Then Moses answered,
Moses is responding to God after being called to lead the Israelites out of Egypt. This moment occurs at the burning bush, a significant theophany where God reveals Himself to Moses. Moses' response indicates his hesitation and doubt, a common human reaction when faced with a daunting task. This reflects the broader biblical theme of God choosing imperfect individuals to fulfill His purposes.

“What if they do not believe me
Moses anticipates skepticism from the Israelites, reflecting a lack of confidence in his own authority and the message he is to deliver. This concern is rooted in his past experiences, as he had previously fled Egypt after killing an Egyptian (Exodus 2:11-15). The question highlights the challenge of faith and belief, a recurring theme in Scripture, where God's messengers often face disbelief (e.g., the prophets, Jesus in His hometown in Mark 6:4).

or listen to my voice?
Listening in biblical terms often implies obedience. Moses fears that the Israelites will neither heed his words nor follow his leadership. This concern is echoed throughout the Bible, where God's people frequently struggle to listen and obey His commands (e.g., Deuteronomy 28:1-2). The phrase underscores the importance of not just hearing God's word but acting upon it.

For they may say,
Moses anticipates the objections of the Israelites, showing his awareness of their potential doubts. This reflects a broader biblical narrative where God's people often question His messengers (e.g., the Israelites questioning Moses and Aaron in Numbers 16:3). It also foreshadows the Israelites' frequent complaints and lack of faith during their wilderness journey.

‘The LORD has not appeared to you.’”
This statement reflects a challenge to Moses' divine commission. The Israelites' potential disbelief in God's appearance to Moses highlights the need for signs and wonders to authenticate his mission, which God subsequently provides (Exodus 4:2-9). This skepticism parallels the New Testament, where Jesus' authority is questioned, and He performs miracles as signs of His divine mission (John 10:25). Moses serves as a type of Christ, a mediator between God and His people, prefiguring Jesus' role as the ultimate mediator.

And the LORD asked him,
This phrase highlights a direct communication between God and Moses, emphasizing the personal nature of God's relationship with His chosen leaders. In the context of Exodus, God is preparing Moses for his mission to lead the Israelites out of Egypt. This question is not for God's information but to prompt Moses to recognize what he already possesses. It reflects God's method of using what is already available to accomplish His purposes, a theme seen throughout Scripture, such as in the feeding of the 5,000 with loaves and fishes (John 6:9).

“What is that in your hand?”
The question draws attention to the ordinary object Moses is holding, a shepherd's staff. This staff symbolizes Moses' identity and occupation as a shepherd, a common profession in the ancient Near East. Shepherds were often seen as humble and lowly, yet God frequently uses the humble to achieve His plans, as seen with David, the shepherd who became king (1 Samuel 16:11-13). The staff will become a tool for God's power, foreshadowing how God can transform the ordinary into the extraordinary.

“A staff,” he replied.
Moses' response is straightforward, indicating the simplicity of the object. The staff, a tool of his trade, represents authority and support, common in the life of a shepherd. In biblical symbolism, the staff can represent guidance and protection, as seen in Psalm 23:4, "Your rod and Your staff, they comfort me." This staff will later become a symbol of God's power when it is used to perform miracles, such as turning into a serpent (Exodus 4:3) and parting the Red Sea (Exodus 14:16). The staff's transformation into a tool of divine power prefigures the way Christ uses ordinary elements, like bread and wine, to convey His grace.

“Throw it on the ground,” said the LORD.
This command from God to Moses occurs during their encounter at the burning bush on Mount Horeb. The act of throwing the staff on the ground is a demonstration of God's power and authority. In ancient Near Eastern culture, a staff was a symbol of leadership and authority, often carried by shepherds and leaders. By instructing Moses to throw it down, God is showing that He can transform ordinary objects to fulfill His divine purposes. This act foreshadows the miracles Moses will perform in Egypt, emphasizing that God is the source of power behind these signs.

So Moses threw it on the ground,
Moses' obedience in following God's command is significant. Despite his initial hesitations and feelings of inadequacy, Moses acts in faith. This moment marks the beginning of Moses' transformation from a shepherd to the leader of the Israelites. The act of throwing the staff is symbolic of Moses casting aside his old life and accepting the mission God has for him. It also serves as a test of faith, as Moses must trust in God's instructions without knowing the outcome.

and it became a snake,
The transformation of the staff into a snake is a miraculous sign. In Egyptian culture, snakes were symbols of power and were associated with the Pharaoh, who wore a serpent on his crown. This miracle is a direct challenge to the authority of Pharaoh and the gods of Egypt, demonstrating that the God of Israel is supreme. The snake is also a reminder of the serpent in the Garden of Eden, symbolizing sin and deception. This transformation can be seen as a type of Christ, who would later take on the form of sinful flesh to conquer sin and death.

and he ran from it.
Moses' reaction of fear and retreat is a natural human response to the unexpected and the supernatural. It highlights Moses' humanity and his initial reluctance to embrace his role as God's chosen leader. This moment of fear contrasts with the courage Moses will later display as he confronts Pharaoh and leads the Israelites out of Egypt. It serves as a reminder that God often calls imperfect and fearful individuals to accomplish His purposes, equipping them with the strength and courage they need.

