These are the names of the sons of Israel
This phrase introduces the genealogical list of Jacob's descendants, emphasizing the continuity of God's covenant with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. The "sons of Israel" refers to the twelve tribes of Israel, foundational to the nation's identity. The listing of names signifies the importance of lineage and heritage in biblical history, underscoring the fulfillment of God's promise to make Abraham's descendants a great nation (Genesis 12:2).

who went to Egypt with Jacob
This part of the verse recalls the migration of Jacob and his family to Egypt, as recorded in Genesis 46. This move was prompted by a severe famine and Joseph's position of power in Egypt. It marks the beginning of Israel's sojourn in Egypt, setting the stage for their eventual enslavement and the Exodus. The journey to Egypt was a pivotal moment in Israel's history, fulfilling God's word to Abraham that his descendants would be strangers in a foreign land (Genesis 15:13).

each with his family
The mention of "each with his family" highlights the familial structure and unity of the tribes of Israel. It underscores the importance of family in maintaining cultural and religious identity, especially in a foreign land. This detail also foreshadows the multiplication of the Israelites in Egypt, as they grew from a family into a nation, fulfilling God's promise of numerous descendants (Genesis 46:27).

Reuben
Reuben is the firstborn son of Jacob and Leah, making him the eldest of the twelve tribes of Israel. His birth is recorded in Genesis 29:32. Reuben's name means "behold, a son," reflecting Leah's hope for Jacob's affection. Reuben's actions, such as sleeping with Bilhah, his father's concubine (Genesis 35:22), led to the loss of his birthright, which was later given to Joseph's sons (1 Chronicles 5:1-2). Reuben's tribe settled east of the Jordan River, in a region known for its pastoral lands, which aligns with the tribe's reputation for being shepherds.

Simeon
Simeon is the second son of Jacob and Leah. His name means "heard," as Leah believed God heard her plight (Genesis 29:33). Simeon, along with his brother Levi, is known for the violent act against the city of Shechem in retaliation for the defilement of their sister Dinah (Genesis 34). This act led to Jacob's curse on their anger (Genesis 49:5-7). The tribe of Simeon eventually became absorbed into the tribe of Judah, losing its distinct identity, which is reflected in the blessing of Moses where Simeon is not mentioned (Deuteronomy 33).

Levi
Levi is the third son of Jacob and Leah. His name means "attached," as Leah hoped Jacob would become attached to her (Genesis 29:34). Levi, like Simeon, was involved in the massacre at Shechem. However, the tribe of Levi was later set apart for priestly duties, as seen in Exodus 32:26-29, where the Levites stood with Moses against idolatry. This tribe did not receive a territorial inheritance like the others but was given cities throughout Israel (Numbers 35:1-8). The Levitical priesthood is a type of Christ, who is our High Priest (Hebrews 4:14-16).

Judah
Judah is the fourth son of Jacob and Leah. His name means "praise," as Leah praised the Lord at his birth (Genesis 29:35). Judah's leadership qualities are evident in his role in the story of Joseph, where he offers himself as a substitute for Benjamin (Genesis 44:18-34). The tribe of Judah became the most prominent, producing King David and ultimately Jesus Christ, fulfilling the prophecy of the scepter not departing from Judah (Genesis 49:10). Judah's territory included Jerusalem, the future capital of Israel, and the center of Jewish worship.

Issachar
Issachar was the fifth son of Leah and the ninth son of Jacob. His name is often associated with the idea of reward or recompense, as Leah named him Issachar, meaning "there is a reward," because she believed God had rewarded her for giving her maidservant to Jacob. The tribe of Issachar settled in a fertile region in the Jezreel Valley, which was conducive to agriculture. This aligns with the blessing given by Jacob in Genesis 49:14-15, where Issachar is described as a strong donkey lying down between two burdens, indicating a hardworking and industrious nature. The tribe played a significant role in supporting King David, as noted in 1 Chronicles 12:32, where the men of Issachar are described as having understanding of the times, knowing what Israel should do.

Zebulun
Zebulun was the sixth son of Leah and the tenth son of Jacob. His name is associated with honor or dwelling, as Leah expressed her hope that Jacob would honor her by dwelling with her. The tribe of Zebulun was allocated land in the northern part of Canaan, near the Sea of Galilee, which provided access to trade routes and maritime activities. This is reflected in Jacob's blessing in Genesis 49:13, where Zebulun is said to dwell by the seashore and be a haven for ships. The tribe's location and involvement in trade may have contributed to its prosperity and influence. Zebulun's territory is also significant in prophecy, as Isaiah 9:1-2 mentions the land of Zebulun in the context of the coming of the Messiah, a prophecy fulfilled in the ministry of Jesus Christ in Galilee.

