On the third day
This phrase indicates a specific time frame, likely referring to the third day after Jesus called Philip and Nathanael as disciples. The "third day" can also symbolize completeness and divine intervention, as seen in the resurrection of Jesus on the third day (Luke 24:7).

a wedding took place
Weddings in Jewish culture were significant social events, often lasting several days. They symbolized covenant relationships and were occasions of great joy and celebration. The setting of a wedding for Jesus' first miracle underscores the importance of marriage and community in biblical teaching.

at Cana in Galilee
Cana was a small village in Galilee, a region in northern Israel. Its exact location is debated, but it is traditionally identified with modern-day Kafr Kanna. Galilee was a diverse area, often looked down upon by Judeans, yet it was the primary setting for much of Jesus' ministry, fulfilling Isaiah's prophecy about a great light in Galilee (Isaiah 9:1-2).

Jesus’ mother was there
Mary's presence at the wedding suggests a family connection or close relationship with the hosts. Her role in the subsequent miracle highlights her faith and understanding of Jesus' divine mission. This event marks the beginning of Jesus' public ministry, where Mary plays a pivotal role in prompting His first miracle.

and Jesus and His disciples
This phrase indicates the presence of Jesus and His followers, suggesting the beginning of His public ministry. The mention of "disciples" implies that Jesus had already begun gathering His followers, which included individuals like Peter, Andrew, James, and John. This gathering of disciples is significant as it marks the formation of a community that would later be instrumental in spreading His teachings. The presence of Jesus and His disciples at a social event like a wedding highlights His engagement with everyday life and His accessibility to the people.

had also been invited
The invitation to Jesus and His disciples suggests that they were known to the hosts, possibly indicating a relationship or connection with the family. This reflects the cultural practice of hospitality in Jewish society, where weddings were significant social events often involving the entire community. The fact that Jesus was invited underscores His acceptance and integration into the social fabric of the time, countering any notion that He was a recluse or detached from societal norms.

to the wedding
Weddings in Jewish culture were major celebrations, often lasting several days, and were occasions of great joy and community involvement. The setting of a wedding for Jesus' first recorded miracle (turning water into wine) is symbolic, as weddings represent covenant relationships, joy, and new beginnings. This setting foreshadows the new covenant that Jesus would establish through His ministry. Additionally, weddings are often used in Scripture as metaphors for the relationship between God and His people, as seen in passages like Isaiah 62:5 and Revelation 19:7-9, where the church is depicted as the bride of Christ.

When the wine ran out
In the context of a Jewish wedding, which could last several days, running out of wine would have been a significant social embarrassment for the host. Wine was a symbol of joy and celebration in Jewish culture, as seen in Psalm 104:15, which speaks of wine gladdening the heart. The shortage highlights the limitations of human resources and sets the stage for Jesus' first public miracle, demonstrating His divine authority and compassion.

Jesus’ mother said to Him
Mary's involvement suggests her close relationship with the wedding hosts, possibly indicating family ties. Her approach to Jesus implies a level of expectation and trust in His ability to address the situation. This interaction also reflects the cultural norm of familial responsibility and honor, where family members would assist in resolving social dilemmas.

“They have no more wine.”
Mary's statement is both a factual observation and an implicit request for help. It reflects her awareness of the potential disgrace for the hosts and her confidence in Jesus' ability to intervene. This moment foreshadows the transformative power of Jesus' ministry, where He often meets physical needs as a sign of His spiritual mission. The lack of wine can also symbolize the insufficiency of the old covenant, with Jesus introducing the new covenant through His ministry, as later seen in the Last Supper (Luke 22:20).

Woman,
In the cultural context of the time, addressing someone as "woman" was not disrespectful. It was a common and polite form of address, similar to "ma'am" today. Jesus uses this term elsewhere, such as when speaking to the Samaritan woman at the well (John 4:21) and to Mary Magdalene after His resurrection (John 20:15). This indicates a respectful yet formal tone.

what is that to you and to Me?
This phrase suggests a distinction between Jesus' mission and the concerns of others, even His mother. It implies that Jesus' actions are guided by divine purpose rather than human expectation. This echoes the idea that Jesus is about His Father's business, as seen in Luke 2:49 when He was found in the temple. The phrase can also be seen as a gentle reminder that His mission is not dictated by human agendas.

