In the first month
The "first month" refers to the beginning of the 40th year of the Israelites' wandering in the wilderness. This marks a significant transition period as the older generation, who had been condemned to die in the wilderness due to their disobedience, was passing away, and a new generation was preparing to enter the Promised Land. The first month is likely Nisan, which is significant in the Jewish calendar as it includes Passover, a reminder of God's deliverance from Egypt.

the whole congregation of Israel
This phrase emphasizes the unity and collective experience of the Israelites. Despite their frequent rebellions and complaints, they are still recognized as a single entity, God's chosen people. The term "congregation" suggests a formal assembly, highlighting their identity as a covenant community under God's leadership.

entered the Wilderness of Zin
The Wilderness of Zin is a desert region located in the northeastern part of the Sinai Peninsula. It is distinct from the Wilderness of Sin, which is closer to Egypt. The Wilderness of Zin is characterized by its harsh, arid conditions, which tested the faith and obedience of the Israelites. This area is part of the broader Negev desert, and its challenging environment underscores the Israelites' dependence on God for survival.

and stayed in Kadesh
Kadesh, also known as Kadesh-barnea, is a significant location in the Israelites' journey. It served as a major encampment and a place of decision-making. Historically, Kadesh is associated with the Israelites' earlier refusal to enter the Promised Land, resulting in their 40 years of wandering. Archaeologically, Kadesh is identified with the site of Tell el-Qudeirat, where remains of ancient fortifications have been found. Kadesh represents both a place of failure and a place of preparation for the new generation.

There Miriam died and was buried
Miriam, the sister of Moses and Aaron, was a prominent figure in Israel's history. She played a key role in the Exodus narrative, leading the women in song after the crossing of the Red Sea. Her death marks the end of an era, as she was part of the leadership that guided Israel out of Egypt. Miriam's burial in Kadesh signifies the passing of the old generation and the fulfillment of God's judgment that none of that generation, except for Caleb and Joshua, would enter the Promised Land. Her death also foreshadows the impending deaths of Aaron and Moses, highlighting the transition to new leadership under Joshua.

Now there was no water for the congregation
The Israelites were in the wilderness of Zin, a harsh desert region where water was scarce. This situation highlights the recurring theme of testing and reliance on God for provision. The lack of water is a physical manifestation of the spiritual challenges the Israelites faced. In the broader biblical narrative, water often symbolizes life and spiritual sustenance, as seen in John 4:14, where Jesus speaks of the "living water." The absence of water here foreshadows the need for divine intervention and points to the Israelites' dependence on God.

so they gathered against Moses and Aaron
The congregation's gathering against Moses and Aaron reflects a pattern of rebellion and dissatisfaction that the Israelites frequently exhibited during their wilderness journey. This incident is reminiscent of previous complaints, such as in Exodus 17:1-7, where the people quarreled with Moses over water at Rephidim. The people's actions demonstrate a lack of faith and trust in God's appointed leaders, Moses and Aaron, who serve as mediators between God and the Israelites. This rebellion can be seen as a type of the rejection of Christ, the ultimate mediator, as described in Hebrews 3:12-19, where the unbelief of the Israelites is compared to the rejection of Jesus.

The people quarreled with Moses
This phrase highlights the recurring theme of Israel's dissatisfaction and rebellion during their wilderness journey. The Israelites often expressed their grievances against Moses, who was God's appointed leader. This reflects a lack of faith and trust in God's provision and plan. The quarrel here is not just a disagreement but a deeper spiritual rebellion against God's authority. This pattern of behavior is seen throughout the Exodus narrative, such as in Exodus 16:2-3 and Numbers 14:2, where the people also grumbled against Moses and Aaron.

and said, “If only we had perished with our brothers before the LORD!
This statement reveals the depth of despair and frustration among the Israelites. The reference to "our brothers" likely alludes to the previous generation that died in the wilderness due to their disobedience and lack of faith, as seen in Numbers 14:29-35. The phrase "before the LORD" indicates that these deaths were seen as direct judgments from God. This longing for death rather than facing current hardships shows a lack of understanding of God's purpose and promise for them. It also reflects a failure to remember God's past deliverance and faithfulness, as seen in the crossing of the Red Sea and the provision of manna. This attitude contrasts with the New Testament call to perseverance and faith in trials, as seen in James 1:2-4.

Why have you brought the LORD’s assembly
This phrase reflects the Israelites' perception of their identity as a community chosen by God. The term "LORD's assembly" emphasizes their covenant relationship with Yahweh, who delivered them from Egypt. This question is directed at Moses and Aaron, highlighting their role as leaders. The assembly's complaint echoes previous instances of grumbling (Exodus 16:2-3), showing a recurring pattern of doubt and lack of faith in God's provision.

into this wilderness
The wilderness represents both a physical and spiritual testing ground. Geographically, the Israelites are in the Desert of Zin, a harsh and arid region. Spiritually, the wilderness is a place of trial and dependence on God, reminiscent of Jesus' temptation in the wilderness (Matthew 4:1-11). The wilderness journey is a formative period for Israel, intended to teach reliance on God (Deuteronomy 8:2-3).

for us and our livestock to die here?
This phrase underscores the desperation and fear of the Israelites, who are concerned for their survival and that of their livestock, essential for their livelihood. Historically, livestock were vital for food, clothing, and sacrifices. The question implies a lack of trust in God's promise to bring them to a land flowing with milk and honey (Exodus 3:8). It also foreshadows the ultimate consequence of unbelief, as many in this generation would not enter the Promised Land (Numbers 14:29-30). This complaint can be seen as a type of Christ's suffering, where He faced death in obedience to God's will, contrasting the Israelites' fear of death due to lack of faith.

