From Adam to Abraham 1Adam, Seth, Enosh, 2Kenan, Mahalalel, Jared, 3Enoch, Methuselah, Lamech, Noah. 5The sons of Japheth: Gomer, Magog, Madai, Javan, Tubal, Meshech, and Tiras. 6The sons of Gomer: Ashkenaz, Riphath,b and Togarmah. 7And the sons of Javan: Elishah, Tarshish, the Kittites, and the Rodanites. 8The sons of Ham: Cush, Mizraim, Put, and Canaan. 9The sons of Cush: Seba, Havilah, Sabta,c Raamah, and Sabteca. The sons of Raamah: Sheba and Dedan. 10Cush was the father of Nimrod, who began to be a mighty oned on the earth. 11Mizraim was the father of the Ludites, the Anamites, the Lehabites, the Naphtuhites, 12the Pathrusites, the Casluhites (from whom the Philistines came), and the Caphtorites.e 13And Canaan was the father of Sidon his firstborn,f and of the Hittites,g 14the Jebusites, the Amorites, the Girgashites, 15the Hivites, the Arkites, the Sinites, 16the Arvadites, the Zemarites, and the Hamathites. 17The sons of Shem: Elam, Asshur, Arphaxad, Lud, and Aram. The sons of Aram:h Uz, Hul, Gether, and Meshech.i 18Arphaxad was the father of Shelah, and Shelah was the father of Eber. 19Two sons were born to Eber: One was named Peleg,j because in his days the earth was divided, and his brother was named Joktan. 20And Joktan was the father of Almodad, Sheleph, Hazarmaveth, Jerah, 21Hadoram, Uzal, Diklah, 22Obal,k Abimael, Sheba, 23Ophir, Havilah, and Jobab. All these were sons of Joktan. 24So from Shem came Arphaxad, Shelah,l 25Eber, Peleg, Reu, 26Serug, Nahor, Terah, 27and Abram (that is, Abraham). The Descendants of Abraham 28The sons of Abraham were Isaac and Ishmael. 29These are their genealogies: Nebaioth the firstborn of Ishmael, then Kedar, Adbeel, Mibsam, 30Mishma, Dumah, Massa, Hadad, Tema, 31Jetur, Naphish, and Kedemah. These were the sons of Ishmael. 32The sons born to Keturah, Abraham’s concubine: Zimran, Jokshan, Medan, Midian, Ishbak, and Shuah. The sons of Jokshan: 33The sons of Midian: Ephah, Epher, Hanoch, Abida, and Eldaah. All of these were Keturah’s sons. 34Abraham was the father of Isaac. The sons of Isaac: The Descendants of Esau 35The sons of Esau: Eliphaz, Reuel, Jeush, Jalam, and Korah. 36The sons of Eliphaz: Teman, Omar, Zepho,m Gatam, and Kenaz; and by Timna, Amalek. 37The sons of Reuel: Nahath, Zerah, Shammah, and Mizzah. The Descendants of Seir 38The sons of Seir: Lotan, Shobal, Zibeon, Anah, Dishon, Ezer, and Dishan. 39The sons of Lotan: Hori and Homam.n Timna was Lotan’s sister. 40The sons of Shobal: Alvan,o Manahath, Ebal, Shepho,p and Onam. The sons of Zibeon: Aiah and Anah. The sons of Dishon: Hemdan,r Eshban, Ithran, and Cheran. 42The sons of Ezer: Bilhan, Zaavan, and Akan.s The sons of Dishan: Uz and Aran. The Kings of Edom 43These are the kings who reigned in the land of Edom before any king reigned over the Israelites:t Bela son of Beor. His city was named Dinhabah. 44When Bela died, Jobab son of Zerah from Bozrah reigned in his place. 45When Jobab died, Husham from the land of the Temanites reigned in his place. 46When Husham died, Hadad son of Bedad, who defeated Midian in the country of Moab, reigned in his place. And the name of his city was Avith. 47When Hadad died, Samlah from Masrekah reigned in his place. 48When Samlah died, Shaul from Rehoboth on the Euphratesu reigned in his place. 49When Shaul died, Baal-hanan son of Achbor reigned in his place. 50When Baal-hanan died, Hadad reigned in his place. His city was named Pau,v and his wife’s name was Mehetabel daughter of Matred, the daughter of Me-zahab. 51Then Hadad died. Now the chiefs of Edom were Timna, Alvah, Jetheth, 52Oholibamah, Elah, Pinon, 53Kenaz, Teman, Mibzar, 54Magdiel, and Iram. These were the chiefs of Edom. Footnotes: 4 a LXX; Hebrew does not include The sons of Noah:; see Genesis 5:32. 6 b Many Hebrew manuscripts and Vulgate (see also LXX and Genesis 10:3); most Hebrew manuscripts Diphath 9 c Sabta is a variant of Sabtah; see Genesis 10:7. 10 d Or who established himself as a mighty warrior 12 e Some translators adjust the Hebrew word order to the Casluhites, and the Caphtorites (from whom the Philistines came); see also Jeremiah 47:4 and Amos 9:7. 