Then the LORD said to Moses,
*Biblical Context:* This phrase introduces a new section of divine instruction. The Book of Leviticus is part of the Pentateuch, traditionally attributed to Moses, and is primarily concerned with laws and regulations for the Israelites. This chapter, in particular, deals with laws regarding sexual conduct, emphasizing holiness and separation from the practices of surrounding nations.

*Historical and Cultural Context:* At this point in Israel's history, the Israelites are in the wilderness after their exodus from Egypt. They are being formed into a distinct nation with unique laws and customs. The surrounding nations, such as the Egyptians and Canaanites, practiced various forms of idolatry and immorality, which the Israelites are being instructed to avoid.

*Connections to Other Scripture:* The phrase "the LORD said to Moses" is a common introduction in the Pentateuch, indicating direct communication from God. This is seen throughout Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy, underscoring Moses' role as a mediator between God and the people. Similar phrases can be found in Exodus 6:2 and Numbers 1:1, highlighting the continuity of divine revelation.

*Types of Jesus Christ:* Moses serves as a type of Christ, acting as a mediator between God and His people. Just as Moses received the law from God to instruct the Israelites, Jesus is the ultimate mediator of the New Covenant, bringing God's final revelation to humanity (Hebrews 3:1-6).

*Prophecy:* While this specific phrase is not prophetic, the laws given to Moses often foreshadow the coming of Christ, who fulfills the law (Matthew 5:17). The holiness and separation called for in Leviticus point to the ultimate holiness and separation from sin that Christ embodies and imparts to believers.

*Geographical and Archaeological Insights:* The Israelites are camped at Mount Sinai during this period, a significant location where they received the law. Archaeological studies of the Sinai Peninsula provide insights into the nomadic lifestyle of the Israelites and the challenges they faced in the wilderness.

This phrase sets the stage for the detailed instructions that follow, emphasizing the authority and divine origin of the laws Moses is about to receive. Speak to the Israelites
This phrase establishes the audience as the Israelites, the chosen people of God. It is important to note that the Israelites were descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and they were in a covenant relationship with God. This covenant was marked by the giving of the Law at Mount Sinai, which set them apart from other nations. The Israelites were to be a holy nation and a kingdom of priests (Exodus 19:6). This command to speak to them underscores the importance of communication from God through His appointed leader, Moses, who served as a mediator between God and the people.

and tell them:
The directive to "tell them" emphasizes the role of Moses as a prophet and leader. It highlights the importance of verbal communication in transmitting God's laws and decrees. In the ancient Near Eastern context, oral tradition was a primary means of preserving and conveying important information. This phrase also underscores the responsibility of leaders to faithfully communicate God's word to His people, a theme that is echoed throughout Scripture (Deuteronomy 6:6-9, 2 Timothy 4:2).

I am the LORD your God.
This declaration is a reaffirmation of God's identity and His covenant relationship with Israel. The use of "I am" connects to the divine name revealed to Moses at the burning bush (Exodus 3:14), signifying God's eternal, self-existent nature. The term "LORD" (YHWH) is the personal name of God, emphasizing His covenant faithfulness. By stating "your God," it personalizes the relationship, reminding the Israelites of their unique status as God's chosen people. This phrase serves as a foundation for the laws that follow, as it establishes God's authority and the reason for obedience. It also foreshadows the New Covenant, where Jesus Christ, as God incarnate, fulfills the law and establishes a new relationship with believers (Matthew 5:17, Hebrews 8:6-13).

You must not follow the practices of the land of Egypt, where you used to live
This phrase refers to the Israelites' past in Egypt, where they were enslaved for over 400 years. During this time, they were exposed to Egyptian culture, religion, and practices, which were often contrary to the worship of Yahweh. Egypt was known for its polytheistic beliefs, idolatry, and practices that included rituals and customs that were abominable to God. The Israelites are being reminded to leave behind these influences as they transition into a new identity as God's chosen people. This command underscores the importance of spiritual separation and purity, a theme that is echoed in the New Testament, such as in 2 Corinthians 6:17, where believers are called to be separate from worldly influences.

and you must not follow the practices of the land of Canaan, into which I am bringing you
The land of Canaan, the Promised Land, was inhabited by various tribes known for their morally corrupt practices, including idolatry, child sacrifice, and sexual immorality. The Canaanites' religious practices were deeply intertwined with their daily lives, and God warned the Israelites not to adopt these customs. This command highlights the need for the Israelites to maintain their distinctiveness and holiness as a people set apart for God. The warning against adopting Canaanite practices is a recurring theme in the Old Testament, as seen in passages like Deuteronomy 12:29-31, where God explicitly instructs the Israelites to destroy the Canaanite altars and not to inquire about their gods.

You must not walk in their customs
The term "walk" in biblical language often refers to one's way of life or conduct. Here, it emphasizes the comprehensive nature of the command: the Israelites are to avoid not just specific practices but the entire lifestyle and worldview of the Egyptians and Canaanites. This call to holiness is foundational to the covenant relationship between God and His people, as seen in Leviticus 20:26, where God declares, "You are to be holy to Me because I, the LORD, am holy." This principle is carried into the New Testament, where believers are called to live according to the Spirit and not according to the flesh (Galatians 5:16-25). The call to reject the customs of surrounding nations serves as a type of Christ, who perfectly fulfilled the law and lived a life wholly pleasing to God, setting an example for believers to follow.