“Stretch out your hand and grab it by the tail,”
In this command, God instructs Moses to take an action that defies natural instinct. Grabbing a snake by the tail is dangerous, as it leaves the head free to strike. This act requires faith and trust in God's protection and power. It symbolizes Moses' need to rely on God rather than his own understanding. This moment is a test of obedience, reflecting the broader theme of faith throughout Scripture, such as Abraham's willingness to sacrifice Isaac (Genesis 22).

the LORD said to Moses,
The use of "the LORD" (YHWH) emphasizes the covenantal relationship between God and Israel. This divine name signifies God's eternal presence and faithfulness. Moses, as the chosen leader, is receiving direct communication from God, highlighting his prophetic role. This encounter is part of Moses' preparation for leading the Israelites out of Egypt, paralleling other divine callings, such as those of Isaiah (Isaiah 6) and Jeremiah (Jeremiah 1).

who reached out his hand and caught the snake,
Moses' obedience in reaching out and catching the snake demonstrates his growing faith and trust in God. This act is a precursor to the miracles he will perform in Egypt, serving as a sign of God's power working through him. The transformation of the staff into a snake and back again is a demonstration of God's control over creation, similar to Jesus calming the storm (Mark 4:39).

and it turned back into a staff in his hand.
The transformation of the snake back into a staff signifies the restoration of order and authority. The staff, a symbol of leadership and guidance, is restored to Moses, affirming his role as God's chosen instrument. This miracle foreshadows the signs and wonders Moses will perform in Egypt, serving as a testament to God's sovereignty. It also prefigures the ultimate authority of Christ, who exercises dominion over all creation (Colossians 1:16-17).

This is so that they may believe
This phrase highlights the purpose of the signs given to Moses: to inspire belief among the Israelites. In the context of the Exodus narrative, belief is crucial for the Israelites to trust Moses as their leader and God's chosen instrument for their deliverance. This reflects a recurring biblical theme where signs and wonders are used to confirm divine authority and mission, as seen in the ministries of prophets and Jesus Christ (John 20:30-31).

that the LORD,
The use of "LORD" in all capital letters signifies the divine name YHWH, emphasizing God's covenantal relationship with Israel. This name is first revealed to Moses in Exodus 3:14, where God declares, "I AM WHO I AM." It underscores God's eternal, self-existent nature and His faithfulness to His promises.

the God of their fathers—
This phrase connects the current generation of Israelites with their ancestral heritage, reminding them of the longstanding covenant relationship. It serves to reassure the Israelites that the God who is acting now is the same God who was faithful to their ancestors, reinforcing continuity and trust in His promises.

the God of Abraham,
Abraham is the patriarch with whom God first established His covenant, promising numerous descendants and a land for his offspring (Genesis 12:1-3). This reference to Abraham underscores the fulfillment of God's promises and His ongoing commitment to the covenant, which is foundational to Israel's identity and hope.

the God of Isaac,
Isaac, the son of promise, represents the continuation of God's covenant with Abraham. The mention of Isaac highlights God's faithfulness in preserving the covenant line and His miraculous provision, as seen in Isaac's birth to Sarah in her old age (Genesis 21:1-3).

and the God of Jacob—
Jacob, later named Israel, is the father of the twelve tribes. His life is marked by encounters with God, such as the vision at Bethel (Genesis 28:10-22) and wrestling with the angel (Genesis 32:22-32). This reference emphasizes God's personal involvement and transformative power in the lives of His people.

has appeared to you.
The appearance of God to Moses is a theophany, a direct encounter with the divine. This validates Moses' prophetic authority and mission. The burning bush (Exodus 3:2-4) is a significant theophany, symbolizing God's holiness and His call to deliver Israel. This encounter prefigures the ultimate revelation of God in Jesus Christ, who is the visible image of the invisible God (Colossians 1:15).

Furthermore, the LORD said to Moses
This phrase indicates a continuation of God's communication with Moses, emphasizing the direct and personal nature of divine revelation. It highlights the authority of God in guiding Moses, who is chosen to lead the Israelites out of Egypt. This divine encounter occurs at Mount Horeb, also known as Mount Sinai, a significant location for future events in Israel's history, including the giving of the Ten Commandments.

“Put your hand inside your cloak.”
The instruction to place his hand inside his cloak is a command that requires obedience and trust. The cloak, a common garment in ancient Near Eastern culture, symbolizes protection and covering. This act foreshadows the miraculous signs God will perform through Moses, demonstrating His power and authority. It also serves as a test of faith for Moses, who must act without knowing the outcome.

So he put his hand inside his cloak,
Moses' compliance with God's command reflects his willingness to follow divine instructions, despite his initial hesitations about his mission. This obedience is crucial for his role as a leader and prophet. The act of placing his hand inside the cloak is a simple yet profound demonstration of faith, setting a precedent for future acts of obedience required of him.

and when he took it out,
The removal of the hand signifies the revelation of God's power. This moment of unveiling is pivotal, as it transitions from a hidden act to a visible sign. It parallels other biblical instances where hidden things are revealed, such as the uncovering of hidden sins or the revelation of God's plans.

his hand was leprous, white as snow.
The transformation of Moses' hand into a leprous state serves as a powerful sign of God's ability to control health and disease, a common theme in biblical narratives. Leprosy, a feared and isolating disease in ancient times, symbolizes impurity and separation. The whiteness "as snow" emphasizes the severity and unmistakable nature of the condition. This sign prefigures the cleansing and healing power of God, as seen in the ministry of Jesus Christ, who healed lepers and restored them to community. The imagery of leprosy also connects to themes of sin and purification, underscoring the need for divine intervention to cleanse and restore.

“Put your hand back inside your cloak,” said the LORD.
This command from God to Moses occurs during the theophany at the burning bush, where God is equipping Moses with signs to validate his divine mission to the Israelites and Pharaoh. The cloak, a common garment in ancient Near Eastern attire, symbolizes concealment and revelation. The act of placing the hand inside the cloak signifies a divine intervention that is hidden from human sight, emphasizing God's control over the natural and supernatural.

So Moses put his hand back inside his cloak,
Moses' obedience to God's command demonstrates his growing faith and trust in God's power. This act of compliance is crucial, as it sets a precedent for Moses' leadership and his role as a mediator between God and the people of Israel. The repetition of the action underscores the importance of following divine instructions precisely.

and when he took it out,
The removal of the hand from the cloak signifies the revelation of God's power. This moment is pivotal, as it transitions from concealment to manifestation, illustrating the process of divine miracles. It parallels other biblical instances where God's power is revealed through physical signs, such as the parting of the Red Sea.

it was restored,
The restoration of Moses' hand from leprosy to health is a powerful symbol of God's ability to heal and purify. Leprosy, often seen as a symbol of sin and impurity in biblical times, highlights the transformative power of God. This act prefigures the healing miracles of Jesus Christ, who restored health and life, demonstrating divine authority over physical and spiritual ailments.

like the rest of his skin.
The complete restoration of Moses' hand to match the rest of his skin signifies wholeness and the perfection of God's works. It emphasizes the thoroughness of God's miracles, leaving no trace of the previous affliction. This completeness is a testament to God's power and foreshadows the ultimate restoration and redemption found in Christ, who makes believers whole through salvation.