13 f Or of the Sidonians, the foremost 13 g Hebrew and of Heth 17 h One Hebrew manuscript and some LXX manuscripts (see also Genesis 10:23); most Hebrew manuscripts do not include The sons of Aram. 17 i Meshech is a variant of Mash; see Genesis 10:23. 19 j Peleg means division. 22 k LXX and Syriac (see also Genesis 10:28); Hebrew Ebal 24 l Literally Shem, Arphaxad, Shelah; some LXX manuscripts Shem, Arphaxad, Cainan, Shelah; see also Genesis 10:24 LXX and Luke 3:35–36. 36 m Many Hebrew manuscripts, some LXX manuscripts, and Syriac (see also Genesis 36:11); most Hebrew manuscripts Zephi 39 n Homam is a variant of Hemam; see Genesis 36:22. 40 o LXX (see also Genesis 36:23); Hebrew Alian 40 p LXX (see also Genesis 36:23); Hebrew Shephi 41 q Hebrew sons 41 r LXX (see also Genesis 36:26); Hebrew Hamran 42 s LXX (see also Genesis 36:27); Hebrew Jaakan 43 t Or before an Israelite king ruled over them 48 u Hebrew the River 50 v Many MT manuscripts, some LXX manuscripts, Vulgate, and Syriac (see also Genesis 36:39); most MT manuscripts Pai Berean Standard Bible (BSB) printed 2016, 2020, 2022, 2025 by Bible Hub and Berean.Bible. Produced in cooperation with Bible Hub, Discovery Bible, unfoldingWord, Bible Aquifer, OpenBible.com, and the Berean Bible Translation Committee. This text of God's Word has been dedicated to the public domain. Free downloads and unlimited usage available. See also the Berean Literal Bible and Berean Interlinear Bible. Bible Hub  1 Chronicles 1 Summary From Adam to AbrahamVerses 1–4 – From Adam to Noah Verses 5–7 – The Line of Japheth Verses 8–16 – The Line of Ham Verses 17–27 – The Line of Shem to Abram Verses 28–34 – Abraham’s Immediate Descendants Verses 35–42 – Esau and the Edomite Clans Verses 43–54 – Early Kings and Chiefs of Edom 1 Chronicles 1 provides the genealogical framework of the biblical narrative, tracing the lineage of humanity from Adam to the twelve sons of Jacob. This chapter underlines the link between divine providence and human history, weaving the ancestry of notable biblical characters. The record is more than just a list of names, but a testament to God's consistent presence throughout generations. Purpose and Setting The Chronicler writes after the exile, when Judah’s survivors need to know who they are and where they came from. By sweeping from Adam to Abraham—and pausing to name even Israel’s rivals—the writer anchors the restored community in real history and in God’s larger plan. Why These Genealogies Matter • They assert that God rules over all nations, not just Israel (Acts 17:26). • They show how God narrows history: from all people (Adam) to one family (Abraham) to one nation (Israel). • They prove God keeps His word, tracking every promise from Genesis forward. • They remind readers that every name counts with God; no life is forgotten. From Adam to Noah: Humanity’s Shared Beginning Genesis 5 lists the same ten names, emphasizing that sin, judgment, and grace are universal. Enoch “walked with God” (Genesis 5:24) and Noah “found favor” (Genesis 6:8), setting patterns of faith amid widespread rebellion. The Table of Nations: Japheth, Ham, Shem • Japheth’s sons (coastlands, Europe, Asia Minor) show early spread (Isaiah 66:19). • Ham’s line covers Africa and Canaan, including Egypt (Mizraim) and Philistia (Caphtorim). • Shem’s line stays closest to the covenant story, producing the “Eber” from whom the word “Hebrew” likely comes. Shem to Abram: The Narrowing Funnel Peleg’s name recalls the earth being “divided” (Genesis 10:25), possibly the Tower of Babel dispersion. By Terah’s house the line has settled in Mesopotamia, setting the stage for God’s call: “Go from your country… to the land that I will show you” (Genesis 12:1). Abraham’s Branches: Promise and Providence • Ishmael: Twelve desert princes (Genesis 25:13-16), nations blessed yet outside the covenant line (Genesis 17:20). • Keturah’s sons: Midian later hosts Moses (Exodus 2:15) and opposes Israel (Judges 6). • Isaac: “Your wife Sarah will bear you a son, and you will name him Isaac. I will establish My covenant with him” (Genesis 17:19). God’s choice is clear but compassionate toward the other