Benjamin
Benjamin was the second son of Rachel and the twelfth son of Jacob. His name means "son of the right hand," reflecting Jacob's affection and favor. The tribe of Benjamin held a strategic position in the central hill country of Canaan, with Jerusalem eventually becoming part of its territory. Benjamin's descendants were known for their skill in battle, as seen in Judges 20:16, where they are described as left-handed warriors capable of slinging stones with precision. The tribe's loyalty to the house of David is notable, as they remained with Judah during the division of the kingdom. Benjamin's significance is further highlighted in the New Testament, as the Apostle Paul, a key figure in early Christianity, was from the tribe of Benjamin (Philippians 3:5).

Dan and Naphtali;
Dan and Naphtali were two of the twelve tribes of Israel, named after the sons of Jacob and Bilhah, Rachel's maidservant. Dan, the fifth son of Jacob, is often associated with judgment, as his name means "judge." The tribe of Dan later settled in the northern part of Israel, near the Mediterranean Sea. This location made them vulnerable to idolatry, as seen in Judges 18, where they set up a carved image. Naphtali, the sixth son, is associated with freedom and swiftness, as his name means "my struggle" or "wrestling." The tribe of Naphtali settled in the fertile region of Galilee, which later became significant in the ministry of Jesus Christ, fulfilling Isaiah's prophecy (Isaiah 9:1-2) about a great light shining in Galilee.

Gad and Asher.
Gad and Asher were also sons of Jacob, born to Zilpah, Leah's maidservant. Gad, the seventh son, is linked to fortune or a troop, as his name means "good fortune" or "troop." The tribe of Gad settled east of the Jordan River, in a region known for its pastures, which suited their lifestyle as herdsmen. This area was often a frontline in battles, requiring the Gadites to be strong warriors, as noted in 1 Chronicles 12:8. Asher, the eighth son, means "happy" or "blessed." The tribe of Asher settled along the northern coast of Canaan, an area rich in olive oil production, which is reflected in Jacob's blessing in Genesis 49:20. The prosperity of Asher is seen as a type of the spiritual blessings found in Christ, who provides abundantly for His people.

The descendants of Jacob numbered seventy in all
This phrase highlights the total number of Jacob's family members who went to Egypt. The number seventy is significant in biblical numerology, often symbolizing completeness or divine order. This count includes Jacob's sons and their families, as detailed in Genesis 46:8-27. The number seventy is also mentioned in Deuteronomy 10:22, emphasizing the growth of the Israelites from a small family to a great nation. This growth fulfills God's promise to Abraham in Genesis 12:2, where God promised to make Abraham's descendants into a great nation.

including Joseph
Joseph, one of Jacob's twelve sons, plays a crucial role in the narrative of the Israelites' journey to Egypt. Sold into slavery by his brothers, Joseph rose to power in Egypt, becoming second only to Pharaoh (Genesis 41:40-41). His presence in Egypt was part of God's providential plan to preserve Jacob's family during a severe famine (Genesis 45:5-7). Joseph's story is a type of Christ, as he was rejected by his own, suffered unjustly, and later became a savior to his people.

who was already in Egypt
Joseph's prior arrival in Egypt set the stage for the Israelites' eventual settlement there. His position allowed him to provide for his family during the famine, as seen in Genesis 47:11-12. This phrase underscores God's sovereignty and foreknowledge, as He orchestrated events to ensure the survival and growth of His chosen people. Joseph's presence in Egypt also foreshadows the Israelites' future enslavement and eventual exodus, as prophesied in Genesis 15:13-14.

Now Joseph
Joseph, the eleventh son of Jacob and the firstborn of Rachel, played a pivotal role in the history of Israel. Sold into slavery by his brothers, he rose to become the second most powerful man in Egypt. His life is a testament to God's providence and sovereignty, as he was used to preserve the lineage of Israel during a severe famine. Joseph is often seen as a type of Christ, as he was betrayed by his own, suffered unjustly, and ultimately became a savior to his people.

and all his brothers
Joseph's brothers, the sons of Jacob, are the patriarchs of the twelve tribes of Israel. Their actions, including selling Joseph into slavery, set the stage for the Israelites' eventual settlement in Egypt. This phrase marks the end of an era, as the original family of Israel passes away, setting the stage for the growth of the nation in a foreign land. The brothers' reconciliation with Joseph is a powerful story of forgiveness and redemption.