And the LORD said
This phrase indicates direct communication from God to Moses, emphasizing the divine authority behind the instructions. In the context of Exodus, God is preparing Moses for his mission to lead the Israelites out of Egypt. This direct speech underscores the personal relationship between God and His chosen leaders, a theme seen throughout the Old Testament, such as with Abraham (Genesis 12:1) and later with the prophets.

If they refuse to believe you
Here, God anticipates the skepticism of the Israelites. This reflects a common biblical theme where God's messengers often face doubt and disbelief, as seen with prophets like Jeremiah (Jeremiah 1:6-8). It also foreshadows the disbelief Jesus would encounter (John 12:37). The conditional "if" suggests God's awareness of human free will and the potential for resistance to divine messages.

or heed the witness of the first sign
The "first sign" refers to the miraculous transformation of Moses' staff into a serpent (Exodus 4:2-4). Signs and wonders are a recurring method God uses to authenticate His messengers and messages, as seen with Elijah (1 Kings 18:36-39) and Jesus (John 2:11). This sign serves as a tangible demonstration of God's power, intended to validate Moses' divine commission.

they may believe that of the second
The "second sign" involves Moses' hand becoming leprous and then being healed (Exodus 4:6-7). This sign not only demonstrates God's power over health and disease but also symbolizes purification and restoration, themes central to the biblical narrative of redemption. The progression from one sign to another indicates God's patience and willingness to provide multiple evidences of His power and presence, similar to how Jesus performed various miracles to reveal His identity (John 20:30-31).

But if they do not believe even these two signs or listen to your voice
This phrase highlights the skepticism Moses might face from the Israelites. The two signs refer to the previous miracles God instructed Moses to perform: turning his staff into a serpent and making his hand leprous and then healed. These signs were meant to authenticate Moses' divine commission. The Israelites' potential disbelief reflects a recurring theme of doubt and testing God, seen throughout their wilderness journey (e.g., Exodus 17:2-7). This skepticism also foreshadows the persistent unbelief that Jesus encountered during His ministry (John 12:37).

take some water from the Nile and pour it on the dry ground
The Nile River was central to Egyptian life and economy, symbolizing fertility and sustenance. By instructing Moses to take water from the Nile, God was directly challenging the Egyptian deities associated with the river, such as Hapi, the god of the Nile. This act would demonstrate God's supremacy over Egyptian gods and foreshadow the plagues, particularly the first plague where the Nile turned to blood (Exodus 7:14-24). The dry ground signifies the land of Egypt, which would be affected by God's judgment.

Then the water you take from the Nile will become blood on the ground.
This transformation of water into blood is a precursor to the first plague and serves as a sign of judgment. Blood in the Bible often symbolizes life (Leviticus 17:11) and judgment (Revelation 16:3-4). This miracle prefigures the ultimate judgment and redemption through the blood of Christ, who turned water into wine at Cana (John 2:1-11), symbolizing the new covenant. The act of turning water into blood on the ground also signifies the impending judgment on Egypt, a nation that had oppressed God's people, and serves as a warning of the consequences of unbelief and disobedience.

“Please, Lord,” Moses replied,
Moses addresses God with a plea, showing humility and reverence. The use of "Lord" indicates recognition of God's authority. This moment occurs at the burning bush, a pivotal event in Moses' life where God commissions him to lead the Israelites out of Egypt. Moses' response reflects his initial reluctance and self-doubt, a common human reaction when faced with a divine calling.

“I have never been eloquent,
Moses expresses his perceived inadequacy in speech. Historically, Moses was raised in Pharaoh's court, suggesting he had some education. However, his self-assessment highlights a lack of confidence. This phrase connects to the broader biblical theme of God using the weak and humble to accomplish His purposes, as seen with other figures like Gideon and David.

neither in the past nor since You have spoken to Your servant,
Moses emphasizes his consistent struggle with speech, even after divine encounters. This suggests that his concern is deeply rooted and not merely situational. The phrase "since You have spoken" indicates that Moses expected a transformation upon encountering God, yet he perceives no change, highlighting his reliance on human ability rather than divine empowerment.

for I am slow of speech and tongue.”
Moses describes his speech impediment, which some scholars suggest could be a stutter or difficulty in articulation. This physical limitation is significant in the cultural context of ancient Egypt, where eloquence was highly valued. Despite this, God chooses Moses, foreshadowing the New Testament principle that God's power is made perfect in weakness (2 Corinthians 12:9). Moses' role as a type of Christ is evident here, as both are chosen leaders who deliver God's people, yet Christ is the perfect fulfillment without human limitation.

And the LORD said to him,
This phrase indicates a direct communication from God to Moses. In the context of Exodus, God is speaking to Moses at the burning bush, a pivotal moment in biblical history where God commissions Moses to lead the Israelites out of Egypt. This direct dialogue emphasizes the personal relationship God has with His chosen leaders and His active role in guiding His people.

“Who gave man his mouth?
This rhetorical question highlights God's sovereignty and creative power. In Genesis 2:7, God forms man and breathes life into him, establishing His role as the Creator. The mouth, as a symbol of communication and expression, is a gift from God, underscoring His authority over human abilities and limitations.

