (Matthew 5:44). Moses' actions here are a testament to his character and his commitment to the well-being of the Israelites, serving as a model for spiritual leadership.

Then the LORD said to Moses
This phrase indicates direct divine communication, a common occurrence in the Pentateuch where God speaks to Moses as the leader of Israel. It underscores Moses' role as a mediator between God and the Israelites. This divine instruction follows a period of rebellion and complaint by the Israelites, highlighting God's continued guidance despite their disobedience.

Make a fiery serpent
The term "fiery serpent" refers to the bronze serpent Moses was instructed to create. The Hebrew word for "fiery" can also mean "burning," possibly describing the burning sensation of the snake bites or the appearance of the bronze. Serpents were common in the desert regions where the Israelites traveled, and their presence here serves as both a literal and symbolic representation of sin and judgment.

and mount it on a pole
The act of mounting the serpent on a pole elevates it for visibility, symbolizing the need for the Israelites to look up in faith for healing. This act of elevation prefigures the crucifixion of Jesus Christ, as referenced in John 3:14-15, where Jesus compares His being lifted up on the cross to the serpent in the wilderness.

When anyone who is bitten looks at it
This phrase emphasizes the condition of faith and obedience required for healing. The act of looking signifies trust in God's provision and acknowledgment of His power to save. It is a test of faith, as the Israelites must believe that simply looking at the bronze serpent will result in healing.

he will live
The promise of life upon looking at the serpent highlights God's mercy and the power of faith. It serves as a typology of salvation through Christ, where belief in Him leads to eternal life. This narrative foreshadows the New Testament message of salvation through faith, as seen in John 3:16. The physical healing of the Israelites points to the spiritual healing available through Jesus.

So Moses made a bronze snake
In response to the Israelites' complaints and subsequent punishment by venomous snakes, God instructed Moses to create a bronze serpent. The use of bronze, a durable metal, signifies judgment and endurance. The serpent, typically a symbol of sin and evil, here represents the sin of the people and the consequences of their rebellion. This act of crafting a bronze snake is a unique instance of God using a symbol of sin as a means of deliverance, foreshadowing the redemptive work of Christ.

and mounted it on a pole.
The pole elevates the bronze snake, making it visible to all who are afflicted. This act of lifting up is significant, as it prefigures the crucifixion of Jesus Christ, who was lifted up on the cross for the salvation of humanity. The pole serves as a focal point for the Israelites' faith and obedience, requiring them to look upon it for healing. This mirrors the New Testament teaching that faith in Christ's sacrifice is necessary for spiritual healing and salvation.

If anyone who was bitten looked at the bronze snake,
The condition for healing was simple: to look at the bronze snake. This act of looking signifies faith and trust in God's provision for healing. It required the Israelites to acknowledge their sin and the means of their deliverance. This parallels the call to faith in the New Testament, where belief in Jesus Christ is the means of receiving eternal life. The bitten individuals represent humanity, afflicted by sin and in need of divine intervention.

he would live.
The promise of life upon looking at the bronze snake underscores God's mercy and the power of faith. This physical healing is a type of the spiritual life offered through Christ. Just as the Israelites were saved from physical death by looking at the bronze serpent, believers are saved from spiritual death by looking to Christ in faith. This passage is directly referenced in John 3:14-15, where Jesus explains that just as Moses lifted up the serpent, so must the Son of Man be lifted up, so that everyone who believes may have eternal life in Him.

Then the Israelites set out
This phrase marks a continuation of the Israelites' journey through the wilderness. It reflects the nomadic lifestyle of the Israelites during their 40-year period of wandering after their exodus from Egypt. This journey was a result of their disobedience and lack of faith, as seen in Numbers 14:26-35, where God decreed that the generation that left Egypt would not enter the Promised Land. The setting out signifies obedience to God's command to move forward, despite the challenges they faced.

and camped at Oboth.
Oboth is one of the many locations where the Israelites camped during their wilderness journey. The exact location of Oboth is not definitively known today, but it is believed to be in the region east of the Dead Sea, possibly in modern-day Jordan. This area was part of the territory of Edom, and the Israelites' journey through this region is significant as it reflects their interactions with neighboring peoples. The camping at Oboth indicates a temporary rest and a strategic pause in their journey, which was often necessary for logistical reasons such as gathering resources and maintaining the community's well-being. This stop is part of the broader narrative of the Israelites' journey to the Promised Land, illustrating their reliance on God's guidance and provision.