lines. Edom in Focus Esau’s descendants become perpetual neighbors—and frequent foes—of Israel (Numbers 20:14-21; Obadiah). God forbids Israel to seize Edomite land (Deuteronomy 2:4-5), acknowledging Edom’s place in His plan while still steering redemption history through Jacob. Kings and Chiefs of Edom The Chronicler borrows Genesis 36:31-43 almost verbatim. Edom’s kings rule by city, not dynasty, hinting at an elective or rotational kingship. The note “before any king reigned over the Israelites” underscores that Israel waited for God’s timing (1 Samuel 8) rather than racing for political status. Archaeological Footprints • Timna Valley copper mines (13th–10th centuries BC) show advanced Edomite industry. • Buseirah (biblical Bozrah) reveals fortified settlements matching the era of Edom’s chiefs. • Egyptian and Assyrian records list Edom and some of its kings, validating the Chronicler’s accuracy. Connections to the New Testament • Luke 3:34-38 traces Jesus back through Shem to Adam, echoing 1 Chronicles 1 and stressing that Christ is Savior of all. • Matthew 1 starts with “Abraham was the father of Isaac,” showing the promise finds fulfillment in Jesus. • Romans 9:6-13 cites Isaac and Esau to highlight divine choice and mercy. Living Lessons 1. God tracks every generation; He won’t lose sight of yours. 2. Nations rise and fall, but God’s covenant plan moves steadily forward. 3. Decisions today—like Enoch’s walk with God or Nimrod’s quest for power—ripple through history. 4. Waiting for God’s timing, as Israel did for a king, protects us from shortcuts that harm. Connections to Additional Scriptures Genesis 5 and 10These chapters provide parallel genealogies, offering additional context and details about the descendants of Adam and Noah. Matthew 1:1-17 The genealogy of Jesus Christ, showing the fulfillment of God's promises through the line of Abraham and David. Romans 9:6-8 Paul's discussion on the true children of Abraham, emphasizing faith and God's promise rather than mere physical descent. Teaching Points The Foundation of Humanity1 Chronicles 1:1-4 begins with Adam, the first man, and traces the line through Noah and his sons, emphasizing the unity and common ancestry of all humanity. God's Sovereign Plan The genealogies highlight God's sovereign choice in history, as He selects specific individuals and families to fulfill His purposes, such as the line of Shem leading to Abraham. The Importance of Heritage Verses 5-23 list the descendants of Japheth, Ham, and Shem, showing the spread of nations and the importance of heritage and identity in God's plan. The Line of Promise Verses 24-27 focus on the line from Shem to Abraham, underscoring the covenant promise that God made with Abraham, which is central to the biblical narrative. The Chosen People Verses 28-54 detail the descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Esau, leading to the twelve tribes of Israel, God's chosen people through whom He would bring salvation to the world. Practical Applications Embrace Your Spiritual HeritageJust as the Israelites valued their genealogical records, we should cherish our spiritual heritage and identity in Christ. Recognize God's Sovereignty Trust in God's sovereign plan for your life, knowing that He has chosen you for a purpose, just as He chose individuals throughout history. Value Every Person The genealogies remind us that every person is part of God's creation and plan, encouraging us to value and respect all people. Live with Purpose Understanding that God has a plan for each of us should inspire us to live purposefully and intentionally, seeking to fulfill His will in our lives. People 1. AdamThe first man created by God, according to Genesis, and the progenitor of the human race. 2. Seth Adam's son, given to him after the death of Abel, and an ancestor of Noah. 3. Enosh Son of Seth, known for the time when people began to call on the name of the Lord. 4. Kenan Son of Enosh, part of the genealogical line leading to Noah. 5. Mahalalel Son of Kenan, whose name means "praise of God." 6. Jared Son of Mahalalel, father of Enoch. 