Jesus replied.
The fact that Jesus responds indicates His willingness to engage and clarify His mission. His response is not dismissive but rather sets the stage for understanding His divine timing and purpose. This interaction shows Jesus' awareness of His identity and mission, which is a recurring theme throughout the Gospels.

My hour has not yet come.
The "hour" refers to the appointed time for Jesus' crucifixion and glorification, a theme that recurs throughout the Gospel of John (e.g., John 7:30, 8:20, 12:23). This statement underscores the divine timing of Jesus' mission, which is orchestrated by God the Father. It highlights the prophetic nature of Jesus' life, as His actions are in fulfillment of God's redemptive plan. The concept of "the hour" is central to understanding the unfolding of Jesus' ministry and the ultimate purpose of His coming.

His mother said to the servants
Mary, the mother of Jesus, plays a significant role in this narrative. Her presence at the wedding in Cana indicates her involvement in the community and possibly a close relationship with the hosts. In Jewish culture, weddings were significant social events, and running out of wine would have been a major embarrassment. Mary's approach to the servants shows her awareness of the situation and her trust in Jesus' ability to address it. This moment also highlights Mary's faith and understanding of Jesus' mission, even if not fully comprehended at this point.

Do whatever He tells you
Mary's instruction to the servants reflects her confidence in Jesus' authority and capability. This phrase underscores the importance of obedience to Christ, a theme prevalent throughout the New Testament. It echoes the call for believers to trust and follow Jesus' commands, as seen in passages like John 14:15, where Jesus says, "If you love Me, you will keep My commandments." The directive also foreshadows the transformative power of Jesus' words and actions, as the miracle of turning water into wine soon follows. This miracle, the first of Jesus' public signs, reveals His divine nature and sets the stage for His ministry.

Now six stone water jars had been set there
The presence of six stone water jars is significant in the context of Jewish customs. Stone jars were used because they were considered less likely to become ritually impure compared to earthenware. The number six, often associated with imperfection or incompleteness in biblical numerology, contrasts with the perfection of the miracle Jesus is about to perform. This setting is at a wedding in Cana, a small village in Galilee, highlighting the humble beginnings of Jesus' public ministry.

for the Jewish rites of purification
These purification rites were part of the Mosaic Law, emphasizing the importance of ritual cleanliness. The water in these jars was used for washing hands and utensils, a practice rooted in the traditions of the elders (Mark 7:3-4). This context underscores the transition from the old covenant, focused on external purification, to the new covenant, which emphasizes internal transformation through Christ. The use of these jars for a miracle signifies a shift from the old ways to the new life Jesus offers.

Each could hold from twenty to thirty gallons
The large capacity of these jars, approximately 120 to 180 gallons in total, highlights the abundance of the miracle. This abundance is a recurring theme in Jesus' ministry, reflecting God's generous provision (John 10:10). The transformation of such a large quantity of water into wine also symbolizes the overflowing grace and blessings found in Christ. This miracle prefigures the new wine of the kingdom of God, as seen in the eschatological banquet imagery in Isaiah 25:6 and Revelation 19:9.

Jesus told the servants
This phrase highlights Jesus' authority and the obedience of the servants. In the cultural context of a Jewish wedding, servants played a crucial role in ensuring the event ran smoothly. Jesus' command to the servants indicates His active participation in the event, foreshadowing His role as a servant leader. This moment also reflects the theme of obedience to divine instruction, which is a recurring motif throughout Scripture, such as in the obedience of Noah in Genesis 6:22.

“Fill the jars with water.”
The jars mentioned were large stone water jars used for Jewish purification rites, as noted earlier in the chapter. This detail underscores the significance of purification in Jewish tradition, as seen in Leviticus 11-15. The act of filling these jars with water, a common and abundant element, sets the stage for a miraculous transformation, symbolizing the new covenant and the transformative power of Jesus' ministry. This act can be seen as a type of Jesus' ability to bring about spiritual cleansing and renewal.

So they filled them to the brim.
The servants' action of filling the jars to the brim demonstrates complete obedience and faithfulness to Jesus' command. This detail emphasizes the abundance and completeness of the miracle that is about to occur. The overflowing jars can be seen as a symbol of the overflowing grace and blessings that come through Christ, as echoed in passages like Psalm 23:5 and Ephesians 3:20. The fullness of the jars also prefigures the fullness of joy and salvation that Jesus brings, as later illustrated in John 10:10.