They journeyed from Oboth
The Israelites' journey from Oboth marks a continuation of their wilderness wanderings. Oboth is mentioned as a station in the wilderness, though its exact location is uncertain. This movement signifies the ongoing fulfillment of God's promise to lead the Israelites to the Promised Land, despite their previous disobedience and the resulting 40-year delay. The journey from Oboth reflects the transient nature of the Israelites' existence during this period, emphasizing their reliance on God's guidance.

and camped at Iye-abarim
Iye-abarim, meaning "ruins of the regions beyond," is a location on the eastern side of the Jordan River. This site is significant as it represents a step closer to entering Canaan. The name suggests a place of desolation, possibly indicating the challenges and hardships faced by the Israelites. The encampment here is part of the broader narrative of the Israelites' preparation to enter the Promised Land, highlighting themes of perseverance and faith.

in the wilderness opposite Moab
The wilderness opposite Moab situates the Israelites near the territory of the Moabites, descendants of Lot. This geographical detail is important as it sets the stage for future interactions between Israel and Moab, including the story of Balaam and Balak in Numbers 22-24. The proximity to Moab also underscores the Israelites' position on the brink of entering the land God promised to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.

to the east
The mention of "to the east" provides a directional context, indicating the Israelites' location relative to Moab. This detail is crucial for understanding the strategic movements of the Israelites as they approach the Promised Land. The eastward position also aligns with the biblical theme of eastward movement often symbolizing exile or separation from God's presence, as seen in Genesis with Adam and Eve's expulsion from Eden. However, in this context, it signifies the Israelites' approach to the fulfillment of God's covenant promises.

From there they set out
This phrase indicates a continuation of the Israelites' journey through the wilderness. The Israelites were on a long journey from Egypt to the Promised Land, a journey that was both physical and spiritual. This movement signifies obedience to God's command to move forward, despite the challenges they faced. It reflects the transient nature of their existence during this period, as they were constantly moving towards the fulfillment of God's promise.

and camped in the Valley of Zered.
The Valley of Zered is a geographical location that marks a significant point in the Israelites' journey. It is situated on the southeastern border of Moab, near the Dead Sea. This valley is historically significant as it represents the boundary between the wilderness wanderings and the approach to the Promised Land. The camping here signifies a transition from the old generation, which perished in the wilderness due to disobedience, to the new generation that would enter Canaan. The Valley of Zered is also mentioned in Deuteronomy 2:13-14, highlighting its importance as a milestone in the journey. This location serves as a reminder of God's faithfulness in leading His people and the importance of trusting in His guidance.

From there they moved on
This phrase indicates the Israelites' continued journey through the wilderness. It reflects their nomadic lifestyle during the Exodus, as they followed God's guidance toward the Promised Land. This movement is part of the larger narrative of Israel's 40-year journey, highlighting their reliance on divine direction.

and camped on the other side of the Arnon
The Arnon River is a significant geographical marker in the biblical narrative. It served as a natural boundary and was located east of the Dead Sea. Camping on the other side of the Arnon signifies a strategic position as the Israelites prepared to enter territories occupied by other nations. This location marks a transition point in their journey, as they were moving closer to the land promised to them by God.

in the wilderness that extends into the Amorite territory
The wilderness mentioned here is a desolate area that bordered the land of the Amorites. The Amorites were a powerful group known for their fortified cities and military strength. This phrase sets the stage for the upcoming conflicts between the Israelites and the Amorites, as recorded in the subsequent verses. It also underscores the challenges the Israelites faced as they approached the land God had promised them.

Now the Arnon is the border between the Moabites and the Amorites
This statement provides important geographical and political context. The Arnon River served as a boundary line, separating the territories of the Moabites and the Amorites. The Moabites were descendants of Lot, Abraham's nephew, and had a complex relationship with Israel. Understanding these borders is crucial for comprehending the territorial disputes and alliances that shaped the region's history. This boundary also highlights the fulfillment of God's promise to give Israel a land of their own, distinct from the surrounding nations.

Therefore it is stated in the Book of the Wars of the LORD:
This phrase references a now-lost ancient text, the "Book of the Wars of the LORD," which is not part of the canonical Bible. It suggests that there were other historical records or songs that chronicled Israel's battles and God's interventions. This highlights the importance of oral and written traditions in preserving Israel's history. The mention of this book indicates that the events in Numbers were part of a larger narrative of God's deliverance and guidance of His people.

Waheb in Suphah:
The exact location of Waheb in Suphah is uncertain, and it is not mentioned elsewhere in the Bible. This could refer to a specific battle or event that was significant enough to be recorded in the "Book of the Wars of the LORD." The mention of Suphah might relate to a geographical area or a descriptive term for a region known for storms or winds, as "Suphah" can mean "storm" or "whirlwind" in Hebrew. This reflects the challenges and adversities faced by the Israelites during their wilderness journey.

and the wadis of the Arnon:
The Arnon is a significant river in the biblical narrative, forming a natural boundary between Moab and the Amorites. The "wadis" refer to the dry riverbeds that can become torrents during the rainy season. This geographical detail underscores the strategic and challenging terrain the Israelites navigated. The Arnon's mention connects to other biblical passages where it serves as a boundary marker (Deuteronomy 2:24, Judges 11:18). It symbolizes the transition from the wilderness wanderings to the conquest of the Promised Land, reflecting God's faithfulness in leading His people through difficult territories.

even the slopes of the wadis
The term "wadis" refers to dry riverbeds or valleys that can fill with water during the rainy season. In the context of the Israelites' journey, these wadis would have been significant geographical features, often marking boundaries and providing routes through the desert. The slopes of these wadis would have been challenging terrain, symbolizing the difficult journey the Israelites faced. This imagery can also be seen as a metaphor for the spiritual and physical challenges encountered by God's people.