Or who makes the mute or the deaf,
Here, God asserts His control over human conditions, including disabilities. This can be seen as a reminder of God's omnipotence and His purpose in allowing certain conditions for His greater plan. In John 9:1-3, Jesus explains that a man's blindness was so "the works of God might be displayed in him," suggesting that physical limitations can serve a divine purpose.

the sighted or the blind?
This phrase continues the theme of God's sovereignty over human faculties. The ability to see or the condition of blindness is within God's control. In the New Testament, Jesus heals the blind, demonstrating His divine authority and fulfilling prophecies about the Messiah (Isaiah 35:5).

Is it not I, the LORD?”
This concluding question reaffirms God's identity as the ultimate authority. The use of "I, the LORD" is a declaration of His covenant name, Yahweh, which signifies His eternal presence and faithfulness. This statement is a reminder of God's unchanging nature and His power to equip those He calls, as seen throughout Scripture in the lives of figures like Jeremiah (Jeremiah 1:5-9) and Paul (2 Corinthians 12:9-10).

Now go!
This command from God to Moses is a direct imperative, emphasizing urgency and divine authority. It reflects God's sovereign will and His plan for Moses to lead the Israelites out of Egypt. The command echoes the call of other biblical figures, such as Abraham in Genesis 12:1, where God instructs him to leave his country. It signifies a pivotal moment of obedience and faith, requiring Moses to trust in God's plan despite his own insecurities.

I will help you as you speak,
God's promise to assist Moses addresses Moses' earlier concerns about his speaking abilities (Exodus 4:10). This assurance highlights God's provision and empowerment, reminiscent of His support to other prophets like Jeremiah (Jeremiah 1:9). It underscores the theme of divine enablement, where God equips those He calls, ensuring that human limitations do not hinder His purposes.

and I will teach you what to say.”
This phrase indicates God's ongoing guidance and instruction, suggesting a relationship where God actively communicates His will. It parallels the promise given to the disciples in the New Testament, where Jesus assures them that the Holy Spirit will teach them what to say in times of persecution (Luke 12:12). This reflects the continuity of God's guidance throughout biblical history and foreshadows the role of the Holy Spirit in the lives of believers.

But Moses replied
Moses, a central figure in the Old Testament, is speaking directly to God. This interaction occurs at the burning bush, a significant theophany where God reveals Himself to Moses. Moses' response is part of a larger dialogue where God commissions him to lead the Israelites out of Egypt. This moment highlights Moses' humanity and reluctance, contrasting with his later role as a decisive leader.

“Please, Lord
The use of "Lord" indicates Moses' recognition of God's authority and sovereignty. The Hebrew term used here is "Adonai," which conveys respect and submission. This plea reflects Moses' humility and acknowledgment of God's power, yet it also reveals his hesitation and fear of the task ahead.

send someone else.”
Moses' request to send another person underscores his feelings of inadequacy and reluctance. This moment is pivotal as it shows Moses' initial resistance to God's call, a theme seen in other biblical figures like Jonah. It also foreshadows the need for divine assistance, which God provides through Aaron, Moses' brother. This reluctance can be seen as a type of Christ, who, unlike Moses, willingly accepts His mission to save humanity. Moses' hesitation contrasts with Jesus' obedience, highlighting the fulfillment of God's plan through Christ.

Then the anger of the LORD burned against Moses
This phrase indicates God's displeasure with Moses' reluctance and excuses. Throughout the Bible, God's anger is often a response to disobedience or lack of faith, as seen in Numbers 11:1 and Deuteronomy 9:8. God's anger is righteous and just, contrasting with human anger, which can be sinful. This moment highlights the seriousness of Moses' calling and the importance of obedience to God's commands.

and He said, “Is not Aaron the Levite your brother?
God introduces Aaron, Moses' biological brother, emphasizing familial ties. Aaron's designation as a Levite is significant, as the Levites were later set apart for priestly duties (Numbers 3:5-10). This foreshadows Aaron's future role as the first high priest of Israel. The mention of Aaron also underscores God's provision and preparation, as He had already planned for Aaron to assist Moses.

I know that he can speak well
God acknowledges Aaron's eloquence, addressing Moses' concern about his own speaking abilities (Exodus 4:10). This demonstrates God's omniscience and His ability to equip His servants with the necessary resources. Aaron's speaking skills complement Moses' leadership, illustrating how God uses different gifts within the body of believers (1 Corinthians 12:4-11).

and he is now on his way to meet you
This phrase shows God's sovereignty and foreknowledge, as He orchestrates events to fulfill His purposes. Aaron's journey to meet Moses is a divine appointment, reflecting how God prepares the way for His plans to unfold. This meeting is pivotal for the liberation of the Israelites, as it marks the beginning of their joint mission.

When he sees you, he will be glad in his heart
Aaron's joy upon seeing Moses signifies the unity and support between the two brothers. This joy is a testament to God's ability to bring encouragement and confirmation through others. It also highlights the importance of fellowship and partnership in ministry, as seen in Ecclesiastes 4:9-10. Aaron's gladness foreshadows the collaborative effort required to lead the Israelites out of Egypt.

You are to speak to him and put the words in his mouth.
This phrase highlights the divine appointment of Aaron as Moses' spokesperson. In the context of Exodus, Moses expresses his insecurity about his speaking abilities (Exodus 4:10). God responds by appointing Aaron, Moses' brother, to be his mouthpiece. This reflects a pattern seen throughout Scripture where God uses human intermediaries to convey His message, such as the prophets. The act of putting words in Aaron's mouth signifies divine inspiration and authority, similar to how God later inspires the prophets (Jeremiah 1:9). This also prefigures the role of the Holy Spirit in the New Testament, who empowers believers to speak God's truth (Acts 2:4).

