A Psalm of Asaph.
Asaph was a prominent Levite musician appointed by King David to lead worship in the tabernacle. The Psalms attributed to him often reflect themes of lament and divine justice. This particular psalm is a communal lament, expressing the anguish of the Israelites over the destruction of Jerusalem.

The nations, O God, have invaded Your inheritance;
The term "nations" refers to the Gentile powers, likely the Babylonians, who invaded Judah. "Your inheritance" signifies the land of Israel, which God had given to His people as a covenant promise. This invasion represents a violation of the sacred trust between God and His chosen people, highlighting the severity of the situation.

they have defiled Your holy temple
The temple in Jerusalem was the center of Jewish worship and the dwelling place of God's presence among His people. Its defilement by foreign invaders was not only a physical destruction but also a spiritual desecration. This act fulfilled prophecies of judgment due to Israel's unfaithfulness, as seen in Jeremiah 7:14 and 26:6.

and reduced Jerusalem to rubble.
Jerusalem, the city of David and the spiritual heart of Israel, was left in ruins. This destruction is historically linked to the Babylonian conquest in 586 BC. The imagery of rubble signifies total devastation and loss, echoing the lamentations of the prophets like Jeremiah and the cries for restoration found in later scriptures such as Nehemiah. This devastation also prefigures the ultimate restoration and redemption through Jesus Christ, who is seen as the true temple and cornerstone of a new spiritual Jerusalem.

They have given the corpses of Your servants as food to the birds of the air
This phrase reflects the aftermath of a devastating attack, likely by the Babylonians, on Jerusalem. The desecration of the dead was a profound dishonor in ancient Israelite culture, as proper burial was a sign of respect and dignity. The imagery of corpses left unburied for scavenging birds is reminiscent of covenant curses found in Deuteronomy 28:26, where disobedience to God would result in such calamities. This serves as a stark reminder of the consequences of turning away from God. The "servants" here are the faithful Israelites who suffered during the invasion, highlighting the communal aspect of suffering and judgment.

the flesh of Your saints to the beasts of the earth
The term "saints" refers to those set apart for God, emphasizing their covenant relationship with Him. The desecration of their bodies by wild animals further underscores the severity of the judgment and the depth of the nation's fall from grace. This imagery is echoed in prophetic literature, such as Jeremiah 7:33, where the unburied dead are left as food for beasts, symbolizing divine judgment. Theologically, this can be seen as a type of Christ, who, though innocent, suffered and was humiliated, yet ultimately triumphed over death. The phrase also serves as a call to repentance and a reminder of the hope for restoration and resurrection, as seen in Ezekiel 37's vision of dry bones coming to life.

They have poured out their blood like water all around Jerusalem
This phrase vividly describes the aftermath of a devastating attack on Jerusalem, likely during the Babylonian siege in 586 BC. The imagery of blood being poured out like water suggests a massacre, highlighting the brutality and scale of the violence. In ancient Near Eastern warfare, such destruction was not uncommon, and the phrase underscores the desecration of what was considered a holy city. Theologically, this reflects the consequences of Israel's disobedience to God, as prophesied in Leviticus 26:33 and Jeremiah 19:7-9, where God warns of scattering His people and the resulting devastation. The phrase also evokes the sacrificial system, where blood was poured out as an offering, contrasting the sacred with the profane.

all around Jerusalem
Jerusalem, the city of David, was the spiritual and political center of Israel. Its destruction would have been seen as a profound judgment from God. The phrase "all around" indicates the widespread nature of the devastation, affecting not just the city but its surrounding areas. Historically, Jerusalem has been a focal point of conflict due to its strategic and religious significance. The city's fall would have been a catastrophic event for the Israelites, symbolizing the loss of God's protection and favor. This also foreshadows the future destruction of Jerusalem in AD 70, as prophesied by Jesus in Matthew 24:2.

and there is no one to bury the dead
In ancient Israelite culture, burial was a sacred duty, and leaving the dead unburied was considered a severe dishonor (Deuteronomy 21:23). This phrase indicates the complete desolation and helplessness of the survivors, who were either killed, taken captive, or too few to perform burial rites. The lack of burial also signifies the totality of the judgment, as prophesied in Jeremiah 7:33, where the dead bodies would be food for the birds and beasts. This situation contrasts with the hope of resurrection and eternal life found in the New Testament, where Jesus, the ultimate sacrifice, conquers death and offers eternal life to believers (John 11:25-26).