and all that generation died
This phrase signifies a significant transition in the narrative of the Israelites. The death of Joseph and his brothers marks the end of the patriarchal period and the beginning of a new chapter in Israel's history. It sets the stage for the Israelites' multiplication and eventual enslavement in Egypt, as described in the following verses. This transition also highlights the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham that his descendants would be strangers in a land not their own, where they would be enslaved and mistreated for 400 years (Genesis 15:13). The passing of this generation underscores the continuity of God's plan and the unfolding of His covenant promises.

but the Israelites were fruitful and increased rapidly;
This phrase echoes the creation mandate given to Adam and Eve in Genesis 1:28, where God commands humanity to "be fruitful and multiply." The Israelites' rapid increase is a fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham in Genesis 12:2 and 15:5, where He assures Abraham that his descendants will be as numerous as the stars. This growth signifies God's blessing and faithfulness to His covenant people. The Hebrew word for "fruitful" (פָּרָה, parah) is often associated with divine blessing and prosperity, indicating that the Israelites' multiplication was under God's providential care.

they multiplied and became exceedingly numerous,
The multiplication of the Israelites is a testament to God's promise to make them a great nation. This phrase highlights the exponential growth of the Israelite population during their time in Egypt, which sets the stage for the events of the Exodus. The use of "exceedingly numerous" underscores the overwhelming presence of the Israelites in Egypt, which would later lead to the Egyptians' fear and subsequent oppression of them. This growth can be seen as a precursor to the fulfillment of God's plan to deliver His people and establish them in the Promised Land.

so that the land was filled with them.
The phrase "the land was filled with them" indicates the significant impact the Israelites had on the land of Egypt. This fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham also foreshadows the future occupation of the Promised Land by the Israelites. The land being "filled" with Israelites can be seen as a type of the future Kingdom of God, where God's people will inhabit the earth. This phrase also sets the stage for the tension between the Egyptians and the Israelites, as the Egyptians begin to perceive the Israelites as a threat due to their vast numbers. This tension ultimately leads to the enslavement of the Israelites, setting the stage for God's redemptive work through Moses, a type of Christ, who will lead His people out of bondage.

Then a new king
This phrase introduces a significant transition in the narrative of Israel's history in Egypt. The "new king" signifies a change in leadership and policy. Historically, this may refer to a shift in dynasties, possibly the rise of the Hyksos or a native Egyptian dynasty that sought to reassert control. This change marks the beginning of Israel's oppression, setting the stage for the Exodus. Theologically, it underscores the theme of God's sovereignty over political changes and His unfolding plan for His people.

who did not know Joseph
Joseph, once a prominent figure in Egypt, had saved the nation from famine and was highly esteemed. The phrase "did not know Joseph" suggests a deliberate disregard for his contributions and the covenantal relationship between Joseph's family and Egypt. This ignorance or willful neglect leads to the Israelites' enslavement. It highlights the transient nature of human favor and the importance of remembering God's past deliverances. This forgetfulness contrasts with God's faithfulness and serves as a warning against neglecting God's works and people.

came to power in Egypt
The rise to power of this new king in Egypt marks a pivotal moment in the biblical narrative. Egypt, a powerful and influential nation, becomes the setting for Israel's suffering and eventual deliverance. This phrase emphasizes the geopolitical context of the time, where Egypt was a dominant force in the ancient Near East. Theologically, it sets the stage for God's demonstration of His power over the mightiest empire of the time, foreshadowing the plagues and the Exodus. It also prefigures Christ's ultimate victory over sin and death, as God delivers His people from bondage.

“Look,” he said to his people,
This phrase introduces the speaker, the new Pharaoh of Egypt, who did not know Joseph. The use of "Look" indicates an urgent call to attention, suggesting a sense of alarm or concern. The Pharaoh is addressing his people, likely his advisors or the Egyptian populace, to highlight a perceived threat. This reflects a shift in Egyptian policy towards the Israelites, moving from a period of favor under Joseph to one of suspicion and hostility. Historically, this change may coincide with a new dynasty in Egypt that felt threatened by the growing Hebrew population.