You are to practice My judgments
This phrase emphasizes the importance of adhering to God's decrees, which are His divine decisions and ordinances. In the context of Leviticus, these judgments were given to the Israelites as part of the covenant relationship established at Mount Sinai. The judgments include moral, civil, and ceremonial laws that set Israel apart from other nations. Practicing these judgments was a way for the Israelites to demonstrate their obedience and commitment to God. In a broader biblical context, this call to practice God's judgments is echoed in the New Testament, where believers are encouraged to live according to God's will as revealed through Jesus Christ (John 14:15).

and keep My statutes
Statutes refer to the specific laws and decrees given by God. In Leviticus, these statutes often pertain to issues of purity, worship, and community living. Keeping these statutes was crucial for maintaining holiness and the distinct identity of the Israelites as God's chosen people. The emphasis on keeping statutes highlights the need for continual observance and dedication. This concept is mirrored in the New Testament, where Jesus fulfills the law and calls His followers to uphold the spirit of the law through love and obedience (Matthew 5:17-19).

by walking in them
Walking in God's statutes and judgments implies a lifestyle of consistent obedience and faithfulness. This metaphor of walking suggests a daily, ongoing commitment to living according to God's ways. In the ancient Near Eastern context, walking in a deity's ways was a common expression of loyalty and devotion. Biblically, this idea is seen throughout Scripture, where walking with God signifies a close relationship with Him, as exemplified by figures like Enoch and Noah (Genesis 5:24, 6:9). In the New Testament, believers are called to walk in the Spirit, reflecting a life transformed by faith in Christ (Galatians 5:16).

I am the LORD your God
This declaration asserts God's authority and identity as the covenant-keeping God of Israel. The use of "LORD" (YHWH) signifies His eternal, self-existent nature and His personal relationship with His people. This phrase serves as a reminder of the basis for the commandments given: they are rooted in God's character and His covenant with Israel. Historically, this statement reinforced the distinctiveness of Israel's worship of the one true God amidst a polytheistic culture. Theologically, it underscores the continuity of God's relationship with His people, which is fulfilled in Jesus Christ, who is recognized as Lord and Savior in the New Testament (Philippians 2:11).

Keep My statutes and My judgments
This phrase emphasizes the importance of obedience to God's laws, which were given to the Israelites as part of the covenant at Sinai. The statutes and judgments refer to the specific laws and decrees that God provided to guide the moral, ceremonial, and civil life of His people. In the context of Leviticus, these laws were meant to set Israel apart from the surrounding nations, reflecting God's holiness. The call to keep these laws is a recurring theme throughout the Pentateuch, underscoring the covenant relationship between God and Israel. This obedience is not merely external but involves a heart commitment to God's will, as seen in Deuteronomy 6:5, which calls for loving God with all one's heart, soul, and strength.

for the man who does these things will live by them.
This phrase suggests that adherence to God's laws results in life, which can be understood both physically and spiritually. In the immediate context, it implies that following God's commandments would lead to a prosperous and healthy life in the Promised Land, as opposed to the death and destruction that come from sin. This concept is echoed in Deuteronomy 30:19-20, where choosing life is equated with loving and obeying God. The Apostle Paul references this verse in Galatians 3:12, contrasting the law with faith in Christ, indicating that while the law promises life through obedience, it is ultimately through faith in Jesus that one receives eternal life. This points to the insufficiency of the law to bring about righteousness apart from Christ, who perfectly fulfilled the law on behalf of humanity.

I am the LORD.
This declaration serves as a divine signature, affirming God's authority and the binding nature of His commandments. It is a reminder of God's identity as Yahweh, the covenant-keeping God who delivered Israel from Egypt and established them as His people. This phrase appears frequently in Leviticus, reinforcing the idea that the laws are not arbitrary but are rooted in the character and holiness of God. It also serves as a call to reverence and trust in God's wisdom and goodness. The use of "I am the LORD" connects to the revelation of God's name to Moses in Exodus 3:14, where God reveals Himself as "I AM WHO I AM," highlighting His eternal, self-existent nature. This phrase ultimately points to Jesus Christ, who in the New Testament identifies Himself with the "I AM" statements, revealing His divine nature and authority.

None of you are to approach
This phrase establishes a direct command, emphasizing the personal responsibility of each individual within the community. The use of "none of you" indicates that this is a universal mandate, applicable to all members of the Israelite community. This command is part of the Holiness Code, which outlines the standards of conduct for the Israelites, setting them apart from the surrounding nations. The directive to "approach" implies not just physical proximity but also the intention to engage in prohibited actions.

any close relative
The term "close relative" refers to family members within a certain degree of kinship. In the ancient Near Eastern context, family structures were often extended, and maintaining the sanctity of these relationships was crucial for social stability. This prohibition is part of a broader set of laws designed to protect the family unit and ensure that relationships remain pure and respectful. The concept of "close relative" is further defined in the surrounding verses, which list specific familial relationships that are off-limits for sexual relations.

to have sexual relations.
This phrase explicitly identifies the nature of the prohibited action. Sexual relations within the family were seen as a violation of the natural order established by God. Such actions were not only socially disruptive but also spiritually defiling. The prohibition of incestuous relationships is consistent with similar laws found in other ancient cultures, though the biblical laws are often more comprehensive. This command underscores the importance of sexual purity and the need to honor God's design for human relationships.

I am the LORD.
This declaration serves as the divine authority behind the command. The phrase "I am the LORD" is a frequent refrain in Leviticus, reminding the Israelites of God's sovereignty and holiness. It reinforces the idea that these laws are not arbitrary but are rooted in the character and will of God. The use of God's covenant name, "LORD" (YHWH), emphasizes the special relationship between God and His people, calling them to reflect His holiness in their conduct. This phrase also connects to the broader biblical theme of God's holiness and the call for His people to be holy as He is holy, as seen in passages like 1 Peter 1:16.

You must not expose the nakedness of your father
This phrase refers to the prohibition against uncovering the nakedness of one's father, which is a euphemism for engaging in sexual relations with one's mother. In the ancient Near Eastern context, such actions were considered a grave violation of family honor and social order. The phrase underscores the importance of respecting parental authority and maintaining the sanctity of the family unit. This commandment is part of a broader set of laws in Leviticus that aim to distinguish the Israelites from the surrounding nations, who often engaged in practices deemed immoral by biblical standards.

by having sexual relations with your mother.
The act of having sexual relations with one's mother is explicitly condemned here, highlighting the severity of incestuous relationships. In the cultural and historical context of the Israelites, family purity was paramount, and such actions were seen as defiling both the individual and the community. This prohibition is consistent with the broader biblical theme of sexual purity and the maintenance of clear boundaries within familial relationships. The law serves to protect the family structure, which is foundational to the covenant community.