that extend to the site of Ar
Ar was a city in Moab, located on the eastern side of the Dead Sea. It was a significant location during the Israelites' journey to the Promised Land. The mention of Ar highlights the proximity of the Israelites to Moabite territory, which was a region they were instructed to avoid conflict with, as seen in Deuteronomy 2:9. This reflects God's guidance and protection over Israel, ensuring they respected the boundaries He set.

and lie along the border of Moab
Moab was a nation descended from Lot, Abraham's nephew, and had a complex relationship with Israel. The border of Moab represents a boundary that God commanded the Israelites not to cross aggressively, as Moab was not part of the land promised to them. This respect for boundaries underscores the importance of obedience to God's commands and the recognition of His sovereignty over nations. The Moabites would later play a significant role in Israel's history, including the story of Ruth, a Moabite who became an ancestor of Jesus Christ, illustrating God's redemptive plan through all nations.

From there they went on to Beer
This phrase indicates a continuation of the Israelites' journey through the wilderness. "Beer" means "well" in Hebrew, signifying a place where water is found. This journey is part of the Israelites' 40-year wandering after their exodus from Egypt, as they move towards the Promised Land. The location of Beer is not precisely known, but it is significant as a place of divine provision.

the well where the LORD said to Moses
The mention of a well highlights God's provision for His people in the desert, a recurring theme in the Israelites' journey. Wells were crucial in the arid regions of the Near East, serving as vital sources of water. This well is notable because it is directly associated with a divine command, emphasizing God's active role in guiding and sustaining the Israelites. The LORD speaking to Moses underscores Moses' role as the mediator between God and the people, a type of Christ who mediates the New Covenant.

“Gather the people so that I may give them water.”
This command reflects God's continual care and provision for the Israelites, despite their frequent complaints and lack of faith. Water is a symbol of life and sustenance, and in the biblical narrative, it often represents spiritual nourishment and the Holy Spirit. This event can be seen as a foreshadowing of Jesus' offer of "living water" in John 4:10-14, where He speaks to the Samaritan woman at the well. The gathering of the people also signifies unity and collective reliance on God's provision, a theme that resonates throughout Scripture as God calls His people to come together in faith and obedience.

Then Israel sang this song:
This marks a moment of celebration and gratitude among the Israelites. Singing was a common expression of joy and worship in ancient Israel, often used to commemorate significant events (Exodus 15:1-21). This particular song is a response to God's provision of water, a critical resource in the desert. The act of singing also reflects the oral tradition of passing down stories and teachings through music.

Spring up, O well:
The phrase "Spring up, O well" is a call for the well to produce water, symbolizing God's provision and sustenance. Wells were vital in the arid regions of the Near East, and finding water was often seen as a divine blessing. This well is believed to be located in the region of Beer, mentioned in Numbers 21:16, where God instructed Moses to gather the people so He could provide water. The well can be seen as a type of Christ, who offers living water (John 4:10-14).

All of you sing to it!
The call for everyone to sing emphasizes communal participation in worship and thanksgiving. It reflects the unity and collective faith of the Israelites as they journeyed through the wilderness. This communal aspect of worship is echoed in the New Testament, where believers are encouraged to sing psalms, hymns, and spiritual songs together (Ephesians 5:19). The act of singing to the well signifies acknowledgment of God's miraculous provision and serves as a reminder of His faithfulness.

The princes dug the well;
This phrase highlights the involvement of Israel's leaders in providing for the community's needs. In the ancient Near East, wells were vital for survival, especially in arid regions. The act of digging a well by the princes signifies leadership and responsibility. It reflects a communal effort led by those in authority, emphasizing the importance of servant leadership. This can be seen as a type of Christ, who provides living water (John 4:10-14) and leads by serving others (Mark 10:45).

the nobles of the people hollowed it out with their scepters and with their staffs.
The nobles using their scepters and staffs to hollow out the well symbolizes the use of authority and power for the benefit of the community. Scepters and staffs are traditional symbols of leadership and governance, indicating that those in power are actively participating in the work. This act can be seen as a model for how leaders should use their authority to serve and support their people. It also reflects the unity and cooperation among the Israelites during their journey. This cooperation is reminiscent of the unity in the body of Christ, where each member works together for the common good (1 Corinthians 12:12-27).

From the wilderness the Israelites went on to Mattanah,
The journey from the wilderness to Mattanah marks a transition from a place of desolation to one of provision. The wilderness often represents a place of testing and reliance on God, as seen throughout the Israelites' journey. Mattanah, meaning "gift" in Hebrew, signifies a place of divine provision and blessing. This transition can be seen as a metaphor for the Christian journey from spiritual barrenness to receiving the gifts of God. It also foreshadows the ultimate rest and provision found in Christ, who leads believers from the wilderness of sin into the promised rest (Hebrews 4:1-11).

and from Mattanah to Nahaliel
Mattanah, meaning "gift" in Hebrew, is a location mentioned during the Israelites' journey through the wilderness. This name may symbolize the provision and blessings from God during their travels. The journey from Mattanah to Nahaliel represents a stage in the Israelites' progress towards the Promised Land. Nahaliel, meaning "valley of God," suggests a place of divine presence and sustenance. This transition from Mattanah to Nahaliel can be seen as a movement from receiving God's gifts to experiencing His ongoing provision and guidance. The journey reflects the spiritual progression of the Israelites, who are learning to trust in God's faithfulness.