Why have you led us up out of Egypt
This phrase reflects the Israelites' recurring complaint against Moses and God during their wilderness journey. It highlights their lack of faith and trust in God's plan, despite witnessing numerous miracles, such as the parting of the Red Sea and the provision of manna. The mention of Egypt serves as a reminder of their past bondage, yet they romanticize it due to their current discomfort. This complaint is a common theme in the Pentateuch, illustrating the Israelites' struggle with faith and obedience (Exodus 16:3, Numbers 11:5).

to bring us to this wretched place?
The "wretched place" refers to the wilderness of Zin, a harsh and barren environment. This complaint underscores the Israelites' dissatisfaction with their current circumstances and their failure to recognize God's provision and guidance. The wilderness journey is symbolic of the Christian life, representing trials and the need for reliance on God. The Israelites' attitude contrasts with the faith required to enter the Promised Land, a theme that is echoed in Hebrews 3:7-19, warning against a hardened heart.

It is not a place of grain, figs, vines, or pomegranates
This phrase highlights the Israelites' longing for the abundance of the Promised Land, which was described as "a land flowing with milk and honey" (Exodus 3:8). The specific mention of grain, figs, vines, and pomegranates emphasizes the fertility and prosperity they expected. These items are symbolic of God's blessings and the fulfillment of His promises. The absence of these in the wilderness serves as a test of faith, challenging the Israelites to trust in God's timing and provision.

and there is no water to drink!
The lack of water is a literal and immediate concern, but it also serves as a spiritual metaphor for the Israelites' need for God's sustenance. Water is a recurring symbol in Scripture, representing life and spiritual nourishment (John 4:14, Revelation 22:1). The Israelites' complaint about water reflects their spiritual dryness and need for faith. This situation foreshadows Christ as the living water, who provides eternal satisfaction and life to those who believe in Him (John 7:37-38).

Then Moses and Aaron went from the presence of the assembly
Moses and Aaron, as leaders of the Israelites, often faced the complaints and grievances of the people. This phrase indicates a moment of crisis, as the assembly was likely in a state of unrest due to the lack of water. The act of leaving the assembly shows their reliance on God rather than human solutions. This is a recurring theme in the wilderness journey, where the leaders seek divine guidance in times of trouble.

to the entrance to the Tent of Meeting
The Tent of Meeting, also known as the Tabernacle, was the designated place where God communicated with Moses and Aaron. It was a sacred space, symbolizing God's presence among His people. The entrance to the Tent of Meeting was a place of divine encounter, where significant revelations and instructions were given. This setting underscores the seriousness of the situation and the need for divine intervention.

They fell facedown
Falling facedown is an act of worship, submission, and humility before God. It signifies recognition of God's sovereignty and the leaders' dependence on Him. This posture is seen throughout Scripture as a response to God's presence or in times of urgent supplication (e.g., Genesis 17:3, Joshua 5:14). It reflects the gravity of the situation and the leaders' earnest plea for guidance.

and the glory of the LORD appeared to them
The glory of the LORD, often associated with a visible manifestation of God's presence, is a recurring theme in the Old Testament. It signifies God's approval, presence, and power. In this context, it indicates that God is attentive to the plight of His people and ready to provide a solution. The appearance of God's glory reassures Moses and Aaron of His continued guidance and support. This moment foreshadows the ultimate revelation of God's glory in Jesus Christ, who is described as the radiance of God's glory in the New Testament (Hebrews 1:3).

And the LORD said to Moses,
This phrase indicates a direct communication from God to Moses, a common occurrence in the Pentateuch where Moses serves as the primary mediator between God and the Israelites. The use of "LORD" in all caps signifies the Tetragrammaton, YHWH, the covenant name of God, emphasizing His eternal and unchanging nature. This communication underscores Moses' unique role as a prophet and leader, chosen to guide the Israelites out of Egypt and through the wilderness. It reflects the intimate relationship Moses had with God, as seen in Exodus 33:11, where it is said that the LORD spoke to Moses face to face, as a man speaks to his friend. This moment is set within the broader narrative of the Israelites' journey through the wilderness, a period marked by testing, rebellion, and divine provision. The context of Numbers 20 is significant, as it occurs during the 40th year of the Israelites' wandering, highlighting themes of faith, obedience, and the consequences of disobedience. Moses' leadership is continually tested, and this passage sets the stage for a critical moment in his ministry. Take the staff and assemble the congregation.
The staff is a symbol of authority and divine power, often associated with leadership and miracles in the biblical narrative. Moses' staff was used in previous miracles, such as parting the Red Sea (Exodus 14:16) and striking the rock at Horeb (Exodus 17:5-6). The assembly of the congregation indicates a public demonstration of God's provision, emphasizing the communal aspect of Israel's journey and reliance on God.