She is your mother;
This phrase emphasizes the natural and God-ordained role of the mother within the family. It serves as a reminder of the inherent respect and honor due to one's parents, as outlined in the Ten Commandments (Exodus 20:12). The repetition of "your mother" reinforces the personal and relational aspect of the command, reminding the Israelites of the sacredness of the maternal role and the need to uphold family integrity.

you must not have sexual relations with her.
The repetition of the prohibition underscores its importance and the seriousness with which it is to be taken. This command is part of a larger framework of sexual ethics presented in Leviticus, which seeks to establish a community set apart for holiness. The prohibition against incest is reiterated in other parts of Scripture, such as Deuteronomy 27:20, and serves as a reminder of the call to live in accordance with God's design for human relationships. The emphasis on sexual purity can also be seen as a type pointing to the purity and holiness of Jesus Christ, who perfectly fulfilled the law and calls His followers to a life of righteousness.

You must not have sexual relations with your father’s wife;
This command is part of the Holiness Code in Leviticus, which outlines moral and ceremonial laws for the Israelites. The prohibition against sexual relations with a father's wife is a specific application of the broader commandment against adultery. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, such relationships were often seen as a violation of family honor and social order. This law underscores the importance of maintaining family integrity and respecting the marital bond. The phrase "father's wife" may refer to a stepmother, indicating that the prohibition extends beyond biological mothers. This command is echoed in the New Testament, where Paul addresses a similar situation in 1 Corinthians 5:1, condemning a man for having relations with his father's wife, thus reinforcing the continuity of this moral principle.

it would dishonor your father.
The concept of honor and shame was central to ancient Israelite society. Engaging in sexual relations with a father's wife would bring shame not only upon the individual but also upon the family and the community. This act would be seen as a direct affront to the father's authority and dignity. The Hebrew word for "dishonor" can also imply uncovering or exposing, suggesting a violation of the father's privacy and rights. This commandment reflects the broader biblical theme of honoring one's parents, as seen in the Fifth Commandment (Exodus 20:12). The emphasis on family honor is consistent with the biblical portrayal of God as a Father who desires His children to live in a way that reflects His holiness and righteousness.

You must not have sexual relations with your sister
This command is part of the Holiness Code, a section of Leviticus that outlines moral and ceremonial laws for the Israelites. The prohibition against incest is rooted in the need to maintain family purity and social order. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, such relationships were often taboo, though not universally prohibited. The command reflects God's desire for His people to be distinct from surrounding nations, many of which practiced various forms of sexual immorality. This law underscores the sanctity of family relationships and the importance of boundaries within them.

either your father’s daughter or your mother’s daughter
This phrase clarifies that the prohibition applies regardless of whether the sister is a full or half-sibling. In the patriarchal society of ancient Israel, family lineage and inheritance were significant, and this law helped prevent complications that could arise from incestuous relationships. The distinction between paternal and maternal siblings ensures that the law covers all possible familial connections, emphasizing the comprehensive nature of God's commandments.

whether she was born in the same home or elsewhere
This clause extends the prohibition to sisters who may not have been raised in the same household, possibly due to polygamous marriages or other family arrangements common in ancient times. It highlights the universality of the command, ensuring that no loopholes exist based on living arrangements. This reflects the broader biblical principle that God's laws are applicable in all circumstances, not just those that are immediately apparent or convenient.

Connections to other scripture include the broader biblical theme of sexual purity, as seen in passages like 1 Corinthians 6:18-20, which calls believers to flee from sexual immorality. The New Testament continues to uphold the moral standards set forth in the Old Testament, emphasizing the continuity of God's expectations for His people.

You must not have sexual relations with your son’s daughter or your daughter’s daughter
This command is part of a larger section in Leviticus 18 that outlines prohibited sexual relationships, emphasizing the importance of maintaining family purity and boundaries. The prohibition against incestuous relationships is rooted in the need to preserve the sanctity of the family unit, which is foundational to societal stability. In the ancient Near Eastern context, such relationships were often associated with pagan practices and were seen as defiling. The command reflects God's desire for His people to be set apart from surrounding nations, who may have engaged in such practices. This directive also underscores the importance of protecting the vulnerable, such as grandchildren, from exploitation and abuse. The broader biblical narrative consistently upholds the sanctity of family relationships, as seen in Genesis 2:24, which establishes the marital bond as the primary sexual relationship.

for that would shame your family
The concept of shame in biblical times was deeply tied to one's social standing and community reputation. In a collectivist society, the actions of an individual could bring honor or disgrace to the entire family. This phrase highlights the communal aspect of sin, where personal actions have broader implications for the family and community. The shame associated with such acts would not only affect the immediate family but could also lead to social ostracism and a breakdown of familial trust. This reflects the biblical principle that sin has consequences that extend beyond the individual, affecting relationships and community harmony. The New Testament echoes this sentiment, as seen in 1 Corinthians 5:1-2, where the church is instructed to address sexual immorality to maintain the purity and witness of the community.

