Now a man of the house of Levi
The tribe of Levi was one of the twelve tribes of Israel, descended from Levi, the third son of Jacob and Leah. The Levites were later set apart for religious duties and service in the Tabernacle, and eventually the Temple. This lineage is significant as it establishes Moses' priestly heritage, foreshadowing his role as a mediator between God and the Israelites. The Levites did not receive a territorial inheritance like the other tribes, emphasizing their unique role in Israelite society. This connection to the tribe of Levi also prefigures the priesthood of Christ, who serves as the ultimate High Priest.

married a Levite woman
Marriage within the same tribe was common in ancient Israel, often to preserve tribal identity and inheritance. The Levite woman here is Jochebed, who is later named in Exodus 6:20. This union highlights the continuity of the Levitical line and the preservation of God's chosen people. The marriage of two Levites underscores the importance of maintaining religious and cultural identity, which is a recurring theme in the Old Testament. This also points to the sanctity of marriage and family as foundational to God's covenant community.

and she conceived and gave birth to a son.
This phrase marks the beginning of the story of Moses, a central figure in the Old Testament. The conception and birth of Moses occur during a time of great oppression for the Israelites in Egypt. Pharaoh had decreed that all Hebrew male infants be killed at birth (Exodus 1:22), making the birth of a son particularly perilous. This act of giving birth under such circumstances demonstrates the faith and courage of Moses' parents, Amram and Jochebed (Exodus 6:20). The birth of Moses is significant as it sets the stage for the deliverance of the Israelites from Egyptian bondage, a pivotal event in biblical history.

When she saw that he was a beautiful child,
The description of Moses as a "beautiful child" can be understood in several ways. The Hebrew word used here can mean "good" or "fine," suggesting not only physical beauty but also a sense of special purpose or divine favor. This echoes the creation narrative where God saw that His creation was "good" (Genesis 1). In Acts 7:20 and Hebrews 11:23, Moses is also described as "no ordinary child," indicating that his parents recognized something extraordinary about him, which may have strengthened their resolve to protect him. This perception of Moses' uniqueness foreshadows his future role as a leader and prophet.

she hid him for three months.
Hiding Moses for three months was a courageous act of defiance against Pharaoh's edict. This period of concealment reflects the desperate measures taken by his family to preserve his life. The number three often signifies completeness or divine intervention in the Bible, as seen in the three days Jonah spent in the belly of the fish (Jonah 1:17) and Jesus' resurrection on the third day (Matthew 16:21). The act of hiding Moses can be seen as an early indication of God's providential care and protection over him, which continues throughout his life. This concealment also parallels the later hiding of Jesus from Herod's massacre of the innocents (Matthew 2:13-16), drawing a typological connection between Moses and Christ as deliverers of their people.

But when she could no longer hide him
The birth of Moses occurred during a time of great oppression for the Israelites in Egypt. Pharaoh had decreed that all Hebrew male infants be killed (Exodus 1:22). Moses' mother, Jochebed, hid him for three months, demonstrating her faith and courage. This act of defiance against Pharaoh's edict highlights the tension between obeying God and human authority, a theme echoed in Acts 5:29.

she got him a papyrus basket
The use of a papyrus basket is significant. Papyrus was a common material in Egypt, used for making boats, baskets, and writing material. The Hebrew word for "basket" here is "tevah," the same word used for Noah's ark (Genesis 6:14). This parallel suggests a theme of salvation and deliverance, as both Noah and Moses were preserved through water.

and coated it with tar and pitch
The waterproofing of the basket with tar and pitch ensured its buoyancy and protection against the waters of the Nile. This mirrors the construction of Noah's ark, which was also coated with pitch (Genesis 6:14). The use of these materials signifies God's provision and care in ensuring the safety of His chosen deliverer.

Then she placed the child in the basket
Jochebed's act of placing Moses in the basket was an act of faith, entrusting her child to God's providence. This moment foreshadows the future deliverance of Israel through Moses, as well as the ultimate deliverance through Jesus Christ, who was also placed in a humble setting at birth (Luke 2:7).

and set it among the reeds along the bank of the Nile
The Nile River was central to Egyptian life and culture, often associated with fertility and sustenance. By setting the basket among the reeds, Jochebed strategically placed Moses in a location where he might be discovered by someone who could protect him. This act of faith and hope is reminiscent of God's providential care, as seen in the story of Joseph, who was also placed in a foreign environment for a greater purpose (Genesis 50:20).