“the Israelites have become too numerous
The Israelites, descendants of Jacob, had settled in Egypt during a time of famine and had grown significantly in number. This phrase underscores the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham that his descendants would be as numerous as the stars (Genesis 15:5). The rapid population growth of the Israelites is seen as a divine blessing, yet it also becomes a source of fear for the Egyptians. This fear of a large foreign population is a common theme in history, where minority groups are often viewed with suspicion by the majority.

and too powerful for us.
The perception of the Israelites as "too powerful" suggests that their numbers and potential influence posed a threat to Egyptian sovereignty. This fear may have been exacerbated by the Israelites' distinct cultural and religious identity, which set them apart from the Egyptians. The concern over their power foreshadows the later oppression and enslavement of the Israelites, as Pharaoh seeks to control and diminish their influence. This situation sets the stage for God's deliverance of His people, a central theme in the book of Exodus. The Israelites' eventual exodus from Egypt is a type of Christ's deliverance of humanity from sin, as both involve liberation from bondage and the establishment of a covenant relationship with God.

Come, let us deal shrewdly with them
This phrase reflects the Egyptian Pharaoh's strategic and cunning approach to the growing population of the Israelites. The use of "deal shrewdly" indicates a calculated plan to suppress the Israelites, who were seen as a threat due to their rapid multiplication. This echoes the serpent's cunning in Genesis 3:1, where deceit and manipulation are used to achieve a desired outcome. The Pharaoh's fear-driven policy contrasts with God's promise to Abraham in Genesis 12:2, where God promises to make Abraham's descendants a great nation.

or they will increase even more
The concern over the Israelites' increasing numbers highlights the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham that his descendants would be as numerous as the stars (Genesis 15:5). This growth is seen as a divine blessing, yet it becomes a source of fear for the Egyptians. The tension between divine blessing and human fear is a recurring theme in the Bible, illustrating how God's plans often transcend human understanding and control.

and if a war breaks out
This phrase suggests a fear of potential conflict, possibly with neighboring nations or internal uprisings. Historically, Egypt was a powerful empire, but it faced threats from surrounding regions. The Pharaoh's concern reflects a common ancient Near Eastern practice of preemptively dealing with potential threats to maintain power and stability. This fear of war underscores the political and military tensions of the time.

they may join our enemies
The possibility of the Israelites allying with Egypt's enemies reveals the Pharaoh's paranoia and distrust. This fear of betrayal is reminiscent of later biblical narratives, such as the alliances and conflicts during the reigns of the kings of Israel and Judah. It also foreshadows the Israelites' eventual role in God's plan to establish a kingdom that transcends earthly alliances.

fight against us
The fear of the Israelites turning against the Egyptians highlights the potential for internal rebellion. This concern is rooted in the Egyptians' awareness of the Israelites' growing strength and numbers. It reflects a broader biblical theme of the oppressed rising against their oppressors, as seen in the eventual Exodus from Egypt, which is a type of Christ's deliverance of humanity from sin.

and leave the country
The fear of the Israelites leaving Egypt points to the economic and labor implications for the Egyptians. The Israelites were a significant labor force, and their departure would have had a substantial impact on Egypt's economy. This foreshadows the eventual Exodus, where God delivers His people from bondage, symbolizing spiritual liberation. The departure from Egypt is a precursor to the ultimate deliverance through Jesus Christ, who frees believers from the bondage of sin.

So the Egyptians appointed taskmasters over the Israelites
The appointment of taskmasters signifies a shift from the Israelites being honored guests in Egypt during Joseph's time to becoming oppressed slaves. This change reflects the new Pharaoh's fear of the Israelites' growing population and potential power (Exodus 1:8-10). Taskmasters were likely Egyptian officials or overseers who enforced labor and maintained control over the Israelites, ensuring they remained subjugated. This oppression fulfills God's prophecy to Abraham that his descendants would be enslaved and mistreated in a foreign land for 400 years (Genesis 15:13).

to oppress them with forced labor
The forced labor imposed on the Israelites was a means of control and suppression. It was intended to break their spirit and prevent them from becoming a threat to the Egyptians. This labor was harsh and relentless, as described later in Exodus 5:6-14, where the Israelites were forced to make bricks without straw. The oppression of the Israelites is a recurring theme in the Bible, symbolizing the bondage of sin and the need for divine deliverance, which is ultimately fulfilled in Jesus Christ, who frees humanity from spiritual slavery (John 8:34-36).