You must not have sexual relations with the daughter of your father’s wife
This command is part of a larger section in Leviticus that addresses unlawful sexual relations, emphasizing the importance of maintaining family purity and boundaries. The prohibition reflects the cultural and religious context of ancient Israel, where family structures were central to community life. The phrase "daughter of your father's wife" indicates a half-sister, highlighting the importance of respecting familial relationships and avoiding incestuous unions. This command is consistent with the broader biblical theme of holiness and separation from the practices of surrounding nations, which often included incestuous relationships.

born to your father
The specification "born to your father" clarifies the familial relationship, emphasizing that even if the daughter is not from the same mother, she is still considered a sister. This highlights the patriarchal nature of ancient Israelite society, where lineage and inheritance were traced through the father. The emphasis on paternal lineage underscores the importance of maintaining the integrity of the family line, which was crucial for inheritance rights and social stability.

she is your sister
The declaration "she is your sister" serves as a reminder of the sacredness of the sibling relationship. In biblical times, the family unit was the foundation of society, and maintaining its sanctity was paramount. This command reinforces the idea that certain relationships are inviolable and must be respected to preserve the moral and social order. The prohibition against incest is echoed in other parts of Scripture, such as Deuteronomy 27:22, and is consistent with the New Testament's call to live in purity and holiness (1 Thessalonians 4:3-7). The emphasis on family purity can also be seen as a type pointing to the purity and holiness of Christ, who is described as the bridegroom of the Church, His bride, in Ephesians 5:25-27.

You must not have sexual relations with your father’s sister;
This command is part of a larger section in Leviticus that outlines prohibited sexual relationships, emphasizing the importance of maintaining family purity and boundaries. The prohibition against incestuous relationships is a recurring theme in the Bible, reflecting the need to uphold the sanctity of family structures. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, such relationships were often taboo, and this command reinforces the distinctiveness of Israel's moral and ethical code. The command also serves to protect familial harmony and prevent the complications that arise from blurred family lines. This directive is consistent with the broader biblical principle of holiness, as seen in Leviticus 19:2, where God calls His people to be holy as He is holy.

she is your father’s close relative.
The phrase highlights the closeness of the familial relationship, underscoring the importance of respecting family ties and boundaries. In the cultural context of ancient Israel, family was the central social unit, and maintaining its integrity was crucial. This commandment reflects the broader biblical theme of honoring one's family, as seen in the commandment to honor one's father and mother (Exodus 20:12). The emphasis on "close relative" also points to the potential for confusion and conflict that could arise from such relationships, which could disrupt the social and spiritual fabric of the community. This directive aligns with the New Testament teachings on sexual purity and the importance of treating others with respect and dignity, as seen in passages like 1 Thessalonians 4:3-5.

You must not have sexual relations with your mother’s sister
This command is part of the Holiness Code in Leviticus, which outlines laws for maintaining purity and holiness among the Israelites. The prohibition against sexual relations with a mother's sister is a specific application of the broader principle of avoiding incestuous relationships. In the ancient Near Eastern context, family structures were central to societal stability, and such prohibitions helped preserve family integrity and prevent relational chaos. This command reflects God's desire for His people to live distinctively from surrounding nations, many of which practiced various forms of sexual immorality. The New Testament reiterates the importance of sexual purity in passages like 1 Corinthians 6:18-20, emphasizing that believers' bodies are temples of the Holy Spirit.

for she is your mother’s close relative
The phrase highlights the closeness of the familial relationship, underscoring the importance of respecting family boundaries. In ancient Israel, family ties were not only biological but also social and economic, forming the foundation of community life. The term "close relative" indicates a kinship bond that should be honored and protected. This respect for family relationships is echoed in the New Testament, where believers are encouraged to treat one another with love and honor, as seen in Romans 12:10. The emphasis on family integrity can also be seen as a type of Christ, who perfectly fulfilled the law and exemplified love and respect within His earthly family and the broader family of God.

You must not dishonor your father’s brother
This phrase addresses the importance of family honor and respect within the Israelite community. The family unit was central to societal structure, and maintaining its integrity was crucial. The term "dishonor" implies a violation of familial respect and order. In the broader biblical context, honoring one's family is a recurring theme, as seen in the Ten Commandments (Exodus 20:12). The patriarchal society of ancient Israel placed significant emphasis on the male lineage, and any act that could disrupt this lineage was strictly prohibited.

by approaching his wife
The act of "approaching" here is a euphemism for engaging in sexual relations. This prohibition is part of a larger set of laws in Leviticus 18 that outline forbidden sexual relationships, emphasizing the sanctity of marriage and the boundaries set by God. The wife of the father's brother is considered part of the extended family, and any sexual relationship with her would be seen as an intrusion into the marital covenant, which is sacred and inviolable.

to have sexual relations with her
This phrase explicitly states the nature of the prohibited act. Sexual relations outside the bounds of marriage, especially within the family, were seen as defiling and corrupting. The Levitical laws were given to set the Israelites apart from the surrounding nations, many of which practiced forms of sexual immorality. This commandment underscores the call to holiness and purity, as seen in Leviticus 19:2, where God commands His people to be holy as He is holy.

she is your aunt
The identification of the woman as "your aunt" highlights the close familial relationship and the inherent respect and boundaries that should exist within it. This relationship is not just a social construct but a divinely ordained order. The term "aunt" signifies a familial bond that should be honored and protected. In the broader biblical narrative, family relationships are often used to illustrate spiritual truths, such as the church being the family of God (Ephesians 2:19). This commandment serves as a reminder of the importance of maintaining purity and respect within the family, reflecting God's order and design for human relationships.

You must not have sexual relations with your daughter-in-law.
This command is part of a broader set of laws given to the Israelites to maintain holiness and purity within the community. The prohibition against sexual relations with a daughter-in-law underscores the importance of respecting family boundaries and maintaining the sanctity of marriage. In the ancient Near Eastern context, family structures were central to societal stability, and violations of these boundaries could lead to significant social and familial discord. This command reflects the broader biblical principle of honoring family relationships, as seen in the Ten Commandments' directive to honor one's father and mother (Exodus 20:12). The prohibition also aligns with the New Testament teachings on sexual purity and the sanctity of marriage (1 Corinthians 6:18-20, Hebrews 13:4).