Now draw some out,
This phrase occurs during the wedding at Cana, where Jesus performs His first recorded miracle by turning water into wine. The act of drawing out the liquid signifies the transition from the ordinary to the extraordinary, symbolizing the transformative power of Jesus. In biblical symbolism, water often represents purification, while wine can symbolize joy and abundance. This miracle foreshadows the new covenant, where Jesus transforms the old (water) into the new (wine).

He said,
Jesus' command here is authoritative, reflecting His divine authority. Throughout the Gospels, Jesus' words often precede miraculous events, demonstrating His power over nature and His role as the divine Word (John 1:1). His instructions are simple yet profound, requiring faith and obedience from those who hear.

and take it to the master of the banquet.
The master of the banquet, or the head steward, was responsible for overseeing the feast and ensuring everything was in order. Presenting the wine to him first was a customary practice, ensuring the quality of the wine before serving it to the guests. This act highlights the social customs of first-century Jewish weddings, where hospitality and the quality of the feast were of utmost importance. The miracle's revelation to the master of the banquet signifies the unveiling of Jesus' glory to those in positions of authority and responsibility.

They did so,
The servants' obedience is crucial in this narrative. Their compliance without question or hesitation reflects a theme of faith and trust in Jesus' instructions. This obedience is a recurring theme in Scripture, where faith often precedes understanding. The servants' actions also serve as a model for believers, emphasizing the importance of following Jesus' commands even when the outcome is not immediately clear.

and the master of the banquet tasted the water that had been turned into wine.
In the context of a Jewish wedding, the master of the banquet, or "headwaiter," was responsible for overseeing the feast and ensuring everything ran smoothly. This role was significant in first-century Jewish culture, as weddings were major social events. The transformation of water into wine is the first of Jesus' miracles, demonstrating His divine authority over creation. This act also symbolizes the new covenant, as wine often represents joy and blessing in Scripture (Psalm 104:15). The miracle prefigures the Last Supper, where wine becomes a symbol of Jesus' blood (Matthew 26:27-28).

He did not know where it was from,
The master of the banquet's ignorance highlights the hidden nature of Jesus' miracles at times, revealing His glory only to those with eyes to see. This lack of knowledge contrasts with the servants' awareness, emphasizing the theme of revelation to the humble and lowly. It also reflects the broader theme in John's Gospel of spiritual blindness versus sight (John 9:39-41).

but the servants who had drawn the water knew.
The servants' knowledge underscores the idea that those who serve and obey Jesus witness His power firsthand. This aligns with the biblical principle that God often reveals Himself to the humble and obedient (James 4:6). The servants' role in the miracle also points to the importance of faith and participation in God's work, as they acted on Jesus' instructions without fully understanding the outcome.

Then he called the bridegroom aside
The bridegroom, traditionally responsible for providing the wine, is called aside by the master of the banquet. This action signifies a moment of private revelation and acknowledgment of the miracle's impact. In a broader theological sense, Jesus is often depicted as the bridegroom in Scripture (Matthew 9:15), and this miracle foreshadows the eschatological wedding feast of the Lamb (Revelation 19:7-9). The calling aside also suggests a moment of accountability and recognition of the unexpected abundance provided through divine intervention.

and said,
This phrase introduces the speaker, the master of the banquet, who is addressing the bridegroom. In the cultural context of a Jewish wedding, the master of the banquet was responsible for overseeing the feast and ensuring everything was in order. His role was significant, as weddings were major social events in Jewish society.

“Everyone serves the fine wine first,
In ancient Jewish culture, wine was a staple at celebrations, and it was customary to serve the best wine at the beginning of the event. This practice ensured that guests would appreciate the quality of the wine while their senses were still sharp. The mention of "fine wine" underscores the expectation of providing the best at the outset, reflecting the host's honor and hospitality.

and then the cheap wine after the guests are drunk.
The phrase highlights a common practice of serving inferior wine once the guests' senses were dulled. This reflects a pragmatic approach to hospitality, where the quality of the wine could be reduced without the guests noticing. The cultural context here emphasizes the importance of maintaining appearances and managing resources wisely during extended celebrations.