As a result, they built Pithom and Rameses as store cities for Pharaoh
Pithom and Rameses were significant cities in ancient Egypt, serving as storage centers for grain and other goods. The construction of these cities by the Israelites underlines the scale of their forced labor and the wealth of the Egyptian empire. Archaeological evidence suggests that these cities were located in the eastern Nile Delta, a region known for its fertile land and strategic importance. The mention of Rameses connects to the biblical narrative of the Exodus, as it is also the starting point of the Israelites' journey out of Egypt (Exodus 12:37). The building of these cities can be seen as a type of Christ's work, where He prepares a place for His people (John 14:2-3), contrasting the oppressive labor of the Israelites with the rest and freedom found in Him.

But the more they were oppressed
The oppression of the Israelites in Egypt began after the death of Joseph and the rise of a new Pharaoh who did not know him. This Pharaoh feared the growing population of the Israelites and sought to suppress them through forced labor. This phrase highlights a recurring biblical theme where God's people often face persecution and hardship. Historically, the oppression included harsh labor conditions, as described in Exodus 1:11, where the Israelites were forced to build store cities for Pharaoh. This oppression can be seen as a test of faith and endurance, similar to the trials faced by other biblical figures such as Job.

the more they multiplied and flourished
Despite the harsh conditions, the Israelites continued to grow in number and strength. This multiplication can be seen as a fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham in Genesis 12:2, where God promised to make Abraham's descendants a great nation. The flourishing of the Israelites under oppression is a testament to God's providence and faithfulness. It also serves as a type of Christ, who, despite persecution and suffering, brought forth salvation and growth for the Church. This resilience is echoed in the New Testament, where the early Church grew despite persecution (Acts 8:1-4).

so the Egyptians came to dread the Israelites
The Egyptians' dread of the Israelites reflects a common biblical motif where the enemies of God's people fear their growth and potential. This fear led to further attempts to suppress the Israelites, including the decree to kill all newborn Hebrew boys (Exodus 1:22). The dread can be seen as a fulfillment of God's promise to make Israel a powerful nation that would be a source of blessing and fear to others (Genesis 12:3). This situation foreshadows the eventual Exodus, where God's power would be displayed through the plagues and the parting of the Red Sea, leading to the liberation of His people.

They worked the Israelites ruthlessly
The phrase "They worked the Israelites ruthlessly" refers to the oppressive labor imposed on the Israelites by the Egyptians. This period marks the beginning of Israel's enslavement in Egypt, a significant event in biblical history. The Egyptians, fearing the growing population of the Israelites, sought to suppress them through harsh labor. This oppression fulfills the prophecy given to Abraham in Genesis 15:13, where God foretold that his descendants would be strangers in a land not their own and would be enslaved and mistreated for 400 years.

The term "ruthlessly" indicates the severity and cruelty of the Egyptians' treatment. This harshness is further described in Exodus 1:14, where the Israelites are forced to perform backbreaking labor in brick and mortar and all kinds of fieldwork. The Egyptians' intent was to break the spirit of the Israelites and control their population growth, as seen in Pharaoh's earlier decree to kill all newborn Hebrew boys (Exodus 1:16).

Culturally, this period of enslavement is significant as it sets the stage for the eventual deliverance of the Israelites, a central theme in the book of Exodus. The harsh treatment of the Israelites contrasts with God's promise of deliverance and blessing, highlighting the tension between human oppression and divine salvation.

Theologically, this oppression can be seen as a type of the bondage of sin, from which Christ delivers believers. Just as God raised Moses to lead the Israelites out of physical slavery, Jesus Christ is seen as the ultimate deliverer who frees humanity from spiritual slavery. This connection is reinforced in the New Testament, where Jesus is often portrayed as the new Moses, leading His people to spiritual freedom.

In summary, this phrase encapsulates the beginning of a pivotal period in Israel's history, characterized by severe oppression that ultimately leads to their deliverance and the fulfillment of God's promises. and made their lives bitter with hard labor
The Israelites' lives were made bitter by the Egyptians, reflecting the fulfillment of God's prophecy to Abraham in Genesis 15:13, where God foretold that his descendants would be enslaved and oppressed. The bitterness symbolizes the severe oppression and suffering they endured, which is a recurring theme in the Bible, highlighting the trials faced by God's people. This bitterness also foreshadows the bitterness of sin and the need for deliverance, pointing to the ultimate deliverance through Christ.

in brick and mortar
The use of brick and mortar indicates the type of labor the Israelites were subjected to, which aligns with archaeological findings in Egypt showing the use of mud bricks in construction during this period. This labor was not only physically demanding but also degrading, as it was typically assigned to slaves. The mention of brick and mortar connects to the construction of store cities like Pithom and Rameses, as mentioned earlier in Exodus 1:11, emphasizing the scale and intensity of their forced labor.

and with all kinds of work in the fields
The phrase expands the scope of their labor beyond construction to include agricultural work, which was essential for Egypt's economy. This reflects the comprehensive nature of their servitude, as they were exploited in various sectors. The agricultural labor also ties into the broader biblical narrative of toil and hardship resulting from the Fall in Genesis 3:17-19, underscoring the theme of human suffering under sin.