She is your son’s wife;
This phrase emphasizes the relational context that makes the act particularly egregious. The daughter-in-law is not just any woman but is bound to the family through marriage to the son. This relationship is meant to be respected and protected. The emphasis on her being the son's wife highlights the importance of marital fidelity and the respect owed to one's offspring and their spouses. In biblical times, marriage was a covenantal relationship, and any breach of this covenant was seen as a serious offense against God and the community. This respect for marital boundaries is echoed in the New Testament, where marriage is likened to the relationship between Christ and the Church (Ephesians 5:22-33).

you are not to have sexual relations with her.
The repetition of the prohibition serves to reinforce the seriousness of the command. It is a clear and unequivocal directive that leaves no room for ambiguity. This repetition is a common biblical technique used to emphasize the importance of a command. The clarity of this prohibition reflects the broader biblical theme of holiness and the call for God's people to be set apart from the surrounding nations, who often engaged in practices that were contrary to God's laws. The call to holiness is a recurring theme throughout Scripture, culminating in the New Testament's exhortation for believers to live lives that are pleasing to God (1 Peter 1:15-16).

You must not have sexual relations with your brother’s wife;
This command is part of the Holiness Code in Leviticus, which outlines laws for maintaining purity and holiness among the Israelites. The prohibition against sexual relations with a brother's wife is rooted in the importance of family integrity and respect for familial boundaries. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, family structures were central to societal stability, and violations of these boundaries were seen as threats to the community's moral fabric. This law underscores the sanctity of marriage and the need to honor the marital bond. In the New Testament, similar principles are echoed in passages like 1 Corinthians 5:1, where Paul addresses sexual immorality within the church, emphasizing the need for purity among believers.

that would shame your brother.
The concept of shame in this context relates to the honor-shame culture prevalent in the ancient Near East. Bringing shame upon a family member was a serious offense, as it could damage the family's reputation and standing within the community. This law highlights the importance of protecting one's family from disgrace and maintaining the honor of familial relationships. The idea of not shaming one's brother can also be seen in the broader biblical theme of loving one's neighbor and acting in ways that promote harmony and respect within the community. In the New Testament, Jesus teaches about the importance of reconciliation and forgiveness, which aligns with the principle of avoiding actions that would bring shame or harm to others.

You must not have sexual relations with both a woman and her daughter.
This command is part of the Holiness Code, which outlines moral and ceremonial laws for the Israelites. The prohibition against such relationships underscores the importance of maintaining family purity and boundaries. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, family structures were central to societal stability, and violations of these boundaries were seen as threats to the social order. This command also reflects the broader biblical principle of honoring family relationships, as seen in the commandment to honor one's father and mother (Exodus 20:12).

You are not to marry her son’s daughter or her daughter’s daughter and have sexual relations with her.
This extension of the prohibition emphasizes the importance of generational boundaries within families. The inclusion of granddaughters in this command highlights the need to protect the innocence and integrity of younger family members. The Bible consistently upholds the sanctity of marriage and family, as seen in Genesis 2:24, where marriage is defined as a union between a man and a woman. This command also serves to prevent the exploitation of vulnerable family members, aligning with the biblical theme of justice and protection for the weak.

They are close relatives; it is depraved.
The term "close relatives" indicates the importance of maintaining clear distinctions within family relationships. The use of the word "depraved" suggests a moral corruption that goes against God's design for human relationships. This aligns with the broader biblical narrative that calls for holiness and separation from practices that defile (Leviticus 19:2). The New Testament echoes this call to purity, urging believers to flee from sexual immorality (1 Corinthians 6:18). The emphasis on holiness and purity in relationships points to the ultimate fulfillment in Christ, who calls His followers to live lives that reflect His righteousness.

You must not take your wife’s sister as a rival wife
This phrase addresses the practice of polygamy, which was common in ancient Near Eastern cultures. The prohibition against marrying a wife's sister as a rival wife is intended to prevent familial discord and protect the sanctity of the marriage relationship. In biblical context, this law seeks to maintain harmony within the family unit, as seen in the story of Jacob, Leah, and Rachel (Genesis 29-30), where rivalry between sisters led to significant strife. The law reflects a broader biblical principle of monogamy and the ideal of one man and one woman in marriage, as established in Genesis 2:24.

and have sexual relations with her
This part of the verse emphasizes the prohibition of sexual relations with a wife's sister, reinforcing the idea of sexual exclusivity within marriage. The biblical context underscores the importance of sexual purity and fidelity, as seen in the broader Levitical laws that govern sexual conduct. The prohibition is consistent with the seventh commandment, "You shall not commit adultery" (Exodus 20:14), and reflects the holiness code that calls for Israel to be set apart from surrounding nations.

while your wife is still alive
The phrase "while your wife is still alive" highlights the temporal aspect of the prohibition, indicating that the law applies as long as the wife is living. This underscores the permanence and commitment expected in the marriage covenant. The historical context of this law is significant, as it contrasts with the practices of other ancient cultures where polygamy and concubinage were more freely practiced. The emphasis on the wife's lifetime suggests a respect for her dignity and the enduring nature of the marital bond, aligning with New Testament teachings on marriage, such as in Ephesians 5:31-33, which speaks of the profound mystery of Christ and the church reflected in the marital relationship.

You must not approach a woman
This directive is part of the Holiness Code, a section of Leviticus that outlines laws intended to set the Israelites apart from other nations. The command reflects the broader biblical principle of maintaining purity and holiness in personal conduct. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, approaching someone often implied initiating a relationship or interaction, particularly of a sexual nature. This phrase underscores the importance of respecting boundaries and the sanctity of personal space.

to have sexual relations with her
The prohibition against sexual relations during a woman's menstrual period is rooted in the concept of ritual purity. In the ancient Israelite context, sexual relations were not merely a private matter but had communal and spiritual implications. This command emphasizes the sacredness of sexual relations, which are to be conducted within the boundaries set by God. The act of sexual relations is seen as a covenantal act, reflecting the covenant relationship between God and His people.

during her menstrual period.
Menstruation was considered a time of ritual impurity in ancient Israel, as outlined in Leviticus 15. This period was marked by a temporary state of uncleanness, which required specific purification rituals. The command not to engage in sexual relations during this time is linked to the broader theme of holiness and separation from impurity. This law also served to protect women during a vulnerable time and ensured that the community remained ritually clean. The concept of purity is echoed in the New Testament, where believers are called to live holy lives, set apart for God (1 Peter 1:15-16).