and from Nahaliel to Bamoth
Bamoth, meaning "high places," indicates a location of elevation, possibly used for worship or as a lookout point. The movement from Nahaliel to Bamoth signifies a shift from the valley, a place of sustenance, to the high places, which often symbolize encounters with God or significant spiritual experiences. In biblical history, high places were sometimes associated with pagan worship, but they also served as sites for significant encounters with God, such as Moses receiving the Ten Commandments on Mount Sinai. This transition can be seen as a metaphor for the Israelites' journey towards a deeper relationship with God, moving from receiving His provision to seeking His presence and revelation. The progression from Nahaliel to Bamoth underscores the theme of spiritual ascent and the pursuit of holiness.

and from Bamoth
Bamoth, meaning "high places," refers to elevated sites often used for worship. In the context of Israel's journey, it marks a stage in their wilderness wanderings. High places were significant in ancient Near Eastern cultures for religious rituals, often associated with pagan worship, which Israel was warned against. This location signifies a transition point in Israel's journey towards the Promised Land.

to the valley in Moab
Moab was a region east of the Dead Sea, inhabited by the Moabites, descendants of Lot. The valley in Moab indicates a geographical descent from the high places, symbolizing a movement towards a new phase in Israel's journey. Moab's history with Israel is complex, involving both conflict and kinship, as seen in the story of Ruth, a Moabite who becomes an ancestor of David and Jesus.

where the top of Pisgah
Pisgah is a mountain range in Moab, with its peak often associated with Mount Nebo. It is significant as the place where Moses viewed the Promised Land before his death (Deuteronomy 34:1). This location symbolizes both the fulfillment of God's promise and the limitation of Moses' journey, serving as a poignant reminder of obedience and faith.

overlooks the wasteland
The wasteland, or desert, represents the harsh conditions of the wilderness where Israel wandered for 40 years. It serves as a backdrop to God's provision and guidance despite Israel's rebellion. The imagery of overlooking the wasteland from Pisgah suggests a vantage point of reflection on past trials and anticipation of future fulfillment in the Promised Land. This perspective can be seen as a type of Christ, who leads believers from the wilderness of sin into the promise of eternal life.

Then Israel sent messengers
In the context of the Israelites' journey to the Promised Land, sending messengers was a customary diplomatic approach to seek passage through foreign territories. This reflects a peaceful intent, adhering to the norms of ancient Near Eastern diplomacy. The Israelites had previously sent messengers to Edom with a similar request (Numbers 20:14-21), demonstrating a consistent strategy in their interactions with neighboring nations.

to Sihon king of the Amorites,
Sihon was a significant Amorite king whose territory was east of the Jordan River. The Amorites were a powerful group in Canaan, often mentioned in the context of Israel's conquest of the land. Sihon's kingdom included the region of Heshbon, a strategic location. The Amorites' presence in the land fulfilled part of the prophecy given to Abraham that his descendants would encounter various nations (Genesis 15:18-21).

saying,
The act of sending a message indicates a formal request, emphasizing Israel's desire to communicate their intentions clearly. This approach highlights the importance of negotiation and the attempt to avoid unnecessary conflict. The content of the message, which follows in subsequent verses, reveals Israel's request for peaceful passage, underscoring their reliance on God's guidance and provision as they journeyed toward the land promised to them.

Let us pass through your land.
This request was made by the Israelites to the king of Edom as they journeyed toward the Promised Land. The Israelites sought permission to travel through Edomite territory peacefully. This reflects the broader biblical theme of seeking peace and cooperation with neighboring nations. Historically, Edom was descended from Esau, Jacob's brother, which adds a familial dimension to the request. The Israelites' appeal highlights the importance of diplomacy and respect for national boundaries.

We will not turn aside into any field or vineyard,
The Israelites assured the Edomites that they would not disrupt their agriculture. Fields and vineyards were vital for sustenance and economic stability in ancient times. This promise indicates a respect for property and resources, aligning with the biblical principle of loving one's neighbor and not coveting or taking what belongs to others. It also reflects the Israelites' reliance on God's provision rather than taking from others.

or drink water from any well.
Water was a precious resource in the arid regions of the Near East. By promising not to drink from the wells, the Israelites demonstrated their intention to avoid imposing on the Edomites' resources. This assurance underscores the importance of self-sufficiency and respect for others' needs. It also reflects the Israelites' trust in God's provision, as He had previously provided water miraculously during their desert wanderings.

We will stay on the King’s Highway
The King's Highway was an ancient trade route that ran from Egypt through the Sinai Peninsula to the northern regions of the Near East. It was a well-established path used for commerce and travel. By committing to stay on this road, the Israelites indicated their intention to pass through quickly and without deviation, minimizing their impact on the land. This route's historical significance highlights the interconnectedness of ancient civilizations and the importance of established pathways for communication and trade.

until we have passed through your territory.
The Israelites' request to pass through Edom was temporary, emphasizing their desire for a peaceful and transient passage. This reflects the broader biblical narrative of the Israelites' journey to the Promised Land, a journey marked by faith and reliance on God's guidance. The request also underscores the transient nature of their wilderness wanderings, pointing to the ultimate fulfillment of God's promise to give them a land of their own.

