Meanwhile, Moses was shepherding the flock of his father-in-law Jethro, the priest of Midian.
Moses, once a prince of Egypt, is now a shepherd, a significant shift in status that reflects God's preparation for his future leadership role. Shepherding was a common occupation in the ancient Near East, often associated with leadership and care, foreshadowing Moses' role as the shepherd of Israel. Jethro, also known as Reuel, is a priest of Midian, indicating a connection to the broader Semitic world and suggesting a monotheistic belief system that aligns with the worship of Yahweh. The Midianites were descendants of Abraham through Keturah, linking Moses to the Abrahamic covenant.

He led the flock to the far side of the wilderness
The wilderness, or desert, is a place of testing and revelation in biblical narratives. Moses' journey to the far side of the wilderness symbolizes a transition from his past life in Egypt to his future mission. This setting is significant for divine encounters, as seen in the lives of other biblical figures like Elijah and Jesus. The wilderness represents a place of solitude and preparation, where God often reveals His plans.

and came to Horeb, the mountain of God.
Horeb, also known as Sinai, is a sacred location where God reveals Himself to Moses and later gives the Law to Israel. This mountain is central to the Exodus narrative and the covenant relationship between God and His people. The designation "the mountain of God" underscores its significance as a place of divine encounter and revelation. Horeb is a type of Christ, as it is the site where God's presence is manifested, paralleling how Christ is the ultimate revelation of God to humanity.

There the angel of the LORD appeared to him
The "angel of the LORD" is often understood as a theophany, a manifestation of God Himself. In the Old Testament, this figure frequently appears with divine authority and is sometimes equated with God (Genesis 16:7-13; Judges 6:11-24). The appearance to Moses marks a pivotal moment in biblical history, as God is about to commission Moses to lead the Israelites out of Egypt. This encounter occurs at Mount Horeb, also known as Mount Sinai, a significant location for future divine revelations and the giving of the Law.

in a blazing fire from within a bush.
Fire is a common biblical symbol of God's presence, purity, and power (Exodus 19:18; Deuteronomy 4:24). The bush, likely a common desert shrub, represents the ordinary being infused with the divine. The fire's presence without consuming the bush signifies God's holiness and the miraculous nature of His revelation. This event foreshadows the divine presence that will accompany the Israelites in the pillar of fire during their desert journey (Exodus 13:21).

Moses saw the bush ablaze with fire,
Moses' attention is captured by the unusual sight, indicating the importance of divine encounters in the mundane aspects of life. This moment of curiosity leads to a life-changing encounter with God. Moses, raised in Pharaoh's palace and now a shepherd in Midian, is about to be called into a new role as the leader of God's people. The burning bush serves as a divine interruption in Moses' life, redirecting his path.

but it was not consumed.
The bush's resistance to the fire symbolizes God's eternal nature and His ability to sustain and preserve. This miraculous sign reassures Moses of God's power and presence. It also serves as a metaphor for Israel, a nation that will endure despite the fiery trials of slavery and oppression in Egypt. The unconsumed bush can be seen as a type of Christ, who embodies the fullness of God (Colossians 2:9) and yet is not overcome by the trials and sufferings of the world.

So Moses thought
Moses, a Hebrew raised in the Egyptian royal household, had fled to Midian after killing an Egyptian. He was tending the flock of his father-in-law, Jethro, when he encountered the burning bush. This moment marks a significant turning point in his life, as he transitions from a shepherd to the leader of the Israelites. His thought process here indicates a moment of curiosity and reflection, which is often how God begins to reveal Himself to individuals.

“I must go over and see this marvelous sight.
The burning bush is described as a "marvelous sight" because it was on fire but not consumed. This phenomenon captures Moses' attention, prompting him to investigate further. The bush represents God's presence and holiness, a common theme in Scripture where God uses natural elements to reveal Himself (e.g., the pillar of fire in Exodus 13:21). This moment foreshadows the miraculous signs and wonders that will accompany Moses' mission to free the Israelites.

Why is the bush not burning up?”
The bush's resistance to being consumed by fire symbolizes God's eternal nature and His ability to sustain life. It also represents Israel, which, despite suffering under Egyptian oppression, is not destroyed. This imagery is echoed in other parts of the Bible, such as in Isaiah 43:2, where God promises to be with His people through fire and water. The unburned bush can also be seen as a type of Christ, who embodies the divine presence and is not consumed by the trials of the world.