Every service they imposed was harsh
The harshness of the service imposed on the Israelites underscores the cruelty of their Egyptian taskmasters. This harshness is a key element in the narrative, setting the stage for God's intervention and the eventual Exodus. It highlights the need for divine deliverance and justice, themes that resonate throughout Scripture. The severity of their oppression also serves as a backdrop for understanding God's compassion and the significance of His covenant with Israel, which is ultimately fulfilled in the New Covenant through Jesus Christ.

Then the king of Egypt said
This phrase introduces the Pharaoh, the ruler of Egypt, who is not named in the text. Historically, this period is often associated with the New Kingdom of Egypt, possibly during the reign of a Pharaoh from the 18th or 19th Dynasty. The king's authority is absolute in Egypt, reflecting the centralized power and control he wielded over the nation. This sets the stage for the oppressive measures he would take against the Israelites, highlighting the tension between the Egyptians and the Hebrews.

to the Hebrew midwives
The mention of Hebrew midwives indicates the presence of a distinct and growing Hebrew population in Egypt. Midwives played a crucial role in ancient societies, assisting in childbirth and ensuring the survival of both mother and child. The fact that these midwives are specifically identified as Hebrew suggests their integral role within the Hebrew community. This also underscores the Pharaoh's attempt to directly influence the Hebrew population through those who had significant influence over life and death at birth.

whose names were Shiphrah and Puah
Naming the midwives Shiphrah and Puah is significant, as it personalizes the narrative and highlights their courage and faith. In a patriarchal society, the mention of these women by name is notable and suggests their importance in the unfolding story of Israel's deliverance. Their actions are a precursor to the theme of God using unexpected individuals to fulfill His purposes. The names themselves, Shiphrah meaning "beauty" or "brightness" and Puah possibly meaning "splendid" or "fragrant," may reflect their character or the esteem in which they were held. Their defiance of the king's orders is a testament to their fear of God over man, a theme echoed throughout Scripture, such as in Acts 5:29, where Peter and the apostles declare, "We must obey God rather than men."

When you help the Hebrew women give birth
This phrase refers to the midwives' role in ancient Egypt, where childbirth was a significant event often assisted by midwives. The Hebrew women were the descendants of Jacob, living in Egypt since the time of Joseph. The midwives, Shiphrah and Puah, were tasked with assisting these women, highlighting the importance of their role in the community. This reflects the growing population of the Israelites, which was seen as a threat by the Egyptians.

observe them on the birthstools
The birthstools were likely a form of primitive birthing chair used in ancient times, designed to aid women during labor. This detail provides insight into the birthing practices of the time, which were communal and involved specific tools and methods. The mention of birthstools indicates a structured approach to childbirth, emphasizing the midwives' expertise and the cultural practices of the Hebrews.

If the child is a son, kill him
This command from Pharaoh represents a direct threat to the Hebrew population, aiming to curb their growth by targeting male infants. Historically, this reflects the fear of the Israelites becoming too numerous and powerful, potentially aligning with Egypt's enemies. This decree is an early example of infanticide as a tool of oppression and control, foreshadowing later biblical narratives of deliverance and survival against oppressive regimes.

but if it is a daughter, let her live
Allowing daughters to live suggests that females were not seen as a threat to Pharaoh's power. This reflects the patriarchal society of the time, where males were often seen as potential warriors or leaders. The survival of the daughters ensured the continuation of the Hebrew people, as women would eventually marry and bear children, contributing to the population's growth despite Pharaoh's efforts.

This passage sets the stage for the birth of Moses, a type of Christ, who would later deliver the Israelites from Egyptian bondage, paralleling Jesus' role as the deliverer from sin. The decree also echoes Herod's later attempt to kill male infants in Bethlehem, further connecting Moses and Jesus as deliverers in biblical typology.