I will help both of you to speak,
God's promise to help both Moses and Aaron underscores His active involvement in their mission. This divine assistance is a recurring theme in the Bible, where God equips those He calls (Isaiah 41:10). The assurance of God's help is crucial for Moses, who feels inadequate for the task. This reflects the broader biblical principle that God often chooses the weak and humble to accomplish His purposes (1 Corinthians 1:27-29). The promise of help also foreshadows the New Testament promise of the Holy Spirit, who aids believers in their witness (John 14:26).

and I will teach you what to do.
God's commitment to teach Moses and Aaron what to do emphasizes His role as the ultimate guide and teacher. This divine instruction is not limited to speech but extends to actions, ensuring that Moses and Aaron fulfill God's will accurately. This teaching role of God is seen throughout Scripture, where He instructs His people through the Law, the prophets, and ultimately through Jesus Christ, who is the embodiment of divine wisdom (John 14:6). The promise of teaching also points to the New Covenant, where believers are taught by the Holy Spirit (1 John 2:27).

He will speak to the people for you.
This phrase refers to Aaron, Moses' brother, who is appointed by God to be Moses' spokesperson. In the context of Exodus, Moses expresses his insecurity about his speaking abilities, and God provides Aaron as a solution. This arrangement highlights the importance of teamwork and delegation in leadership. Aaron's role as a spokesperson is significant in the cultural context of ancient Egypt, where eloquence and the ability to communicate effectively were highly valued. This also prefigures the role of prophets in Israel, who would speak on behalf of God to the people.

He will be your spokesman,
Aaron's role as a spokesman is crucial in the unfolding narrative of the Exodus. In the ancient Near Eastern context, a spokesman or mediator was often necessary to communicate between parties of different statuses. This arrangement underscores the hierarchical structure of communication, where Aaron acts as an intermediary between Moses and the people, and ultimately between God and the people. This foreshadows the role of Christ as the ultimate mediator between God and humanity, as seen in 1 Timothy 2:5.

and it will be as if you were God to him.
This phrase indicates the authority Moses holds in this relationship. Moses is given a God-like status in his relationship with Aaron, symbolizing the divine authority bestowed upon him. This reflects the theocratic leadership model where God communicates His will through chosen leaders. The phrase also points to the concept of divine representation, where Moses acts as God's representative on earth. This prefigures the role of Jesus Christ, who is the ultimate representation of God to humanity, as stated in John 1:14 and Colossians 1:15.

But take this staff in your hand
The staff is a symbol of authority and leadership, often used by shepherds. Moses, having been a shepherd in Midian, would be familiar with its practical uses. In biblical context, the staff represents God's power and presence. It is a tangible reminder of God's call and empowerment of Moses. The staff will later be used to perform miracles, signifying God's direct intervention in the events of the Exodus. This phrase emphasizes the importance of obedience and trust in God's provision.

so you can perform signs with it.
The signs are miraculous acts that demonstrate God's power and authenticate Moses' divine commission. These signs are not just for Pharaoh but also for the Israelites, to confirm that God has indeed sent Moses. The use of signs is a recurring theme in Scripture, often serving as a means to reveal God's will and to validate His messengers. In the New Testament, Jesus performs signs and wonders, fulfilling the role of the ultimate prophet and deliverer. The staff, therefore, becomes a type of Christ, symbolizing divine authority and the means through which God accomplishes His purposes.

Then Moses went back to his father-in-law Jethro
Moses had been living in Midian for about 40 years after fleeing Egypt. Jethro, also known as Reuel, was a priest of Midian and Moses' father-in-law. This return signifies Moses' obedience to God's command to go back to Egypt. The Midianites were descendants of Abraham through Keturah, indicating a shared ancestry with the Israelites.

and said to him, “Please let me return to my brothers in Egypt
Moses refers to the Israelites as his "brothers," highlighting his identification with them despite his upbringing in Pharaoh's palace. This request shows respect for Jethro's authority and acknowledges the family ties and responsibilities Moses had in Midian. It also reflects Moses' humility and the importance of seeking permission before leaving.

to see if they are still alive.”
Moses' concern for the Israelites' well-being is evident here. This phrase may also reflect the uncertainty of the Israelites' condition under Egyptian oppression. It underscores the harshness of their slavery and Moses' compassion for his people, aligning with God's concern for their suffering.

“Go in peace,” Jethro replied.
Jethro's response is a blessing and a release, indicating his support for Moses' mission. The phrase "Go in peace" is a common biblical expression of goodwill and safety, suggesting Jethro's trust in God's plan for Moses. This blessing can be seen as a foreshadowing of the peace that God will ultimately bring to the Israelites through Moses' leadership.

Now the LORD had said to Moses in Midian
This phrase indicates divine communication, emphasizing God's direct involvement in guiding Moses. Midian is a region east of the Sinai Peninsula, where Moses fled after killing an Egyptian (Exodus 2:15). It was here that Moses encountered God in the burning bush (Exodus 3:1-4). The Midianites were descendants of Abraham through Keturah (Genesis 25:1-2), highlighting a connection to the broader Abrahamic covenant. This setting underscores Moses' transformation from a fugitive to a leader chosen by God.

Go back to Egypt
God's command to return to Egypt signifies a pivotal moment in Moses' life and the history of Israel. Egypt, a powerful and advanced civilization, was where the Israelites were enslaved. This directive marks the beginning of the fulfillment of God's promise to deliver His people (Genesis 15:13-14). Moses' return symbolizes obedience and faith, prefiguring Christ's mission to liberate humanity from sin.

for all the men who sought to kill you are dead
This assurance from God addresses Moses' fear of returning to Egypt due to his past actions (Exodus 2:14-15). It reflects God's sovereignty and timing, ensuring Moses' safety. The phrase echoes God's protection and justice, similar to how He dealt with threats to Jesus' life (Matthew 2:19-20). It also illustrates the theme of divine providence, where God removes obstacles to fulfill His purposes.