When the LORD saw that he had gone over to look
This phrase indicates divine awareness and initiative. The LORD, Yahweh, observes Moses' actions, highlighting God's omniscience and personal engagement with humanity. The burning bush is located on Mount Horeb, also known as Mount Sinai, a significant location for future events in Israel's history, such as the giving of the Ten Commandments. This moment marks a pivotal point in Moses' life, transitioning from a shepherd to the leader of Israel. The act of Moses turning aside to see the bush signifies his curiosity and openness to divine encounters, a necessary trait for those called by God.

God called out to him from within the bush
The voice of God emanating from the bush signifies His presence in unexpected places and forms. This theophany, or visible manifestation of God, is a unique event where God chooses to reveal Himself in a miraculous way. The bush burning yet not consumed symbolizes God's eternal nature and His ability to sustain and preserve. This calling is personal and direct, emphasizing God's desire for a relationship with Moses. The use of "God" here aligns with the Hebrew term "Elohim," denoting power and majesty.

“Moses, Moses!”
The repetition of Moses' name is a common biblical technique used to convey urgency and importance. It reflects God's intimate knowledge of Moses and His personal call to him. This double address is seen elsewhere in Scripture, such as with Abraham (Genesis 22:11) and Samuel (1 Samuel 3:10), often preceding significant divine revelations or missions. It underscores the personal nature of God's call and the importance of the task Moses is about to receive.

“Here I am,” he answered.
Moses' response indicates readiness and willingness to listen, a posture of obedience and humility. This phrase is a common biblical response to divine calls, seen in figures like Abraham (Genesis 22:1) and Isaiah (Isaiah 6:8). It reflects an attitude of servitude and openness to God's will. Moses' answer sets the stage for his commissioning as the deliverer of Israel, foreshadowing his role as a mediator between God and His people, a type of Christ who also responds to the Father's will with obedience.

“Do not come any closer,” God said.
This command from God to Moses occurs during the theophany at the burning bush. The directive to not approach further signifies the holiness and reverence required in the presence of God. In ancient Near Eastern culture, approaching a deity was a serious matter, often requiring purification or specific rituals. This moment marks a pivotal point in Moses' life, transitioning from a shepherd to the leader of Israel. The command also emphasizes God's transcendence and the need for humans to recognize their limitations before the divine. Similar instances of divine encounters requiring distance can be seen in Genesis 28:16-17 with Jacob and in Isaiah 6:5 with Isaiah's vision.

“Take off your sandals,”
Removing sandals is a sign of respect and humility, acknowledging the sanctity of the ground. In ancient cultures, removing footwear was a common practice when entering a sacred space or home. This act symbolizes the removal of defilement and the acknowledgment of God's presence. It is a gesture of submission and reverence, indicating that Moses is entering a space set apart by God. This practice is echoed in Joshua 5:15, where Joshua is also instructed to remove his sandals in the presence of the commander of the Lord's army.

“for the place where you are standing is holy ground.”
The designation of the ground as "holy" signifies that it is set apart by God's presence. Holiness in the biblical context often involves separation from the ordinary for divine purposes. This encounter occurs on Mount Horeb, also known as Mount Sinai, a location that becomes central in Israel's history as the place where the Law is given. The concept of holy ground underscores the idea that God's presence sanctifies and transforms the ordinary into something sacred. This theme of holiness is prevalent throughout Scripture, as seen in Leviticus 19:2, where God calls His people to be holy as He is holy. The burning bush itself is a type of Christ, symbolizing God's presence in the world, unconsumed by it, much like Christ's incarnation.

Then He said, “I am the God of your father,
This phrase establishes the continuity of God's covenant relationship with the patriarchs. The term "father" can be understood as a reference to Moses' immediate ancestors, linking Moses to the faith of his forebears. It emphasizes the personal and familial nature of God's relationship with His people, underscoring the idea that God is not a distant deity but one who is intimately involved in the lives of His followers.

the God of Abraham,
By identifying Himself as the God of Abraham, God recalls the covenant promises made to Abraham, including the promise of land, descendants, and blessing to all nations (Genesis 12:1-3). This connection reinforces the idea of faith and obedience, as Abraham is often cited as a model of faith (Hebrews 11:8-12). It also highlights the fulfillment of God's promises through the lineage of Abraham, which ultimately points to the coming of Jesus Christ, a descendant of Abraham (Matthew 1:1).

the God of Isaac,
Mentioning Isaac reaffirms the continuation of the covenant through Abraham's son. Isaac's life is marked by God's provision and faithfulness, such as the miraculous birth to Sarah and the sparing of his life on Mount Moriah (Genesis 22). Isaac's role in the lineage of the covenant people underscores the theme of God's faithfulness across generations.

and the God of Jacob.”
Jacob, later named Israel, is the father of the twelve tribes of Israel. His life is a testament to God's grace and transformative power, as seen in his journey from deceit to becoming a patriarch of the nation of Israel. The mention of Jacob connects Moses to the broader narrative of Israel's history and God's ongoing work among His chosen people. It also foreshadows the nation of Israel's role in God's redemptive plan.