You and your brother Aaron are to speak to the rock while they watch,
Moses and Aaron, as leaders, are instructed to act together, highlighting the importance of unity in leadership. Speaking to the rock, rather than striking it, signifies a shift from physical action to verbal command, reflecting a deeper level of faith and obedience. This act is meant to be a public testimony to God's power and faithfulness, witnessed by the entire community.

and it will pour out its water.
The promise of water from the rock is a miraculous provision, symbolizing God's ability to provide life-sustaining resources in the desert. Water is often a symbol of life and blessing in Scripture, and this miracle prefigures Christ as the living water (John 4:10, 7:38), who provides spiritual sustenance.

You will bring out water from the rock and provide drink for the congregation and their livestock.
This phrase underscores God's care for both the people and their animals, reflecting His comprehensive provision. The miracle serves as a reminder of God's past faithfulness and His ongoing commitment to meet the needs of His people. It also foreshadows Christ as the spiritual rock (1 Corinthians 10:4), from whom believers receive eternal life.

So Moses took the staff
The staff is a symbol of authority and leadership, often associated with God's power. Moses' staff had been used in previous miracles, such as parting the Red Sea (Exodus 14:16) and bringing water from the rock at Horeb (Exodus 17:5-6). It represents God's provision and guidance for Israel.

from the LORD’s presence
The phrase indicates the sacredness of the staff, which was kept in the presence of the LORD, likely in the Tabernacle. This setting underscores the holiness and divine origin of the instructions given to Moses. The Tabernacle was the dwelling place of God among His people, signifying His continual presence and covenant relationship with Israel.

just as he had been commanded
This highlights Moses' obedience to God's instructions, a recurring theme in his leadership. Obedience to God's commands is a central tenet in the narrative of Israel's journey. However, in the broader context of Numbers 20, Moses' later actions deviate from God's command, leading to significant consequences. This phrase emphasizes the importance of following God's word precisely, a principle echoed throughout Scripture (1 Samuel 15:22).

Then Moses and Aaron gathered the assembly in front of the rock
Moses and Aaron, as leaders of the Israelites, often gathered the people to address them. This event occurs in the wilderness of Zin, near Kadesh, a significant location during the Israelites' 40-year journey. The rock symbolizes God's provision, as it had previously provided water in Exodus 17:6. The gathering indicates a formal assembly, highlighting the seriousness of the situation due to the people's complaints about the lack of water.

and Moses said to them, “Listen now, you rebels
Moses addresses the Israelites as "rebels," reflecting his frustration with their repeated disobedience and lack of faith. This term underscores the Israelites' continual resistance to God's guidance, as seen throughout their wilderness journey. The use of "rebels" also emphasizes the gravity of their sin, which is a recurring theme in the Pentateuch, where rebellion against God leads to severe consequences.

must we bring you water out of this rock?”
Moses' question implies a sense of personal responsibility and frustration. The use of "we" suggests that Moses and Aaron are taking credit for the miracle, which is a significant deviation from giving glory to God. This moment is pivotal, as it leads to God's judgment on Moses and Aaron, preventing them from entering the Promised Land (Numbers 20:12). The act of bringing water from the rock is a type of Christ, who is the spiritual rock providing living water (1 Corinthians 10:4, John 4:10). Moses' failure to sanctify God in this moment contrasts with Jesus' perfect obedience and provision.

Then Moses raised his hand
Moses, as the leader of the Israelites, often acted as an intermediary between God and the people. Raising his hand signifies an authoritative action, often associated with invoking divine power or judgment. This gesture is reminiscent of Moses raising his staff over the Red Sea (Exodus 14:16), symbolizing God's power working through him.

and struck the rock twice with his staff
The staff of Moses is a symbol of God's authority and power. Striking the rock twice indicates a deviation from God's command to simply speak to the rock (Numbers 20:8). This act of disobedience reflects a moment of human weakness and lack of faith, which ultimately led to Moses being denied entry into the Promised Land (Numbers 20:12). The rock is often seen as a type of Christ, as Paul notes in 1 Corinthians 10:4, where Christ is the spiritual rock providing sustenance.

so that a great amount of water gushed out
The miraculous provision of water in the desert underscores God's mercy and provision for His people despite their complaints and Moses' disobedience. This event is a reminder of God's ability to provide abundantly, even in seemingly impossible situations. It also parallels the provision of manna, highlighting God's continuous care for Israel.

and the congregation and their livestock were able to drink
The provision of water not only for the people but also for their livestock emphasizes the completeness of God's provision. It reflects the pastoral care God has for His creation, ensuring that all needs are met. This act of provision is a testament to God's faithfulness to His covenant with Israel, despite their repeated failures and complaints.

But the LORD said to Moses and Aaron
This phrase indicates a direct communication from God to His chosen leaders, Moses and Aaron. Throughout the Pentateuch, God frequently speaks to Moses, establishing him as a prophet and leader. Aaron, as the high priest, also holds a significant role in mediating between God and the Israelites. This divine communication underscores the seriousness of the message and the authority of God over His appointed leaders.