We have become a reproach to our neighbors
This phrase reflects the lament of the Israelites during a time of national crisis, likely after the destruction of Jerusalem by the Babylonians in 586 BC. The term "reproach" indicates a loss of honor and respect, suggesting that the surrounding nations viewed Israel's downfall as a sign of divine disfavor. Biblically, this fulfills warnings given in Deuteronomy 28:37, where disobedience to God would lead to becoming "an object of horror, a byword, and a taunt among all the nations." Theologically, this reproach can be seen as a consequence of Israel's failure to uphold their covenant with God, serving as a reminder of the importance of faithfulness.

a scorn and derision to those around us
The words "scorn" and "derision" emphasize the contempt and ridicule faced by the Israelites from neighboring peoples. This reflects the cultural context of the ancient Near East, where military defeat was often interpreted as the superiority of the victor's gods over the defeated nation's deity. The surrounding nations, such as the Edomites, Moabites, and Ammonites, would have viewed Israel's suffering as an opportunity to mock and belittle them. This situation is echoed in Lamentations 2:15-16, where Jerusalem's enemies clap their hands and hiss in derision. Prophetically, this scorn can be seen as a type of the suffering servant in Isaiah 53, who is "despised and rejected by men," pointing to the ultimate fulfillment in Jesus Christ, who bore the scorn and derision of humanity on the cross.

How long, O LORD?
This phrase reflects a common lament found throughout the Psalms, expressing a deep yearning for God's intervention. It echoes the cries of other biblical figures, such as Habakkuk (Habakkuk 1:2) and the martyrs in Revelation (Revelation 6:10), who also ask God about the timing of His justice. The question "How long?" indicates a period of suffering and waiting, suggesting that the psalmist feels abandoned or that God's promises are delayed. This plea is rooted in the covenant relationship between God and Israel, where the people expect God to act on their behalf.

Will You be angry forever?
This phrase acknowledges God's righteous anger, which is often depicted in the Old Testament as a response to Israel's sin and disobedience. The psalmist is aware of the consequences of sin, as seen in the history of Israel's repeated cycles of rebellion and repentance (Judges 2:11-19). The question implies a hope for reconciliation and forgiveness, as God's anger is not permanent but serves a purpose in leading His people back to righteousness. The psalmist appeals to God's merciful nature, as seen in passages like Exodus 34:6-7, where God is described as "slow to anger."

Will Your jealousy burn like fire?
God's jealousy is a recurring theme in the Bible, often associated with His desire for exclusive worship and faithfulness from His people (Exodus 20:5). This jealousy is not petty but reflects God's protective love and commitment to His covenant. The imagery of fire suggests both purification and destruction, indicating that God's jealousy can lead to judgment against idolatry and unfaithfulness. This concept is further explored in Deuteronomy 4:24, where God is described as a "consuming fire." The psalmist's use of this imagery underscores the seriousness of Israel's situation and the urgent need for repentance and divine intervention.

Pour out Your wrath on the nations that do not acknowledge You
This phrase reflects a plea for divine justice against those who oppose God. In biblical context, the "nations" often refer to Gentile peoples who are outside the covenant relationship with God, as seen in Psalm 2:1-2. The call for God's wrath is a request for His righteous judgment, similar to the imprecatory psalms where the psalmist seeks God's intervention against enemies (e.g., Psalm 69:24). Historically, Israel faced threats from surrounding nations, such as the Assyrians and Babylonians, who did not recognize Yahweh as the one true God. This plea can be seen as a cry for protection and vindication. Theologically, it underscores the belief in God's sovereignty and justice, as well as the expectation that all nations will ultimately acknowledge Him, as prophesied in Isaiah 45:23.