But Sihon would not let Israel pass through his territory.
Sihon was the king of the Amorites, a group known for their warrior culture and territorial aggression. The Israelites requested passage through his land, promising not to harm fields or vineyards, similar to their request to Edom (Numbers 20:14-21). Sihon's refusal highlights the hostility Israel faced from surrounding nations. This event fulfills God's earlier warning that Israel would encounter resistance (Exodus 23:31-33). Sihon's denial also sets the stage for God's deliverance and the expansion of Israel's territory, as promised to Abraham (Genesis 15:18-21).

Instead, he gathered his whole army and went out to confront Israel in the wilderness.
Sihon's decision to mobilize his entire army indicates the threat he perceived from Israel. The wilderness, often a place of testing and divine encounters for Israel, becomes a battlefield. This confrontation reflects the broader theme of spiritual warfare, where God's people face opposition but are called to trust in His deliverance. The gathering of Sihon's army also prefigures the gathering of nations against God's people, as seen in prophetic literature (Ezekiel 38-39).

When he came to Jahaz, he fought against Israel.
Jahaz was a strategic location east of the Jordan River, significant for its role in Israel's conquest of the Promised Land. The battle at Jahaz is a pivotal moment where God demonstrates His power and faithfulness by granting Israel victory over a formidable enemy. This victory is a type of Christ's ultimate victory over sin and death, as Israel's triumph over Sihon foreshadows the spiritual victories believers have in Christ (1 Corinthians 15:57). The battle also serves as a reminder of God's promise to fight for His people (Deuteronomy 1:30).

And Israel put him to the sword
This phrase refers to the Israelites' military victory over Sihon, king of the Amorites. The Israelites, under God's command, engaged in battle as they journeyed toward the Promised Land. This victory is significant as it demonstrates God's faithfulness in delivering His people and fulfilling His promises. The phrase "put him to the sword" indicates a complete and decisive victory, which was common in ancient warfare narratives. This event is a fulfillment of God's promise to give the Israelites the land of the Amorites (Deuteronomy 2:24-36).

and took possession of his land
The Israelites' taking possession of the land signifies the beginning of the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham regarding the land (Genesis 15:18-21). This act of taking possession is not just a military conquest but also a divine mandate, as the land was part of the inheritance promised to the descendants of Abraham. The possession of the land also symbolizes God's provision and the establishment of Israel as a nation.

from the Arnon to the Jabbok
The Arnon and the Jabbok are rivers that define the geographical boundaries of the land taken from Sihon. The Arnon River marked the southern boundary, while the Jabbok River marked the northern boundary. This territory was strategically important, providing control over key trade routes and fertile land. The mention of these rivers highlights the specific fulfillment of God's promise and the tangible nature of the Israelites' inheritance.

but only up to the border of the Ammonites
The Israelites respected the border of the Ammonites, as God had instructed them not to harass or provoke the Ammonites (Deuteronomy 2:19). This respect for boundaries demonstrates Israel's obedience to God's commands and the recognition of God's sovereignty over the nations. The Ammonites were descendants of Lot, Abraham's nephew, and thus had a distinct relationship with Israel.

because it was fortified
The fortification of the Ammonite border indicates the presence of strong defenses, which were common in ancient Near Eastern cities. These fortifications served as protection against invasions and were a testament to the military and political strength of the Ammonites. The Israelites' decision not to engage with the Ammonites reflects a strategic choice to avoid unnecessary conflict and adhere to God's specific instructions regarding their conquests.

Israel captured all the cities of the Amorites
This phrase highlights a significant military victory for the Israelites. The Amorites were a powerful Canaanite tribe, and their defeat marked a crucial step in Israel's journey to the Promised Land. This victory fulfilled God's promise to give the land of the Amorites into Israel's hands (Genesis 15:16). The conquest of these cities demonstrated God's faithfulness and power, as well as His judgment against the Amorites for their iniquity. The victory also served as a precursor to the larger conquests in Canaan, showcasing God's provision and guidance.

and occupied them
The occupation of the Amorite cities signifies a transition from nomadic life to settlement, a key development in Israel's history. This occupation was not just a military achievement but also a fulfillment of God's covenant promise to Abraham regarding the land (Genesis 12:7). It symbolizes the beginning of Israel's establishment as a nation in a land of their own, foreshadowing the eventual settlement in Canaan. The occupation also involved the Israelites taking over existing infrastructure, which would have been a strategic advantage.

including Heshbon
Heshbon was a significant city, previously the capital of King Sihon of the Amorites. Its capture was a notable victory, as it was a fortified city and a center of power. The city is mentioned in other biblical texts, such as Isaiah 15:4 and Jeremiah 48:2, indicating its continued importance in the region. The capture of Heshbon demonstrated the weakening of Amorite power and the strategic advantage gained by Israel. It also served as a testament to God's deliverance and the fulfillment of His promises.

and all its villages
The mention of villages indicates the comprehensive nature of Israel's conquest. It wasn't just the major cities that were captured, but also the surrounding smaller settlements. This thorough conquest ensured control over the entire region, preventing any resurgence of Amorite power. The inclusion of villages highlights the extent of the land now under Israelite control, emphasizing the completeness of God's provision. It also reflects the transition from a wandering people to a settled nation, as they began to inhabit and cultivate the land.