At this, Moses hid his face,
Moses' reaction of hiding his face is a response of reverence and fear in the presence of the divine. This act reflects the biblical understanding of God's holiness and the human recognition of unworthiness before Him. It is reminiscent of other biblical figures who respond similarly to divine encounters, such as Isaiah (Isaiah 6:5) and Elijah (1 Kings 19:13).

for he was afraid to look at God.
The fear of looking at God underscores the awe-inspiring and overwhelming nature of God's presence. In the ancient Near Eastern context, seeing a deity was often associated with danger or death, as the divine was considered too holy for mortal eyes. This fear is consistent with later biblical teachings that emphasize God's holiness and the need for mediation, ultimately fulfilled in Jesus Christ, who provides access to God (Hebrews 4:14-16).

The LORD said
This phrase indicates direct divine communication, emphasizing the authority and certainty of the message. In the context of Exodus, God is speaking to Moses from the burning bush, a theophany that signifies His presence and holiness. This encounter marks a pivotal moment in biblical history, as God reveals His plan for the deliverance of Israel.

I have indeed seen the affliction of My people in Egypt
God's awareness of Israel's suffering highlights His omniscience and compassion. The term "affliction" refers to the harsh conditions and forced labor imposed by the Egyptians. This phrase underscores God's covenant relationship with Israel, as He refers to them as "My people," recalling His promises to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. The historical context involves the Israelites' enslavement, which began after Joseph's death and the rise of a new Pharaoh who did not know Joseph (Exodus 1:8).

I have heard them crying out because of their oppressors
This phrase emphasizes God's attentiveness to the prayers and cries of His people. The "oppressors" are the Egyptians, who subjected the Israelites to brutal slavery. The act of crying out signifies desperation and a plea for divine intervention. This connects to other biblical instances where God responds to the cries of His people, such as in Judges during the cycles of sin and deliverance.

and I am aware of their sufferings
God's awareness of suffering is not passive; it implies a readiness to act. The term "sufferings" encompasses the physical, emotional, and spiritual distress experienced by the Israelites. This awareness is a precursor to God's redemptive action, foreshadowing the deliverance through Moses, a type of Christ who leads His people out of bondage. Theologically, this reflects God's nature as compassionate and just, aligning with His future acts of salvation through Jesus Christ, who also sees and responds to human suffering.

I have come down to rescue them from the hand of the Egyptians
This phrase signifies God's direct intervention in human history, emphasizing His active role in delivering His people. The "hand of the Egyptians" symbolizes oppression and bondage, reflecting the Israelites' suffering under Pharaoh's rule. This divine rescue foreshadows the ultimate deliverance through Jesus Christ, who comes to save humanity from the bondage of sin. The concept of God "coming down" is a theophany, where God manifests His presence in a tangible way, as seen in other scriptures like Genesis 11:5 and John 1:14.

and to bring them up out of that land
The movement "up out of that land" indicates a transition from a place of suffering to a place of promise. This upward journey is both physical and spiritual, symbolizing redemption and elevation to a higher state of existence. It parallels the Christian journey from sin to salvation, as seen in Colossians 1:13, where believers are transferred from the domain of darkness to the kingdom of Christ.

to a good and spacious land
The "good and spacious land" represents the abundance and freedom God promises His people. This land is not only physically ample but also spiritually fulfilling, contrasting with the cramped and oppressive conditions in Egypt. It prefigures the eternal inheritance promised to believers, as described in Hebrews 11:16, where a heavenly country is prepared for God's people.

a land flowing with milk and honey
This phrase describes the fertility and prosperity of the Promised Land, symbolizing divine blessing and provision. "Milk and honey" are emblematic of sustenance and sweetness, indicating a land capable of supporting life abundantly. This imagery is used throughout scripture to depict God's provision, as seen in Deuteronomy 8:7-9, and it points to the spiritual nourishment found in Christ.

the home of the Canaanites, Hittites, Amorites, Perizzites, Hivites, and Jebusites
These groups represent the current inhabitants of the Promised Land, highlighting the challenges Israel will face in claiming their inheritance. Each group has distinct cultural and historical backgrounds, often associated with idolatry and practices contrary to God's commands. The mention of these nations underscores the need for faith and obedience in overcoming obstacles, as seen in Joshua's conquest narratives. This also serves as a reminder of the spiritual battles believers face, as described in Ephesians 6:12, where the struggle is not against flesh and blood but against spiritual forces.

