The Tribes East of the Jordan
Now the Reubenites and GaditesThe Reubenites and Gadites were two of the twelve tribes of Israel, descended from Reuben and Gad, sons of Jacob. Reuben was Jacob's firstborn, but his tribe did not maintain a position of leadership due to Reuben's transgression (
Genesis 49:3-4). The tribe of Gad was known for its warriors (
1 Chronicles 12:8). These tribes were part of the larger Israelite community that had been wandering in the wilderness for 40 years after the Exodus from Egypt.
who had very large herds and flocks
The mention of large herds and flocks indicates the wealth and prosperity of these tribes. In ancient Near Eastern culture, livestock was a primary measure of wealth and economic stability. The patriarchs, such as Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, were also known for their large flocks, which signified God's blessing and provision (Genesis 13:2, 26:12-14, 30:43).
surveyed the lands of Jazer and Gilead
Jazer and Gilead were regions east of the Jordan River. Jazer was a city and its surrounding territory, while Gilead was a larger region known for its balm, a valuable commodity (Jeremiah 8:22). These areas were part of the land that Israel was to conquer and settle. The surveying of the land suggests a strategic assessment for settlement, similar to the earlier spying of Canaan (Numbers 13).
and they saw that the region was suitable for livestock
The suitability of the land for livestock indicates fertile pastures and abundant resources, essential for sustaining large herds. This observation aligns with the promise of a "land flowing with milk and honey" (Exodus 3:8), emphasizing God's provision. The decision to settle here reflects a practical consideration for the tribes' economic needs, but it also foreshadows potential challenges in unity and obedience to God's command to settle west of the Jordan.
So the Gadites and Reubenites came to Moses, Eleazar the priest, and the leaders of the congregation, and said,The tribes of Gad and Reuben were part of the twelve tribes of Israel, descendants of Jacob's sons. Their approach to Moses and Eleazar signifies a formal request, indicating the importance of their petition. This moment occurs as the Israelites are on the brink of entering the Promised Land, having journeyed through the wilderness after their exodus from Egypt. The Gadites and Reubenites, possessing large herds, saw the land of Jazer and Gilead as suitable for their livestock, prompting their request.
Moses, as the leader appointed by God, represents the civil authority, while Eleazar, the son of Aaron, serves as the high priest, representing the spiritual authority. Their presence, along with the leaders of the congregation, underscores the need for communal and divine approval for decisions affecting the entire nation. This reflects the theocratic nature of Israelite society, where decisions were made with consideration of both divine will and communal welfare.
The request by these tribes can be seen as a test of unity and faithfulness to God's promises. Their desire to settle outside the traditional boundaries of the Promised Land raises questions about their commitment to the collective mission of Israel. This moment foreshadows future challenges in maintaining unity among the tribes, as seen in later historical accounts.
In a broader biblical context, this passage highlights themes of obedience, trust in God's provision, and the importance of communal decision-making. It also sets the stage for the eventual division of the land among the tribes, a fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham. The involvement of Eleazar points to the priestly role in guiding the people according to God's law, a role that finds its ultimate fulfillment in Jesus Christ, the great High Priest, who intercedes for His people and leads them into the true Promised Land.
AtarothAtaroth was a city located east of the Jordan River, in the territory that would later be associated with the tribe of Gad. It is mentioned in various biblical passages as a place of significance for the Reubenites and Gadites. Archaeological evidence suggests it was a fortified city, indicating its strategic importance. The name "Ataroth" means "crowns," which may symbolize its prominence or the fertility of the surrounding land.
Dibon
Dibon was an ancient city in Moab, situated north of the Arnon River. It is known for the Mesha Stele, an archaeological artifact that provides insight into Moabite history and their interactions with Israel. Dibon was a central location for the tribe of Reuben, and its fertile lands made it an attractive settlement. The city's history reflects the complex relationships between Israel and its neighbors.
Jazer
Jazer was a city located in the territory of Gilead, known for its vineyards and agricultural productivity. It was initially conquered by the Israelites under Moses' leadership. The city later became a Levitical city, indicating its religious significance. Jazer's mention in other biblical texts highlights its role in the broader narrative of Israel's settlement in the Promised Land.
Nimrah
Nimrah, also known as Beth-Nimrah, was a city in the Jordan Valley. Its name means "pure" or "clear," possibly referring to the quality of its water sources. The location was strategically important for controlling access to the Jordan River. Nimrah's inclusion in the list of cities requested by the Reubenites and Gadites underscores its value for pastoral activities.
Heshbon
Heshbon was a major city of the Amorites before being conquered by the Israelites. It became the capital of King Sihon and was known for its strategic location and strong fortifications. The city's capture is celebrated in biblical poetry, emphasizing its significance in Israel's conquest of the land. Heshbon's history is a testament to God's provision and victory for His people.
Elealeh
Elealeh was a city located near Heshbon, often mentioned alongside it in biblical texts. Its elevated position provided a strategic advantage and made it a desirable location for settlement. The city's name means "God has ascended," reflecting a possible religious or cultural significance. Elealeh's proximity to Heshbon suggests it shared in the region's prosperity and challenges.
Sebam
Sebam, also referred to as Sibmah, was known for its vineyards and agricultural abundance. It was located near Heshbon and Elealeh, contributing to the area's overall fertility. The city's produce was renowned, and its vineyards are mentioned in prophetic literature, symbolizing prosperity and blessing. Sebam's inclusion in the list highlights the economic potential of the land.
Nebo
Nebo was a city located on the slopes of Mount Nebo, a significant site in biblical history. It is associated with the final days of Moses, who viewed the Promised Land from this mountain. The city itself was part of the territory allotted to the Reubenites. Nebo's spiritual and historical importance is underscored by its connection to Moses and the fulfillment of God's promises.
Beon
Beon, also known as Baal-meon, was a city in the territory of Reuben. Its name suggests a connection to the worship of Baal, indicating the syncretistic religious practices that sometimes infiltrated Israelite culture. The city's location made it a valuable asset for controlling trade routes and agricultural production. Beon's history reflects the ongoing struggle between faithfulness to God and the influence of surrounding nations.
which the LORD conquered before the congregation of IsraelThis phrase highlights the divine intervention and leadership of God in the victories of Israel. The conquest of the land was not merely a result of military strategy but was attributed to the LORD's power and promise. This reflects the fulfillment of God's covenant with Abraham, promising his descendants a land of their own (
Genesis 15:18-21). The phrase underscores the communal aspect of Israel's journey, emphasizing that the victories were witnessed by the entire congregation, reinforcing their collective identity and faith in God's promises.
are suitable for livestock
The land's suitability for livestock indicates its fertility and abundance, which was crucial for a nomadic people transitioning to a settled life. This reflects the pastoral lifestyle of many Israelite tribes, who depended on livestock for their livelihood. The mention of livestock also connects to the patriarchs, such as Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, who were shepherds and herdsmen. The land's suitability for livestock would have been seen as a sign of God's provision and blessing, aligning with the promise of a land flowing with milk and honey (Exodus 3:8).
and your servants have livestock.
This phrase reveals the practical concerns of the tribes of Reuben and Gad, who possessed large herds and flocks. Their request to settle in the conquered land east of the Jordan was driven by the need to provide for their animals. This request, however, also raises questions about unity and commitment to the collective mission of Israel. It foreshadows the potential for division, as these tribes prioritize their immediate needs over the broader goal of entering the Promised Land. The phrase also reflects the social structure of the time, where wealth and status were often measured by the size of one's livestock, indicating the tribes' prosperity and God's blessing upon them.
If we have found favor in your sight,This phrase reflects a common biblical expression of humility and respect when making a request. It indicates the speaker's acknowledgment of the authority and decision-making power of the person being addressed, in this case, Moses. This approach is seen in other biblical narratives, such as when Esther approaches King Xerxes (
Esther 5:8). It underscores the importance of seeking approval and the relational dynamics between leaders and their followers in ancient Israel.
they said,
The speakers here are the leaders of the tribes of Reuben and Gad. These tribes were pastoral and had large herds of livestock, which influenced their desire for the land east of the Jordan River. This context is crucial for understanding their request, as their economic needs were a driving factor in their decision-making.
let this land be given to your servants as a possession.