But you have saved the fine wine until now!”
This statement reveals the miraculous nature of Jesus' first public miracle, turning water into wine. The unexpected reversal of the usual order signifies the abundance and superiority of what Jesus provides. Theologically, this can be seen as a type of the new covenant, where Jesus offers something far superior to the old. It also foreshadows the eschatological promise of the Messianic banquet, where the best is yet to come. This miracle, occurring at the beginning of Jesus' ministry, sets the stage for His identity as the Messiah who brings transformation and fulfillment.

Jesus performed this, the first of His signs,
This phrase marks the beginning of Jesus' public ministry through miraculous signs. The term "signs" is significant as it indicates miracles with a purpose beyond the act itself, pointing to Jesus' divine authority and identity. This first sign, turning water into wine, sets the stage for the subsequent miracles that reveal His power and mission. The concept of "first" also implies a new beginning, echoing the creation narrative where God first revealed His power.

at Cana in Galilee.
Cana is a small village in Galilee, a region in northern Israel. This location is significant as it highlights Jesus' ministry beginning in a humble, rural setting rather than in the religious center of Jerusalem. Galilee was a diverse area, often looked down upon by Judeans, which underscores the inclusive nature of Jesus' mission. Archaeological evidence suggests Cana was a modest town, aligning with the biblical narrative of Jesus' preference for the humble and lowly.

He thus revealed His glory,
The revelation of Jesus' glory through this miracle is a key theme in the Gospel of John. Glory in this context refers to the divine nature and majesty of Jesus, which is made manifest through His actions. This revelation is a fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies that spoke of the coming Messiah who would display God's glory (e.g., Isaiah 40:5). The miracle at Cana is a foretaste of the ultimate revelation of glory through Jesus' death and resurrection.

and His disciples believed in Him.
The belief of the disciples is a central theme in John's Gospel, where faith is often a response to witnessing Jesus' signs. This belief is not merely intellectual assent but a deep trust and commitment to Jesus as the Messiah. The disciples' faith here is the beginning of their journey with Jesus, which will be tested and deepened throughout His ministry. This moment also reflects the purpose of John's Gospel, as stated in John 20:31, to inspire belief in Jesus as the Christ, the Son of God.

After this
This phrase indicates a transition from the previous events, specifically the wedding at Cana where Jesus performed His first miracle by turning water into wine. It marks the beginning of a new phase in Jesus' ministry.

He went down to Capernaum
Capernaum was a significant location in Jesus' ministry, often referred to as His "own city" (Matthew 9:1). It was a prosperous fishing village on the northwestern shore of the Sea of Galilee. The phrase "went down" reflects the geographical descent from the higher elevation of Cana to the lower elevation of Capernaum.

with His mother and brothers and His disciples
This indicates the close-knit group accompanying Jesus, including His family and followers. The mention of His "brothers" has been interpreted in various ways, with some suggesting they were His half-brothers or cousins. The presence of His disciples shows the early formation of His ministry team.

and they stayed there a few days
This brief stay in Capernaum suggests a period of rest or preparation before Jesus' public ministry intensifies. It highlights the itinerant nature of His ministry, moving from place to place. This time may have been used for teaching and building relationships with His followers.

When the Jewish Passover was near
The Jewish Passover is one of the most significant feasts in the Jewish calendar, commemorating the Israelites' deliverance from slavery in Egypt as described in Exodus 12. It is a time of remembrance and celebration, marked by the sacrifice of a lamb and the eating of unleavened bread. The Passover is a type of Christ, who is referred to as the "Lamb of God" (John 1:29), symbolizing His sacrificial death for the redemption of humanity. The timing of this event is significant, as it sets the stage for Jesus' later crucifixion, which occurs during Passover, highlighting the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy and typology.

Jesus went up to Jerusalem
Jerusalem is the central city of Jewish worship, home to the Temple, which is the focal point of religious life and the location where sacrifices are offered. The phrase "went up" is used because Jerusalem is situated on a hill, and pilgrims would ascend to the city. This journey to Jerusalem for the Passover was a customary practice for Jewish males, as prescribed in Deuteronomy 16:16. Jesus' presence in Jerusalem during Passover is significant, as it demonstrates His adherence to Jewish law and customs, and it foreshadows His ultimate sacrifice. This visit also sets the stage for His public ministry and the events leading to His crucifixion.

In the temple courts
The temple courts refer to the outer areas of the Temple in Jerusalem, specifically the Court of the Gentiles. This was the only area where non-Jews could come to worship the God of Israel. The Temple was central to Jewish religious life, serving as the place where sacrifices were offered and festivals were celebrated. The presence of commerce in this sacred space was seen as a desecration of its intended purpose.