Heshbon was the city of Sihon king of the Amorites
Heshbon was a significant city located east of the Jordan River. It served as the capital of Sihon, the Amorite king. The Amorites were a powerful group in the ancient Near East, often mentioned in the context of Israel's conquest of Canaan. The city of Heshbon is strategically important, situated on a plateau, which provided a military advantage. This location is confirmed by archaeological findings that suggest a well-fortified city. The Amorites, known for their warrior culture, were a formidable force, and Sihon was a prominent leader among them. The capture of Heshbon by the Israelites, as recorded in Numbers 21, signifies a critical victory in their journey to the Promised Land.

who had fought against the former king of Moab
The reference to the former king of Moab indicates a historical conflict between the Amorites and the Moabites. Moab was a neighboring nation to the southeast of Israel, often in conflict with Israel and other surrounding nations. This phrase highlights the shifting power dynamics in the region, with Sihon expanding his territory at the expense of Moab. The Moabites, descendants of Lot, were related to the Israelites but frequently found themselves in opposition to them. This historical context sets the stage for understanding the complex relationships between these ancient peoples.

and taken all his land as far as the Arnon
The Arnon River served as a natural boundary between Moab and the Amorite territory. Sihon's conquest extended his domain to this significant geographical marker. The Arnon, a deep gorge, provided a natural defense line, making Sihon's victory over Moab a notable military achievement. This expansion of territory by Sihon underscores the Amorite king's strength and ambition. The mention of the Arnon also situates the narrative within a specific geographical context, helping readers understand the extent of the land involved in these ancient conflicts. This conquest by Sihon set the stage for Israel's subsequent battles and territorial claims as they journeyed toward the land promised to them by God.

That is why the poets say:
This phrase introduces a quotation from ancient poetry, suggesting that the events described were significant enough to be memorialized in song or verse. In the ancient Near East, poets often played a role in preserving history and culture through oral tradition. This indicates the importance of the events surrounding Heshbon and Sihon in Israel's history.

“Come to Heshbon,
Heshbon was a significant city in the region of Moab, located east of the Jordan River. It was strategically important due to its location on the King's Highway, a major trade route. The call to "come to Heshbon" suggests an invitation to witness or participate in the rebuilding of a city that had been conquered and destroyed.

let it be rebuilt;
The rebuilding of Heshbon signifies restoration and renewal. In the biblical narrative, rebuilding often symbolizes God's provision and the establishment of His people in a promised land. This reflects the broader theme of God enabling His people to reclaim and restore what was lost or destroyed.

let the city of Sihon be restored.
Sihon was the Amorite king who ruled over Heshbon before being defeated by the Israelites. The restoration of the city underlines the transition of power from the Amorites to the Israelites. This victory is seen as a fulfillment of God's promise to give the Israelites the land of Canaan. The restoration also prefigures the ultimate restoration and redemption found in Jesus Christ, who conquers sin and death to restore humanity to God.

For a fire went out from Heshbon
Heshbon was the capital city of King Sihon of the Amorites. The phrase "a fire went out" is metaphorical, indicating destruction or conquest. In biblical times, fire often symbolized judgment or divine wrath. The Amorites, known for their military prowess, had previously captured Heshbon from the Moabites, as recorded in Numbers 21:26. This conquest is a fulfillment of God's promise to give the Israelites victory over their enemies, as seen in Deuteronomy 2:24-25.

a blaze from the city of Sihon
Sihon was the Amorite king who ruled over Heshbon. The "blaze" signifies the spread of Sihon's power and influence through military conquest. This imagery of fire and blaze underscores the aggressive expansion of Sihon's kingdom, which ultimately led to his downfall when the Israelites, under God's command, defeated him (Numbers 21:21-24). This event is a testament to God's sovereignty and His ability to deliver His people.

It consumed Ar of Moab
Ar was a significant city in Moab, located near the Arnon River. The consumption of Ar by Sihon's forces highlights the shifting power dynamics in the region. Moab, a nation descended from Lot, often had a tumultuous relationship with Israel. The conquest of Ar by the Amorites set the stage for Israel's later interactions with Moab, including the story of Balaam and Balak in Numbers 22-24. This historical context emphasizes the transient nature of earthly kingdoms compared to God's eternal kingdom.

the rulers of Arnon’s heights
The Arnon River served as a natural boundary between Moab and the Amorite territory. The "rulers of Arnon’s heights" refers to the leaders or chieftains who governed the strategic highlands along the river. These heights were crucial for defense and control of the region. The mention of these rulers being consumed indicates a complete overthrow of Moabite authority in the area. This conquest foreshadows Israel's eventual settlement in the Promised Land, as God promised to drive out the inhabitants before them (Exodus 23:27-31). The defeat of these rulers also serves as a type of Christ's ultimate victory over all spiritual powers and authorities (Colossians 2:15).