And his sister stood at a distance
Miriam, the sister of Moses, is the one referred to here. Her actions demonstrate a protective and watchful role, indicative of familial loyalty and concern. In the cultural context of ancient Egypt, family bonds were crucial for survival, especially under oppressive conditions. Miriam's vigilance reflects the importance of women in biblical narratives, often acting as protectors and deliverers. This moment foreshadows her later role as a leader among the Israelites (Exodus 15:20-21).

to see what would happen to him.
This phrase highlights the uncertainty and danger surrounding Moses' early life. The decree of Pharaoh to kill all Hebrew male infants (Exodus 1:22) sets the backdrop for this tense moment. Miriam's watchfulness is an act of faith, trusting in God's providence for her brother's safety. This scene prefigures the deliverance theme central to Moses' life and mission. It also parallels the New Testament account of Mary and Joseph protecting Jesus from Herod's decree (Matthew 2:13-15), emphasizing God's sovereignty and protection over His chosen deliverers.

Soon the daughter of Pharaoh went down to bathe in the Nile
The daughter of Pharaoh is a significant figure, as she is part of the ruling class of Egypt, a powerful empire during this period. Her actions are pivotal in the preservation of Moses, who would later lead the Israelites out of Egypt. Bathing in the Nile was a common practice, possibly for ritual purification, as the Nile was considered sacred. This setting highlights the providence of God, using an Egyptian princess to save the future deliverer of Israel.

and her attendants were walking along the riverbank
The presence of attendants indicates her high status and the normalcy of her activities. These attendants may have been tasked with ensuring her safety and assisting her during her time at the river. This detail underscores the organized and hierarchical nature of Egyptian society, where even personal activities were accompanied by servants.

And when she saw the basket among the reeds
The basket, made of papyrus and coated with tar and pitch, was strategically placed among the reeds to avoid detection and to keep it afloat. The reeds provided natural concealment, and the location was likely chosen with the hope that someone compassionate might find the child. This moment is crucial, as it marks the intersection of divine providence and human action.

she sent her maidservant to retrieve it
The maidservant's role in retrieving the basket demonstrates the authority and influence of Pharaoh's daughter. Her willingness to investigate the basket suggests curiosity and perhaps a sense of compassion. This act of retrieving the basket is a turning point, leading to the adoption of Moses into the Egyptian royal household, which is instrumental in God's plan for the deliverance of Israel.

When she opened it
This phrase refers to Pharaoh's daughter opening the basket in which Moses was placed. The act of opening the basket signifies a moment of divine intervention and providence. The basket, made of papyrus and coated with tar and pitch, was designed to protect Moses from the waters of the Nile, symbolizing God's protection over His chosen deliverer. This moment is pivotal as it sets the stage for Moses' adoption into the Egyptian royal family, which would later enable him to lead the Israelites out of bondage.

she saw the child
The sight of the child is significant as it marks the beginning of Moses' journey from a Hebrew infant to a prince of Egypt. This moment is a fulfillment of God's plan, as Moses' survival and subsequent upbringing in Pharaoh's household were crucial for the deliverance of the Israelites. The child's presence in the basket is a testament to the faith of his mother, Jochebed, who trusted God to protect her son.

and behold, the little boy was crying
The crying of the child evokes a natural human response of compassion and care. In the cultural context of ancient Egypt, crying would have been seen as a sign of vulnerability and need, prompting Pharaoh's daughter to act. This moment highlights the humanity and innocence of Moses, who, despite being a Hebrew, is shown mercy by an Egyptian princess. The cry can also be seen as a metaphor for the cries of the Israelites in bondage, which God heard and responded to through Moses.

So she had compassion on him
Pharaoh's daughter's compassion is a key turning point in the narrative. Her decision to save Moses reflects the universal value of mercy and the breaking down of ethnic barriers. This act of compassion is a precursor to the mercy God would show to His people through Moses. It also foreshadows the compassion of Christ, who would later come to save humanity from sin.

and said, “This is one of the Hebrew children.”
Recognizing Moses as a Hebrew child is significant because it acknowledges his true identity and heritage. Despite the potential danger of harboring a Hebrew child, Pharaoh's daughter chooses to protect him, indicating a divine orchestration of events. This recognition ties Moses to the covenant promises made to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and sets the stage for his role as the deliverer of Israel. It also prefigures the way Jesus, though born into humanity, was recognized as the Son of God, destined to deliver His people.

Then his sister said to Pharaoh’s daughter
Miriam, the sister of Moses, plays a crucial role in this narrative. Her presence indicates the protective and resourceful nature of Moses' family. In the cultural context of ancient Egypt, it was unusual for a Hebrew girl to approach Egyptian royalty, highlighting Miriam's courage and quick thinking. This moment foreshadows Miriam's later role as a leader among the Israelites (Exodus 15:20-21). The interaction between a Hebrew child and Egyptian royalty also sets the stage for Moses' unique position as a bridge between two cultures.