The land referred to is the region of Gilead and Bashan, which was known for its fertile pastures, ideal for the tribes' livestock. This request for land as a possession is significant in the context of the Israelites' journey to the Promised Land. It highlights the tension between the immediate needs of the tribes and the collective goal of entering Canaan. The concept of land possession is central to the Abrahamic covenant (Genesis 15:18-21), where God promises land to Abraham's descendants.
Do not make us cross the Jordan.
This request not to cross the Jordan River signifies a departure from the original plan to settle in the land west of the Jordan, the land of Canaan. The Jordan River often symbolizes a boundary between the wilderness and the Promised Land, a transition from wandering to fulfillment of God's promise. The tribes' request can be seen as a lack of faith or a pragmatic decision based on their immediate needs. This decision foreshadows future challenges, as settling outside the main body of Israel could lead to isolation and vulnerability, as seen in later conflicts (Joshua 22).
But Moses asked the Gadites and ReubenitesMoses, the leader of the Israelites, addresses the tribes of Gad and Reuben. These tribes had large herds and saw the land of Jazer and Gilead as suitable for their livestock. This request to settle east of the Jordan River rather than crossing into the Promised Land reflects a potential division among the tribes. The Gadites and Reubenites' request is significant as it challenges the unity and collective mission of the Israelites. Historically, this moment underscores the importance of communal responsibility and the potential for internal conflict within the Israelite community.
“Shall your brothers go to war
The term "brothers" emphasizes the familial bond among the tribes of Israel, highlighting the expectation of mutual support and shared responsibility. The Israelites were preparing to enter Canaan, a land promised to them by God, which required military conquest. This phrase underscores the expectation that all tribes would participate in the battles necessary to claim the land. The concept of collective effort in warfare is a recurring theme in the Old Testament, reflecting the covenantal relationship between God and Israel, where obedience and unity are crucial for success.
while you sit here?
Moses questions the fairness and justice of the Gadites and Reubenites' desire to remain behind while their fellow Israelites engage in battle. This phrase challenges the tribes' commitment to the collective mission and raises issues of duty and solidarity. The idea of "sitting" implies inactivity and a lack of contribution to the common cause. This moment serves as a reminder of the importance of active participation in God's plans and the dangers of complacency. It also foreshadows the need for accountability and the potential consequences of failing to support the community, as seen in other biblical narratives where unity and cooperation are essential for achieving God's purposes.
Why are you discouraging the IsraelitesThis phrase addresses the actions of the tribes of Reuben and Gad, who requested to settle on the east side of the Jordan River rather than crossing into the Promised Land. Their request could potentially demoralize the other tribes, echoing the earlier discouragement caused by the negative report of the ten spies in
Numbers 13-14. This highlights the importance of unity and collective faith in God's promises.
from crossing into the land
The "land" refers to Canaan, the Promised Land, which God had pledged to Abraham and his descendants (Genesis 12:7). Crossing the Jordan River symbolized entering into the fulfillment of God's covenant. The act of crossing was not just a physical journey but a spiritual one, representing trust in God's provision and promises.
that the LORD has given them?
This emphasizes the divine origin of the promise. The land was a gift from God, underscoring His sovereignty and faithfulness. The use of "has given" indicates the certainty of God's promise, even before its physical possession. This reflects the biblical theme of God's faithfulness and the assurance of His promises, as seen in Hebrews 11:1, where faith is described as confidence in what we hope for and assurance about what we do not see.
This is what your fathers didThis phrase refers to the actions of the Israelites' ancestors, specifically the generation that left Egypt. It highlights a pattern of behavior that is being repeated by the current generation. The "fathers" here are the spies sent by Moses to explore Canaan, whose report led to the Israelites' rebellion and subsequent 40-year wandering in the desert (Numbers 13-14). This serves as a warning against repeating past mistakes and emphasizes the importance of faith and obedience to God's commands.
when I sent them from Kadesh-barnea
Kadesh-barnea is a significant location in the wilderness journey of the Israelites. It served as a major encampment and a launching point for the exploration of the Promised Land. Geographically, it is located in the northeastern part of the Sinai Peninsula. Historically, it was here that the Israelites faced a critical test of faith. The mention of Kadesh-barnea underscores the gravity of the situation and the direct involvement of God in guiding His people. It also serves as a reminder of the consequences of disobedience, as the failure at Kadesh-barnea led to a generation being denied entry into the Promised Land.
to inspect the land.
The inspection of the land was a mission to assess the Promised Land's resources and inhabitants. This task was meant to prepare the Israelites for the conquest of Canaan. However, the negative report by ten of the twelve spies led to fear and rebellion among the people (Numbers 13:31-33). This inspection was not merely a reconnaissance mission but a test of faith in God's promise. The failure to trust in God's provision and power resulted in severe consequences. This phrase also foreshadows the ultimate fulfillment of God's promise through Jesus Christ, who leads believers into the true Promised Land, symbolizing eternal life and rest.
For when your fathers went up to the Valley of EshcolThe Valley of Eshcol is a significant location in the biblical narrative, first mentioned in
Numbers 13:23. It is where the Israelite spies, sent by Moses, cut down a cluster of grapes so large that it had to be carried on a pole between two men. This valley is located near Hebron in the land of Canaan, a region known for its fertility and abundance. The mention of "your fathers" refers to the previous generation of Israelites who were delivered from Egypt and were on the brink of entering the Promised Land. This historical context highlights the continuity of God's promise to the descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.
and saw the land
The act of seeing the land was a pivotal moment for the Israelites. The spies' exploration was meant to confirm the richness and promise of Canaan, a land "flowing with milk and honey" as described in Exodus 3:8. This phrase underscores the tangible evidence of God's promise, yet it also sets the stage for the subsequent failure of faith. The land was indeed as fruitful as God had promised, but the Israelites' response was not one of trust.
they discouraged the Israelites from entering the land
The discouragement came from the negative report given by ten of the twelve spies, as detailed in Numbers 13:31-33. Despite the land's abundance, the spies focused on the formidable inhabitants and fortified cities, instilling fear among the Israelites. This act of discouragement was a direct challenge to God's promise and command. It reflects a lack of faith and trust in God's power to deliver and protect His people, a recurring theme in the wilderness journey.
that the LORD had given them
This phrase emphasizes the divine gift of the land to the Israelites. It was not merely a territory to be conquered but a fulfillment of God's covenant with Abraham (Genesis 15:18-21). The use of "had given" indicates that the land was already theirs by divine decree, awaiting their possession. This highlights the tension between divine sovereignty and human responsibility. The Israelites' failure to enter the land at that time was not due to God's inability to deliver but their own lack of faith and obedience. This serves as a reminder of the importance of trusting in God's promises, a theme echoed throughout Scripture, including in the New Testament (Hebrews 3:19).
So the anger of the LORD was kindled that day,This phrase indicates a divine response to disobedience and lack of faith. The context is the Israelites' refusal to enter the Promised Land due to fear, as recounted in
Numbers 13-14. God's anger is a recurring theme in the Old Testament, often resulting from Israel's rebellion or idolatry. This anger is not capricious but a righteous response to sin. The phrase "kindled" suggests a fire, symbolizing the intensity of God's displeasure. This reflects God's holiness and justice, as seen in other instances like the golden calf incident (Exodus 32).
and He swore an oath, saying,
God's oath underscores the seriousness of the situation. In biblical times, an oath was a solemn promise, often invoking divine witness. God's oaths are irrevocable, highlighting His unchanging nature and the certainty of His words. This particular oath relates to the consequences for the Israelites' lack of faith, as God decrees that the current generation would not enter the Promised Land (Numbers 14:28-30). This connects to the broader biblical theme of faith and obedience, as seen in Hebrews 3:7-19, which warns believers against hardening their hearts as the Israelites did.