And now the cry of the Israelites has reached Me
This phrase indicates a pivotal moment in the narrative of the Israelites' bondage in Egypt. The "cry" refers to the collective prayers and pleas of the Israelites, who have been suffering under harsh slavery. This echoes earlier biblical themes where God hears the cries of His people, such as in Genesis 21:17 with Hagar and Ishmael. Theologically, it underscores God's attentiveness and compassion towards human suffering. The phrase also highlights the covenant relationship between God and the Israelites, as He responds to their distress in fulfillment of His promises to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.

and I have seen how severely the Egyptians are oppressing them
This part of the verse emphasizes God's awareness and concern for the plight of the Israelites. The word "seen" suggests not just observation but an intimate understanding of their suffering. The oppression by the Egyptians is historically rooted in the fear of the Israelites' growing numbers, as described in Exodus 1:8-14. This oppression included forced labor and harsh treatment, which is corroborated by historical records of similar practices in ancient Egypt. Theologically, this sets the stage for God's deliverance, a recurring theme in Scripture where God acts to liberate His people from bondage, prefiguring the ultimate deliverance through Jesus Christ. The oppression also serves as a backdrop for the display of God's power and justice, as He will soon act decisively to free the Israelites, demonstrating His sovereignty over nations and rulers.

Therefore, go!
This command marks a pivotal moment in the narrative of Moses. The word "therefore" connects this command to the preceding verses where God reveals His awareness of the suffering of the Israelites and His intention to deliver them. The imperative "go" signifies divine commissioning, a common theme in biblical narratives where God calls individuals to fulfill His purposes (e.g., Abraham in Genesis 12:1, Jonah in Jonah 1:2). This call to action emphasizes obedience and trust in God's plan.

I am sending you to Pharaoh
The phrase highlights God's direct involvement in the mission. Moses is not acting on his own authority but as a representative of God. Pharaoh, the ruler of Egypt, was considered a god by his people, making this mission a confrontation between the God of Israel and the gods of Egypt. This sets the stage for the plagues and the eventual Exodus, demonstrating God's supremacy. The historical context of Egypt as a powerful empire underscores the magnitude of this task.

to bring My people the Israelites out of Egypt.
This phrase identifies the purpose of Moses' mission: the liberation of the Israelites. "My people" indicates a covenant relationship between God and Israel, first established with Abraham (Genesis 12:2-3). The term "Israelites" connects to Jacob, whose name was changed to Israel, and his descendants. The deliverance from Egypt is a foundational event in Israel's history, symbolizing salvation and foreshadowing the ultimate deliverance through Jesus Christ. The Exodus is frequently referenced throughout Scripture as a demonstration of God's power and faithfulness (e.g., Psalm 77:14-20, Hebrews 11:29).

But Moses asked God,
Moses' encounter with God occurs at the burning bush on Mount Horeb, a significant moment in biblical history. This phrase highlights Moses' direct communication with God, a rare and profound experience. Moses' question reflects his humility and self-doubt, a common human response when faced with a divine calling. This interaction sets the stage for Moses' role as a prophet and leader, emphasizing the personal relationship between God and His chosen servants.

“Who am I,
Moses' question reveals his feelings of inadequacy and unworthiness. Having fled Egypt after killing an Egyptian, Moses spent 40 years in Midian as a shepherd, a stark contrast to his earlier life in Pharaoh's palace. This period of exile likely contributed to his sense of insignificance. His question echoes the sentiments of other biblical figures, such as Gideon (Judges 6:15) and Jeremiah (Jeremiah 1:6), who also expressed doubt about their capabilities when called by God.

that I should go to Pharaoh
Pharaoh was the most powerful ruler of the time, and Egypt was a dominant empire. Moses' task to confront Pharaoh and demand the release of the Israelites was daunting. Historically, Pharaohs were considered divine figures, making Moses' mission even more intimidating. This phrase underscores the magnitude of the challenge and the courage required to stand before such authority. It also foreshadows the conflict between God's power and human authority.

and bring the Israelites out of Egypt?”
The Israelites had been in Egypt for over 400 years, initially as honored guests during Joseph's time, but later as enslaved people. Moses' mission to lead them out of bondage is a pivotal moment in biblical history, marking the beginning of the Exodus. This event is a type of Christ's redemptive work, as Moses acts as a deliverer, prefiguring Jesus' role in delivering humanity from sin. The liberation of the Israelites fulfills God's promise to Abraham (Genesis 15:13-14) and sets the stage for the establishment of Israel as a nation.