You must not lie carnally with your neighbor’s wife
This command is part of the Holiness Code in Leviticus, which outlines moral and ceremonial laws for the Israelites. The prohibition against adultery is rooted in the sanctity of marriage, a covenant relationship established by God in Genesis 2:24. Adultery is seen as a violation of this covenant and a sin against God, the spouse, and the community. In ancient Israel, marriage was not only a personal commitment but also a social contract that affected the entire community. The command reflects the importance of maintaining purity and faithfulness within marriage, which is a recurring theme throughout Scripture (Exodus 20:14, Matthew 5:27-28). The act of lying carnally with another's spouse is considered a serious offense, leading to social and spiritual consequences.

and thus defile yourself with her
Defilement in the biblical context often refers to a state of impurity that separates individuals from God and the community. In Leviticus, defilement can result from various actions, including sexual immorality, which is seen as corrupting both the body and the spirit. The concept of defilement underscores the need for holiness and the separation from sin. In the New Testament, Jesus emphasizes the internal nature of defilement, teaching that it is not what enters the body that defiles a person, but what comes from the heart (Mark 7:20-23). The call to avoid defilement is a call to live a life of holiness, reflecting God's character and maintaining the integrity of the covenant relationship with Him. This principle is echoed in 1 Corinthians 6:18-20, where believers are urged to flee from sexual immorality and honor God with their bodies.

You must not give any of your children to be sacrificed to Molech
This command addresses the abhorrent practice of child sacrifice, which was prevalent among the Canaanite tribes surrounding Israel. Molech was a deity worshiped by the Ammonites and other neighboring cultures, often depicted as a god requiring child sacrifices. The Israelites were called to be distinct from these nations, adhering to God's laws and rejecting pagan practices. This prohibition underscores the sanctity of life and the importance of protecting the innocent. The practice of sacrificing children to Molech is also condemned in other scriptures, such as 2 Kings 23:10 and Jeremiah 32:35, highlighting its severity and the need for Israel to remain pure and faithful to God.

for you must not profane the name of your God
Profaning God's name involves actions that dishonor or disrespect His holiness and character. By engaging in practices like child sacrifice, the Israelites would not only be adopting pagan customs but also defiling the covenant relationship they had with God. This phrase emphasizes the importance of living in a way that reflects God's holiness and upholds His reputation among the nations. The call to avoid profaning God's name is echoed throughout scripture, such as in Ezekiel 36:20-23, where God expresses His desire for His name to be sanctified among the nations.

I am the LORD
This declaration serves as a reminder of God's authority and identity. The use of "LORD" (YHWH) signifies the covenantal name of God, emphasizing His eternal, self-existent nature and His special relationship with Israel. This phrase often accompanies commandments in the Torah, reinforcing that the laws given are not arbitrary but are rooted in the character and authority of God Himself. It calls the Israelites to obedience, not merely out of duty, but in recognition of who God is. This statement is a recurring motif in Leviticus, underscoring the divine origin of the laws and the call to holiness, as seen in Leviticus 19:2, "Be holy because I, the LORD your God, am holy."

You must not lie with a man as with a woman;
This phrase is a direct commandment found within the Holiness Code, a section of Leviticus that outlines moral and ceremonial laws for the Israelites. The context of this command is the broader call for Israel to be distinct from the surrounding nations, particularly the Canaanites and Egyptians, whose practices were considered detestable by God. The phrase "lie with" is a euphemism for sexual relations, indicating a prohibition against homosexual acts. This command is part of a larger set of laws intended to maintain the purity and holiness of the Israelite community. The cultural context of the time viewed family and procreation as central to societal stability, and any sexual activity outside of heterosexual marriage was seen as a threat to this order. This command is echoed in other parts of Scripture, such as Romans 1:26-27 and 1 Corinthians 6:9-10, where similar prohibitions are reiterated, emphasizing the continuity of this moral standard.

that is an abomination.
The term "abomination" is used in the Hebrew Bible to describe actions that are detestable or repugnant to God. In the context of Leviticus, it often refers to practices that are ritually or morally impure. The use of this term underscores the severity with which God views the act described. In the ancient Near Eastern context, the word "abomination" was used to describe practices that were not only religiously offensive but also socially disruptive. Theologically, this term indicates a violation of the created order as established by God. The concept of abomination is linked to the holiness of God and His desire for His people to reflect His character. This phrase serves as a reminder of the call to holiness and the importance of adhering to God's standards. The use of "abomination" in this context is consistent with other biblical passages that address sexual immorality, reinforcing the idea that such actions are incompatible with a life dedicated to God.

You must not lie carnally with any animal
This command is part of the Holiness Code, a section of Leviticus that outlines moral and ceremonial laws for the Israelites. The prohibition against bestiality is rooted in the creation order, where God established distinct boundaries between humans and animals (Genesis 1:26-28). This act is seen as a violation of the natural order and an affront to the sanctity of human sexuality, which is intended to reflect the covenant relationship between God and His people. The prohibition is reiterated in other parts of Scripture, such as Exodus 22:19 and Deuteronomy 27:21, emphasizing its importance in maintaining the purity and holiness of the community.

thus defiling yourself with it
The concept of defilement in Leviticus is closely tied to the idea of holiness. To defile oneself is to become ritually unclean, separating oneself from the community and from God. This separation underscores the seriousness of the sin and the need for atonement. In the New Testament, defilement is often discussed in terms of moral impurity rather than ritual impurity, with Jesus emphasizing the importance of inner purity (Mark 7:20-23). The act of bestiality is seen as a profound moral corruption that distorts the image of God in humanity.

a woman must not stand before an animal to mate with it
This phrase addresses the specific act of a woman engaging in sexual relations with an animal, highlighting the universality of the prohibition. The inclusion of both genders in the command underscores the comprehensive nature of God's moral law. In the ancient Near Eastern context, such practices were sometimes associated with pagan rituals and fertility rites, which the Israelites were to avoid as they were called to be a distinct and holy people (Deuteronomy 14:2). The prohibition serves to protect the dignity and sanctity of human sexuality.

that is a perversion
The term "perversion" indicates a deviation from God's intended design and purpose for human sexuality. It is a strong condemnation of the act, categorizing it as an abomination. This language is consistent with other biblical passages that address sexual immorality, such as Romans 1:26-27, where Paul discusses the consequences of turning away from God's natural order. The use of such strong language serves to reinforce the gravity of the sin and the need for the community to uphold God's standards of holiness and purity.