Because they did not follow Me wholeheartedlyThis phrase highlights the importance of complete devotion to God. In the context of
Numbers 32, the Israelites had repeatedly shown a lack of faith and obedience, particularly during the incident of the spies in
Numbers 13-14. The phrase "wholeheartedly" suggests a total commitment, which was lacking in the generation that left Egypt. This concept is echoed in
Deuteronomy 6:5, where the Israelites are commanded to love God with all their heart, soul, and strength. The failure to follow God wholeheartedly is a recurring theme in the Old Testament, often leading to consequences for the Israelites.
not one of the men twenty years of age or older
This specifies the age of accountability for those who were held responsible for the rebellion and lack of faith. The age of twenty was significant in Israelite culture, often marking the age when men were considered mature enough for military service (Numbers 1:3). This age distinction underscores the seriousness of their rebellion and the resulting judgment. It also serves as a reminder of the importance of faith and obedience from a young age.
who came out of Egypt
This refers to the Exodus, a foundational event in Israelite history where God delivered His people from slavery in Egypt. The generation that experienced this miraculous deliverance was expected to trust and obey God, yet they repeatedly failed to do so. The Exodus is frequently referenced throughout the Bible as a demonstration of God's power and faithfulness, as seen in passages like Exodus 20:2 and Psalm 78:12-16.
will see the land that I swore to give
This phrase emphasizes God's promise and the conditional nature of its fulfillment based on obedience. The land, often referred to as the Promised Land, was a central element of God's covenant with the patriarchs. The failure of the Exodus generation to enter the land serves as a warning about the consequences of disobedience and unbelief. This theme is reiterated in Hebrews 3:16-19, where the author warns believers not to harden their hearts as the Israelites did.
Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob—
These patriarchs are central figures in the biblical narrative, representing the covenantal promises of God. The land promise was first given to Abraham in Genesis 12:7 and reaffirmed to Isaac and Jacob in Genesis 26:3 and Genesis 28:13, respectively. The mention of these patriarchs underscores the continuity of God's promises and His faithfulness across generations. It also highlights the importance of faith, as Abraham is often cited as a model of faith in passages like Romans 4:3 and Hebrews 11:8-10.
not one except Caleb son of Jephunneh the Kenizzite and Joshua son of Nun—This phrase highlights the unique faithfulness of Caleb and Joshua among the Israelites. Caleb, identified as the son of Jephunneh the Kenizzite, indicates his association with the Kenizzites, a clan that was integrated into the tribe of Judah. This integration reflects the inclusivity of God's covenant, extending beyond ethnic Israel. Joshua, the son of Nun, from the tribe of Ephraim, is a central figure in leading Israel into the Promised Land. Both men were among the twelve spies sent to Canaan (Numbers 13), but only they trusted in God's promise despite the daunting circumstances. Their faith set them apart, allowing them to enter the Promised Land when others of their generation perished in the wilderness.
because they did follow the LORD wholeheartedly.’
This phrase underscores the complete devotion and obedience of Caleb and Joshua to God. The term "wholeheartedly" implies a total commitment without reservation, a theme echoed throughout Scripture as a requirement for true discipleship (Deuteronomy 6:5, Matthew 22:37). Their faithfulness serves as a model for believers, illustrating the blessings of obedience and trust in God. This wholehearted following is a type of Christ, who perfectly obeyed the Father (John 5:19). Caleb and Joshua's faithfulness prefigures the ultimate faithfulness of Jesus, who leads His people into the eternal Promised Land. Their example challenges believers to live with unwavering faith and dedication to God's commands.
The anger of the LORD burned against IsraelThis phrase highlights God's righteous indignation towards Israel's disobedience and lack of faith. The context is the Israelites' refusal to enter the Promised Land due to fear, despite God's promises and previous miracles. This anger is consistent with God's character as seen in other scriptures, such as
Exodus 32:10, where His anger is kindled against the Israelites for idolatry. It underscores the seriousness of sin and the consequences of distrusting God.
and He made them wander in the wilderness forty years
The forty-year period of wandering is both a punishment and a period of testing and purification for the Israelites. This number is significant in biblical numerology, often associated with periods of trial and testing, such as Jesus' forty days in the wilderness (Matthew 4:1-2). Geographically, the wilderness refers to the desert regions of the Sinai Peninsula, a harsh environment that would have tested the Israelites' faith and reliance on God.
until the whole generation who had done evil in His sight was gone
This phrase indicates the complete removal of those who rebelled against God, specifically the generation that left Egypt but refused to enter Canaan. It reflects the principle of divine justice, where sin has consequences, and God's holiness cannot tolerate rebellion. This also sets the stage for a new generation, led by Joshua, to enter the Promised Land, symbolizing renewal and hope. Theologically, it points to the necessity of faith and obedience in the believer's life, as emphasized in Hebrews 3:16-19, which warns against hardening one's heart as the Israelites did.
Now behold, you, a brood of sinners,This phrase addresses the descendants of the Israelites who had previously sinned against God. The term "brood of sinners" indicates a generational continuation of disobedience. In biblical context, the Israelites had a history of rebellion, notably during the wilderness wanderings (Numbers 14). The use of "brood" suggests a lineage or group characterized by sin, echoing Jesus' rebuke of the Pharisees as a "brood of vipers" (
Matthew 12:34), highlighting the seriousness of their actions.
have risen up in place of your fathers
This indicates a new generation repeating the mistakes of their ancestors. Historically, the Israelites had been punished for their lack of faith and disobedience, such as the refusal to enter the Promised Land (Numbers 14:1-4). The phrase underscores the cyclical nature of sin and the failure to learn from past mistakes. It serves as a warning about the consequences of not heeding God's commands, as seen in the repeated cycles of sin and redemption throughout the Old Testament.
to further stoke the burning anger of the LORD
The imagery of "burning anger" reflects God's righteous indignation towards sin. In the Old Testament, God's anger is often depicted as a consuming fire (Deuteronomy 4:24). This phrase emphasizes the seriousness of provoking God, who is holy and just. The Israelites' actions are seen as exacerbating an already tense relationship with God, who had shown patience and mercy despite their repeated transgressions.
against Israel.
This highlights the collective responsibility and consequence of sin within the community of Israel. The nation as a whole is affected by the actions of individuals or groups, reflecting the communal nature of the covenant relationship with God. This concept is seen throughout the Old Testament, where the sins of a few can bring judgment upon the entire nation (Joshua 7). It underscores the importance of communal faithfulness and obedience to God's laws.
For if you turn away from following Him,This phrase serves as a warning against apostasy and disobedience. In the context of
Numbers 32, the tribes of Reuben and Gad requested to settle east of the Jordan River, which could be seen as a reluctance to fully enter the Promised Land. Turning away from God is a recurring theme in the Old Testament, often leading to dire consequences. This echoes the warnings given in
Deuteronomy 28 about the blessings of obedience and the curses of disobedience. It also reflects the human tendency to stray from God, as seen in the story of the Israelites' repeated cycles of sin and repentance in the Book of Judges.
He will once again leave this people in the wilderness,
This phrase recalls the 40 years of wandering in the wilderness as a result of the Israelites' lack of faith and disobedience after the Exodus from Egypt. The wilderness represents a place of testing and judgment, as well as a period of divine discipline. The threat of returning to the wilderness underscores the seriousness of the consequences of turning away from God. It serves as a reminder of the previous generation that perished in the wilderness due to their unbelief, as recorded in Numbers 14. The wilderness experience is also a type of spiritual journey, symbolizing the trials believers face before reaching their ultimate rest in God.
and you will be the cause of their destruction.”
This phrase highlights the communal responsibility and the potential impact of individual actions on the larger community. The decision of the tribes of Reuben and Gad could lead to discouragement and division among the Israelites, ultimately resulting in their downfall. This reflects the biblical principle that sin and disobedience can have far-reaching effects, not just on the individual but on the entire community. The concept of corporate responsibility is seen throughout Scripture, such as in the sin of Achan in Joshua 7, which brought trouble upon all Israel. It also points to the importance of unity and collective faithfulness in achieving God's purposes.