Because you did not trust Me
The lack of trust here refers to the incident at Meribah, where Moses struck the rock to bring forth water instead of speaking to it as God commanded (Numbers 20:7-11). This act demonstrated a failure to fully rely on God's instructions. Trust in God is a recurring theme in the Bible, emphasized in Proverbs 3:5-6 and exemplified by figures like Abraham (Genesis 15:6).

to show My holiness
Holiness is a central attribute of God, signifying His purity, separateness, and divine nature. By not following God's command precisely, Moses and Aaron failed to uphold God's holiness before the people. Leviticus 10:3 highlights the importance of sanctifying God in the eyes of the Israelites, a responsibility of the leaders.

in the sight of the Israelites
The public nature of Moses and Aaron's actions meant that their disobedience had a communal impact. The Israelites were witnesses to their leaders' failure to honor God, which could undermine their faith. This incident serves as a reminder of the importance of leaders setting a godly example, as seen in 1 Timothy 4:12.

you will not bring this assembly into the land
This consequence is significant, as it denies Moses and Aaron the fulfillment of leading the Israelites into the Promised Land, a task they had been working towards since the Exodus. This punishment reflects the principle that leaders are held to a higher standard (James 3:1) and that disobedience has serious repercussions.

that I have given them
The Promised Land is a central element of God's covenant with Abraham (Genesis 12:7). It represents God's faithfulness and the fulfillment of His promises. Despite Moses and Aaron's failure, God's plan for the Israelites remains intact, demonstrating His sovereignty and grace. This phrase also foreshadows the ultimate rest and inheritance believers find in Christ (Hebrews 4:8-10).

These were the waters of Meribah
The term "Meribah" means "quarreling" or "strife" in Hebrew, reflecting the contentious nature of the events that took place there. This location is significant in Israel's wilderness journey, marking a moment of testing and divine intervention. Meribah is also mentioned in Exodus 17:7, where a similar incident occurs, highlighting a pattern of doubt and rebellion among the Israelites. The site is traditionally identified with a location near Kadesh in the wilderness of Zin, though exact archaeological evidence is sparse.

where the Israelites quarreled with the LORD
The Israelites' quarrel with the LORD at Meribah reflects a recurring theme of unbelief and rebellion during their wilderness wanderings. This incident underscores the tension between God's provision and the people's lack of faith. The Israelites' complaints about water reveal their persistent struggle to trust in God's promises, despite witnessing numerous miracles. This event is a reminder of the human tendency to doubt in times of need, as seen in other biblical narratives such as the grumbling in Exodus 16 and Numbers 11.

and He showed His holiness among them
God's response to the Israelites' quarrel at Meribah demonstrates His holiness and justice. By instructing Moses to speak to the rock to bring forth water, God intended to display His power and sanctity. However, Moses' disobedience in striking the rock instead of speaking to it (Numbers 20:11-12) resulted in a failure to uphold God's holiness. This incident emphasizes the importance of obedience and reverence for God's commands. It also foreshadows the ultimate revelation of God's holiness through Jesus Christ, who is described as the "living water" in John 4:10-14, offering spiritual sustenance to all who believe.

From Kadesh, Moses sent messengers to tell the king of Edom
Kadesh was a significant location for the Israelites during their wilderness journey. It was a major encampment site and a place where several key events occurred, including the death of Miriam and the striking of the rock by Moses. The sending of messengers indicates a formal diplomatic approach, which was customary in ancient Near Eastern cultures when seeking passage through foreign territories. The king of Edom, a descendant of Esau, represents a nation with familial ties to Israel, as Esau was Jacob's brother. This connection is crucial in understanding the diplomatic tone Moses uses.

“This is what your brother Israel says:
Referring to Israel as "your brother" emphasizes the kinship between the Israelites and the Edomites. This appeal to shared ancestry is significant, as it seeks to remind the Edomites of their common heritage and potentially elicit a favorable response. The use of "brother" is a strategic choice, aiming to foster goodwill and cooperation based on familial bonds.

You know all the hardship that has befallen us,
The phrase acknowledges the shared knowledge of Israel's struggles, likely referring to the well-known narrative of their enslavement in Egypt, the plagues, the Exodus, and their subsequent wanderings in the desert. This appeal to shared knowledge serves to evoke empathy and understanding from the Edomites. The hardships mentioned are part of the larger narrative of God's deliverance and provision for Israel, which is a recurring theme throughout the Pentateuch. This acknowledgment also sets the stage for the request that follows, as it highlights the Israelites' need for assistance and cooperation.

how our fathers went down to Egypt
This phrase refers to the migration of Jacob and his sons to Egypt during a time of severe famine, as recorded in Genesis 46. This move was initially a means of survival and was orchestrated by God through Joseph, who had risen to power in Egypt. The journey to Egypt was significant in the history of Israel, marking the beginning of their transformation from a family into a nation. It also fulfilled God's earlier promise to Abraham that his descendants would be strangers in a foreign land (Genesis 15:13).

where we lived many years
The Israelites resided in Egypt for approximately 430 years (Exodus 12:40-41). During this time, they grew from a small family group into a large population, fulfilling God's promise to Abraham that his descendants would be as numerous as the stars (Genesis 15:5). This period in Egypt was crucial for the development of Israel's identity as a people set apart for God's purposes.

The Egyptians mistreated us and our fathers
The mistreatment began after the death of Joseph, when a new Pharaoh, who did not know Joseph, came to power (Exodus 1:8). Fearing the growing number of Israelites, the Egyptians subjected them to harsh slavery and oppression. This oppression included forced labor and the decree to kill all newborn Hebrew boys (Exodus 1:9-22). The suffering of the Israelites in Egypt is a central theme in the narrative of the Exodus, highlighting God's deliverance and faithfulness. This period of suffering also serves as a type of the bondage of sin, from which Christ delivers believers.

and when we cried out to the LORD,
This phrase reflects the Israelites' reliance on God during times of distress. Throughout their history, the Israelites often turned to God in prayer during their hardships, as seen in Exodus 2:23-25 when they cried out under Egyptian bondage. This act of crying out signifies a deep dependence on God and acknowledgment of His sovereignty and power to deliver.