So Moses took his wife and sons
Moses' family, including his wife Zipporah and their sons Gershom and Eliezer, accompany him on his journey back to Egypt. This reflects the importance of family unity and support in fulfilling God's calling. The inclusion of his family highlights the personal sacrifice and commitment involved in Moses' mission. It also underscores the significance of family in God's covenantal promises, as seen in the patriarchal narratives of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.

put them on a donkey
The use of a donkey for travel indicates the modest means of Moses' family, contrasting with the wealth and power of Egypt. Donkeys were common beasts of burden in the ancient Near East, used for transporting people and goods. This detail connects to other biblical narratives where donkeys play a role, such as Balaam's donkey (Numbers 22) and Jesus' triumphal entry into Jerusalem (Matthew 21:1-11), symbolizing humility and peace.

and headed back to Egypt
Moses' return to Egypt marks a pivotal moment in the biblical narrative, as he is about to confront Pharaoh and lead the Israelites out of bondage. This journey signifies obedience to God's command and the beginning of the fulfillment of the promises made to Abraham regarding the deliverance of his descendants. Egypt, a place of both refuge and oppression for the Israelites, serves as a backdrop for God's redemptive power.

And he took the staff of God in his hand
The staff, once an ordinary shepherd's tool, becomes a symbol of divine authority and power. It is through this staff that God performs miraculous signs, demonstrating His sovereignty over creation and His ability to deliver His people. The staff foreshadows the cross of Christ, through which ultimate deliverance is achieved. The transformation of the staff into a tool of God's power parallels the transformation of Moses from a shepherd to a leader of God's people.

The LORD instructed Moses
This phrase indicates divine communication, emphasizing the authority and direct involvement of God in the events of the Exodus. It reflects the biblical theme of God choosing and guiding leaders, as seen with figures like Abraham and David. The use of "LORD" (YHWH) underscores the covenant relationship between God and Israel.

When you go back to Egypt
Moses is returning to the land of his birth, a place of both personal history and national significance. Egypt, a powerful ancient civilization, is often depicted in the Bible as a symbol of oppression and idolatry. Moses' return signifies the beginning of God's deliverance of Israel from slavery.

see that you perform before Pharaoh all the wonders
The "wonders" refer to the miraculous signs God empowers Moses to perform, such as turning the staff into a serpent and the plagues. These acts demonstrate God's supremacy over Egyptian gods and serve as a testament to His power. The confrontation with Pharaoh is a pivotal moment in biblical history, showcasing God's intervention in human affairs.

that I have put within your power
This phrase highlights God's sovereignty and the divine origin of Moses' abilities. It underscores the biblical principle that God equips those He calls. The empowerment of Moses is a type of Christ, who performed miracles by divine authority.

But I will harden his heart
The hardening of Pharaoh's heart is a complex theological concept, illustrating God's control over human will and the unfolding of His redemptive plan. It raises questions about free will and divine justice, which are explored throughout Scripture. This hardening serves to magnify God's glory through the eventual deliverance of Israel.

so that he will not let the people go
This outcome sets the stage for the dramatic series of events leading to the Exodus. It demonstrates God's purpose in allowing Pharaoh's resistance, ultimately leading to a greater display of His power and the fulfillment of His promises to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. The phrase foreshadows the eventual liberation and the establishment of Israel as a nation under God's covenant.

Then tell Pharaoh that this is what the LORD says:
This phrase introduces a direct command from God to Moses, emphasizing the authority and divine origin of the message. In the context of the Exodus narrative, God is preparing to deliver His people from Egyptian bondage. The phrase underscores the prophetic role of Moses as God's spokesperson. The use of "the LORD" (YHWH) highlights the covenantal name of God, which is significant in the context of His relationship with Israel. This divine communication is a common motif in the Old Testament, where prophets often begin their messages with "Thus says the LORD," establishing the divine authority behind their words.

‘Israel is My firstborn son,
This phrase is rich with theological and covenantal significance. In the ancient Near Eastern context, the firstborn son held a place of privilege and responsibility, often receiving a double portion of the inheritance and acting as the family leader. By calling Israel His "firstborn son," God is asserting a special relationship with the nation, one of favor and chosen status among the nations. This designation also implies a familial bond, suggesting that God views Israel with paternal care and affection. The concept of Israel as God's firstborn is foundational to understanding the nation's identity and mission. It also foreshadows the New Testament revelation of Jesus Christ as the ultimate "firstborn" (Colossians 1:15), who fulfills the role of the true Israel and the Son of God. This typology connects the deliverance of Israel from Egypt with the greater deliverance accomplished through Christ.

and I told you to let My son go so that he may worship Me.
This phrase refers to God's command to Pharaoh through Moses to release the Israelites, whom God refers to as "My son." This designation of Israel as God's son highlights the special covenant relationship between God and the nation of Israel, as seen in Deuteronomy 14:1-2. The purpose of their release is to worship God, emphasizing the centrality of worship in the life of God's people. Worship here implies not just ritual acts but a life oriented towards God, as seen in the broader narrative of Exodus where the Israelites are called to serve God alone. The demand for release is not merely a request for freedom but a divine mandate, underscoring God's authority over earthly rulers.

But since you have refused to let him go,
Pharaoh's refusal to release the Israelites sets the stage for the plagues that follow. This refusal is a demonstration of Pharaoh's hardened heart, a theme that recurs throughout the Exodus narrative. It also reflects the spiritual battle between the God of Israel and the gods of Egypt, as Pharaoh is seen as a representative of these false deities. The refusal is not just a political decision but a spiritual defiance against God's will, illustrating the broader biblical theme of human rebellion against divine authority.

behold, I will kill your firstborn son!’”
This pronouncement of judgment is a foreshadowing of the final and most severe plague—the death of the firstborn in Egypt. The firstborn in ancient cultures, including Egypt, held a place of prominence and inheritance, making this judgment particularly devastating. This act of judgment is both a direct response to Pharaoh's actions and a demonstration of God's power and justice. It also serves as a type of Christ, as the death of the firstborn in Egypt prefigures the sacrificial death of Jesus, God's only Son, for the redemption of humanity. The Passover, which commemorates the sparing of the Israelite firstborn, becomes a foundational event pointing to Christ's atoning sacrifice, as seen in 1 Corinthians 5:7.