Woe to you, O Moab!
This phrase is a prophetic declaration of judgment against Moab, a nation descended from Lot, Abraham's nephew. Moab was often in conflict with Israel, and this lament reflects the consequences of their opposition to God's people. The use of "woe" is a common biblical expression of impending doom or divine judgment, seen in other prophetic books like Isaiah and Jeremiah.

You are destroyed, O people of Chemosh!
Chemosh was the national deity of the Moabites, often associated with war and destruction. The destruction of Moab is linked to their reliance on this false god, highlighting the biblical theme that idolatry leads to downfall. This echoes the broader biblical narrative where nations that oppose God and His people face judgment.

He gave up his sons as refugees,
This phrase indicates the scattering and displacement of the Moabite people. The imagery of sons becoming refugees suggests a complete societal breakdown. In the ancient Near East, being forced into exile was a severe punishment, often seen as a sign of divine disfavor. This reflects the consequences of Moab's actions against Israel.

and his daughters into captivity
The captivity of daughters signifies the loss of future generations and the shame brought upon the nation. In biblical times, captivity often meant being taken as slaves or concubines, a fate that underscores the totality of Moab's defeat. This serves as a warning against the pride and rebellion against God.

to Sihon king of the Amorites.
Sihon was a powerful Amorite king who had previously defeated Moab and taken their land. This historical context shows the shifting power dynamics in the region and serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty over nations. The defeat by Sihon is a precursor to Israel's eventual victory over him, demonstrating God's plan to give the land to His chosen people. This also foreshadows the ultimate victory of Christ over all spiritual enemies.

But we have overthrown them;
This phrase reflects the victory of the Israelites over the Amorites, a significant event in their journey to the Promised Land. The overthrowing of the Amorites demonstrates God's faithfulness in delivering His people and fulfilling His promises. This victory is a testament to the divine assistance the Israelites received, as they were often outnumbered or less equipped than their enemies. The language of overthrowing suggests a complete and decisive victory, emphasizing the power and might of God working through His people.

Heshbon is destroyed as far as Dibon.
Heshbon was the capital city of King Sihon of the Amorites. Its destruction signifies the fall of a major stronghold, marking a turning point in the Israelites' conquest. Dibon, located near the Arnon River, was another significant city in the region. The mention of these cities highlights the extent of the conquest, indicating that the Israelites' victory was not limited to a single battle but encompassed a broader campaign. This destruction also fulfills the earlier promise that God would give the land of the Amorites into the hands of Israel (Numbers 21:24).

We demolished them as far as Nophah,
The term "demolished" underscores the thoroughness of the Israelites' victory. Nophah is less well-known, and its exact location is uncertain, but it is believed to be in the vicinity of the other cities mentioned. The mention of Nophah suggests that the Israelites' campaign extended even further than the major cities, indicating a comprehensive defeat of the Amorite territories. This thoroughness in conquest is reminiscent of the complete victory God promises to His people when they follow His commands.

which reaches to Medeba.”
Medeba was a city located on the plateau east of the Jordan River. It is mentioned in other biblical texts, such as Isaiah 15:2 and Joshua 13:9, as part of the territory allotted to the tribe of Reuben. The inclusion of Medeba in this passage highlights the strategic importance of the region and the extent of the Israelite conquest. The phrase "which reaches to Medeba" suggests a far-reaching impact of the victory, extending the influence and control of the Israelites over a significant portion of the land. This expansion is part of the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham regarding the land his descendants would inherit (Genesis 15:18-21).

So Israel lived
This phrase indicates a period of settlement and stability for the Israelites. After years of wandering in the wilderness, this marks a significant transition to occupying a land. It reflects God's faithfulness in fulfilling His promise to give the Israelites a place to dwell. This settlement is temporary, as the ultimate goal is the Promised Land, Canaan. The act of living in a land also implies a degree of control and dominion, which is a fulfillment of God's covenant with Abraham (Genesis 15:18-21).

in the land of the Amorites.
The Amorites were a significant Canaanite tribe known for their strength and influence in the region. Historically, they were one of the peoples that God promised to drive out before the Israelites (Exodus 23:23). The land of the Amorites here refers to the territory east of the Jordan River, which includes the regions of Heshbon and Bashan. This area was conquered under the leadership of Moses, as recorded earlier in Numbers 21. The conquest of the Amorite land is a testament to God's power and the fulfillment of His promises, as well as a foreshadowing of the future conquests in Canaan under Joshua. The Amorites' defeat also serves as a type of Christ's ultimate victory over sin and death, as the Israelites' victory over their enemies prefigures the spiritual victories believers have through Christ.

After Moses had sent spies to Jazer
Moses sending spies is a recurring strategy, as seen earlier in Numbers 13 when spies were sent into Canaan. This reflects a careful and strategic approach to warfare, emphasizing the importance of gathering intelligence. Jazer was a city east of the Jordan River, in the territory later allotted to the tribe of Gad. The sending of spies indicates the significance of Jazer as a strategic location for Israel's conquest and settlement.