Do not defile yourselves by any of these practices
This command is a direct instruction from God to the Israelites, emphasizing the importance of maintaining purity and holiness. The term "defile" suggests a corruption or pollution of moral and spiritual integrity. In the context of Leviticus 18, these practices refer to various sexual sins and idolatrous customs prevalent among the surrounding nations. The call to avoid defilement is consistent with the broader biblical theme of holiness, as seen in Leviticus 11:44, where God commands His people to be holy because He is holy. This reflects the covenant relationship between God and Israel, where obedience to His laws is a sign of faithfulness and dedication.

for by all these things the nations
The "nations" mentioned here refer to the Canaanite peoples inhabiting the Promised Land before the arrival of the Israelites. These nations were known for their morally corrupt practices, which included not only sexual immorality but also child sacrifice and other forms of idolatry. The biblical narrative often contrasts the behavior of the nations with the standards God sets for His people, highlighting the distinctiveness of Israel's calling. This distinction is further emphasized in Deuteronomy 7:1-6, where God instructs Israel to separate themselves from the nations to avoid being led astray.

I am driving out before you
This phrase indicates God's active role in the conquest of Canaan. The driving out of the nations is both a divine judgment against their wickedness and a fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham regarding the land (Genesis 15:16). Theologically, this reflects God's sovereignty and justice, as He uses Israel as an instrument of His judgment. The conquest narrative in the book of Joshua provides a historical account of this process, where God's intervention is evident in battles such as the fall of Jericho (Joshua 6).

have defiled themselves
The nations' defilement is a result of their persistent engagement in sinful practices, which ultimately leads to their downfall. This serves as a warning to Israel about the consequences of disobedience and the importance of adhering to God's commandments. The concept of defilement is not only physical but also spiritual, affecting the relationship between God and His people. The New Testament echoes this theme, where believers are called to live pure and holy lives, as seen in 1 Peter 1:15-16. The defilement of the nations also foreshadows the ultimate need for redemption through Jesus Christ, who provides cleansing from sin and restores the relationship between God and humanity.

Even the land has become defiled
The concept of the land being defiled is rooted in the covenant relationship between God and Israel, where the land is seen as a gift from God, contingent upon the people's obedience. In the ancient Near Eastern context, the land was often personified and seen as capable of being affected by human actions. This phrase underscores the seriousness of sin, not just as a personal or communal issue, but as something that impacts the very environment. The defilement of the land is a recurring theme in the Old Testament, seen in passages like Numbers 35:33-34, where bloodshed defiles the land, and Jeremiah 2:7, where idolatry is said to pollute it.

so I am punishing it for its sin
The punishment of the land for its sin reflects the biblical principle of divine justice. In the historical context, this punishment often took the form of exile or conquest by foreign nations, as seen in the Babylonian exile. Theologically, this reflects the holiness of God and His intolerance of sin. The land's punishment is a direct consequence of the people's actions, emphasizing the corporate responsibility of the community. This principle is echoed in Deuteronomy 28, where blessings and curses are tied to obedience and disobedience.

and the land will vomit out its inhabitants
The imagery of the land vomiting out its inhabitants is vivid and conveys the idea of expulsion due to impurity. This metaphor is used to describe the Canaanites' fate due to their abominations, as seen earlier in Leviticus 18:3. It serves as a warning to Israel that they are not immune to the same fate if they follow similar practices. This concept is reiterated in Leviticus 20:22, where obedience to God's statutes is linked to remaining in the land. Theologically, this can be seen as a type of final judgment, foreshadowing the ultimate separation of the righteous and the wicked, as seen in Matthew 25:31-46.

But you are to keep My statutes and ordinances
This phrase emphasizes the importance of obedience to God's laws, which are given to the Israelites as a covenantal requirement. The statutes and ordinances refer to the specific laws and decrees that God has provided to guide the moral, ceremonial, and civil life of His people. In the broader biblical context, these laws are part of the Mosaic Covenant, which is foundational for Israel's identity and relationship with God. The call to keep these laws is a recurring theme throughout the Pentateuch, underscoring the holiness and distinctiveness expected of God's people (Exodus 19:5-6, Deuteronomy 6:1-3).

and you must not commit any of these abominations
The term "abominations" refers to practices that are detestable to God, often associated with idolatry and sexual immorality. In Leviticus 18, these abominations include various prohibited sexual relations, which are seen as violations of the natural order established by God. The use of the word "abominations" highlights the severity of these sins and their incompatibility with the holiness required of God's people. This prohibition is not only a moral directive but also a means of setting Israel apart from the surrounding nations, who engaged in such practices (Leviticus 18:24-25).

neither your native-born nor the foreigner who lives among you
This phrase indicates that God's laws are to be upheld by both Israelites and non-Israelites residing in the land. The inclusion of "the foreigner" underscores the universal application of God's moral standards and the expectation that all who dwell in the community of God's people adhere to His laws. This reflects the inclusive nature of God's covenant, which, while initially given to Israel, has implications for all humanity. The presence of foreigners in Israel is acknowledged throughout the Old Testament, and they are often called to observe the same laws as the Israelites (Exodus 12:49, Numbers 15:15-16). This principle foreshadows the New Testament teaching that in Christ, there is no distinction between Jew and Gentile (Galatians 3:28).