He heard our voice,
God's responsiveness to the cries of His people is a recurring theme in the Bible. This phrase emphasizes God's attentiveness and compassion. Psalm 34:17 states, "The righteous cry out, and the LORD hears them; He delivers them from all their troubles." It reassures believers of God's faithfulness and His willingness to listen and respond to their needs.

sent an angel,
The mention of an angel signifies divine intervention. In Exodus 14:19, an angel of God is described as moving to protect the Israelites during their escape from Egypt. Angels often serve as messengers or agents of God's will, highlighting His active role in guiding and protecting His people. This can also be seen as a type of Christ, who is the ultimate messenger and deliverer.

and brought us out of Egypt.
This phrase recalls the Exodus, a foundational event in Israelite history where God delivered His people from slavery. It is a testament to God's power and faithfulness in fulfilling His promises. The Exodus is frequently referenced throughout Scripture as a symbol of salvation and deliverance, foreshadowing the ultimate deliverance through Jesus Christ.

Now look, we are in Kadesh,
Kadesh is a significant location in the wilderness journey of the Israelites. It served as a major encampment and a place of decision-making. Numbers 13:26 mentions Kadesh as the place from which the spies were sent to explore Canaan. It represents a point of transition and testing for the Israelites, as they faced challenges in trusting God's promises.

a city on the edge of your territory.
This phrase indicates the geographical and political context of the Israelites' journey. Kadesh was located near the border of Edom, and the Israelites sought passage through Edomite territory. This request highlights the complex relationships between the Israelites and neighboring nations. The refusal of Edom to grant passage (Numbers 20:18-21) underscores the ongoing struggles and hostilities faced by the Israelites in their quest for the Promised Land.

Please let us pass through your land.
This request is made by the Israelites to the Edomites as they journey towards the Promised Land. The land in question is Edom, located south of the Dead Sea. The Edomites are descendants of Esau, Jacob's brother, making them relatives of the Israelites. This familial connection is significant, as it underscores the expectation of hospitality and cooperation. The request reflects a diplomatic approach, seeking peaceful passage rather than conflict. Historically, such requests were common in the ancient Near East, where travel often required permission from local rulers.

We will not go through any field or vineyard,
The Israelites assure the Edomites that their passage will not disrupt local agriculture. Fields and vineyards were vital to the economy and sustenance of the region, and trampling them could lead to significant loss. This promise indicates respect for Edomite property and resources, emphasizing the Israelites' intention to avoid any form of exploitation or harm. The mention of fields and vineyards also highlights the agricultural richness of Edom, contrasting with the Israelites' current wilderness experience.

or drink water from any well.
Water was a precious resource in the arid regions of the Near East. Wells were often privately owned and essential for survival. By promising not to drink from any wells, the Israelites demonstrate an understanding of the scarcity and value of water. This assurance further emphasizes their intention to pass through without imposing on Edomite resources. The scarcity of water in the wilderness journey of the Israelites is a recurring theme, highlighting their dependence on God's provision.

We will stay on the King’s Highway;
The King's Highway was an ancient trade route running from Egypt through the Sinai Peninsula to the northern regions of the Near East. It was a well-established path used for commerce and travel, providing a direct route through Edom. By committing to stay on this highway, the Israelites indicate their desire to take the most efficient and least intrusive path. The King's Highway's historical significance as a major trade route underscores the strategic importance of Edom's location.

we will not turn to the right or to the left
This phrase signifies the Israelites' commitment to a straightforward journey without deviation. It implies a promise of discipline and respect for Edomite boundaries, avoiding any unnecessary detours that might lead to conflict or trespass. Biblically, the concept of not turning to the right or left is often associated with obedience and faithfulness to God's commands, as seen in Deuteronomy 5:32 and Joshua 1:7.

until we have passed through your territory.
The Israelites' goal is to pass through Edom peacefully and efficiently, without lingering or causing disruption. This reflects their broader mission to reach the Promised Land, a journey guided by divine promise and direction. The emphasis on passing through highlights the transient nature of their request, seeking only temporary access rather than permanent settlement. This passage through Edom is part of the larger narrative of the Israelites' wilderness journey, marked by challenges and reliance on God's guidance.

But Edom answered
Edom, the descendants of Esau, Jacob's brother, had a longstanding enmity with Israel. This response reflects the historical tension between the two nations. The refusal to allow passage is rooted in this ancient rivalry, highlighting the ongoing fulfillment of the prophecy given to Rebekah in Genesis 25:23, where two nations would be divided.

“You may not travel through our land
Edom's land was strategically located, and allowing Israel passage would have been a significant gesture of goodwill. The King's Highway, a major trade route, ran through Edom, and denying access forced Israel to take a longer, more arduous route. This refusal underscores Edom's hostility and lack of hospitality, contrasting with the expected kinship between the two nations.

or we will come out and confront you with the sword.”
This threat of military action indicates Edom's readiness to defend its territory aggressively. The sword symbolizes conflict and war, emphasizing the seriousness of Edom's refusal. This confrontation foreshadows future conflicts between Israel and Edom, as seen in 2 Samuel 8:13-14, where David subdues Edom. The imagery of the sword also serves as a reminder of the spiritual battles faced by God's people, pointing to the ultimate victory through Christ, who is often symbolized as the Word, sharper than any two-edged sword (Hebrews 4:12).