Then the Gadites and Reubenites approached Moses and said,The tribes of Gad and Reuben were part of the twelve tribes of Israel, descendants of Jacob's sons. Their approach to Moses signifies a moment of negotiation and decision-making. Moses, as the leader and prophet, was the intermediary between God and the Israelites. This approach indicates a formal request, highlighting the tribal structure and leadership dynamics within the Israelite community. Historically, this moment occurs as the Israelites are on the brink of entering the Promised Land, having journeyed from Egypt and wandered in the wilderness for 40 years.
“We want to build sheepfolds here for our livestock
The request to build sheepfolds reflects the pastoral lifestyle of these tribes. Livestock was a primary source of wealth and sustenance, indicating their economic priorities. The land east of the Jordan River, where they were currently located, was fertile and suitable for grazing, making it an attractive option for these tribes. This request also shows a desire for stability and settlement, contrasting with the nomadic life they had led. The mention of sheepfolds suggests a need for protection and management of their herds, which were vital to their livelihood.
and cities for our little ones.
The mention of cities for their little ones underscores the importance of family and community. It reflects a concern for the safety and future of their children, indicating a long-term vision for settlement. Building cities implies a shift from a temporary, nomadic existence to a more permanent, structured society. This request also highlights the cultural emphasis on family and the continuation of the tribal lineage. The desire for cities suggests an understanding of the need for defense and organization, as cities would provide protection and a center for community life.
But we will arm ourselvesThis phrase indicates a commitment to military readiness and responsibility. The tribes of Reuben and Gad, who settled east of the Jordan River, pledged to support their fellow Israelites in conquering the Promised Land. This reflects the importance of unity and shared responsibility among the tribes. The act of arming themselves also signifies preparation and willingness to engage in battle, a common theme in the Old Testament where God often calls His people to be prepared for spiritual and physical battles.
and be ready to go ahead of the Israelites
Here, the tribes of Reuben and Gad promise to lead the charge, demonstrating leadership and courage. This act of going ahead can be seen as a type of Christ, who goes before His people as a leader and protector. It also reflects the biblical principle of servant leadership, where those in positions of strength or advantage take on the responsibility of leading and protecting others.
until we have brought them into their place
This phrase underscores the commitment to the collective goal of settling the Israelites in the Promised Land. It highlights the idea of perseverance and dedication to God's promises. The "place" refers to the land God promised to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, emphasizing the fulfillment of God's covenant. This also connects to the New Testament concept of believers striving to enter the "rest" promised by God, as seen in Hebrews 4.
Meanwhile, our little ones will remain in the fortified cities
The mention of "little ones" staying in fortified cities shows a concern for the safety and well-being of families. Fortified cities were common in ancient times for protection against enemy attacks, indicating a strategic approach to safeguarding the vulnerable. This reflects the biblical theme of God as a fortress and protector, as seen in Psalms, where God is often described as a refuge and strength.
for protection from the inhabitants of the land
This phrase acknowledges the presence of existing inhabitants in the land, who could pose a threat to the Israelites. It highlights the reality of spiritual and physical opposition faced by God's people. The need for protection is a recurring theme in Scripture, where God often provides guidance and defense against adversaries. This also foreshadows the spiritual battles believers face, as described in Ephesians 6, where the armor of God is necessary for protection against spiritual forces.
We will not return to our homesThis phrase reflects the commitment and unity among the tribes of Israel. The tribes of Reuben and Gad, along with the half-tribe of Manasseh, had requested to settle on the east side of the Jordan River, as the land was suitable for their livestock. However, they pledged to assist the other tribes in conquering the land west of the Jordan before settling in their own territories. This demonstrates a sense of responsibility and solidarity within the community, emphasizing the importance of collective effort in achieving God's promises. The concept of not returning home until a mission is complete can be seen as a type of Christ's mission on earth, where He did not "return home" until His work of salvation was accomplished.
until every Israelite has taken possession
This part of the verse underscores the importance of unity and shared purpose among the Israelites. The conquest of Canaan was a collective mission, and the success of one tribe was tied to the success of all. This reflects the biblical principle of mutual support and accountability within the community of God's people. The idea of taking possession is also significant in the context of God's covenant promises to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, where the land was promised as an inheritance to their descendants. This phrase can be connected to the New Testament teaching of the body of Christ, where each member works together for the common good (1 Corinthians 12:12-27).
of his inheritance
The term "inheritance" is crucial in understanding the theological and covenantal aspects of the land promise. In the Old Testament, the land of Canaan was not just a physical territory but a divine gift and a sign of God's faithfulness to His covenant. Each tribe's inheritance was a fulfillment of God's promise and a tangible expression of His grace and provision. This concept of inheritance is echoed in the New Testament, where believers are described as heirs with Christ (Romans 8:17), receiving a spiritual inheritance that includes eternal life and the kingdom of God. The land inheritance in Numbers foreshadows the greater spiritual inheritance promised to believers through Jesus Christ.
Yet we will not have an inheritance with them across the Jordan and beyondThis phrase reflects the decision of the tribes of Reuben and Gad, and later half of the tribe of Manasseh, to settle east of the Jordan River. Historically, this decision was significant as it set these tribes apart from the rest of Israel, who would settle in Canaan. The Jordan River served as a natural boundary, and crossing it symbolized entering the Promised Land. The choice to remain east of the Jordan indicates a preference for the fertile lands suitable for their livestock, which they had observed during their journey. This decision also foreshadows potential future divisions within the nation of Israel, as geographical separation could lead to cultural and religious divergence.
because our inheritance has come to us on the east side of the Jordan.
The term "inheritance" in this context refers to the land allotted to the tribes as their permanent possession, a fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham regarding the land for his descendants. The east side of the Jordan, known as Gilead and Bashan, was rich in resources and ideal for pastoral activities, which suited the needs of Reuben, Gad, and half of Manasseh. This decision was made with Moses' approval, provided they assisted in the conquest of Canaan. This arrangement highlights the importance of unity and cooperation among the tribes, despite their physical separation. Theologically, it underscores the concept of God's provision and the importance of obedience to divine instructions, as the tribes were still required to support their brethren in securing the land west of the Jordan.
Moses repliedMoses, as the leader of the Israelites, often served as the mediator between God and the people. His role was to ensure that the commands of God were followed and that the people remained faithful. This response comes after the tribes of Reuben and Gad requested to settle on the east side of the Jordan River, rather than crossing into the Promised Land. Moses' reply is significant as it reflects his concern for unity and obedience among the tribes.
If you will do this
Moses sets a condition for the tribes of Reuben and Gad. This conditional statement emphasizes the importance of commitment and responsibility. It reflects a covenantal approach, where blessings and privileges are contingent upon obedience and faithfulness to God's commands.
If you will arm yourselves before the LORD for battle
The phrase "arm yourselves" indicates preparation and readiness for warfare. The Israelites were about to enter Canaan, a land inhabited by various peoples, and military engagement was necessary to claim the land promised by God. The mention of doing so "before the LORD" underscores the belief that their battles were not merely physical but spiritual, with God as their ultimate commander. This reflects the biblical theme that God fights for His people, as seen in other scriptures like Exodus 14:14 and Deuteronomy 20:4. The act of arming themselves also serves as a type of spiritual readiness, paralleling the New Testament call to put on the "full armor of God" (Ephesians 6:11).
and if every one of your armed menThis phrase refers to the commitment made by the tribes of Reuben and Gad, along with the half-tribe of Manasseh, to assist the other Israelites in conquering the land west of the Jordan River. The emphasis on "every one of your armed men" highlights the necessity for full participation in the military campaign. This reflects the communal responsibility and unity required among the tribes, as seen in other instances where collective action was necessary, such as in the battle of Jericho (Joshua 6).