Now at a lodging place along the way
This phrase indicates a specific location during Moses' journey back to Egypt after his encounter with God at the burning bush. Lodging places were common rest stops for travelers in the ancient Near East, often near water sources or trade routes. This setting emphasizes the transitional nature of Moses' mission and the urgency of his return to Egypt to lead the Israelites out of bondage.

the LORD met Moses
The encounter with the LORD (Yahweh) is significant, as it underscores the direct and personal nature of God's relationship with Moses. This meeting is unexpected and highlights the seriousness of the situation. In the broader biblical narrative, God often meets individuals at critical junctures in their lives, such as Jacob at Peniel (Genesis 32:24-30) and Joshua near Jericho (Joshua 5:13-15).

and was about to kill him
This phrase is startling and suggests a grave offense on Moses' part. The context implies that Moses had neglected the covenantal sign of circumcision for his son, which was a critical requirement for the descendants of Abraham (Genesis 17:10-14). The severity of the LORD's response underscores the importance of obedience to God's commands and the covenant. This incident foreshadows the seriousness of covenantal faithfulness, which is a recurring theme throughout the Bible. It also prefigures the necessity of atonement and the seriousness of sin, which are ultimately fulfilled in the sacrificial death of Jesus Christ.

But Zipporah took a flint knife
Zipporah, the wife of Moses, is a Midianite, which provides cultural context as the Midianites were descendants of Abraham through Keturah. The use of a flint knife is significant as it reflects ancient practices; flint was commonly used for circumcision in the ancient Near East due to its sharpness and availability. This act indicates a return to the covenantal practice commanded by God to Abraham in Genesis 17:10-14, highlighting the importance of obedience to God's covenant.

cut off her son’s foreskin
Circumcision was a sign of the covenant between God and Abraham's descendants. The act of circumcision here is crucial as it signifies inclusion in the covenant community. The urgency of the act suggests that Moses had neglected this important covenantal sign, which was necessary for his son to be part of God's chosen people. This neglect could have been due to Moses' time in Midian, where such practices might not have been observed.

and touched it to Moses’ feet
The phrase "touched it to Moses’ feet" is subject to various interpretations. Some scholars suggest that "feet" is a euphemism for genitals, indicating a symbolic act of transferring the covenantal sign to Moses. This act may represent Zipporah's intercession, averting God's wrath from Moses by fulfilling the covenantal requirement. It underscores the seriousness of covenantal obedience and the role of intercession.

“Surely you are a bridegroom of blood to me,” she said.
Zipporah's statement, "a bridegroom of blood," reflects the gravity and the life-and-death nature of the covenant. The term "bridegroom of blood" may indicate the cost of entering into a covenant relationship with God, which often involves sacrifice and bloodshed, foreshadowing the ultimate sacrifice of Christ. This phrase also highlights the tension between cultural practices and divine mandates, as Zipporah, a Midianite, is confronted with the Hebrew covenantal requirement. The blood signifies purification and consecration, themes that are central to the sacrificial system and ultimately fulfilled in Jesus Christ, the ultimate bridegroom who shed His blood for the Church.

So the LORD let him alone.
This phrase indicates a cessation of divine wrath or judgment. In the context of Exodus 4, God had sought to kill Moses because his son was not circumcised, which was a violation of the Abrahamic covenant (Genesis 17:10-14). The act of circumcision was a sign of the covenant between God and His people, and failure to comply was seen as a serious breach. The intervention by Zipporah, Moses' wife, through the act of circumcision, appeased God's anger, demonstrating the importance of obedience to God's commands. This moment underscores the seriousness with which God regards His covenants and the necessity of adherence to His laws. It also foreshadows the concept of atonement, where an act of obedience or sacrifice can turn away divine wrath, a theme that is fully realized in the New Testament through the sacrifice of Jesus Christ.

(When she said, “bridegroom of blood,”
The term "bridegroom of blood" is unique and has been the subject of much interpretation. In the ancient Near Eastern context, blood was often associated with life, covenant, and purification. Zipporah's use of this phrase may reflect a cultural understanding of the life-giving and covenantal nature of blood. The act of circumcision, which involves the shedding of blood, was a physical sign of the covenant between God and His people. By calling Moses a "bridegroom of blood," Zipporah may be acknowledging the life-saving and covenant-affirming role that this act of obedience played. This phrase can also be seen as a typological foreshadowing of Christ, who is the ultimate "bridegroom" of the Church, and whose blood establishes the new covenant (Luke 22:20).

she was referring to the circumcision.)
Circumcision was a critical sign of the covenant between God and Abraham's descendants. It was a physical mark that set the Israelites apart from other nations and was a constant reminder of their unique relationship with God. In the historical and cultural context of the Israelites, circumcision was not merely a ritual but a profound act of obedience and identity. The reference to circumcision here highlights its importance in maintaining the covenant relationship with God. In the New Testament, circumcision becomes a metaphor for spiritual purity and dedication to God, as seen in passages like Romans 2:29, where Paul speaks of a "circumcision of the heart." This transformation from a physical act to a spiritual reality is fulfilled in Christ, who brings the ultimate covenant relationship through His sacrifice.

Meanwhile, the LORD had said to Aaron
This phrase indicates divine intervention and guidance. Aaron, Moses' brother, is chosen by God to assist Moses in the mission to free the Israelites from Egyptian bondage. This highlights God's sovereignty and His ability to orchestrate events according to His will. Aaron's role as a spokesperson is significant, as Moses had expressed his own inadequacies in speech (Exodus 4:10-16). This divine communication underscores the importance of obedience to God's commands.

“Go and meet Moses in the wilderness.”
The wilderness often symbolizes a place of testing and preparation in the Bible. It is in the wilderness that God prepares His people for future tasks. Aaron's journey to meet Moses signifies a pivotal moment in the unfolding of God's plan for Israel's deliverance. The wilderness also serves as a backdrop for divine encounters, as seen in Moses' earlier experience with the burning bush (Exodus 3:1-4).