“Shall I go and call one of the Hebrew women
This phrase suggests a strategic plan to ensure Moses' survival and connection to his Hebrew roots. The use of "Hebrew women" indicates the ethnic distinction and separation between the Hebrews and Egyptians, a recurring theme in Exodus. This separation underscores the Israelites' identity as God's chosen people, distinct from the surrounding nations. The proposal to involve a Hebrew woman also reflects the cultural practice of wet-nursing, common in ancient societies, where infants were often nursed by women other than their mothers.

to nurse the child for you?”
The act of nursing is significant both practically and symbolically. It ensures Moses' survival and maintains his connection to his biological family and heritage. This arrangement allows Moses' mother, Jochebed, to care for him during his formative years, instilling in him the faith and traditions of the Hebrews. This nurturing period is crucial for Moses' later role as the leader and deliverer of Israel. Theologically, this moment can be seen as part of God's providential plan, ensuring that Moses is raised with an understanding of his identity and mission. Moses' life, from his preservation as an infant to his leadership, can be seen as a type of Christ, who also had a miraculous preservation in infancy (Matthew 2:13-15).

“Go ahead,”
Pharaoh's daughter, a figure of authority and royalty in ancient Egypt, demonstrates a compassionate and decisive nature. Her willingness to act upon the suggestion of Moses' sister reflects a divine orchestration in the preservation of Moses' life. This moment signifies God's providence and intervention in the lives of His chosen people. The phrase "Go ahead" indicates her immediate acceptance and trust, which is significant given the cultural and political tensions between Egyptians and Hebrews.

Pharaoh’s daughter told her.
Pharaoh's daughter is a pivotal character in the narrative of Moses' early life. Her actions are instrumental in the survival of Moses, who would later become the deliverer of Israel. Historically, Egyptian princesses were influential, and her decision to adopt a Hebrew child highlights a break from her cultural norms. This act of defiance against her father's decree to kill Hebrew male infants (Exodus 1:22) underscores a theme of divine protection and the subversion of human plans by God's will.

And the girl went
The girl, Moses' sister Miriam, plays a crucial role in the unfolding of God's plan. Her courage and quick thinking are evident as she approaches Pharaoh's daughter and suggests finding a Hebrew nurse for the baby. This action not only ensures Moses' safety but also reunites him with his biological mother. Miriam's involvement foreshadows her later role as a leader and prophetess in Israel (Exodus 15:20).

and called the boy’s mother.
This phrase highlights the providential care of God, as Moses' own mother, Jochebed, is chosen to nurse him. This arrangement allows Moses to be raised with an understanding of his Hebrew heritage, which is crucial for his future role as leader and lawgiver. Theologically, this reflects God's faithfulness to His covenant people, ensuring that Moses is nurtured in the faith and traditions of his ancestors. This event also prefigures the concept of redemption, as Moses is saved from death to eventually lead his people to freedom, paralleling the redemptive work of Christ.

Pharaoh’s daughter said to her
Pharaoh's daughter, a member of the Egyptian royal family, plays a crucial role in the preservation of Moses, who would become a central figure in Israel's history. Her compassion towards the Hebrew child reflects God's providence and intervention. This act of kindness by an Egyptian royal contrasts with Pharaoh's decree to kill Hebrew male infants, highlighting divine orchestration in Moses' survival.

Take this child and nurse him for me
This command signifies a turning point in Moses' early life. The act of nursing by his biological mother, Jochebed, allows Moses to be raised with Hebrew identity and values during his formative years. This arrangement also fulfills God's plan for Moses to be prepared for his future role as a leader of Israel. The cultural practice of wet-nursing was common in ancient times, and it was not unusual for children to be nursed by someone other than their biological mother.

and I will pay your wages
The offer of wages to Jochebed for nursing her own son is an example of God's provision and blessing. It underscores the theme of divine justice and reward, as Jochebed is compensated for her faith and courage in saving Moses. This arrangement also reflects the economic practices of the time, where wet-nurses were often hired and compensated for their services.

So the woman took the boy and nursed him
Jochebed's acceptance of the task to nurse Moses ensures that he is nurtured in the Hebrew faith and culture. This period of nursing, which could last several years, was crucial for Moses' identity formation. The act of nursing symbolizes care, protection, and the transmission of cultural and spiritual values. This phase in Moses' life is foundational for his later role as the deliverer of Israel, drawing a parallel to how Jesus was nurtured in a humble setting before His public ministry.