He found men selling cattle, sheep, and doves
These animals were necessary for the sacrificial system prescribed in the Mosaic Law. Cattle, sheep, and doves were commonly used in various offerings, including sin and peace offerings. The selling of these animals in the temple courts was convenient for pilgrims traveling from afar who needed to purchase animals for sacrifice. However, this practice had become commercialized and exploitative, detracting from the spiritual significance of the sacrifices.

and money changers seated at their tables
Money changers were present to exchange foreign currency for the Tyrian shekel, the only currency accepted for the temple tax. This tax was required of every Jewish male for the upkeep of the temple. The money changers often charged exorbitant fees, turning a necessary service into a means of exploitation. This practice was particularly offensive in the sacred space of the temple, as it prioritized profit over piety. The presence of these money changers and merchants in the temple courts was a significant factor in Jesus' actions to cleanse the temple, as it reflected a corruption of worship and a barrier to genuine devotion.

So He made a whip out of cords
This phrase indicates Jesus' intentional and deliberate action. The making of a whip suggests preparation and purpose, not a spontaneous outburst. The whip, likely made from rushes or reeds found in the temple area, symbolizes authority and judgment. This act reflects the prophetic zeal seen in Psalm 69:9, "Zeal for Your house will consume me," highlighting Jesus' commitment to the sanctity of worship.

and drove all from the temple courts
The temple courts, specifically the Court of the Gentiles, were meant for prayer and worship. By driving out the merchants and animals, Jesus restores the intended purpose of this sacred space. This act fulfills the prophecy of Malachi 3:1-3, where the Lord comes to purify the temple. It also prefigures the cleansing of the heart, a temple of the Holy Spirit, as seen in 1 Corinthians 6:19.

both sheep and cattle
The presence of sheep and cattle indicates the commercial activities that had overtaken the temple area. These animals were used for sacrifices, and their sale was a convenience for pilgrims. However, their presence in the temple courts signifies the corruption and commercialization of religious practices. This cleansing act points to Jesus as the ultimate sacrifice, the Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world (John 1:29).

He poured out the coins of the money changers
Money changers were necessary for converting various currencies into the temple shekel, required for paying the temple tax. However, their exploitation and exorbitant fees had turned a sacred duty into a profiteering venture. By pouring out their coins, Jesus condemns the greed and corruption that had infiltrated worship. This act echoes the call for justice and righteousness found in Amos 5:24.

and overturned their tables
Overturning the tables symbolizes the disruption of the corrupt system that had taken root in the temple. It signifies a radical reformation and a return to true worship. This action foreshadows the new covenant Jesus would establish, where worship is not confined to a place but is in spirit and truth (John 4:23-24). It also reflects the prophetic imagery of Jeremiah 7:11, where the temple had become a "den of robbers."

To those selling doves He said
In the context of the Temple, doves were often sold for sacrifices, particularly for those who could not afford more expensive offerings like lambs (Leviticus 5:7). The sellers of doves were likely exploiting the poor by charging exorbitant prices. Jesus addressing them directly highlights His concern for justice and righteousness, especially for the marginalized. This act also fulfills the prophetic role of the Messiah as one who purifies and restores true worship (Malachi 3:1-3).

Get these out of here!
This command demonstrates Jesus' authority over the Temple, which was the center of Jewish religious life. His actions echo the prophetic tradition of cleansing and reforming religious practices (Jeremiah 7:9-11). The forceful removal of the merchants signifies a rejection of the commercialization of sacred spaces, emphasizing the need for purity in worship.

How dare you turn My Father’s house
By referring to the Temple as "My Father’s house," Jesus asserts His unique relationship with God, implying His divine sonship. This phrase connects to the broader theme of Jesus' identity as the Son of God, a central tenet of Christian belief (John 1:14). The Temple, as God's dwelling place, was meant to be a house of prayer (Isaiah 56:7), not a place of commerce.

into a marketplace!
The transformation of the Temple into a marketplace symbolizes the corruption and spiritual decay present in the religious leadership of the time. This critique aligns with the prophetic tradition of condemning empty rituals and the exploitation of religious practices for personal gain (Amos 5:21-24). Jesus' actions foreshadow the eventual replacement of the Temple with Himself as the new center of worship (John 4:21-24), highlighting the shift from physical structures to spiritual worship in the New Covenant.