crosses the Jordan
The Jordan River served as a significant geographical boundary for the Israelites. Crossing it symbolized entering into the Promised Land, a fulfillment of God's covenant with Abraham (Genesis 15:18-21). The act of crossing the Jordan is also a type of baptism, representing a transition from the old life in the wilderness to a new life in the land God promised. This crossing is later mirrored in the New Testament by Jesus' baptism in the Jordan River (Matthew 3:13-17).
before the LORD
This phrase underscores the theological perspective that the military campaign is not merely a human endeavor but is conducted under the divine oversight and authority of God. The presence of the LORD implies that the battle is part of His divine plan and purpose. This is consistent with the biblical theme that God is the ultimate warrior who fights for His people, as seen in Exodus 14:14, where the LORD fights for Israel against the Egyptians.
until He has driven His enemies out before Him
The driving out of enemies is a recurring theme in the conquest narratives, emphasizing God's role as the divine warrior who ensures victory for Israel. This phrase also reflects the fulfillment of God's promise to give the Israelites the land of Canaan by displacing its current inhabitants (Deuteronomy 7:1-2). Theologically, this can be seen as a type of Christ's ultimate victory over sin and death, where He defeats the spiritual enemies of humanity (1 Corinthians 15:25-26).
then when the land is subdued before the LORDThis phrase indicates the completion of a military conquest, emphasizing that the victory is attributed to the LORD's power and authority. The Israelites were to conquer the land of Canaan, fulfilling God's promise to Abraham (
Genesis 15:18-21). The subduing of the land signifies God's sovereignty and the fulfillment of His covenant. The phrase "before the LORD" underscores that the conquest is not merely a human endeavor but a divine mandate, aligning with God's will and purpose.
you may return and be free of obligation to the LORD and to Israel
This part of the verse addresses the tribes of Reuben and Gad, who requested to settle on the east side of the Jordan River. Their obligation was to assist the other tribes in conquering Canaan before returning to their chosen land. The phrase "free of obligation" implies a conditional promise; their duty to God and the nation of Israel is fulfilled only after they have participated in the collective mission. This reflects the biblical principle of communal responsibility and unity among God's people, as seen in the New Testament's emphasis on the body of Christ (1 Corinthians 12:12-27).
And this land will belong to you as a possession before the LORD
The land east of the Jordan, including Gilead and Bashan, is granted to the tribes of Reuben and Gad as their inheritance. The phrase "as a possession before the LORD" indicates that their ownership is sanctioned by God, highlighting the divine allocation of land. This concept of land as a divine gift is central to Israel's identity and covenant relationship with God. It also foreshadows the eternal inheritance promised to believers in Christ (1 Peter 1:3-4), where the ultimate possession is not earthly but heavenly.
But if you do not do thisThis phrase refers to the specific instructions given to the tribes of Reuben and Gad. They had requested to settle on the east side of the Jordan River, and Moses agreed on the condition that they assist the other tribes in conquering the land west of the Jordan. The "this" refers to their commitment to help their fellow Israelites. This highlights the importance of fulfilling vows and commitments, a theme echoed in
Ecclesiastes 5:4-5, where it warns against making vows and not fulfilling them.
you will certainly sin against the LORD
The concept of sinning against the LORD emphasizes the seriousness of disobedience. In the Old Testament, sin is often seen as a breach of covenant with God, who is the ultimate authority. This reflects the covenantal relationship between God and Israel, where obedience brings blessings and disobedience brings consequences. The gravity of sinning against God is further illustrated in Psalm 51:4, where David acknowledges that sin is ultimately against God.
and be assured that your sin will find you out
This phrase serves as a warning that sin has consequences and cannot be hidden. It reflects the biblical principle that God is omniscient and just, as seen in Hebrews 4:13, which states that nothing is hidden from God's sight. The inevitability of sin being exposed is a recurring theme in Scripture, reminding believers of the importance of repentance and integrity. This also foreshadows the New Testament teaching in Galatians 6:7, where it says, "Do not be deceived: God cannot be mocked. A man reaps what he sows."
Build cities for your little onesThis phrase reflects the concern for the safety and future of the families of the tribes of Reuben and Gad. In the context of ancient Israel, cities provided protection against enemies and a stable environment for raising children. The emphasis on "little ones" highlights the importance of ensuring the next generation's security and prosperity. This directive aligns with the broader biblical theme of providing for one's family, as seen in passages like
1 Timothy 5:8, which underscores the responsibility to care for one's household.
and folds for your flocks
The mention of "folds for your flocks" indicates the agrarian lifestyle of the Israelites, where livestock was a primary source of wealth and sustenance. The tribes of Reuben and Gad had large herds, which necessitated adequate facilities for their care. This reflects the pastoral culture of the time, where wealth was often measured in livestock. The need for folds, or enclosures, underscores the importance of stewardship and responsible management of resources, a principle echoed in Proverbs 27:23-27, which advises diligence in knowing the condition of one's flocks.
but do what you have promised.
This phrase is a reminder of the commitment made by the tribes of Reuben and Gad to assist the other Israelites in conquering the Promised Land before settling east of the Jordan. It underscores the biblical principle of faithfulness to one's word, as seen in Ecclesiastes 5:4-5, which warns against making vows and not fulfilling them. The call to honor promises is a recurring theme in Scripture, reflecting God's own faithfulness and the expectation that His people will mirror this attribute. This commitment also prefigures the New Testament call to integrity and truthfulness, as seen in Matthew 5:37.
The Gadites and Reubenites said to MosesThe tribes of Gad and Reuben were part of the twelve tribes of Israel, descendants of Jacob's sons. These tribes had large herds and flocks, which influenced their desire to settle in the fertile lands east of the Jordan River. This request to Moses came after the Israelites had conquered the land of Sihon and Og, which was suitable for livestock. Their approach to Moses shows a recognition of his leadership and authority as God's appointed leader of Israel. This moment reflects the importance of tribal identity and the practical needs of the community in the context of their nomadic lifestyle.
“Your servants will do just as our lord commands.”
This statement reflects a commitment to obedience and submission to Moses' leadership, which was seen as divinely appointed. The use of "your servants" indicates humility and a willingness to serve under Moses' direction. The phrase "our lord" acknowledges Moses' role as a leader, akin to a master-servant relationship, which was common in ancient Near Eastern cultures. This obedience is crucial as it aligns with the covenantal relationship between God and Israel, where following God's appointed leaders was part of maintaining the covenant. This commitment also prefigures the New Testament call to follow Christ's commands, as seen in John 14:15, where Jesus says, "If you love me, keep my commands."
Our children, our wives, our livestock, and all our animalsThis phrase highlights the family and economic priorities of the tribes of Reuben and Gad. In the ancient Near Eastern context, family units were central to societal structure, and livestock was a primary measure of wealth and sustenance. The mention of "children" and "wives" underscores the importance of family continuity and protection, while "livestock" and "animals" indicate the tribes' reliance on pastoralism. This reflects the broader biblical theme of stewardship and provision, as seen in
Genesis 1:28, where humanity is given dominion over the earth and its creatures.
will remain here in the cities of Gilead.
Gilead is a region east of the Jordan River, known for its balm and fertile land, making it suitable for the tribes' pastoral lifestyle. The decision to settle here rather than crossing into Canaan reflects a strategic choice based on the land's suitability for their needs. Historically, Gilead was a contested area, often mentioned in conflicts (e.g., Judges 10:8, 2 Kings 15:29). Theologically, this decision can be seen as a test of faith and obedience, as the tribes promise to assist in the conquest of Canaan despite their settlement. This reflects the biblical principle of communal responsibility and support, as seen in Galatians 6:2, where believers are called to bear one another's burdens.