“We will stay on the main road,”
The Israelites are requesting passage through Edom, emphasizing their intention to remain on the established route, known as the King's Highway. This road was a major trade route in the ancient Near East, running from the Gulf of Aqaba to Damascus. By staying on this road, the Israelites aim to minimize disruption and avoid conflict, showing respect for Edom's territory.

the Israelites replied,
This response comes after Edom's initial refusal to allow passage. The Israelites, descendants of Jacob, are addressing the Edomites, descendants of Esau. The historical tension between these two nations is rooted in the sibling rivalry between Jacob and Esau, as recorded in Genesis. Despite this tension, the Israelites seek peaceful negotiation.

“and if we or our herds drink your water,
Water was a precious resource in the arid regions of Edom. The Israelites acknowledge the potential strain on Edom's resources and offer to compensate for any water consumed. This reflects a cultural understanding of hospitality and resource management in the ancient Near East, where water rights were crucial for survival.

we will pay for it.
The offer to pay for water indicates a willingness to engage in fair trade and respect for Edom's sovereignty. This gesture is significant in a historical context where nomadic tribes often clashed over resources. The Israelites' proposal aligns with biblical principles of justice and fairness, as seen in Leviticus 19:13.

There will be no problem;
The Israelites assure Edom that their passage will not cause harm or conflict. This statement underscores their peaceful intentions and desire to avoid hostilities. It reflects a broader biblical theme of seeking peace and reconciliation, as encouraged in Romans 12:18.

only let us pass through on foot.”
The request to pass through "on foot" highlights the Israelites' vulnerability and dependence on Edom's goodwill. It also emphasizes their non-threatening nature, as they are not seeking to conquer or settle in Edom. This plea for passage is reminiscent of the Israelites' reliance on God's provision and guidance during their wilderness journey, as seen throughout the book of Numbers.

But Edom insisted, “You may not pass through.”
The Edomites were descendants of Esau, Jacob's brother, making them relatives of the Israelites. Despite this familial connection, Edom refused Israel passage through their land. This refusal highlights the longstanding tension between the two nations, rooted in the sibling rivalry of Esau and Jacob (Genesis 25:23). The Edomites' insistence reflects their fear of the large number of Israelites and a desire to protect their territory. This incident fulfills the prophecy given to Rebekah that two nations would be divided from her womb (Genesis 25:23).

And they came out to confront the Israelites with a large army
Edom's mobilization of a large army indicates the seriousness with which they viewed the potential threat of Israel's passage. This military response underscores the geopolitical realities of the time, where territorial integrity was fiercely protected. The presence of a large army also suggests that Edom was a formidable power in the region, capable of defending its borders against a significant threat.

and a strong hand.
The phrase "a strong hand" implies not only military might but also a firm resolve. This expression is often used in the Bible to denote power and authority, as seen in God's deliverance of Israel from Egypt "with a mighty hand" (Exodus 6:1). Here, it emphasizes Edom's determination to enforce their decision, regardless of familial ties. This confrontation serves as a reminder of the challenges Israel faced in their journey to the Promised Land and foreshadows future conflicts with surrounding nations.

So Edom refused to allow Israel to pass through their territory
Edom, descended from Esau, Jacob's brother, had a longstanding enmity with Israel. This refusal highlights the deep-seated animosity between the two nations, rooted in the sibling rivalry of Esau and Jacob (Genesis 25:23). The Edomites' denial of passage is significant as it forced Israel to take a longer, more arduous route to the Promised Land. This act of refusal is a fulfillment of the prophecy given to Rebekah about the struggle between her sons' descendants (Genesis 25:23). Geographically, Edom was located south of the Dead Sea, and its terrain was rugged and mountainous, making it a strategic location that Israel hoped to traverse. Historically, this incident reflects the political tensions and territorial disputes common in the ancient Near East.

and Israel turned away from them
Israel's decision to turn away rather than engage in conflict demonstrates a commitment to peace and obedience to God's command to avoid hostility with Edom (Deuteronomy 2:4-5). This action can be seen as a test of faith and patience for the Israelites, who were learning to trust in God's timing and provision. Theologically, this turning away can be viewed as a type of Christ, who also chose the path of peace and submission to God's will, even in the face of opposition. This moment foreshadows the New Testament teaching of loving one's enemies and seeking peace (Matthew 5:44). The Israelites' detour around Edom is a reminder of the challenges and detours believers may face in their spiritual journey, emphasizing reliance on God's guidance.

After they had set out from Kadesh
Kadesh was a significant location for the Israelites during their wilderness journey. It was here that Moses struck the rock to bring forth water, an act that led to his being barred from entering the Promised Land. Kadesh is often associated with testing and rebellion, as it was the site of the Israelites' refusal to enter Canaan due to fear of the inhabitants. This phrase marks a transition from a place of disobedience and judgment to a new phase in their journey.

the whole congregation of Israel
This phrase emphasizes the unity and collective movement of the Israelites. The term "congregation" suggests a formal assembly, highlighting the organized nature of the Israelite community. It reflects the communal aspect of their covenant relationship with God, where the actions and decisions of the group as a whole had significant spiritual implications.

came to Mount Hor
Mount Hor is traditionally identified with a mountain in the region of Edom, near the border of the Promised Land. It is significant as the place where Aaron, the brother of Moses and the first high priest, died and was buried. This event marks a pivotal moment in Israel's history, symbolizing the end of an era and the transition of priestly leadership. The location of Mount Hor also underscores the Israelites' proximity to the fulfillment of God's promise, as they were nearing the land of Canaan.