When the child had grown older
This phrase indicates the passage of time from Moses' infancy to a point where he was weaned, which in ancient Egyptian and Hebrew culture could be around three years old. This period allowed Moses to bond with his biological family and learn about his Hebrew heritage, which would later influence his identity and mission.

she brought him to Pharaoh’s daughter
Moses' mother, Jochebed, fulfilled her agreement with Pharaoh's daughter by bringing Moses to her. This act of faith and obedience highlights the providence of God in preserving Moses' life. Pharaoh's daughter, likely a member of the royal family, had the authority to adopt Moses, which would provide him with a unique position within Egyptian society.

and he became her son
Moses' adoption into the Egyptian royal family placed him in a position of privilege and education, preparing him for his future role as a leader. This adoption also fulfilled God's plan to raise a deliverer for Israel from within the house of their oppressors, showcasing God's sovereignty and wisdom.

She named him Moses
The name "Moses" is of Egyptian origin, possibly derived from the word "mose," meaning "son" or "born of." This name is significant as it reflects his dual identity as both a Hebrew and an Egyptian, which would play a crucial role in his life and mission.

and explained, “I drew him out of the water.”
This explanation connects Moses' name to the Hebrew verb "mashah," meaning "to draw out." This foreshadows Moses' future role in drawing the Israelites out of Egypt. The act of being drawn from the water also symbolizes salvation and deliverance, themes that are central to Moses' life and the Exodus narrative. Moses as a type of Christ can be seen here, as both were deliverers who brought their people from bondage to freedom.

One day, after Moses had grown up
This phrase marks a significant transition in Moses' life, moving from his upbringing in Pharaoh's palace to his identification with the Hebrew people. Moses was raised as an Egyptian prince, yet he was aware of his Hebrew heritage. This moment signifies his maturity and readiness to embrace his God-given mission. Acts 7:23 notes that Moses was about 40 years old at this time, indicating a period of preparation and growth.

he went out to his own people
Moses' decision to go out to his people reflects a conscious choice to identify with the Hebrews rather than the Egyptians. This action foreshadows his future role as a leader and deliverer of Israel. Hebrews 11:24-25 highlights Moses' faith in choosing to suffer with God's people rather than enjoy the fleeting pleasures of sin.

and observed their hard labor
The Hebrews were subjected to harsh slavery under the Egyptians, fulfilling the prophecy given to Abraham in Genesis 15:13. Moses' observation of their suffering stirs his compassion and sense of justice, setting the stage for his later actions. This moment is pivotal in Moses' life, as it ignites his calling to deliver his people.

He saw an Egyptian beating a Hebrew
This incident reveals the brutal reality of the Hebrews' oppression. The Egyptian taskmasters were known for their cruelty, and this specific act of violence against a Hebrew slave highlights the systemic injustice faced by the Israelites. Moses' reaction to this event is driven by a deep sense of righteousness and foreshadows his role as a defender of his people.

one of his own people
The repetition of "his own people" emphasizes Moses' identification with the Hebrews. Despite his Egyptian upbringing, Moses' heart is aligned with the plight of the Israelites. This connection is crucial for his future leadership, as it demonstrates his solidarity and commitment to his people. Moses' actions here prefigure Christ, who also identified with humanity and came to deliver His people from bondage.

After looking this way and that and seeing no one
Moses' actions here indicate a premeditated decision. The phrase suggests caution and a desire for secrecy, highlighting Moses' awareness of the potential consequences of his actions. This moment reflects the tension between his Hebrew identity and his Egyptian upbringing. The act of looking around suggests a moment of internal conflict and decision-making, which is a recurring theme in Moses' life. This phrase also foreshadows Moses' future role as a leader who must make difficult decisions, often in isolation.

he struck down the Egyptian
This act of violence is significant as it marks Moses' first recorded action in defense of his Hebrew brethren. It demonstrates his identification with the Israelites and his rejection of Egyptian oppression. The act of striking down the Egyptian can be seen as a precursor to the plagues and judgments that God would later bring upon Egypt. It also reflects the theme of deliverance, as Moses begins to act as a deliverer, albeit prematurely and through his own strength rather than God's guidance.

and hid his body in the sand
The act of hiding the body suggests Moses' awareness of the gravity of his actions and his attempt to conceal them. This reflects the human tendency to cover up sin and wrongdoing, a theme that is prevalent throughout Scripture. The sand of Egypt, a land known for its deserts, serves as a temporary cover, symbolizing the futility of hiding sin from God. This action foreshadows Moses' later flight to Midian, as his attempt to hide the murder ultimately fails. It also connects to the broader biblical narrative of sin and redemption, as Moses' journey from this point leads him to become the leader God uses to deliver His people.