The midwives, however, feared God
The midwives' fear of God indicates a reverence and respect for divine authority over human authority. This fear is not terror but a recognition of God's sovereignty and moral law. In the biblical context, fearing God often leads to wisdom and righteous actions (Proverbs 9:10). The midwives' actions can be seen as an early example of civil disobedience in the Bible, where God's law is prioritized over human edicts. This fear of God aligns with the broader biblical narrative that emphasizes obedience to God above all (Acts 5:29).

and did not do as the king of Egypt had instructed;
The king of Egypt, or Pharaoh, represents the oppressive political power of the time. His instruction to kill the Hebrew boys was a direct attempt to control and diminish the Israelite population, reflecting the historical context of Egyptian enslavement of the Israelites. The midwives' refusal to follow Pharaoh's command highlights their courage and moral conviction. This act of defiance is significant in the biblical narrative, as it sets the stage for God's deliverance of Israel from Egypt, foreshadowing the ultimate deliverance through Christ.

they let the boys live.
By allowing the boys to live, the midwives preserved the future of the Israelite people, including the birth of Moses, who would lead the Exodus. This act of preservation is a recurring theme in Scripture, where God uses individuals to protect His people and fulfill His promises (e.g., Rahab in Joshua 2). Theologically, this can be seen as a type of Christ, where the preservation of life points to Jesus, who brings eternal life. The midwives' actions demonstrate God's providence and the unfolding of His redemptive plan through seemingly small acts of faithfulness.

So the king of Egypt summoned the midwives
The king of Egypt, also known as Pharaoh, represents the oppressive power against the Israelites. This summoning indicates a direct confrontation between the ruler of Egypt and the Hebrew midwives, Shiphrah and Puah. Historically, Pharaohs were considered divine figures, and their commands were expected to be obeyed without question. The midwives' actions demonstrate civil disobedience in the face of unjust laws, highlighting a theme of faithfulness to God over earthly authority. This moment foreshadows the later defiance of Moses against Pharaoh.

and asked them,
The act of questioning the midwives shows Pharaoh's frustration and disbelief. In the ancient Near East, midwives held a crucial role in society, often respected for their skills and wisdom. This interrogation suggests that Pharaoh underestimated the resolve and faith of these women. The midwives' courage is reminiscent of other biblical figures who stood firm in their faith, such as Daniel in the lion's den.

“Why have you done this?
Pharaoh's question reveals his expectation of obedience and his surprise at their defiance. This phrase underscores the moral dilemma faced by the midwives, who chose to fear God rather than man. Their actions align with the biblical principle found in Acts 5:29, where Peter and the apostles declare, "We must obey God rather than men." The midwives' decision reflects a deep trust in God's sovereignty and protection.

Why have you let the boys live?”
Pharaoh's concern with the survival of the Hebrew boys highlights his fear of the growing Israelite population, which he perceived as a threat to his power. This fear led to his genocidal decree, reminiscent of Herod's massacre of the innocents in Matthew 2:16, which sought to eliminate Jesus, the prophesied King. The preservation of the Hebrew boys, particularly Moses, who would later lead the Israelites out of Egypt, serves as a type of Christ, foreshadowing the deliverance and salvation brought by Jesus. The midwives' actions contribute to God's redemptive plan, demonstrating His providence and the triumph of His purposes over human schemes.

The midwives answered Pharaoh
The midwives, Shiphrah and Puah, are responding to Pharaoh, the ruler of Egypt. This interaction highlights the courage and faith of these women who feared God more than the king. Their response is a form of civil disobedience, prioritizing divine law over human law. This moment is significant as it sets the stage for God's deliverance of Israel from Egypt, showing that God often uses unexpected people to fulfill His purposes.

“The Hebrew women are not like the Egyptian women
This statement draws a distinction between the Hebrew and Egyptian women, possibly reflecting cultural or perceived physical differences. The Hebrews, descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, were living in Egypt as foreigners. The Egyptians, on the other hand, were the native people of the land. This distinction may also imply a divine favor or blessing upon the Hebrew women, aligning with God's promise to multiply the descendants of Abraham.

for they are vigorous
The term "vigorous" suggests strength and vitality, possibly indicating that the Hebrew women were robust and healthy, able to give birth quickly. This vigor could be seen as a fulfillment of God's promise to make the Israelites fruitful and multiply them exceedingly (Genesis 1:28, Genesis 12:2). It also underscores the idea that God was preserving His people even under oppression.

and give birth before a midwife arrives.”
This phrase implies that the Hebrew women were delivering their babies so quickly that the midwives could not intervene, thus thwarting Pharaoh's plan to kill the male infants. This rapid childbirth could be seen as a miraculous intervention by God to protect the future generations of Israel. It also highlights the theme of God's sovereignty and protection over His people, as seen throughout the Exodus narrative. This act of divine preservation foreshadows the ultimate deliverance of Israel from Egypt, pointing to God's faithfulness in fulfilling His covenant promises.