I will surely be with you,
This promise of divine presence is a recurring theme throughout Scripture, emphasizing God's faithfulness and support. It echoes God's assurance to other leaders like Joshua (Joshua 1:5) and is fulfilled in the New Testament with Jesus' promise to be with His followers always (Matthew 28:20). The phrase underscores God's commitment to His people and His active role in their deliverance and guidance.

God said,
This direct communication from God to Moses highlights the personal relationship God establishes with His chosen leaders. It reflects the unique role of Moses as a prophet and mediator between God and Israel. The divine speech acts as a powerful affirmation of Moses' mission and authority.

and this will be the sign to you that I have sent you:
Signs in the Bible often serve as confirmations of God's word and promises. Here, the sign is not immediate but future-oriented, requiring faith and obedience from Moses. It points to the fulfillment of God's plan and the assurance that His promises will come to pass.

When you have brought the people out of Egypt,
This phrase anticipates the Exodus, a foundational event in Israel's history that signifies liberation and God's power over oppressive forces. It foreshadows the plagues, the Passover, and the crossing of the Red Sea, all of which demonstrate God's sovereignty and faithfulness to His covenant with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.

all of you will worship God on this mountain.
The mountain referred to is Mount Sinai, a significant location where God would later give the Law to Israel (Exodus 19-20). Worship here signifies not just ritual acts but a covenantal relationship with God. This event prefigures the establishment of Israel as a nation under God's law and points to the ultimate fulfillment in Christ, who establishes a new covenant through His sacrifice (Hebrews 8:6-13).

Then Moses asked God,
Moses is in dialogue with God at the burning bush on Mount Horeb. This encounter marks a pivotal moment in biblical history, where God commissions Moses to lead the Israelites out of Egypt. Moses' questioning reflects his hesitance and need for assurance, a common human response when faced with a daunting task.

“Suppose I go to the Israelites and say to them,
Moses anticipates the skepticism he might face from the Israelites. This reflects the historical context of the Israelites' long enslavement in Egypt, which may have led to doubts about divine intervention. Moses is concerned about his credibility and the reception of his message.

‘The God of your fathers has sent me to you,’
This phrase connects the present mission to the patriarchal promises made to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. It emphasizes continuity in God's covenant relationship with Israel. The reference to "fathers" underscores the importance of ancestry and God's faithfulness to His promises.

and they ask me, ‘What is His name?’
In ancient Near Eastern culture, knowing the name of a deity was crucial as it revealed the deity's character and authority. The Israelites, surrounded by Egyptian polytheism, would seek assurance that Moses' message was from the true God of their ancestors.

What should I tell them?”
Moses seeks a definitive answer to provide the Israelites with confidence in his divine commission. This question sets the stage for God's revelation of His name, "I AM WHO I AM," which signifies His eternal, self-existent nature and faithfulness. This revelation is foundational for understanding God's identity and His relationship with His people.

God said to Moses
This phrase marks a pivotal moment in biblical history where God directly communicates with Moses. Moses, a Hebrew raised in Pharaoh's palace and later a shepherd in Midian, encounters God at the burning bush on Mount Horeb. This divine encounter signifies God's intention to deliver the Israelites from Egyptian bondage, establishing Moses as His chosen leader. The direct communication underscores the personal nature of God's relationship with His people.

I AM WHO I AM
This declaration is one of the most profound revelations of God's nature. The phrase "I AM WHO I AM" (Hebrew: Ehyeh-Asher-Ehyeh) conveys God's self-existence, eternal presence, and unchanging nature. It emphasizes that God is not defined by human terms or limitations. This name reveals God's sovereignty and faithfulness, assuring Moses and the Israelites of His power and presence. Theologically, it connects to the concept of God as the eternal, self-sufficient being, foundational to understanding His divine nature.

This is what you are to say to the Israelites
God instructs Moses on how to communicate His message to the Israelites. This directive highlights the importance of Moses' role as a prophet and mediator between God and His people. It also reflects the need for clear and authoritative communication of God's will, ensuring that the Israelites understand the divine origin of their deliverance.