The next day Moses went out and saw two Hebrews fighting.
Moses, having been raised in Pharaoh's palace, was aware of his Hebrew heritage. His decision to go out among the Hebrews indicates a growing identification with his people. This event occurs after Moses had killed an Egyptian who was beating a Hebrew, showing his protective instincts towards his people. The Hebrews were enslaved in Egypt, and tensions among them could have been high due to their harsh conditions. This scene foreshadows Moses' future role as a leader and mediator for the Israelites.

He asked the one in the wrong,
Moses' intervention highlights his sense of justice and responsibility. The phrase "the one in the wrong" suggests that Moses could discern right from wrong, a quality necessary for his future leadership. This moment reflects the biblical principle of addressing sin and wrongdoing within the community, as seen in Matthew 18:15-17, where believers are instructed to confront a brother who sins.

“Why are you attacking your companion?”
Moses' question underscores the importance of unity among the Hebrews. The term "companion" emphasizes the shared identity and brotherhood among the Israelites, which is crucial for their survival and eventual exodus. This appeal for peace and reconciliation is echoed in the New Testament, where believers are encouraged to live in harmony and love one another (John 13:34-35). Moses' role as a peacemaker here is a precursor to his later role as a mediator between God and the Israelites.

But the man replied, “Who made you ruler and judge over us?”
This question reflects the skepticism and resistance Moses faced from his fellow Hebrews. It highlights the lack of recognition of Moses' authority at this point in his life. The question echoes the broader theme of divine appointment and authority seen throughout the Bible, where God often chooses unlikely leaders. This phrase also foreshadows Moses' future role as a divinely appointed leader and judge over Israel, as seen in Exodus 3 when God calls Moses from the burning bush. The question also parallels the rejection of Jesus by His own people, as seen in John 1:11, where He came to His own, but they did not receive Him.

Are you planning to kill me as you killed the Egyptian?”
This accusation reveals that Moses' act of killing the Egyptian was not as secret as he had hoped. It underscores the theme of hidden sins being brought to light, a concept echoed in Numbers 32:23, "be sure your sin will find you out." The mention of the Egyptian connects to the broader narrative of Israel's oppression in Egypt and Moses' initial attempt to deliver his people through his own strength. This foreshadows the need for divine intervention and guidance, which becomes a central theme in Moses' life and mission. The reference to killing also prefigures the ultimate deliverance through Christ, who conquers sin and death not by taking life, but by giving His own.

Then Moses was afraid and thought, “This thing I have done has surely become known.”
Moses' fear indicates his awareness of the consequences of his actions and the potential threat to his life from Pharaoh. This moment marks a turning point, leading to Moses' flight to Midian, where he spends 40 years in preparation for his future role. The phrase "this thing I have done" reflects personal accountability and the realization of the gravity of his actions. It also serves as a reminder of the importance of God's timing and methods, contrasting Moses' initial reliance on his own strength with his later dependence on God's power. This theme of fear and revelation is mirrored in the New Testament, where believers are encouraged to bring their deeds into the light (John 3:20-21) and trust in God's plan.

When Pharaoh heard about this matter
This phrase refers to the incident where Moses killed an Egyptian who was beating a Hebrew slave. The Pharaoh at this time is likely Thutmose III or another ruler of the 18th Dynasty. The Pharaoh's reaction indicates the seriousness of Moses' actions and the threat he posed to the Egyptian authority. This reflects the tension between the Hebrews and Egyptians, as well as the growing awareness of Moses' identity and his connection to the Hebrew people.

he sought to kill Moses
Pharaoh's intent to kill Moses underscores the severity of Moses' crime in the eyes of the Egyptian ruler. It also highlights the political and social dynamics of the time, where a member of the royal household could not act against the state without severe repercussions. This mirrors the later New Testament account of Herod seeking to kill Jesus as a child, showing a pattern of rulers attempting to eliminate perceived threats to their power.

But Moses fled from Pharaoh
Moses' flight to Midian marks a significant turning point in his life. It demonstrates his awareness of the danger he faced and his decision to leave behind his Egyptian upbringing. This act of fleeing is a precursor to the Exodus, where Moses will later lead the Israelites out of Egypt. It also parallels the flight of other biblical figures, such as Jacob fleeing from Esau and David fleeing from Saul, showing a recurring theme of God's chosen leaders facing trials and seeking refuge.

and settled in the land of Midian
Midian is located in the northwestern region of the Arabian Peninsula, near the Gulf of Aqaba. The Midianites were descendants of Abraham through his wife Keturah, making them distant relatives of the Israelites. This connection is significant as it provides Moses with a place of refuge and a new beginning. The land of Midian becomes a place of preparation for Moses, where he will spend 40 years before returning to Egypt to lead the Exodus.

where he sat down beside a well
Wells in the ancient Near East were vital sources of water and often served as communal gathering places. This setting is reminiscent of other biblical encounters at wells, such as those involving Rebekah, Rachel, and Jesus with the Samaritan woman. The well symbolizes a place of divine appointment and provision. For Moses, sitting by the well signifies a moment of rest and reflection, as well as the beginning of his integration into Midianite society, where he will soon meet his future wife, Zipporah.