His disciples remembered
This phrase indicates that the disciples recalled a specific scripture in response to Jesus' actions. It suggests a moment of realization or understanding, often seen in the Gospels when the disciples connect Jesus' actions to Old Testament prophecies or teachings. This remembrance is significant as it shows the growing awareness among the disciples of Jesus' fulfillment of scripture.

that it is written:
This phrase introduces a direct quotation from the Old Testament, emphasizing the authority and continuity of scripture. It reflects the Jewish tradition of grounding actions and beliefs in the sacred texts. The use of "it is written" underscores the importance of scripture as a foundation for understanding Jesus' mission and identity.

“Zeal for Your house
This part of the verse is a direct reference to Psalm 69:9, which is a Messianic psalm. The "house" refers to the temple in Jerusalem, the center of Jewish worship and a symbol of God's presence among His people. Jesus' zeal for the temple reflects His deep commitment to the purity and sanctity of worship. In the cultural context, the temple was not only a religious center but also a place of national identity for the Jewish people.

will consume Me.”
The phrase "will consume Me" indicates a profound passion and dedication that leads to personal cost or sacrifice. In the context of Jesus' life, this foreshadows His eventual suffering and death. The use of the word "consume" suggests an all-encompassing fervor that aligns with Jesus' mission to restore true worship and relationship with God. This zeal ultimately leads to His confrontation with the religious authorities and His crucifixion, fulfilling His role as the suffering servant prophesied in Isaiah 53.

On account of this, the Jews demanded
The phrase "on account of this" refers to Jesus' actions in the temple, where He drove out the money changers and those selling animals for sacrifice. This act challenged the established religious practices and authority of the Jewish leaders. The term "the Jews" in the Gospel of John often refers to the Jewish religious authorities rather than the Jewish people as a whole. These leaders were concerned about maintaining their power and the status quo within the temple system.

“What sign can You show us
In Jewish culture, a sign was often a miraculous event that validated a prophet or a divine message. The demand for a sign indicates the leaders' skepticism and their need for proof of Jesus' divine authority. This reflects a broader biblical theme where signs and wonders are used to confirm God's messengers, as seen in the ministries of Moses and Elijah.

to prove Your authority
Authority in the Jewish religious context was typically derived from lineage, adherence to the Law, or recognition by established religious leaders. Jesus' authority, however, was inherent and divine, challenging the traditional sources of authority. This question of authority is central to the Gospels, as Jesus often taught and acted with authority that astonished the people (e.g., Matthew 7:29).

to do these things?”
"These things" refers to Jesus' cleansing of the temple, an act that symbolized judgment against the corruption and commercialization of the temple worship. The temple was the center of Jewish religious life, and any action taken there had significant implications. Jesus' actions foreshadowed the eventual destruction of the temple in AD 70 and pointed to Himself as the new temple, the dwelling place of God among His people (John 2:19-21).

Jesus answered
In this context, Jesus is responding to the Jewish leaders who questioned His authority after He cleansed the temple. This phrase indicates a direct response to their challenge, showcasing His divine authority and foreknowledge.

“Destroy this temple,
The term "temple" here is significant. While the Jewish leaders understood it as the physical temple in Jerusalem, Jesus was referring to His body. The temple was central to Jewish worship and identity, symbolizing God's presence among His people. Jesus' use of "destroy" foreshadows His crucifixion, where He would be put to death by the very people He came to save.

and in three days
This phrase is a prophetic reference to the resurrection. The "three days" is a consistent biblical motif, seen in Jonah's time in the fish (Jonah 1:17) and Jesus' own predictions of His resurrection (Matthew 12:40). It signifies a complete period of time leading to divine intervention and new beginnings.

I will raise it up again.”
Here, Jesus speaks of His resurrection, asserting His power over life and death. This statement is a declaration of His divinity, as only God can raise the dead. It also connects to Old Testament prophecies about the Messiah's suffering and triumph (Isaiah 53, Psalm 16:10). The resurrection is central to Christian faith, affirming Jesus as the Son of God and the fulfillment of God's redemptive plan.