So he went and met Moses at the mountain of God
The "mountain of God" refers to Mount Horeb, also known as Mount Sinai. This location is significant as it is where Moses first encountered God in the burning bush and where the Israelites would later receive the Ten Commandments (Exodus 19-20). The mountain represents a place of divine revelation and covenant. Aaron's meeting with Moses here foreshadows the significant events that will occur at this sacred site.

and kissed him.
The act of kissing in ancient Near Eastern culture was a common greeting among family members and close friends, symbolizing affection and reconciliation. This gesture indicates the bond between the brothers and their mutual commitment to the task ahead. It also reflects the unity and cooperation necessary for the fulfillment of God's plan. The kiss can be seen as a sign of peace and solidarity, essential for the leadership they will provide to the Israelites.

And Moses told Aaron everything the LORD had sent him to say
Moses, having been called by God at the burning bush (Exodus 3:1-4:17), is now in the process of fulfilling his divine mission. This phrase highlights the importance of communication and obedience in God's plan. Moses is acting as a prophet, a role that involves receiving and delivering God's messages. Aaron, his brother, is chosen by God to be Moses' spokesperson (Exodus 4:14-16), which underscores the theme of partnership in ministry. This moment foreshadows the prophetic tradition in Israel, where prophets are God's mouthpieces (Amos 3:7). The relationship between Moses and Aaron also prefigures the New Testament concept of the body of Christ, where different members have different roles (1 Corinthians 12:12-27).

and all the signs He had commanded him to perform
The signs refer to the miraculous acts God empowered Moses to perform to validate his divine commission (Exodus 4:1-9). These include turning a staff into a serpent, making a hand leprous and then healing it, and turning water from the Nile into blood. These signs serve as evidence of God's power and authority, intended to convince both the Israelites and Pharaoh of Moses' legitimacy as God's messenger. The use of signs is a recurring biblical theme, seen in the ministries of Elijah and Elisha (1 Kings 17:1, 2 Kings 2:14) and ultimately in the miracles of Jesus Christ, which authenticate His divine nature and mission (John 20:30-31). The signs also symbolize God's control over creation, a theme that runs throughout the Exodus narrative, culminating in the plagues and the parting of the Red Sea.

Then Moses and Aaron went
Moses and Aaron, brothers by birth, are divinely appointed leaders of the Israelites. Moses, having been called by God at the burning bush (Exodus 3), is the primary leader, while Aaron serves as his spokesperson due to Moses' reluctance and claimed speech impediment (Exodus 4:10-16). Their journey to Egypt marks the beginning of the fulfillment of God's promise to deliver the Israelites from bondage. This phrase highlights their obedience to God's command, a recurring theme in the narrative of the Exodus.

and assembled all the elders of the Israelites,
The elders of the Israelites were the tribal leaders and representatives of the people, a common structure in ancient Near Eastern societies. Their assembly signifies the importance of communal leadership and decision-making. This gathering is crucial for gaining the support and trust of the Israelite community, as the elders held significant influence. The act of assembling the elders also reflects the organizational structure that Moses would later formalize with the establishment of judges and leaders (Exodus 18:13-26). This moment foreshadows the role of elders in the early church, as seen in Acts 14:23, where elders are appointed to lead and guide the Christian communities.

and Aaron relayed everything the LORD had said to Moses.
Aaron, Moses' brother, acts as a spokesperson due to Moses' reluctance and claimed speech impediment (Exodus 4:10-16). This partnership highlights the importance of community and support in fulfilling God's mission. Aaron's role as a communicator is significant, as he becomes the first high priest, foreshadowing Christ as our ultimate High Priest (Hebrews 4:14-16). The phrase underscores the importance of obedience and faithfulness in delivering God's message accurately. This moment is pivotal as it marks the beginning of the liberation of the Israelites from Egyptian bondage, fulfilling God's promise to Abraham (Genesis 15:13-14).

And Moses performed the signs before the people,
Moses performs miraculous signs to authenticate his divine commission, including turning a staff into a serpent, making his hand leprous, and turning water from the Nile into blood (Exodus 4:2-9). These signs serve as a testament to God's power and presence, reassuring the Israelites of His commitment to their deliverance. The signs prefigure the miracles of Jesus, who also performed signs to validate His divine authority (John 20:30-31). This act of performing signs is crucial in building the faith of the Israelites, preparing them to trust in God's plan for their exodus from Egypt.

and they believed.
This phrase signifies the faith of the Israelites in the message delivered by Moses and Aaron. Their belief is a pivotal moment, as it marks the beginning of their journey from slavery to freedom. This faith is reminiscent of Abraham's belief in God, which was counted to him as righteousness (Genesis 15:6). It also foreshadows the necessity of faith in the New Testament, where belief in Jesus Christ is central to salvation (John 3:16).

And when they heard that the LORD had attended to the Israelites
The phrase highlights God's active involvement and concern for His people. This divine attention is a fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob to be with their descendants (Genesis 17:7). It also reflects God's covenant faithfulness, as He remembers His covenant and acts on behalf of the Israelites. This divine attention is echoed in the New Testament, where God is portrayed as a caring Father who knows the needs of His children (Matthew 6:8).

and had seen their affliction,
God's awareness of the Israelites' suffering in Egypt underscores His compassion and justice. This mirrors God's earlier statement to Moses at the burning bush, where He declares that He has seen the misery of His people (Exodus 3:7). The theme of God seeing and responding to human suffering is prevalent throughout Scripture, culminating in the person of Jesus Christ, who is moved with compassion for the afflicted (Matthew 9:36).

they bowed down and worshiped.
The response of the Israelites is one of reverence and submission to God. Bowing down is a physical act of worship, indicating humility and acknowledgment of God's sovereignty. This act of worship is a precursor to the worship practices that will be established in the Mosaic Law. It also points forward to the worship of God in spirit and truth, as emphasized by Jesus in John 4:24. Worship is a central theme in the Bible, reflecting the appropriate response to God's revelation and acts of deliverance.