Now the priest of Midian
The term "priest" indicates a religious leader, suggesting that Midian had its own religious practices. Midian was a region located in the northwestern part of the Arabian Peninsula. The Midianites were descendants of Abraham through his wife Keturah (Genesis 25:1-2), indicating a shared ancestry with the Israelites. This connection may have influenced Moses' later acceptance in Midian. The priest's role could imply a position of respect and authority within the community.

had seven daughters
The number seven often symbolizes completeness or perfection in the Bible. The mention of seven daughters highlights the priest's family structure and may suggest a sense of divine providence or blessing. In a patriarchal society, daughters were often involved in domestic and agricultural duties, as seen here.

and they came to draw water
Drawing water was a common task for women in ancient times, reflecting the daily life and responsibilities of women in pastoral societies. Wells were central to community life, serving as places of social interaction and essential resources for survival. This scene sets the stage for Moses' encounter with the daughters, which leads to his integration into Midianite society.

and fill the troughs to water their father’s flock
This phrase indicates the daughters' role in tending to the family's livestock, a vital economic activity. The act of watering the flock demonstrates their industriousness and responsibility. It also foreshadows Moses' future role as a shepherd, both literally in Midian and metaphorically as the leader of Israel. The imagery of shepherding is a recurring biblical theme, often associated with leadership and care, and is later used to describe Jesus Christ as the Good Shepherd (John 10:11).

And when some shepherds came along and drove them away
In the ancient Near East, shepherding was a common occupation, and wells were vital for watering flocks. Conflicts over water rights were frequent, as seen in Genesis 26:20-22 with Isaac's wells. The shepherds' actions reflect a disregard for social justice, as they exploit their strength to oppress the daughters of Reuel, a Midianite priest. This incident highlights the vulnerability of women in ancient societies and sets the stage for Moses' intervention, which aligns with God's concern for justice and protection of the oppressed, as seen throughout Scripture (e.g., Psalm 82:3-4).

Moses rose up to help them
Moses' actions here foreshadow his future role as a deliverer of Israel. His willingness to stand against injustice and protect the vulnerable is a precursor to his leadership in liberating the Israelites from Egyptian bondage. This act of courage and justice aligns with the character of God, who often raises leaders to defend the oppressed (Judges 2:16). Moses' intervention is also a type of Christ, who stands as the ultimate deliverer and protector of His people (John 10:11).

and watered their flock
By watering the flock, Moses not only provides immediate relief but also demonstrates servant leadership, a quality that will define his future role. This act of service is reminiscent of Jesus' teaching on leadership, where the greatest must be a servant (Matthew 20:26-28). The imagery of water is significant throughout the Bible, symbolizing life, cleansing, and the Holy Spirit (John 4:14, John 7:38-39). Moses' actions here can be seen as a reflection of God's provision and care for His people, a theme that will be evident in the wilderness wanderings when God provides water from the rock (Exodus 17:6).

When the daughters returned to their father Reuel
Reuel, also known as Jethro, is a priest of Midian. The Midianites were descendants of Abraham through Keturah, his wife after Sarah's death. This connection to Abraham places Reuel within the broader narrative of God's covenant people. The daughters' return to Reuel signifies a familial and cultural structure where daughters were under the authority and protection of their father. This reflects the patriarchal society of the time, where family lineage and leadership were significant.

he asked them,
Reuel's inquiry indicates a level of concern and involvement in his daughters' daily activities. It suggests a familial relationship where communication and accountability are valued. This interaction also sets the stage for Moses' introduction to Reuel's family, which will have significant implications for Moses' future.

“Why have you returned so early today?”
The question implies that the daughters' early return was unusual, suggesting that their daily tasks, likely related to shepherding, typically took longer. This early return is due to Moses' intervention, where he helped them water their flock. This moment foreshadows Moses' role as a deliverer, as he begins to act in a protective and redemptive capacity, prefiguring his future leadership of the Israelites out of Egypt.