7. Enoch Son of Jared, known for "walking with God" and being taken by God. 8. Methuselah Son of Enoch, known for being the longest-lived human in the Bible. 9. Lamech Son of Methuselah, father of Noah. 10. Noah Son of Lamech, known for building the ark and surviving the Flood. 11. Shem Son of Noah, ancestor of the Semitic peoples. 12. Ham Son of Noah, ancestor of various ancient peoples. 13. Japheth Son of Noah, ancestor of various Indo-European peoples. 14. Elam Son of Shem, associated with the Elamite civilization. 15. Asshur Son of Shem, associated with the Assyrian empire. 16. Arphaxad Son of Shem, ancestor of the Hebrews. 17. Lud Son of Shem, associated with the Lydians. 18. Aram Son of Shem, ancestor of the Arameans. 19. Uz Son of Aram, possibly linked to the land of Uz, where Job lived. 20. Hul Son of Aram, little is known about him. 21. Gether Son of Aram, little is known about him. 22. Mash Son of Aram, little is known about him. 23. Arphaxad Repeated for emphasis, as an important ancestor. 24. Shelah Son of Arphaxad, part of the line leading to Abraham. 25. Eber Son of Shelah, from whom the term "Hebrew" is derived. 26. Peleg Son of Eber, during whose time the earth was divided. 27. Joktan Son of Eber, ancestor of various Arabian tribes. 28. Almodad Son of Joktan, little is known about him. 29. Sheleph Son of Joktan, little is known about him. 30. Hazarmaveth Son of Joktan, associated with the region of Hadramaut. 31. Jerah Son of Joktan, little is known about him. 32. Hadoram Son of Joktan, little is known about him. 33. Uzal Son of Joktan, possibly linked to the city of Sana'a in Yemen. 34. Diklah Son of Joktan, little is known about him. 35. Obal Son of Joktan, little is known about him. 36. Abimael Son of Joktan, little is known about him. 37. Sheba Son of Joktan, associated with the Sabeans. 38. Ophir Son of Joktan, known for its gold. 39. Havilah Son of Joktan, associated with a region rich in resources. 40. Jobab Son of Joktan, little is known about him. 41. Peleg Repeated for emphasis, as an important ancestor. 42. Reu Son of Peleg, part of the line leading to Abraham. 43. Serug Son of Reu, part of the line leading to Abraham. 44. Nahor Son of Serug, grandfather of Abraham. 45. Terah Son of Nahor, father of Abraham. 46. Abram (Abraham) Son of Terah, patriarch of the Israelites. 47. Isaac Son of Abraham, father of Jacob and Esau. 48. Ishmael Son of Abraham and Hagar, ancestor of the Ishmaelites. 49. Esau Son of Isaac, ancestor of the Edomites. 50. Israel (Jacob) Son of Isaac, father of the twelve tribes of Israel. Places 1. EdenWhile not directly mentioned in 1 Chronicles 1, Eden is implied as the starting point of humanity with Adam. The Hebrew word "עֵדֶן" (Eden) refers to the garden where God placed the first humans. 2. Assyria Mentioned in the genealogies as the land associated with Asshur, a descendant of Shem (1 Chronicles 1:17). The Hebrew term "אַשּׁוּר" (Ashur) refers to the ancient Mesopotamian kingdom and empire. 3. Ur of the Chaldeans Implied as the birthplace of Abram (later Abraham), a descendant of Shem (1 Chronicles 1:27). The Hebrew "אוּר כַּשְׂדִּים" (Ur Kasdim) refers to the ancient city in southern Mesopotamia. 4. Canaan Mentioned as the land associated with the descendants of Ham (1 Chronicles 1:8-13). The Hebrew "כְּנַעַן" (Canaan) refers to the region that includes modern-day Israel and surrounding areas. 5. Egypt Implied through the mention of Mizraim, a son of Ham (1 Chronicles 1:8). The Hebrew "מִצְרַיִם" (Mitzrayim) is the traditional name for Egypt. 6. Philistia Implied through the mention of the Philistines, descendants of Casluhim, a son of Mizraim (1 Chronicles 1:12). The Hebrew "פְּלִשְׁתִּים" (P'lishtim) refers to the coastal region inhabited by the Philistines. 7. Sidon Mentioned as the firstborn of Canaan (1 Chronicles 1:13). The Hebrew "צִידוֹן" (Tzidon) refers to the ancient Phoenician city on the Mediterranean coast. 8. Gomorrah Implied through the mention of the cities of the plain associated with the descendants of Canaan (1 Chronicles 1:14). The Hebrew "עֲמֹרָה" (Amorah) refers to one of the cities destroyed alongside Sodom. 