on the kingdoms that refuse to call on Your name
This phrase emphasizes the rejection of God by certain political entities. In the ancient Near Eastern context, a kingdom's refusal to call on God's name signifies a deliberate choice to worship other deities, which was common among Israel's neighbors. The act of calling on God's name is an expression of worship and reliance, as seen in Genesis 4:26, where people began to call on the name of the Lord. The refusal to do so indicates a rejection of God's authority and a preference for idolatry. This reflects a broader biblical theme where God desires all nations to turn to Him, as seen in the Great Commission (Matthew 28:19-20). Theologically, it points to the ultimate accountability of all nations before God, as depicted in Revelation 20:12-13, where every nation and kingdom will be judged.

for they have devoured Jacob
This phrase refers to the enemies of Israel who have attacked and consumed the nation, symbolically represented by "Jacob," the patriarch whose name is often used to denote the entire nation of Israel. Historically, this could refer to the Babylonian conquest of Jerusalem in 586 BC, when the city was destroyed, and many Israelites were taken into exile. The term "devoured" suggests a complete and ruthless destruction, akin to a predator consuming its prey. This imagery is consistent with other biblical passages where Israel's enemies are described as ravenous beasts (Jeremiah 10:25). Theologically, this reflects the consequences of Israel's disobedience to God, as warned by the prophets (Deuteronomy 28:49-52).

and devastated his homeland
The "homeland" refers to the land of Israel, specifically Jerusalem and the surrounding regions, which were left in ruins following the invasions. This devastation is not only physical but also spiritual, as the land was central to the Israelites' identity and covenant relationship with God. The destruction of the temple, the center of worship, would have been particularly devastating. This phrase echoes the lamentations found in other parts of the Old Testament, such as Lamentations 1:1-4, where the desolation of Jerusalem is mourned. Theologically, this devastation serves as a reminder of the consequences of turning away from God, yet it also points to the hope of restoration and redemption, as seen in prophecies like Isaiah 40:1-2, which promise comfort and renewal for the people of Israel.

Do not hold past sins against us;
This plea reflects a deep awareness of sin and a desire for divine forgiveness. In the Old Testament, the concept of sin often involved both personal and communal responsibility. The Israelites understood that their current suffering was often a result of past disobedience to God's covenant (Leviticus 26:40-42). This phrase echoes the sentiment found in Psalm 51:1-2, where David seeks God's mercy and cleansing from sin. Theologically, it underscores the need for repentance and the hope for God's grace, which is fully realized in the New Testament through Jesus Christ, who offers forgiveness of sins (Ephesians 1:7).

let Your compassion come quickly,
The request for God's compassion highlights His character as merciful and loving. In the Hebrew context, compassion is often linked to the idea of a mother's love for her child, suggesting a deep, nurturing care (Isaiah 49:15). The urgency in "come quickly" indicates the dire situation of the psalmist, possibly during the Babylonian exile when Jerusalem was in ruins (2 Kings 25:8-12). This plea is a reminder of God's readiness to respond to His people's cries, as seen in Exodus 34:6, where God is described as "compassionate and gracious, slow to anger, abounding in love and faithfulness."

for we are brought low.
This phrase captures the humility and desperation of the people. Being "brought low" can refer to both physical and spiritual states of distress. Historically, this could relate to the destruction of Jerusalem and the subsequent exile, a time when the Israelites experienced profound humiliation and loss (Lamentations 1:1-3). Spiritually, it reflects the brokenness that comes from recognizing one's sinfulness and need for God, akin to the Beatitudes' teaching on the poor in spirit (Matthew 5:3). This condition sets the stage for divine intervention, as God often lifts the humble and contrite (Isaiah 57:15).

Help us, O God of our salvation
This phrase acknowledges God as the ultimate source of deliverance and salvation. The psalmist appeals to God for assistance, recognizing His power and authority. The term "God of our salvation" emphasizes a personal relationship with God, who is seen as the savior of His people. This reflects the covenant relationship between God and Israel, where God is repeatedly seen as a deliverer (Exodus 15:2, Isaiah 12:2). The plea for help is a common theme in the Psalms, where the faithful turn to God in times of distress.