An Egyptian rescued us from the shepherds,
This phrase refers to Moses, who was mistaken for an Egyptian due to his upbringing in Pharaoh's palace and likely his attire and mannerisms. The context is Moses fleeing Egypt after killing an Egyptian taskmaster. The shepherds here represent local men who were harassing the daughters of Reuel (also known as Jethro), a Midianite priest. This incident highlights Moses' character as a deliverer, foreshadowing his future role in leading the Israelites out of Egypt. The theme of rescue and deliverance is a recurring motif in the Bible, pointing to God's intervention through chosen individuals.

they replied.
The daughters of Reuel are speaking to their father. This interaction takes place in Midian, a region east of the Sinai Peninsula. The Midianites were descendants of Abraham through Keturah, indicating a distant kinship with the Israelites. The daughters' response to their father shows the cultural norm of reporting daily activities and significant events to the head of the household, reflecting a patriarchal society.

He even drew water for us
Moses' action of drawing water is significant, as it demonstrates humility and service. In the ancient Near East, drawing water was typically a task for women or servants, not for men of status. This act of service prefigures Christ, who came not to be served but to serve (Mark 10:45). Water is also a symbol of life and sustenance, and Moses providing it foreshadows his role in bringing forth water from the rock in the wilderness (Exodus 17:6).

and watered the flock.
By watering the flock, Moses not only aids the daughters but also ensures the well-being of their livestock, which was a critical resource for survival and wealth in ancient times. This act of kindness and provision mirrors the pastoral care that God provides for His people, as seen in Psalm 23. It also prefigures Jesus as the Good Shepherd (John 10:11), who cares for His flock. Moses' actions here set the stage for his future leadership and shepherding of the Israelites.

So where is he?
This question is posed by Reuel, also known as Jethro, the priest of Midian. It reflects the hospitality customs of the ancient Near East, where welcoming strangers was a significant cultural practice. The inquiry shows concern and curiosity about Moses, who had helped his daughters at the well. This moment foreshadows Moses' future integration into Jethro's family and the Midianite community.

their father asked.
Reuel's role as the father of the seven daughters highlights the patriarchal structure of the family unit during this period. As the head of the household, he is responsible for the well-being and decisions concerning his family. This interaction sets the stage for Moses' eventual marriage to Zipporah, one of Reuel's daughters, and his time in Midian, which becomes a formative period in his life.

Why did you leave the man behind?
This question underscores the expectation of hospitality and gratitude. In the cultural context, it would have been customary to invite a benefactor into one's home as a gesture of thanks and to establish a relationship. The daughters' initial oversight in not inviting Moses reflects their surprise and urgency in returning home, but also sets up the opportunity for Moses to be welcomed into their family.

Invite him to have something to eat.
Sharing a meal was a significant act of fellowship and acceptance in ancient cultures. It symbolized peace, friendship, and the beginning of a relationship. This invitation not only provides Moses with sustenance but also marks the beginning of his integration into the Midianite community. This act of hospitality is reminiscent of other biblical instances where sharing a meal signifies covenant and community, such as Abraham's hospitality to the three visitors in Genesis 18. Moses' acceptance of this invitation leads to his eventual role as a shepherd in Midian, a period of preparation for his future leadership of Israel.

Moses agreed to stay with the man
Moses, having fled from Egypt after killing an Egyptian, finds refuge in Midian. The "man" refers to Reuel, also known as Jethro, a priest of Midian. This agreement signifies Moses' acceptance of a new life away from Egypt, highlighting a period of preparation and transformation. The Midianites were descendants of Abraham through Keturah, indicating a shared heritage with Moses. This connection may have facilitated Moses' acceptance into Jethro's household. The act of staying with Jethro symbolizes a divine provision and protection for Moses during his exile.

and he gave his daughter Zipporah to Moses in marriage
Jethro's giving of his daughter Zipporah to Moses signifies a formal alliance and acceptance into the Midianite community. In ancient Near Eastern culture, marriage often involved familial alliances and was a means of securing social and economic stability. Zipporah's marriage to Moses also foreshadows the blending of cultures and peoples that will occur as the Israelites journey to the Promised Land. This union is significant as it introduces Zipporah, who plays a crucial role in Moses' life, particularly in the episode of circumcising their son, which underscores the importance of covenantal faithfulness. The marriage can also be seen as a type of Christ's union with the Church, where Christ, like Moses, takes a bride from among the Gentiles.

And she gave birth to a son
This phrase refers to the birth of Moses' first son with his wife Zipporah, the daughter of Jethro, the priest of Midian. The birth of a son in ancient Near Eastern cultures was significant, often seen as a continuation of the family line and a blessing from God. This event occurs during Moses' time in Midian, a period of preparation and transformation for his future role as the leader of the Israelites.

and Moses named him Gershom
The name "Gershom" is derived from the Hebrew root "ger," meaning "sojourner" or "foreigner." Naming in the biblical context often reflects personal experiences or divine revelations. Moses' choice of name for his son indicates his own sense of displacement and identity as a foreigner in Midian. This act of naming also foreshadows the Israelites' own experience of sojourning in Egypt and later in the wilderness.

saying, “I have become a foreigner in a foreign land.”
This statement captures Moses' feelings of alienation and exile. Having fled Egypt after killing an Egyptian, Moses finds himself in Midian, a land and culture unfamiliar to him. This experience of being a foreigner is a recurring theme in the Bible, reflecting the broader narrative of God's people living as strangers in a world that is not their ultimate home. It also prefigures the Israelites' journey and their eventual settlement in the Promised Land. Moses' experience can be seen as a type of Christ, who also lived as a foreigner in the world, bringing salvation to those who are spiritually exiled.