Israel captured its villages
The capture of Jazer and its villages demonstrates Israel's growing military strength and God's fulfillment of His promise to give them the land. This victory is part of a series of conquests that establish Israel's presence east of the Jordan. The term "villages" suggests that the area was not just a single city but a region with multiple settlements, indicating a significant territorial gain.

and drove out the Amorites who were there
The Amorites were a prominent Canaanite people known for their fortified cities and military prowess. Driving them out signifies a decisive victory and the removal of a significant obstacle to Israel's settlement in the Promised Land. This act of driving out the Amorites fulfills God's command to dispossess the inhabitants of the land (Deuteronomy 7:1-2) and prefigures the ultimate conquest of Canaan. The Amorites' expulsion also symbolizes the triumph of God's people over pagan nations, foreshadowing the spiritual victories believers are called to achieve through faith.

Then they turned and went up the road to Bashan
This phrase indicates a strategic movement by the Israelites. Bashan was a fertile region east of the Jordan River, known for its rich pastures and strong cities. The decision to move towards Bashan reflects God's guidance in leading the Israelites to conquer the land He promised them. This journey is part of the broader narrative of the Israelites' conquest of the Promised Land, as seen in Deuteronomy 3:1-11, where Moses recounts the victory over Og.

and Og king of Bashan and his whole army came out
Og, the king of Bashan, is described in Deuteronomy 3:11 as one of the last of the Rephaim, a race of giants. His coming out with his whole army signifies a formidable opposition against the Israelites. The mention of Og's army highlights the military challenge faced by the Israelites, emphasizing the miraculous nature of their victories, which were achieved through divine intervention rather than sheer military might.

to meet them in battle at Edrei
Edrei was one of the major cities of Bashan, strategically located and fortified. The battle at Edrei is significant as it represents a direct confrontation between the Israelites and a powerful enemy. This encounter is a testament to God's promise to deliver the land into the hands of the Israelites, as seen in Numbers 21:34, where God assures Moses of victory. The defeat of Og and his army at Edrei is a precursor to the Israelites' eventual settlement in the Promised Land, demonstrating God's faithfulness and the fulfillment of His promises.

But the LORD said to Moses
This phrase indicates direct divine communication, a common occurrence in the Pentateuch where God speaks to Moses as the leader of Israel. It underscores Moses' role as a prophet and mediator between God and the Israelites. This divine guidance is crucial as Israel navigates the challenges of the wilderness and prepares to enter the Promised Land.

Do not fear him
God's command to not fear is a recurring theme in Scripture, often given to leaders and prophets facing daunting challenges. This assurance is meant to bolster Moses' confidence against Og, king of Bashan. It reflects God's sovereignty and faithfulness, reminding Moses and the Israelites that their success depends on divine power, not human strength.

for I have delivered him into your hand
This phrase is a declaration of victory before the battle begins, emphasizing God's control over the outcome. It echoes similar assurances given to Joshua and other leaders, reinforcing the idea that God fights for Israel. This preemptive assurance of victory is a testament to God's covenant promises to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob regarding the land.

along with all his people and his land
The inclusion of Og's people and land signifies a complete victory, not just a military defeat. This comprehensive deliverance is part of God's plan to establish Israel in the land He promised. It also highlights the importance of land in the biblical narrative, as a tangible sign of God's promise and blessing.

Do to him as you did to Sihon king of the Amorites
This reference to Sihon serves as a reminder of past victories, encouraging faith in God's continued provision. The defeat of Sihon was a significant event, demonstrating God's power and setting a precedent for future conquests. It also illustrates the pattern of divine assistance in overcoming seemingly insurmountable obstacles.

who lived in Heshbon
Heshbon was a significant city in the region, previously ruled by Sihon. Its mention here situates the narrative in a real geographical context, providing historical credibility. The conquest of Heshbon and its king is a testament to God's promise to give Israel the land of Canaan, fulfilling His covenant with the patriarchs.

So they struck down Og,
This phrase refers to the Israelites' victory over Og, the king of Bashan. Og was one of the last of the Rephaim, a group of giants mentioned in the Old Testament. His defeat is significant as it demonstrates God's power and faithfulness in delivering His people. The victory over Og is a continuation of the conquest narrative, where God leads Israel to claim the land promised to their ancestors.

along with his sons and his whole army,
The complete destruction of Og's forces, including his sons, signifies the totality of the victory. In ancient Near Eastern warfare, the defeat of a king and his heirs was crucial to prevent any future claims to the throne or attempts to reclaim lost territory. This action ensured the security of the Israelites and the fulfillment of God's promise to give them the land.

until no remnant was left.
This phrase emphasizes the thoroughness of the victory. In biblical terms, leaving no remnant often symbolizes divine judgment and the complete eradication of evil influences. It reflects the idea that God's people must fully remove sin and opposition to His will from their midst, a theme echoed throughout Scripture.

And they took possession of his land.
The taking of Og's land marks a significant step in the Israelites' journey to the Promised Land. Bashan, known for its fertile land and strong cities, became part of the inheritance for the tribes of Israel. This act of taking possession is a fulfillment of God's covenant promises to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and it prefigures the ultimate inheritance believers receive through Christ. The land serves as a type of the eternal rest and kingdom that God promises to His people.