“This temple took forty-six years to build,”
The Jews are referring to the Second Temple, which was originally constructed under Zerubbabel after the Babylonian exile and later extensively renovated by Herod the Great. Herod began the renovation around 20-19 BC, and the construction continued long after his death. The forty-six years mentioned here likely refer to the time elapsed since Herod's renovation began. This statement reflects the pride and significance the Jewish people placed on the temple as the center of their religious life and identity. The temple was not only a place of worship but also a symbol of national pride and God's presence among His people.

the Jews replied,
The term "the Jews" in the Gospel of John often refers to the Jewish leaders or authorities, rather than the Jewish people as a whole. In this context, it likely refers to the religious leaders who were questioning Jesus' authority. This interaction highlights the tension between Jesus and the Jewish authorities, a recurring theme in the Gospel of John. The leaders were often skeptical of Jesus' claims and sought to challenge Him, as they were concerned about maintaining their religious and social order.

“and You are going to raise it up in three days?”
Jesus' statement about raising the temple in three days is a prophetic reference to His resurrection. While the Jewish leaders interpreted His words literally, Jesus was speaking metaphorically about His body as the true temple. This misunderstanding underscores the spiritual blindness of the religious leaders and their inability to grasp the deeper truths Jesus was revealing. The resurrection of Jesus is a pivotal event in Christian theology, signifying victory over sin and death and affirming Jesus' divine authority. This statement also connects to other scriptural references where Jesus speaks of His death and resurrection, such as in Matthew 12:40 and Mark 8:31. The concept of Jesus as the temple is further explored in the New Testament, where believers are described as the body of Christ, the new temple indwelt by the Holy Spirit (1 Corinthians 3:16-17).

But Jesus was speaking
In this passage, Jesus is responding to the Jewish leaders who questioned His authority after He cleansed the temple. His statement is a profound example of His use of metaphor and parable, which often left His listeners puzzled. This method of teaching was common in rabbinic tradition, where deeper truths were conveyed through indirect language. Jesus frequently used this style to reveal spiritual truths to those who were open to understanding, while concealing them from those who were not.

about the temple
The temple in Jerusalem was the center of Jewish religious life, symbolizing God's presence among His people. It was a place of worship, sacrifice, and pilgrimage. By referring to the temple, Jesus connects His mission to the heart of Jewish faith and practice. The temple was also a place of prophecy, as seen in passages like Malachi 3:1, which speaks of the Lord coming to His temple. Jesus' reference to the temple foreshadows the new covenant, where He Himself becomes the ultimate meeting place between God and humanity.

of His body.
Here, Jesus introduces the concept of His body as the true temple. This is a profound theological statement, indicating that He is the fulfillment of what the temple represented. The destruction and raising of His body in three days allude to His death and resurrection, a central tenet of Christian faith. This idea is further developed in the New Testament, where believers are described as the body of Christ (1 Corinthians 12:27) and the temple of the Holy Spirit (1 Corinthians 6:19). Jesus' resurrection is the cornerstone of Christian belief, fulfilling Old Testament prophecies such as Psalm 16:10 and Isaiah 53.

After He was raised from the dead
This phrase refers to the resurrection of Jesus Christ, a cornerstone event in Christian theology. The resurrection is seen as the ultimate validation of Jesus' divine nature and His victory over sin and death. It fulfills Old Testament prophecies such as Psalm 16:10 and Isaiah 53:10-12, which speak of the Messiah's suffering and subsequent exaltation. The resurrection is also a pivotal moment that transformed the disciples' understanding and faith, as it confirmed Jesus' predictions about His death and resurrection (e.g., Matthew 16:21, Mark 8:31).

His disciples remembered that He had said this
The disciples' remembrance highlights the human tendency to understand spiritual truths more fully in hindsight. Jesus had foretold His death and resurrection multiple times (e.g., John 2:19, Mark 9:31), but the disciples did not fully grasp these predictions until after they were fulfilled. This moment of realization underscores the importance of Jesus' teachings and the role of the Holy Spirit in bringing understanding (John 14:26).

Then they believed the Scripture
The disciples' belief in the Scripture indicates their recognition of the Old Testament prophecies concerning the Messiah. Passages such as Psalm 22, Isaiah 53, and Hosea 6:2 are seen as foretelling the suffering, death, and resurrection of Christ. This belief signifies a deeper comprehension of the continuity between the Old and New Testaments and the fulfillment of God's redemptive plan through Jesus.

and the word that Jesus had spoken
This phrase emphasizes the authority and truth of Jesus' words. Throughout His ministry, Jesus spoke with divine authority, often prefacing His teachings with "Truly, truly, I say to you" (e.g., John 3:3, John 5:24). The disciples' belief in His words after the resurrection reflects their acknowledgment of His identity as the Son of God and the reliability of His promises. This belief is foundational for the Christian faith, as it affirms the trustworthiness of Jesus' teachings and His role as the living Word of God (John 1:1).