After a long time, the king of Egypt died.
This phrase indicates a significant passage of time since the events of Exodus 1, where the Israelites were first subjected to harsh slavery. The death of the Pharaoh marks a potential turning point in the narrative, as it often did in ancient Near Eastern cultures, where a change in leadership could lead to shifts in policy or treatment of subjugated peoples. Historically, the identity of this Pharaoh is debated, but it is generally placed within the New Kingdom period of Egypt, possibly during the reigns of Thutmose III or Ramses II. The death of a king could also symbolize the end of an era of oppression, setting the stage for divine intervention.

The Israelites groaned and cried out under their burden of slavery,
The groaning and crying out of the Israelites reflect the intense suffering and oppression they experienced. This language emphasizes the severity of their bondage and the desperation of their situation. In the cultural context, groaning and crying out were common expressions of distress and were often directed towards deities in hopes of relief. This phrase also highlights the fulfillment of God's earlier prophecy to Abraham in Genesis 15:13, where God foretold that Abraham's descendants would be enslaved and mistreated in a foreign land.

and their cry for deliverance from bondage ascended to God.
This part of the verse underscores the theological theme of God hearing the cries of His people. The idea of prayers or cries ascending to God is a common biblical motif, suggesting that God is attentive and responsive to human suffering. This sets the stage for God's intervention and the subsequent deliverance of the Israelites, which is a central theme in the book of Exodus. Theologically, this anticipates the role of Jesus Christ as the ultimate deliverer, who hears the cries of humanity and provides salvation. The cry for deliverance also connects to other scriptural instances where God responds to the oppressed, such as in Psalm 34:17 and James 5:4.

So God heard their groaning
This phrase indicates God's attentiveness to the suffering of the Israelites in Egypt. The groaning refers to the cries of distress from the Israelites under harsh slavery. This highlights God's compassion and responsiveness to human suffering. In the biblical context, groaning often signifies deep distress and a plea for divine intervention, as seen in Romans 8:26, where the Spirit intercedes with groans too deep for words. Theologically, it underscores the belief that God is not distant but actively listens to the cries of His people.

and He remembered His covenant
The concept of God "remembering" does not imply that He forgets, but rather that He is about to act in accordance with His promises. The covenant mentioned here is a binding agreement initiated by God, emphasizing His faithfulness and commitment. This covenantal relationship is central to the narrative of the Bible, where God consistently acts in history to fulfill His promises. The remembrance of the covenant is a turning point, indicating that God is about to intervene in a significant way, as seen in the deliverance of Israel from Egypt.

with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob
This phrase roots the narrative in the patriarchal promises found in Genesis. The covenant with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob includes promises of land, descendants, and blessing (Genesis 12:1-3, 26:3-4, 28:13-15). These patriarchs are foundational figures in Israel's history, and God's faithfulness to them is a recurring theme throughout Scripture. The mention of these patriarchs connects the Exodus story to the broader narrative of God's redemptive plan, which ultimately points to Jesus Christ, a descendant of Abraham, through whom all nations would be blessed (Galatians 3:16).

God saw the Israelites
This phrase emphasizes God's awareness and omniscience. In the context of Exodus, the Israelites were suffering under Egyptian bondage, and their cries for help had reached God. This reflects God's intimate knowledge of His people's struggles, as seen in other scriptures like Psalm 34:15, which states that the eyes of the Lord are on the righteous. Theologically, this underscores the belief that God is not distant but actively involved in the lives of His people. The Israelites' situation in Egypt can be seen as a type of the bondage of sin, from which God delivers His people through Christ.

and took notice.
This indicates God's active response to the plight of the Israelites. The Hebrew word used here can also mean "acknowledged" or "understood," suggesting a deep, compassionate awareness. Historically, this marks the beginning of God's intervention to deliver the Israelites, leading to the calling of Moses and the subsequent Exodus. This act of taking notice is a precursor to the covenant relationship God establishes with Israel at Sinai. It also foreshadows the New Testament revelation of God taking notice of humanity's need for salvation through Jesus Christ, as seen in passages like John 3:16, where God's love prompts Him to send His Son.