And at Mount Hor
Mount Hor is a significant location in the biblical narrative, marking the place where Aaron, the brother of Moses, died. It is traditionally identified with Jebel Harun near Petra in modern-day Jordan. This mountain holds historical importance as it represents a transition point for the Israelites during their wilderness journey. The death of Aaron here signifies the end of an era of leadership and the continuation of God's plan through the next generation.

near the border of the land of Edom
Edom, the land of Esau's descendants, is located southeast of Israel. The Israelites' journey near Edom highlights the complex relationship between the two nations, rooted in the sibling rivalry between Jacob and Esau. The border location underscores the Israelites' proximity to the Promised Land, yet their journey is fraught with challenges, including denied passage through Edom (Numbers 20:14-21). This reflects the broader theme of Israel's struggle and reliance on God for guidance and provision.

the LORD said to Moses and Aaron
This phrase emphasizes the direct communication between God and His chosen leaders, Moses and Aaron. It underscores the theocratic leadership structure of Israel, where divine instruction guides the nation's actions. The LORD's communication is a reminder of His sovereignty and the importance of obedience to His commands. This moment also foreshadows the transition of priestly duties from Aaron to his son Eleazar, as God prepares the people for the next phase of their journey.

Aaron will be gathered to his people;
This phrase indicates Aaron's impending death, using a common biblical euphemism for dying. "Gathered to his people" suggests a reunion with ancestors, reflecting the belief in an afterlife or continued existence beyond death. This phrase is used for other patriarchs like Abraham and Isaac, emphasizing a continuity of faith and heritage. It underscores the communal aspect of Israelite identity, where individuals are part of a larger narrative and lineage.

he will not enter the land that I have given the Israelites,
Aaron, like Moses, is denied entry into the Promised Land due to disobedience. This highlights the seriousness of their actions and God's justice. The land is a central theme in the Pentateuch, representing God's promise and faithfulness. Aaron's exclusion serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of sin, even for leaders. It also foreshadows the eventual entry of the next generation, emphasizing the continuity of God's plan despite human failure.

because both of you rebelled against My command at the waters of Meribah.
This refers to the incident in Numbers 20:1-13, where Moses and Aaron failed to uphold God's holiness before the Israelites. Instead of speaking to the rock as commanded, Moses struck it, and Aaron shared in the responsibility. "Meribah" means "quarreling," reflecting the people's contentiousness and the leaders' failure to trust God fully. This event is pivotal, illustrating the theme of faith and obedience. It also serves as a typological foreshadowing of Christ, the true Rock, who provides living water, as seen in 1 Corinthians 10:4.

Take Aaron and his son Eleazar
This phrase marks a significant transition in the priesthood of Israel. Aaron, the first high priest, is about to pass his duties to his son Eleazar. This transfer of priestly authority is crucial for maintaining the continuity of worship and religious leadership among the Israelites. Aaron's role as high priest is foundational, as he was appointed by God to serve as a mediator between God and the people (Exodus 28:1). Eleazar's succession signifies the importance of lineage and the hereditary nature of the priesthood, which is a theme seen throughout the Old Testament. This transition also prefigures the eternal priesthood of Jesus Christ, who is described as a priest forever in the order of Melchizedek (Hebrews 7:17).

and bring them up Mount Hor
Mount Hor is a significant geographical location in the biblical narrative. It is situated on the border of Edom, and its exact location is debated, though it is traditionally identified with Jebel Harun near Petra in modern-day Jordan. The ascent of Mount Hor symbolizes a journey of obedience and transition. It is on this mountain that Aaron will die, marking the end of an era for the Israelites. The mountain setting is often used in the Bible as a place of divine encounter and revelation, such as Mount Sinai for the giving of the Law (Exodus 19). The ascent also reflects the biblical theme of going up to meet God, as mountains are frequently depicted as places where heaven and earth meet. This event foreshadows the ultimate sacrifice and ascension of Jesus Christ, who, like Aaron, serves as a mediator between God and humanity.

Remove Aaron’s priestly garments
This phrase signifies the end of Aaron's priesthood, a role he held since the consecration described in Exodus 28-29. The removal of his garments symbolizes the transfer of the priestly office. The priestly garments were not just clothing but represented the authority and responsibilities of the high priest. This act underscores the importance of the priesthood being divinely appointed and orderly transferred, reflecting the sacredness of the office.

and put them on his son Eleazar.
Eleazar, Aaron's third son, is chosen to succeed him, indicating the continuation of the Levitical priesthood through Aaron's lineage. This transfer of garments and office is a public affirmation of Eleazar's new role. It highlights the hereditary nature of the priesthood in Israel, as established in Exodus 29:9. Eleazar's future role is significant, as he will later assist in leading Israel and performing priestly duties, as seen in Joshua 14:1.