‘I AM has sent me to you.’
The use of "I AM" as God's name signifies His eternal existence and unchanging nature. This statement assures the Israelites that their deliverance is orchestrated by the one true God, who is both personal and powerful. The phrase foreshadows the New Testament revelation of Jesus Christ, who identifies Himself with "I AM" in John 8:58, linking His divine nature to the God of the Old Testament. This connection underscores the continuity of God's redemptive plan from the Exodus to the coming of Christ.

God also told Moses,
This phrase indicates a continuation of God's communication with Moses, emphasizing the importance of the message. It highlights the direct divine revelation Moses received, which is a key aspect of his prophetic role.

“Say to the Israelites,
Moses is instructed to deliver God's message to the Israelites, underscoring his role as a mediator between God and His people. This reflects the communal nature of God's covenant with Israel.

‘The LORD,
The term "LORD" is a translation of the tetragrammaton YHWH, the personal name of God revealed to Moses. It signifies God's eternal, self-existent nature and His covenantal faithfulness.

the God of your fathers—
This phrase connects the present revelation to the patriarchal promises, affirming continuity in God's relationship with Israel. It reassures the Israelites of God's ongoing commitment to His covenant.

the God of Abraham,
Abraham is the patriarch with whom God made an initial covenant, promising land, descendants, and blessing. This reference recalls God's faithfulness to His promises and the beginning of the covenantal relationship.

the God of Isaac,
Isaac, as the son of promise, represents the continuation of God's covenant. His life exemplifies God's provision and faithfulness, reinforcing the message of divine reliability.

and the God of Jacob—
Jacob, later named Israel, is the father of the twelve tribes. His life story, marked by transformation and divine encounters, symbolizes the nation of Israel's relationship with God.

has sent me to you.’
Moses is commissioned as God's representative, emphasizing the divine authority behind his mission. This legitimizes his leadership and the message he brings to the Israelites.

This is My name forever,
God's name, YHWH, is declared eternal, signifying His unchanging nature and perpetual covenant with His people. It underscores the timelessness of God's identity and promises.

and this is how I am to be remembered in every generation.
The enduring remembrance of God's name across generations highlights the importance of teaching and preserving the knowledge of God. It calls for faithfulness in worship and obedience, ensuring that each generation recognizes and honors God's covenantal relationship.

Go, assemble the elders of Israel
This command signifies the importance of leadership and order within the community of Israel. The elders were respected leaders and representatives of the people, often responsible for making decisions and guiding the community. This reflects the patriarchal structure of ancient Israelite society, where elders held authority and were seen as wise and experienced. The gathering of elders also emphasizes the communal aspect of God's message, ensuring that it is communicated to the entire nation through their leaders.

and say to them, ‘The LORD, the God of your fathers—the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob—
This phrase establishes continuity and covenantal faithfulness. By identifying Himself as the God of their fathers, God is reminding the Israelites of the promises made to the patriarchs, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. This connection reinforces the idea of a covenant relationship that spans generations. It also serves to reassure the Israelites of God's unchanging nature and His commitment to fulfill His promises. The mention of these patriarchs ties the current situation back to the foundational stories of Israel's identity and God's faithfulness.

has appeared to me and said:
The appearance of God to Moses is a theophany, a direct encounter with the divine. This emphasizes the authority of Moses as a prophet and leader chosen by God. The personal nature of this encounter underscores the seriousness and authenticity of the message Moses is to deliver. It also highlights the unique role of Moses as an intermediary between God and the people of Israel, a role that foreshadows the mediatory work of Christ.

I have surely attended to you
This phrase indicates God's awareness and concern for the plight of the Israelites. It reassures them that their suffering has not gone unnoticed. The use of "surely" emphasizes the certainty and intensity of God's attention. This reflects God's compassionate nature and His active involvement in the lives of His people. It also serves as a reminder of God's omniscience and His ability to intervene in human affairs.

and have seen what has been done to you in Egypt.
This statement acknowledges the oppression and suffering experienced by the Israelites under Egyptian bondage. It highlights the historical context of their enslavement and the harsh conditions they endured. God's awareness of their situation is a precursor to His plan for deliverance. This also connects to the broader biblical theme of God as a deliverer and redeemer, who sees the affliction of His people and acts to bring about their salvation. The mention of Egypt serves as a reminder of the historical and geographical setting of the Exodus narrative, a pivotal event in Israel's history that foreshadows the ultimate deliverance through Christ.