So God was good to the midwives
This phrase highlights God's favor and blessing upon the Hebrew midwives, Shiphrah and Puah, who feared God and defied Pharaoh's orders to kill Hebrew male infants. Their actions demonstrate a reverence for God's moral law over human edicts, aligning with the biblical principle found in Acts 5:29, "We must obey God rather than men." The midwives' faithfulness is rewarded by God, illustrating His justice and mercy. This also reflects the broader biblical theme of God supporting those who act righteously, as seen in Proverbs 11:18, "The wicked earns deceptive wages, but the one who sows righteousness gets a sure reward."

and the people multiplied
This phrase underscores the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham in Genesis 12:2, where God promised to make Abraham's descendants into a great nation. Despite the oppression and harsh conditions imposed by the Egyptians, the Israelites continued to grow in number, demonstrating God's sovereign power and faithfulness to His covenant. This multiplication of the Israelites is a testament to God's providence and His ability to bring about His purposes even in adverse circumstances.

and became even more numerous
The increasing number of Israelites despite Pharaoh's attempts to suppress them highlights the futility of opposing God's plans. This mirrors the promise in Genesis 15:5, where God tells Abraham that his descendants will be as numerous as the stars. The growth of the Israelite population sets the stage for the Exodus, where God will deliver His people from bondage, foreshadowing the ultimate deliverance through Jesus Christ. This phrase also reflects the biblical theme of God using the weak and oppressed to accomplish His purposes, as seen in 1 Corinthians 1:27, "But God chose the foolish things of the world to shame the wise; God chose the weak things of the world to shame the strong."

And because the midwives feared God
The midwives' fear of God indicates a deep reverence and respect for His authority, which is a recurring theme throughout the Bible. This fear is not terror but a recognition of God's power and holiness. In the context of Exodus, the midwives' fear of God contrasts with Pharaoh's disregard for human life and divine authority. Their actions demonstrate a moral courage that aligns with the biblical principle found in Proverbs 9:10, "The fear of the LORD is the beginning of wisdom." This reverence for God over human authority is echoed in Acts 5:29, where Peter and the apostles declare, "We must obey God rather than men."

He gave them families of their own
In the ancient Near Eastern context, having a family was considered a blessing and a sign of God's favor. The midwives' reward for their faithfulness and fear of God is the granting of families, which signifies stability, legacy, and divine approval. This blessing can be seen as a fulfillment of the promise that those who honor God will be honored by Him, as stated in 1 Samuel 2:30. Theologically, this phrase underscores the biblical principle that God rewards those who are faithful to Him, as seen in Hebrews 11:6, which states that God "rewards those who earnestly seek Him." The midwives' story also prefigures the New Testament teaching that God blesses those who prioritize His will, as seen in Matthew 6:33, "But seek first His kingdom and His righteousness, and all these things will be given to you as well."

Then Pharaoh commanded all his people:
This phrase indicates a royal decree from Pharaoh, the ruler of Egypt, demonstrating his absolute authority. Historically, Pharaohs were considered divine figures, and their commands were seen as law. This decree reflects the growing fear of the Israelites' increasing population and potential threat to Egyptian power. The command to all his people suggests a nationwide policy, emphasizing the severity and widespread nature of the oppression.

Every son born to the Hebrews you must throw into the Nile:
The Nile River was central to Egyptian life, symbolizing both sustenance and death. This command to throw Hebrew male infants into the Nile was a form of population control and an attempt to weaken the Israelites by eliminating future male leaders and warriors. This act of infanticide is reminiscent of later biblical events, such as Herod's massacre of the innocents in Matthew 2:16, drawing a parallel between Moses and Jesus as deliverers of their people. The Nile, a source of life, becomes a place of death, highlighting the perversion of Pharaoh's order.

But every daughter you may allow to live:
Allowing the daughters to live suggests a strategic decision by Pharaoh. Females were not seen as a military threat, and their survival could lead to assimilation into Egyptian culture, potentially diluting Hebrew identity. This reflects a common ancient practice of subjugating a people by absorbing them into the dominant culture. The survival of the daughters also sets the stage for the role of women in the deliverance narrative, such as Moses' mother, Jochebed, and sister, Miriam, who play crucial roles in his survival and eventual leadership.