Aaron will be gathered to his people
This phrase is a common biblical euphemism for death, suggesting a reunion with ancestors in the afterlife. It reflects the belief in an existence beyond death, where the faithful are gathered to their forebears. This concept is seen in Genesis 25:8 with Abraham and Genesis 35:29 with Isaac, indicating a continuity of faith and community beyond physical life.

and will die there.”
The location of Aaron's death is Mount Hor, as specified earlier in Numbers 20:22-24. This event marks a significant transition for the Israelites as they near the end of their wilderness journey. Aaron's death is a reminder of the consequences of disobedience, as he was not permitted to enter the Promised Land due to his actions at Meribah (Numbers 20:12). This moment also prefigures the death of Moses, who will similarly not enter the land, emphasizing the theme of leadership transition and the fulfillment of God's promises through successive generations.

So Moses did as the LORD had commanded
Moses' obedience to God's command is a recurring theme throughout the Pentateuch. This phrase highlights Moses' role as a faithful servant and leader, emphasizing his submission to divine authority. It reflects the importance of obedience in the covenant relationship between God and His people. This act of obedience is reminiscent of other instances where Moses followed God's instructions, such as the construction of the Tabernacle (Exodus 40:16). It also prefigures the ultimate obedience of Jesus Christ, who perfectly fulfilled the will of the Father (John 6:38).

and they climbed Mount Hor
Mount Hor is a significant geographical location in the biblical narrative. It is traditionally identified with Jebel Harun in modern-day Jordan, near Petra. This mountain is notable as the place where Aaron, the brother of Moses, died and was buried (Numbers 20:28-29). The ascent of Mount Hor symbolizes a transition and a moment of solemnity, as it marks the end of Aaron's priestly service. The climb can also be seen as a type of Christ's ascension, where He completed His earthly ministry and entered into His heavenly priesthood (Hebrews 4:14).

in the sight of the whole congregation
The public nature of this event underscores its importance and the transparency of leadership in Israel. The congregation witnessing the ascent signifies communal participation in the significant moments of their journey. It serves as a reminder of the collective responsibility and unity of the people of God. This public act also foreshadows the crucifixion of Christ, which was witnessed by many, highlighting the communal aspect of redemption (Luke 23:48). The visibility of the event reinforces the idea that God's dealings with His people are not hidden but are meant to be a testimony to His faithfulness and justice.

After Moses had removed Aaron’s garments
This phrase signifies the transfer of the high priestly role from Aaron to his son Eleazar. The garments of the high priest were symbolic of his office and duties (Exodus 28:2-4). The removal of these garments indicates the end of Aaron's service and life. This act also underscores the importance of proper succession in leadership roles within the Israelite community, ensuring continuity in worship and adherence to God's commandments.

and put them on his son Eleazar
By placing the garments on Eleazar, Moses is publicly affirming Eleazar as the new high priest. This transfer of authority is crucial for maintaining the spiritual leadership of Israel. Eleazar's new role is a fulfillment of God's earlier instructions regarding the priesthood (Exodus 29:29-30). This act also prefigures the New Testament concept of Jesus as our High Priest, who mediates between God and humanity (Hebrews 4:14-16).

Aaron died there on top of the mountain
Aaron's death on Mount Hor marks the end of an era for Israel. As the first high priest, Aaron played a pivotal role in establishing the priestly system and leading the people in worship. His death on the mountain, away from the camp, signifies a peaceful transition and the completion of his earthly duties. This event also serves as a reminder of the consequences of disobedience, as Aaron was not permitted to enter the Promised Land due to earlier transgressions (Numbers 20:12).

Then Moses and Eleazar came down from the mountain
The descent of Moses and Eleazar from the mountain symbolizes the continuation of leadership and the ongoing journey of the Israelites. Moses, as the leader, and Eleazar, as the new high priest, together represent the unity of civil and religious authority. This moment foreshadows the eventual entry into the Promised Land, with Eleazar playing a key role in the distribution of the land (Joshua 14:1). The descent also highlights the theme of transition and the faithfulness of God in providing leaders for His people.

When the whole congregation saw that Aaron had died
Aaron's death marks a significant moment for the Israelites, as he was the first high priest and brother to Moses. His passing signifies the end of an era of leadership that began in Egypt. Aaron's role as high priest was crucial in mediating between God and the people, and his death would have been a profound loss. The congregation witnessing his death underscores the communal nature of Israel's journey and their shared experiences. This moment also highlights the transition of priestly duties to his son, Eleazar, ensuring the continuity of the priesthood.

the entire house of Israel mourned for him
The mourning of the entire house of Israel indicates the deep respect and affection they held for Aaron. Mourning practices in ancient Israel were significant, often involving rituals such as tearing clothes, wearing sackcloth, and fasting. This collective mourning reflects Aaron's importance not only as a religious leader but also as a central figure in the community's identity. It also demonstrates the unity of the Israelites in their grief, a rare moment of collective sentiment in their often tumultuous journey.

thirty days
The thirty-day mourning period is significant, as it was a traditional time of mourning for a leader or a close family member, known as "shloshim" in Jewish tradition. This period allowed the community to express their grief fully and transition to life without their leader. The length of mourning for Aaron parallels the mourning period for Moses, indicating his esteemed status among the people. This practice of mourning for thirty days is also seen in Deuteronomy 34:8, where the Israelites mourn for Moses, further emphasizing the importance of these leaders in Israel's history.