While He was in Jerusalem at the Passover Feast
Jerusalem was the religious and cultural center of Jewish life, especially during the Passover Feast, one of the most significant Jewish festivals commemorating the Israelites' exodus from Egypt. The city would have been bustling with pilgrims from all over the region, creating a vibrant and expectant atmosphere. The Passover Feast was a time of remembrance and celebration, and it was during this period that Jesus chose to reveal His divine authority through miraculous signs. This setting underscores the importance of Jesus' actions and teachings, as they were witnessed by a large and diverse audience.

many people saw the signs He was doing
The "signs" refer to the miracles Jesus performed, which served as evidence of His divine nature and messianic mission. In the Gospel of John, signs are not merely wonders but are meant to reveal deeper spiritual truths and point to Jesus as the Christ. The miracles performed by Jesus in Jerusalem would have included acts of healing and other supernatural events that demonstrated His power over creation. These signs were a fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies that spoke of the Messiah performing miraculous deeds (e.g., Isaiah 35:5-6).

and believed in His name
To "believe in His name" implies more than intellectual assent; it suggests a trust and reliance on Jesus as the Messiah and Son of God. In the biblical context, a name represents the essence and authority of a person. Belief in Jesus' name indicates an acceptance of His identity and mission. This phrase highlights the initial faith response of many who witnessed His signs, though later passages in John reveal that not all belief was deep or enduring. This belief is a central theme in John's Gospel, emphasizing the necessity of faith for eternal life (John 20:31).

But Jesus did not entrust Himself to them
In this passage, Jesus is in Jerusalem during the Passover festival, a time when many people were present in the city. Despite the miracles He performed, which led many to believe in His name, Jesus chose not to entrust Himself to the crowds. This decision reflects His divine wisdom and understanding of human nature. The Greek word for "entrust" is the same as "believe," indicating a deeper level of trust or commitment. Jesus' actions here demonstrate His awareness of the superficial nature of the crowd's belief, which was based on signs rather than a true understanding of His mission and identity. This moment foreshadows the later rejection and misunderstanding He would face, even from those who initially followed Him.

for He knew them all
Jesus' knowledge of all people is a testament to His divine omniscience. This phrase highlights His ability to see beyond outward appearances and discern the true intentions and thoughts of individuals. Throughout the Gospels, Jesus demonstrates this ability, such as when He perceives the thoughts of the Pharisees or knows the history of the Samaritan woman at the well. This insight is not just a human intuition but a divine attribute, affirming His identity as the Son of God. The phrase also connects to the Old Testament understanding of God's knowledge of humanity, as seen in passages like Psalm 139, which speaks of God's intimate knowledge of each person. Jesus' discernment here serves as a reminder of the need for genuine faith and commitment, rather than a reliance on signs and wonders.

He did not need any testimony about man
This phrase highlights Jesus' divine omniscience. Unlike human judges or leaders who rely on external testimonies to understand others, Jesus possesses an inherent understanding of human nature. This reflects His divine attribute of omniscience, as seen in other scriptures like Psalm 139:1-4, where God is described as knowing the thoughts and actions of individuals. The context of this passage follows Jesus' cleansing of the temple, demonstrating His authority and insight into the true spiritual state of people. This insight is not dependent on human testimony or evidence, emphasizing His unique position as the Son of God.

for He knew what was in a man
This phrase underscores Jesus' ability to perceive the inner thoughts and intentions of individuals. It connects to Jeremiah 17:10, where God is described as searching the heart and examining the mind. Jesus' knowledge of what is in a man is not limited to outward actions but extends to the hidden motives and desires. This understanding is crucial in His ministry, as it allows Him to address the true needs and conditions of those He encounters. It also foreshadows His interactions with individuals like Nicodemus in John 3 and the Samaritan woman in John 4, where He reveals His deep understanding of their personal situations and spiritual needs. This divine insight sets Jesus apart as the ultimate judge and redeemer, capable of offering true salvation and transformation.