9. Sodom Implied similarly to Gomorrah, as part of the cities of the plain (1 Chronicles 1:14). The Hebrew "סְדוֹם" (S'dom) refers to the infamous city known for its destruction. Events 1. The Lineage from Adam to Noah (1 Chronicles 1:1-4)The chapter begins with the genealogy from Adam, the first man, through his descendants Seth, Enosh, Kenan, Mahalalel, Jared, Enoch, Methuselah, Lamech, and finally Noah and his three sons, Shem, Ham, and Japheth. This lineage establishes the foundation of humanity according to biblical tradition. 2. The Descendants of Japheth (1 Chronicles 1:5-7) The sons of Japheth are listed, including Gomer, Magog, Madai, Javan, Tubal, Meshech, and Tiras. The passage also mentions the sons of Gomer and Javan, highlighting the spread of nations from Japheth's line. 3. The Descendants of Ham (1 Chronicles 1:8-16) The genealogy continues with the sons of Ham: Cush, Mizraim, Put, and Canaan. The text further details the descendants of Cush, including Nimrod, who is noted as a mighty warrior on earth, and the descendants of Mizraim and Canaan, emphasizing the expansion of Ham's lineage. 4. The Descendants of Shem (1 Chronicles 1:17-23) Shem's descendants are listed, including Elam, Asshur, Arphaxad, Lud, and Aram. The passage also provides details on the sons of Aram and the lineage of Arphaxad, leading to Eber, from whom the term "Hebrew" is derived. 5. The Lineage from Shem to Abraham (1 Chronicles 1:24-27) The genealogy traces the line from Shem through Arphaxad, Shelah, Eber, Peleg, Reu, Serug, Nahor, Terah, and finally to Abram (later Abraham), establishing the patriarchal line central to Israel's history. 6. The Descendants of Abraham (1 Chronicles 1:28-34) The chapter details the sons of Abraham, including Isaac and Ishmael, and further lists the sons of Ishmael and the sons of Keturah, Abraham's concubine, emphasizing the broad family network stemming from Abraham. 7. The Descendants of Esau (1 Chronicles 1:35-42) The genealogy of Esau, also known as Edom, is presented, listing his sons and the chiefs of Edom. This section highlights the establishment of the Edomite nation, distinct from Israel. 8. The Kings and Chiefs of Edom (1 Chronicles 1:43-54) The chapter concludes with a list of the kings who reigned in Edom before any king reigned over the Israelites, as well as the chiefs of Edom. This section underscores the political structure and leadership within Edom. Topics 1. Genealogy from Adam to Noah (1 Chronicles 1:1-4)This section lists the descendants from Adam to Noah, highlighting the patriarchs who lived before the flood. The Hebrew names are significant, with "Adam" (אָדָם) meaning "man" or "mankind," and "Noah" (נֹחַ) meaning "rest" or "comfort." 2. Descendants of Noah’s Sons (1 Chronicles 1:5-23) The genealogy continues with the descendants of Noah's sons: Shem, Ham, and Japheth. This passage outlines the nations that emerged from these lineages, emphasizing the spread of humanity post-flood. The names often reflect the regions or peoples they represent. 3. Descendants of Shem (1 Chronicles 1:24-27) This section focuses on the line of Shem, which is significant for its connection to the Semitic peoples and ultimately to the lineage of Abraham. The name "Shem" (שֵׁם) means "name" or "renown." 4. Genealogy from Shem to Abraham (1 Chronicles 1:28-34) The genealogy traces the line from Shem to Abraham, highlighting the patriarchs who are central to the narrative of the Israelites. Abraham's name (אַבְרָהָם) means "father of many," reflecting his role in biblical history. 5. Descendants of Abraham (1 Chronicles 1:35-42) This passage details the descendants of Abraham through his sons Isaac and Ishmael, as well as the sons of Keturah. The focus is on the formation of various tribes and nations, with Isaac's line being particularly significant for the Israelites. 