But your servants are equipped for warThis phrase indicates readiness and preparation for battle, highlighting the commitment of the tribes of Reuben and Gad. In the context of ancient Israel, being "equipped for war" involved not only physical weapons but also spiritual readiness, as battles were often seen as divinely guided. The Israelites' military organization and equipment are detailed in other parts of the Pentateuch, reflecting a structured approach to warfare. This readiness can be seen as a type of spiritual preparedness that Christians are called to have, as described in
Ephesians 6:10-18, where believers are urged to put on the "full armor of God."
and every man will cross over to the battle
The commitment of "every man" underscores the collective responsibility and unity among the tribes. Crossing over to battle signifies a transition from the east side of the Jordan River to the west, where the Promised Land lay. This act of crossing over is symbolic of faith and obedience, reminiscent of the Israelites' earlier crossing of the Red Sea. It also prefigures the Christian concept of crossing from death to life through faith in Christ, as seen in John 5:24.
before the LORD
The phrase "before the LORD" indicates that the battle is not merely a physical struggle but a spiritual one, conducted under the watchful eye of God. This reflects the belief that God is actively involved in the affairs of His people, guiding and protecting them. The presence of the LORD in battle is a recurring theme in the Old Testament, as seen in the story of David and Goliath (1 Samuel 17), where David acknowledges that the battle belongs to the LORD.
just as our lord says.
The term "our lord" refers to Moses, the leader and prophet of Israel, who conveyed God's commands to the people. This phrase emphasizes obedience to divinely appointed leadership and the importance of following God's instructions. It reflects the hierarchical structure of Israelite society, where Moses served as the intermediary between God and the people. This obedience to leadership is echoed in the New Testament, where believers are encouraged to submit to spiritual authorities (Hebrews 13:17). Moses, as a type of Christ, foreshadows Jesus' role as the ultimate leader and mediator between God and humanity.
So Moses gave orders about themMoses, as the leader of Israel, often acted as a mediator between God and the people. His role was to communicate God's commands and ensure they were followed. This phrase indicates Moses' authority and responsibility in organizing the tribes' settlement in the Promised Land. It reflects the importance of leadership and obedience in fulfilling God's promises.
to Eleazar the priest
Eleazar, the son of Aaron, served as the high priest after Aaron's death. His involvement signifies the religious and spiritual oversight necessary for the Israelites' actions. The priesthood was central to maintaining the covenant relationship with God, and Eleazar's role underscores the need for divine guidance in decision-making.
to Joshua son of Nun
Joshua was Moses' appointed successor, chosen to lead the Israelites into the Promised Land. His mention here highlights the transition of leadership and the continuity of God's plan. Joshua's faith and military prowess were crucial for conquering Canaan, and his leadership is a type of Christ, who leads believers into spiritual rest.
and to the family leaders of the tribes of Israel
The involvement of tribal leaders emphasizes the communal and organized structure of Israelite society. These leaders were responsible for representing their tribes and ensuring compliance with Moses' orders. This structure reflects the importance of accountability and shared responsibility within the community of God's people.
And Moses said to them,Moses, as the leader of the Israelites, often served as the mediator between God and the people. His role was to communicate God's commands and ensure the people followed them. This phrase indicates Moses' authoritative position and his responsibility to address the tribes' requests.
“If the Gadites and Reubenites cross the Jordan with you,
The tribes of Gad and Reuben requested to settle on the east side of the Jordan River, which was fertile and suitable for their livestock. Crossing the Jordan symbolizes entering the Promised Land, a significant step in Israel's journey. The condition set by Moses emphasizes unity and shared responsibility among the tribes.
with every man armed for battle before the LORD,
This phrase underscores the necessity of military readiness and the importance of divine presence in their endeavors. The Israelites were to fight under God's guidance, highlighting the belief that victory comes from the LORD. It also reflects the cultural context of ancient warfare, where battles were often seen as spiritual as well as physical contests.
and the land is subdued before you,
Subduing the land refers to conquering and taking possession of it, fulfilling God's promise to Abraham. This task required faith and obedience, as the land was inhabited by various Canaanite tribes. The phrase connects to the broader biblical theme of God's people inheriting the land He promised.
then you are to give them the land of Gilead as a possession.
Gilead, a region east of the Jordan, was known for its balm and fertile land. Granting it as a possession to the Gadites and Reubenites was conditional upon their participation in the conquest. This reflects the biblical principle of reward for faithfulness and cooperation. The allocation of land also foreshadows the inheritance believers receive through Christ, who fulfills the promises of God.
But if they do not arm themselves and go across with youThis phrase refers to the condition set by Moses for the tribes of Reuben and Gad, who requested to settle on the east side of the Jordan River. The requirement to "arm themselves" indicates the necessity for these tribes to participate in the military conquest of Canaan, demonstrating unity and shared responsibility among the Israelites. This reflects the broader biblical theme of communal obligation and the importance of collective action in fulfilling God's promises. The crossing of the Jordan is symbolic of entering into God's promises, reminiscent of the crossing of the Red Sea, which was a type of baptism and deliverance.
then they must accept their possession among you
This part of the verse highlights the consequence of not participating in the conquest: the tribes would forfeit their claim to the land east of the Jordan and instead receive an inheritance within Canaan. This underscores the principle of obedience and the conditional nature of God's blessings. The concept of "possession" is significant in biblical terms, as it relates to the covenantal promise of land given to Abraham and his descendants (Genesis 12:7). It also foreshadows the New Testament teaching of spiritual inheritance through faith and obedience.
in the land of Canaan.
Canaan is the land promised by God to the descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. It is a region of great historical and theological significance, representing the fulfillment of God's covenant promises. The land of Canaan is often seen as a type of the Kingdom of God, a place of rest and blessing for God's people. Theologically, it points to the ultimate rest and inheritance believers have in Christ, as described in Hebrews 4:1-11. The historical conquest of Canaan by the Israelites is a pivotal moment in biblical history, marking the transition from nomadic life to settled nationhood under God's law.
The Gadites and Reubenites repliedThe tribes of Gad and Reuben were part of the twelve tribes of Israel, descendants of Jacob's sons. In the context of
Numbers 32, these tribes had large herds and flocks and saw that the land of Jazer and Gilead was suitable for livestock. They approached Moses with a request to settle in this land east of the Jordan River, rather than crossing into Canaan. This response is part of their agreement to Moses' conditions for settling there. Historically, these tribes were known for their warrior capabilities, which is significant in their commitment to help the other tribes conquer Canaan before settling.
“As the LORD has spoken to your servants
This phrase indicates their acknowledgment of divine authority and their submission to God's will as communicated through Moses. It reflects the theocratic nature of Israelite society, where God’s commands were delivered through chosen leaders. The phrase also underscores the importance of obedience to God’s word, a recurring theme throughout the Pentateuch. The use of "servants" highlights their humility and readiness to serve God's purposes, aligning with the biblical principle of servanthood seen in figures like Moses and later, Jesus Christ.
so we will do.
This commitment to action demonstrates their willingness to fulfill their obligations and promises. It reflects the covenantal relationship between God and Israel, where obedience leads to blessing. The phrase echoes the broader biblical theme of faithfulness and the importance of following through on one's word, as seen in other scriptures like James 1:22, which emphasizes being doers of the word. This commitment also prefigures the New Testament call to discipleship, where believers are called to act in accordance with Christ’s teachings.
We will cross over into the land of CanaanThis phrase indicates the commitment of the tribes of Reuben and Gad to participate in the conquest of Canaan, despite their desire to settle on the east side of the Jordan River. The land of Canaan is the Promised Land, a central theme in the Pentateuch, representing God's promise to Abraham and his descendants (
Genesis 12:7). The crossing over signifies a transition from the wilderness wanderings to the fulfillment of God's promise. It also foreshadows the crossing of the Jordan River led by Joshua, which is a type of baptism and entering into a new life in Christ (Joshua 3).
armed before the LORD
The phrase "armed before the LORD" emphasizes the readiness and willingness of these tribes to fight alongside their fellow Israelites. It reflects the military context of the conquest and the need for unity among the tribes. The presence of the LORD in this phrase underscores the belief that the battle is not merely physical but spiritual, with God as the ultimate leader and protector. This mirrors the New Testament concept of spiritual warfare, where believers are called to put on the full armor of God (Ephesians 6:10-18).
that we may have our inheritance
The concept of inheritance is significant in biblical theology, representing not only physical land but also spiritual blessings and promises. For the Israelites, the inheritance was tied to the covenant with God and the fulfillment of His promises. This inheritance is a type of the eternal inheritance believers receive through Christ, as mentioned in the New Testament (1 Peter 1:4). The tribes' desire for their inheritance shows their trust in God's provision and their commitment to His plan.
on this side of the Jordan.