And I have promised to bring you up out of your affliction in Egypt
This phrase highlights God's covenant faithfulness. The promise to deliver the Israelites from Egypt is rooted in His covenant with Abraham (Genesis 15:13-14). The affliction in Egypt refers to the harsh slavery and oppression the Israelites endured (Exodus 1:11-14). This deliverance foreshadows the ultimate deliverance from sin through Jesus Christ, who brings spiritual freedom (John 8:36).

into the land of the Canaanites, Hittites, Amorites, Perizzites, Hivites, and Jebusites
These groups represent the inhabitants of the Promised Land. Each nation had its own culture and practices, often involving idolatry and immorality, which God warned against (Deuteronomy 7:1-5). The mention of these specific peoples underscores the historical and geographical reality of the conquest. Archaeological evidence supports the existence of these groups during the Late Bronze Age. The conquest of these nations is a type of the spiritual battles believers face, as they are called to overcome sin and live in the promises of God (Ephesians 6:12).

a land flowing with milk and honey.
This phrase symbolizes abundance and prosperity. "Milk and honey" indicate a fertile and bountiful land, contrasting with the scarcity experienced in Egypt. It reflects God's provision and blessing, reminiscent of the Garden of Eden's abundance (Genesis 2:8-10). This imagery is also prophetic of the eternal inheritance believers have in Christ, described as a place of ultimate blessing and rest (Revelation 21:1-4).

The elders of Israel will listen to what you say
This phrase indicates God's assurance to Moses that the leaders of the Israelite community will heed his message. The elders were respected leaders and representatives of the people, and their support was crucial for Moses' mission. This reflects a pattern seen throughout the Old Testament where God often works through established leadership structures. The elders' willingness to listen also fulfills God's promise of deliverance, as seen in Genesis 50:24-25, where Joseph speaks of God's future intervention.

and you must go with them to the king of Egypt
Moses is instructed to approach Pharaoh not alone, but with the elders, signifying a united front. This approach underscores the communal aspect of Israel's plea and highlights the importance of collective leadership. The king of Egypt, or Pharaoh, was considered a god-like figure in Egyptian culture, making this confrontation a significant challenge. Historically, this reflects the political structure of ancient Egypt, where Pharaoh held absolute power.

and tell him, ‘The LORD, the God of the Hebrews, has met with us.
This declaration identifies the God of Israel as distinct from the gods of Egypt. The term "Hebrews" connects the Israelites to their ancestral roots, emphasizing their identity as a people chosen by God. The phrase "has met with us" indicates a divine encounter, affirming God's active presence and guidance. This encounter is reminiscent of God's covenantal promises to the patriarchs, such as in Genesis 17:1-8, where God establishes His covenant with Abraham.

Now please let us take a three-day journey into the wilderness
The request for a three-day journey is a strategic move, possibly intended to test Pharaoh's willingness to allow the Israelites some freedom. The wilderness is often a place of testing and encounter with God, as seen later in Israel's history during their 40 years of wandering. This journey foreshadows the greater exodus to come, where the Israelites will leave Egypt entirely.

so that we may sacrifice to the LORD our God.
Sacrifice is central to Israelite worship and signifies devotion and obedience to God. This request highlights the importance of worship and the need for a space free from Egyptian influence to properly honor God. Sacrifices were a means of maintaining the covenant relationship with God, as outlined in Leviticus. This act of worship prefigures the ultimate sacrifice of Jesus Christ, who fulfills the sacrificial system through His death and resurrection, as seen in Hebrews 10:1-14.

But I know
This phrase emphasizes God's omniscience and foreknowledge. Throughout Scripture, God's knowledge of future events is a recurring theme, affirming His sovereignty and divine plan. This assurance to Moses highlights God's control over the unfolding events in Egypt.

that the king of Egypt
The Pharaoh of Egypt was considered a god by his people, wielding immense power and authority. Historically, the Pharaoh during the time of the Exodus is often identified as either Thutmose III or Ramses II, though the exact identity remains debated. The mention of the king underscores the political and spiritual confrontation between God and the Egyptian deities.

will not allow you to go
This reflects the hardening of Pharaoh's heart, a theme that recurs throughout the Exodus narrative. It illustrates the spiritual blindness and stubbornness of those who oppose God's will. This resistance sets the stage for the display of God's power through the plagues.

unless a mighty hand compels him
The "mighty hand" symbolizes God's power and intervention. This phrase foreshadows the ten plagues and the eventual deliverance of the Israelites, demonstrating God's supremacy over Egypt's gods and Pharaoh. It also prefigures the ultimate deliverance through Jesus Christ, who frees humanity from the bondage of sin. The concept of God's "mighty hand" is echoed in Deuteronomy 26:8, reinforcing the theme of divine deliverance.