For the men who were in the land before you
This phrase refers to the Canaanites, the original inhabitants of the land of Canaan, which God promised to the descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. The Canaanites were known for their idolatrous practices and moral corruption. Archaeological findings, such as those at Ugarit, reveal a culture steeped in polytheism and fertility cults. The biblical narrative often contrasts the Israelites with the Canaanites to highlight the call to holiness and separation from pagan practices (Deuteronomy 7:1-5).

committed all these abominations
The term "abominations" refers to practices that are detestable to God, particularly those related to sexual immorality and idolatry. Leviticus 18 outlines specific prohibitions against incest, adultery, child sacrifice, and other sexual sins. These practices were common among the Canaanites and are condemned throughout Scripture (Deuteronomy 18:9-12). The use of the word "all" emphasizes the comprehensive nature of their sinfulness, which justified their expulsion from the land.

and the land has become defiled
The concept of land becoming defiled is significant in the Old Testament, where the land is seen as a gift from God that must be kept pure. The defilement of the land is a result of the inhabitants' sins, which pollute it and make it unfit for God's presence. This idea is echoed in Numbers 35:33-34, where bloodshed defiles the land, and in Jeremiah 2:7, where idolatry is said to defile the land. The defilement necessitates divine judgment and cleansing, often through the removal of the sinful inhabitants, as seen in the conquest narratives of Joshua.

So if you defile the land,
The concept of defiling the land is rooted in the covenant relationship between God and Israel. The land of Canaan was a gift from God, a holy land meant to be inhabited by a holy people. Defilement refers to the moral and spiritual corruption that comes from sin, particularly the sins listed earlier in Leviticus 18, such as idolatry and sexual immorality. The land is seen as a living entity that can be tainted by the actions of its inhabitants. This reflects the broader biblical theme that sin has consequences not only for individuals but also for the community and the environment.

it will vomit you out
The imagery of the land vomiting out its inhabitants is vivid and powerful, suggesting a natural and inevitable reaction to impurity. This metaphor indicates that the land itself cannot tolerate sin and will expel those who defile it. This concept is echoed in other parts of Scripture, such as in Leviticus 20:22, where the Israelites are warned again about the consequences of disobedience. The idea of the land reacting to sin underscores the seriousness of maintaining holiness and the covenant with God.

as it spewed out the nations before you.
This phrase refers to the Canaanite nations that previously inhabited the land. According to biblical history, these nations were expelled due to their abominable practices, which included idolatry and various forms of immorality. The Israelites are reminded that they are not inherently more righteous than the nations they replaced; rather, their continued occupation of the land is contingent upon their obedience to God's laws. This serves as a warning and a call to holiness, emphasizing that God's standards are consistent and that His judgment is impartial. The historical context of the conquest of Canaan, as described in the books of Joshua and Judges, provides a backdrop for understanding the gravity of this warning.

Therefore anyone who commits any of these abominations
The term "abominations" refers to practices that are detestable and offensive to God, particularly those listed in the preceding verses of Leviticus 18, which include various forms of sexual immorality. These actions are not only personal sins but also have communal implications, as they defile the land and the people. The use of "therefore" connects this command to the previous instructions, emphasizing the seriousness of adhering to God's laws. The concept of abominations is echoed in other parts of Scripture, such as Deuteronomy 18:9-12, where similar practices are condemned. The severity of these actions is underscored by their potential to lead the entire community away from holiness.

must be cut off from among his people
Being "cut off" implies a severe form of punishment, which could mean excommunication, banishment, or even death, depending on the context and the specific transgression. This phrase underscores the importance of maintaining the purity and holiness of the community, as the presence of sin could bring judgment upon the entire nation. The idea of being cut off is also seen in Genesis 17:14 regarding the covenant of circumcision, where failure to comply results in being cut off from the covenant community. This reflects the broader biblical theme of separation from sin and the necessity of holiness among God's people. The ultimate fulfillment of this principle is found in the New Testament, where Jesus Christ provides a way for reconciliation and restoration for those who repent and turn away from their sins.

You must keep My charge
This phrase emphasizes the divine command and authority of God. The term "charge" implies a responsibility or duty given by God to His people. In the context of Leviticus, this charge is part of the Holiness Code, which outlines how the Israelites are to live in a manner distinct from surrounding nations. The charge is not merely a suggestion but a binding obligation, reflecting the covenant relationship between God and Israel.

not to practice any of the abominable customs
The "abominable customs" refer to the practices of the Canaanite nations, which included idolatry, sexual immorality, and other behaviors considered detestable by God. These customs are detailed earlier in Leviticus 18 and are condemned because they violate the holiness and moral standards set by God. The term "abominable" indicates practices that are not only sinful but also repugnant to God, highlighting the severity of these actions.

that were practiced before you
This phrase provides historical context, indicating that these customs were prevalent among the nations inhabiting the land before the Israelites. The Canaanites, known for their pagan worship and immoral practices, serve as a warning to Israel. The historical backdrop underscores the need for Israel to remain separate and not adopt the ways of the nations they were displacing.

so that you do not defile yourselves by them
Defilement in this context refers to spiritual and moral corruption. Engaging in these customs would lead to a loss of purity and holiness, which are essential for maintaining a relationship with God. The concept of defilement is significant in Leviticus, as it affects one's ability to participate in worship and community life. This warning serves as a reminder of the consequences of disobedience.

I am the LORD your God.
This declaration reaffirms God's identity and authority. It serves as a reminder of the covenant relationship, where God is the sovereign ruler and Israel is His chosen people. The phrase underscores the reason for obedience: not merely to follow rules, but to honor the God who delivered them from Egypt and established them as a holy nation. This statement is a recurring motif in Leviticus, emphasizing God's unchanging nature and His rightful place as the object of worship and obedience.