The phrase "on this side of the Jordan" refers to the eastern side, where the tribes of Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh desired to settle. This area, known as Gilead, was suitable for their large herds and flocks. Their request to settle here was initially met with concern by Moses, fearing it might discourage the other tribes. However, their promise to assist in the conquest of Canaan alleviated these concerns. This settlement outside the traditional boundaries of the Promised Land raises questions about the nature of God's promises and the flexibility within His plans, reflecting the broader theme of God's grace and provision.
So Moses gave to the Gadites, to the Reubenites, and to the half-tribe of Manasseh son of JosephThis phrase highlights the allocation of land east of the Jordan River to the tribes of Gad, Reuben, and the half-tribe of Manasseh. These tribes requested this land because it was suitable for their large herds and flocks. This decision was made after they promised to help the other Israelites conquer the land west of the Jordan. The half-tribe of Manasseh, descended from Joseph, signifies the continuation of Joseph's legacy and blessing, as seen in
Genesis 48:19, where Jacob prophesies that Manasseh will also become a great people.
the kingdom of Sihon king of the Amorites and the kingdom of Og king of Bashan
These kingdoms were significant victories for the Israelites during their wilderness journey. Sihon and Og were powerful kings whose defeat demonstrated God's power and faithfulness to Israel. The Amorites and Bashan were known for their fortified cities and strong armies, making their conquest a testament to divine intervention. Deuteronomy 3:11 notes that Og was the last of the Rephaim, a race of giants, which further emphasizes the miraculous nature of Israel's victory.
the land including its cities and the territory surrounding them
This phrase indicates the comprehensive nature of the land grant, encompassing not just the rural areas but also the urban centers and their surrounding regions. The cities provided strategic and economic advantages, while the surrounding territories offered agricultural benefits. This allocation fulfilled God's promise to give Israel a land flowing with milk and honey, as described in Exodus 3:8. The inclusion of cities also foreshadows the establishment of Israelite society and governance in the Promised Land.
And the GaditesThe tribe of Gad was one of the twelve tribes of Israel, descended from Gad, the seventh son of Jacob and Zilpah, Leah's maidservant. The Gadites were known for their warrior skills and played a significant role in the conquest of the Promised Land. Their decision to settle east of the Jordan River, along with the Reubenites and half-tribe of Manasseh, was based on the suitability of the land for their large herds and flocks. This choice reflects their pastoral lifestyle and the importance of livestock in their economy and culture.
built up
The phrase "built up" indicates that the Gadites fortified or rebuilt these cities. This action was necessary to establish a secure and defensible presence in the region. The construction of fortified cities was a common practice in the ancient Near East to protect against enemy attacks and to assert control over a territory. This also reflects the fulfillment of their agreement with Moses to help the other tribes conquer the land west of the Jordan before settling in their chosen territory.
Dibon
Dibon was an ancient city located in the territory allotted to the tribe of Gad. It is identified with modern-day Dhiban in Jordan. Archaeological excavations have uncovered significant remains, including the famous Mesha Stele, which provides insights into the Moabite perspective of the region's history. Dibon's strategic location made it an important city for trade and military purposes. The rebuilding of Dibon by the Gadites signifies their intention to establish a stronghold in the area.
Ataroth
Ataroth was another city rebuilt by the Gadites. Its exact location is uncertain, but it is believed to have been situated in the region east of the Jordan River. The name Ataroth means "crowns" or "wreaths," possibly indicating a place of significance or prominence. The rebuilding of Ataroth demonstrates the Gadites' efforts to secure their territory and provide for their community's needs.
Aroer
Aroer was a city located near the Arnon River, marking the southern boundary of the territory occupied by the Gadites. It is often mentioned in the context of the territorial boundaries of Israel and its neighboring nations. Aroer's location made it a key defensive position against incursions from the south. The rebuilding of Aroer by the Gadites highlights their strategic planning in establishing a secure and prosperous region for their tribe.
Atroth-shophanAtroth-shophan is one of the towns mentioned in the allocation of land to the tribes of Reuben and Gad. The name "Atroth" means "crowns" or "walled places," suggesting a fortified city. This location is part of the Transjordan region, east of the Jordan River, which was known for its fertile land suitable for livestock. The Reubenites and Gadites, who had large herds, requested this land from Moses. The mention of Atroth-shophan highlights the strategic and agricultural value of the area. This allocation reflects the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham regarding the land, as well as the practical needs of the tribes.
Jazer
Jazer was a significant city in the territory given to the tribe of Gad. It was located near the border of Ammon and was known for its vineyards. The city is mentioned in several other biblical passages, including Isaiah 16:8-9 and Jeremiah 48:32, where it is associated with the Moabites. Jazer's location made it a key site for trade and military strategy. The conquest of Jazer by the Israelites, as recorded in Numbers 21:32, demonstrates God's provision and the Israelites' obedience in taking possession of the land. The city's vineyards symbolize abundance and blessing, aligning with the biblical theme of God providing for His people.
Jogbehah
Jogbehah is another town allocated to the tribe of Gad. It is mentioned in the context of Gideon's pursuit of the Midianites in Judges 8:11, indicating its strategic importance in military campaigns. The name "Jogbehah" means "lofty" or "elevated," suggesting a location on higher ground, which would be advantageous for defense. The inclusion of Jogbehah in the list of towns emphasizes the comprehensive nature of the land distribution and the fulfillment of God's promises to the tribes. The historical context of Gideon's victory over the Midianites at Jogbehah underscores God's deliverance and the importance of faith and obedience in achieving victory.
Beth-nimrahBeth-nimrah is a location east of the Jordan River, in the territory allotted to the tribe of Gad. The name means "house of the leopard" or "house of the waters," indicating a place of abundance or strength. This area is part of the Transjordan, which was known for its fertile land, making it suitable for agriculture and livestock. The mention of Beth-nimrah highlights the strategic and economic importance of this region for the tribes settling there.
and Beth-haran
Beth-haran, also known as Beth-haram, is another city in the territory of Gad. Its name means "house of the height" or "house of the mountain," suggesting a location of elevation or prominence. This city, like Beth-nimrah, was part of the land conquered by the Israelites under Moses' leadership. The inclusion of Beth-haran emphasizes the expansion and establishment of Israelite presence in the Transjordan area.
as fortified cities
The fortification of these cities indicates a need for defense and security against potential enemies. In the ancient Near East, fortified cities were essential for protection against invasions and raids. The construction of fortifications reflects the Israelites' intention to settle and secure their new territories. This action also demonstrates their reliance on God's promise to give them the land, as they took practical steps to inhabit and defend it.
and they built folds for their flocks
Building folds for their flocks shows the pastoral nature of the tribes of Reuben and Gad, who requested this land because it was suitable for livestock. The construction of folds, or pens, for animals indicates a settled lifestyle and a focus on agriculture and animal husbandry. This aligns with the broader biblical narrative of God's provision for His people, as He led them to a land where they could thrive and sustain their communities. The emphasis on livestock also connects to the patriarchal heritage of the Israelites, who were traditionally shepherds and herdsmen.
The Reubenites built up HeshbonHeshbon was a significant city in the ancient Near East, originally a Moabite city before being conquered by the Amorite King Sihon. The Reubenites, one of the tribes of Israel, took possession of it after the Israelites defeated Sihon (
Numbers 21:21-31). This act of rebuilding signifies the establishment of their inheritance in the Transjordan region. Heshbon's strategic location made it a central hub for trade and military activities. The rebuilding by the Reubenites indicates their intention to fortify and settle in the land, fulfilling God's promise of land to the tribes of Israel. The city is also mentioned in prophetic literature, such as
Isaiah 15:4 and
Jeremiah 48:2, where it is associated with Moab's downfall, highlighting its continued importance in biblical history.