So I will stretch out My hand
This phrase signifies God's direct intervention and power. In biblical terms, the "hand of God" often represents His strength and authority. This imagery is used throughout Scripture to denote divine action (e.g., Psalm 136:12). The stretching out of God's hand indicates a deliberate and powerful act, emphasizing His control over the events to follow.

and strike the Egyptians
The act of striking the Egyptians refers to the plagues that God would send upon Egypt. These plagues were both judgments against the Egyptians and their gods (Exodus 12:12) and a demonstration of God's supremacy. Historically, Egypt was a powerful nation, and these plagues would have been seen as a direct challenge to Pharaoh's authority and the Egyptian pantheon.

with all the wonders I will perform among them
The "wonders" refer to the miraculous signs and plagues that God would bring upon Egypt, as detailed in the subsequent chapters of Exodus. These wonders served multiple purposes: they were judgments, signs of God's power, and means to compel Pharaoh to release the Israelites. Theologically, they prefigure the miracles of Jesus, who performed wonders to reveal God's kingdom (John 2:11).

And after that, he will release you
This phrase foretells the eventual release of the Israelites from Egyptian bondage. It highlights God's foreknowledge and the certainty of His plan. The release of the Israelites is a pivotal moment in biblical history, symbolizing redemption and foreshadowing the ultimate deliverance through Christ. The Exodus event is frequently referenced in Scripture as a foundational act of salvation (Deuteronomy 6:21-23).

And I will grant this people such favor in the sight of the Egyptians
This phrase highlights God's sovereign intervention in the hearts of the Egyptians. The Israelites, who had been enslaved for centuries, would find unexpected favor with their captors. This divine favor is reminiscent of God's ability to influence the hearts of people, as seen in Proverbs 21:1, where the king's heart is in the hand of the Lord. Theologically, this demonstrates God's control over human affairs and His ability to fulfill His promises, as He had assured Abraham in Genesis 15:14 that his descendants would leave their bondage with great possessions. This favor is also a precursor to the plundering of the Egyptians, which is a fulfillment of God's promise and a reversal of the Israelites' previous oppression.

that when you leave,
The phrase "when you leave" indicates the certainty of the Israelites' exodus from Egypt. This departure was not just a physical relocation but a significant spiritual and historical event, marking the birth of Israel as a nation. The timing of this departure was orchestrated by God, aligning with His covenantal promises. Historically, the Exodus is a pivotal event in Jewish history, celebrated annually during Passover, which commemorates God's deliverance of His people. This departure also foreshadows the ultimate deliverance from sin through Jesus Christ, as the Exodus is often seen as a type of salvation.

you will not go away empty-handed.
This promise of not leaving empty-handed signifies God's provision and justice. The Israelites, who had been laboring without wages, would receive compensation through the wealth of the Egyptians. This act of divine justice is a fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham in Genesis 15:14 and serves as a tangible sign of God's faithfulness. Theologically, it underscores the principle that God provides for His people and ensures that justice is served. This provision can also be seen as a type of the spiritual riches believers receive in Christ, as mentioned in Ephesians 1:3, where believers are blessed with every spiritual blessing.

Every woman shall ask her neighbor and any woman staying in her house
In this context, the Israelites are instructed to request valuables from their Egyptian neighbors. This reflects the cultural practice of hospitality and neighborly relations in ancient times. The act of asking rather than taking by force highlights a divine orchestration rather than human rebellion. This request is a fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham in Genesis 15:14, where God foretold that his descendants would leave their place of bondage with great possessions.

for silver and gold jewelry and clothing
Silver and gold were symbols of wealth and status in ancient Egypt, often used in religious and ceremonial contexts. Jewelry and clothing were not only valuable but also practical for the journey ahead. The acquisition of these items can be seen as a form of recompense for the years of slavery and labor the Israelites endured. This also prefigures the wealth that would later be used in the construction of the Tabernacle, as described in Exodus 25-31.

and you will put them on your sons and daughters
This phrase indicates that the wealth obtained would be used to adorn the next generation, symbolizing a transfer of blessing and a new identity for the Israelites. It signifies a break from their past as slaves and a step towards becoming a free and prosperous nation. The act of adorning their children can also be seen as a preparation for their future role as God's chosen people.

So you will plunder the Egyptians.
The term "plunder" typically implies taking spoils of war, yet here it is achieved through peaceful means, underscoring the divine intervention in the Israelites' favor. This act fulfills God's promise and serves as a judgment against Egypt for their oppression. It also foreshadows the ultimate victory of God's people over their enemies, a theme that resonates throughout the Bible, culminating in the victory of Christ over sin and death.