6. Descendants of Esau (1 Chronicles 1:43-54) The genealogy of Esau, also known as Edom, is presented, detailing the chiefs and kings that arose from his lineage. The name "Esau" (עֵשָׂו) means "hairy," and "Edom" (אֱדוֹם) means "red," both reflecting aspects of Esau's account and character. Themes 1. Genealogical Record of Humanity1 Chronicles 1 provides a genealogical record that traces the lineage from Adam through the patriarchs. This theme emphasizes the continuity of God's creation and His sovereign plan throughout human history. The chapter begins with "Adam, Seth, Enosh" (1 Chronicles 1:1), highlighting the foundational figures in biblical history. The Hebrew root for "Adam" (אָדָם) signifies mankind, underscoring the universal scope of this genealogy. 2. Covenantal Lineage The chapter outlines the descendants of Noah's sons—Shem, Ham, and Japheth—demonstrating the spread of nations and the specific lineage through which God's covenantal promises would be fulfilled. The text states, "The sons of Noah: Shem, Ham, and Japheth" (1 Chronicles 1:4). The Hebrew name "Shem" (שֵׁם) is significant as it leads to the Semitic line, through which Abraham and eventually Israel would come. 3. The Patriarchs and Israel's Ancestry The genealogy includes the patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, emphasizing the chosen line through which Israel, God's covenant people, would emerge. "Abraham was the father of Isaac. The sons of Isaac: Esau and Israel" (1 Chronicles 1:34). The name "Israel" (יִשְׂרָאֵל) is pivotal, as it represents the nation chosen by God to be a light to the nations. 4. The Nations and God's Sovereignty By listing the descendants of Esau and the various tribes and nations, the chapter illustrates the diversity of peoples and God's sovereignty over all nations. "The sons of Esau: Eliphaz, Reuel, Jeush, Jalam, and Korah" (1 Chronicles 1:35). This theme reflects the Hebrew understanding of God's rule over all creation and His involvement in the affairs of all peoples. 5. Historical Context and Continuity The genealogies provide a historical framework that connects the past with the present for the original audience. This continuity reassures the Israelites of their identity and God's faithfulness. The detailed records serve as a reminder of God's ongoing relationship with His people throughout generations. Answering Tough Questions 1. In 1 Chronicles 1:1, how can Adam be presented as a literal ancestor when many argue he’s a symbolic or mythological figure? Bible Study Discussion Questions 1. What does the genealogy of 1 Chronicles 1 teach us about God's providence? 2. How do the genealogical records in this chapter align with the promise God made to Abraham? 3. How does knowing our ancestry and spiritual heritage affect our understanding of our own lives? 4. How does 1 Chronicles 1 fit into the broader narrative of the Bible? 5. How can the genealogies in this chapter deepen our appreciation of the Old Testament? 6. Why do you think the author decided to mention the Kings of Edom who ruled before Israel had a king? 7. Why is the detailed lineage of Esau given, considering he is not the chosen heir of Abraham? 8. How can we reconcile God's sovereignty, as seen in these genealogies, with human free will? 9. In our modern times, what does it mean to be part of the 'lineage' of faith? 10. What lessons can we draw from the inclusion of various flawed individuals in the genealogy? 11. How do these genealogies help us understand God's promise to Abraham about his descendants? 12. How can we apply the understanding of our spiritual heritage to our lives today? 13. Why do you think some names are left out of the genealogy? 14. If you were to create a spiritual genealogy of your own life, who would be included and why? 15. How does the realization that we are part of a long history of faith affect our everyday decisions? 16. How do you trace God's faithfulness in your personal and familial history? 17. How might understanding our place in God's larger narrative influence our relationships with others? 18. Why is it important to recount the history of God's people, and how can we do this in our own contexts? 19. How does this chapter help you see the connections between the Old Testament and New Testament? 20. Considering our cultural emphasis on individualism, how does this chapter challenge our understanding of community and lineage? Bible Hub Chapter Summaries and Bible Study Questions |
    |