Elealeh
Elealeh was a town located near Heshbon, often mentioned alongside it in the Bible (Isaiah 15:4, Jeremiah 48:34). Its proximity to Heshbon suggests it was part of the same regional network of cities that the Reubenites sought to control and develop. The name Elealeh means "God has ascended," which may reflect the spiritual aspirations or the elevated geographical position of the city. The rebuilding of Elealeh by the Reubenites indicates their commitment to establishing a strong presence in the area, ensuring the security and prosperity of their tribe. This act of rebuilding can be seen as a fulfillment of God's covenant promises, as the Israelites take possession of the land allotted to them.
Kiriathaim
Kiriathaim, meaning "two cities," was another settlement in the territory allotted to the Reubenites. It is mentioned in other biblical texts, such as Jeremiah 48:1 and Ezekiel 25:9, often in the context of judgment against Moab, indicating its continued significance in the region. The rebuilding of Kiriathaim by the Reubenites reflects their efforts to establish a stable and fortified presence in the Transjordan. This city, like the others, played a role in the broader narrative of Israel's settlement in the Promised Land. The act of rebuilding these cities demonstrates the fulfillment of God's promises to the patriarchs, as the descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob take possession of the land.
as well as Nebo and Baal-meon (whose names were changed),Nebo and Baal-meon were cities located in the territory east of the Jordan River, in the region allotted to the tribes of Reuben and Gad. Nebo is associated with Mount Nebo, where Moses viewed the Promised Land before his death. Baal-meon, also known as Beth-baal-meon, was a city dedicated to the Canaanite god Baal, indicating the prevalent pagan worship in the area. The changing of names signifies a rejection of the pagan past and an assertion of Israelite identity and sovereignty. This act of renaming is reminiscent of other biblical instances where names are changed to reflect a new purpose or divine intervention, such as Abram to Abraham or Jacob to Israel.
and Sibmah.
Sibmah was another city in the region of Moab, known for its vineyards, as mentioned in Isaiah 16:8-9 and Jeremiah 48:32. The mention of Sibmah highlights the agricultural richness of the area, which was attractive to the tribes of Reuben and Gad. The vineyards of Sibmah were renowned, and the city’s inclusion in this list underscores the economic potential that the Israelites sought to harness. The control of such fertile land would have been crucial for sustaining the tribes' livestock and agricultural activities.
And they renamed the cities they rebuilt.
Renaming and rebuilding the cities symbolize the transformation and establishment of a new order under Israelite control. This act of rebuilding is not just physical but also spiritual, as it involves purging the land of its former idolatrous associations. The renaming signifies a new beginning and dedication to the God of Israel, aligning with the broader biblical theme of renewal and redemption. This transformation can be seen as a type of Christ, who brings new life and identity to believers, as stated in 2 Corinthians 5:17, where those in Christ are described as a new creation.
The descendants of Machir son of ManassehMachir was the firstborn son of Manasseh, who was the son of Joseph. The Machirites were known for their strength and valor, which is reflected in their ability to conquer territories. This lineage highlights the fulfillment of Jacob's blessing over Joseph's descendants, indicating their future prosperity and strength (
Genesis 48:19). The tribe of Manasseh was one of the half-tribes that settled on the east side of the Jordan River, showing their significant role in the conquest and settlement of the Promised Land.
went to Gilead
Gilead is a region east of the Jordan River, known for its balm and rugged terrain. It was a strategic location due to its fertile land and natural resources. The area was historically significant as a place of refuge and conflict. The decision to settle in Gilead reflects the tribe's desire for a land that could sustain their large numbers and livestock, as well as their willingness to engage in battle to secure it.
captured it
The capture of Gilead by the descendants of Machir demonstrates their military prowess and God's favor in granting them victory. This act of conquest was part of the broader Israelite campaign to take possession of the land promised to them by God. It also signifies the fulfillment of God's promises to the patriarchs regarding the land of Canaan.
and drove out the Amorites who were there
The Amorites were a prominent Canaanite people known for their fortified cities and military strength. The expulsion of the Amorites from Gilead by the Machirites signifies the Israelites' divine mandate to cleanse the land of its previous inhabitants, as commanded in Deuteronomy 7:1-2. This act also prefigures the ultimate victory of God's people over their enemies, a theme that resonates throughout the biblical narrative. The driving out of the Amorites can be seen as a type of Christ's ultimate victory over sin and death, securing a place for His people in the eternal Promised Land.
So Moses gave Gilead to the clan of Machir son of ManassehMoses, as the leader of the Israelites, had the authority to allocate land to the tribes. This act of giving Gilead to the clan of Machir reflects the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham regarding the land. The clan of Machir, a prominent family within the tribe of Manasseh, was known for its strength and valor, as seen in other biblical passages (e.g.,
Joshua 17:1). Gilead, a region east of the Jordan River, was known for its balm and fertile land, making it a desirable inheritance. This allocation also demonstrates the importance of tribal and familial inheritance in Israelite society, ensuring that each tribe had a portion of the Promised Land.
and they settled there
The settlement of the clan of Machir in Gilead signifies the beginning of the fulfillment of the Israelites' conquest and settlement of the Promised Land. This phrase indicates a transition from a nomadic lifestyle to a more permanent establishment, which was a significant shift for the Israelites. The settling of the land also symbolizes rest and fulfillment of God's promises, as the Israelites begin to inhabit the land promised to their forefathers. This settlement can be seen as a type of the ultimate rest and inheritance believers find in Christ, as described in the New Testament (Hebrews 4:8-10). The act of settling also underscores the importance of obedience and faith in God's provision and timing.
Jair, a descendant of ManassehJair is identified as a descendant of Manasseh, one of the sons of Joseph. This connection to Manasseh places Jair within the tribe that settled on the east side of the Jordan River. The tribe of Manasseh was known for its valor and significant role in the conquest of Canaan. Jair's lineage highlights the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham regarding the multiplication and settlement of his descendants. The genealogical link to Manasseh also emphasizes the continuity of God's covenant with the patriarchs.
went and captured their villages
Jair's military action in capturing the villages demonstrates the ongoing conquest and settlement of the Promised Land by the Israelites. This act of capturing territory is part of the broader narrative of Israel's expansion and establishment in the land God promised to them. The capture of these villages signifies the fulfillment of divine promises and the Israelites' obedience to God's command to take possession of the land. It also reflects the tribal leadership and initiative in securing their inheritance.
and called them Havvoth-jair
The naming of the villages as Havvoth-jair, which means "villages of Jair," signifies ownership and the establishment of a legacy. Naming places was a common practice in ancient times, often reflecting personal achievements or divine encounters. This act of naming not only marks the territory as belonging to Jair but also serves as a memorial of his accomplishments. The name Havvoth-jair is mentioned in other biblical passages, such as Deuteronomy 3:14 and Judges 10:3-4, indicating the lasting impact of Jair's actions and the continued recognition of his contribution to Israel's history.
And Nobah went and captured Kenath and its villagesNobah was a leader among the Israelites, specifically from the tribe of Manasseh. The act of capturing Kenath and its villages signifies the expansion of Israelite territory east of the Jordan River. Kenath is identified with the modern-day town of Qanawat in Syria, part of the region known as Bashan. This area was known for its fertile land and strategic importance. The capture of Kenath reflects the fulfillment of God's promise to give the Israelites land, as seen in
Genesis 15:18-21. The conquest also demonstrates the Israelites' military prowess and God's favor in granting them victory over their enemies.
and called it Nobah, after his own name
Renaming a captured city was a common practice in ancient times, symbolizing dominion and control. By naming the city after himself, Nobah was asserting his authority and leaving a legacy. This act can be compared to other instances in the Bible where names are changed to reflect new beginnings or divine intervention, such as Abram to Abraham (Genesis 17:5) or Jacob to Israel (Genesis 32:28). The renaming also highlights the personal ambition and influence of Nobah within the tribe of Manasseh. This act of naming can be seen as a type of Christ, who has the authority to give new names and identities to His followers, as seen in Revelation 2:17.