for the glory of Your name
The request is not just for personal relief but for the glory of God's name. In ancient Near Eastern culture, a name represented one's character and reputation. The psalmist is concerned with God's reputation among the nations, implying that God's intervention would demonstrate His power and faithfulness. This reflects the biblical theme that God's actions are often for the sake of His name (Ezekiel 20:9, 1 Samuel 12:22). The glory of God's name is a central theme throughout Scripture, pointing to His holiness and majesty.

deliver us and atone for our sins
The plea for deliverance is coupled with a request for atonement, indicating an awareness of sin and its consequences. Atonement involves reconciliation with God, often through sacrifice, as seen in the Levitical system (Leviticus 16). This reflects the understanding that sin separates humanity from God, and only through divine intervention can reconciliation occur. The concept of atonement foreshadows the ultimate sacrifice of Jesus Christ, who provides the final atonement for sin (Hebrews 9:12).

for the sake of Your name
Reiterating the concern for God's name, this phrase underscores the motivation behind the plea. The psalmist desires that God's actions reflect His character and uphold His reputation. This aligns with the biblical narrative where God's actions are often for His name's sake, ensuring that His holiness and righteousness are recognized (Psalm 23:3, Isaiah 48:9). The emphasis on God's name points to the importance of His covenant faithfulness and the assurance that He will act in accordance with His character.

Why should the nations ask, “Where is their God?”
This phrase reflects a common taunt from surrounding nations questioning the power and presence of Israel's God. Historically, Israel's defeats and suffering often led other nations to doubt the sovereignty of Yahweh. This echoes the taunts found in other scriptures, such as Psalm 42:3 and 2 Kings 18:35, where foreign powers challenge the efficacy of Israel's God. Theologically, this question underscores the tension between God's promises to Israel and their current suffering, prompting a plea for divine intervention to uphold His name and reputation among the nations.

Before our eyes,
The psalmist's plea for God to act "before our eyes" indicates a desire for a visible and undeniable demonstration of God's power and justice. This reflects a longing for immediate and tangible evidence of God's intervention, similar to the miraculous acts witnessed by the Israelites during the Exodus (Exodus 14:31). It emphasizes the need for reassurance of God's presence and action in the midst of adversity.

make known among the nations Your vengeance
The call for God to "make known" His vengeance is a request for divine justice to be evident to all. This reflects the biblical theme of God as a righteous judge who avenges the wrongs done to His people (Deuteronomy 32:35). The concept of divine vengeance is not merely about retribution but also about restoring justice and demonstrating God's holiness and sovereignty to the world. It aligns with prophecies in Isaiah and Jeremiah where God's judgment on nations serves as a testament to His power.

for the bloodshed of Your servants.
The reference to "the bloodshed of Your servants" highlights the persecution and martyrdom of God's faithful followers. Historically, this could refer to the suffering of the Israelites at the hands of foreign oppressors, such as during the Babylonian exile. It also foreshadows the New Testament theme of the persecution of Christians, as seen in Revelation 6:9-10, where the martyrs cry out for justice. This phrase underscores the biblical principle that God is attentive to the suffering of His people and will ultimately vindicate them.

May the groans of the captives reach You;
This phrase reflects the deep anguish and suffering of those who are in captivity. Historically, this can be linked to the Babylonian exile, where the Israelites were taken from their homeland and subjected to foreign rule. The groans symbolize a cry for divine intervention and mercy, echoing the cries of the Israelites in Egypt (Exodus 2:23-25). Theologically, it underscores the belief that God hears the cries of the oppressed and is moved to act on their behalf. This plea for God’s attention is a recurring theme in the Psalms, emphasizing the importance of prayer and supplication in times of distress.

by the strength of Your arm
The "strength of Your arm" is a metaphor for God's power and might. In biblical literature, God's arm is often associated with deliverance and salvation, as seen in the Exodus narrative where God’s mighty arm led the Israelites out of Egypt (Exodus 6:6). This imagery conveys the idea that God is capable of intervening in human affairs with overwhelming force. It also points to the divine attribute of omnipotence, reassuring believers of God’s ability to rescue and protect His people.

preserve those condemned to death.
This phrase highlights a plea for preservation and deliverance from imminent death. In the historical context, this could refer to those facing execution or destruction at the hands of their captors. It resonates with the biblical theme of God as a deliverer, as seen in the story of Daniel in the lion's den (Daniel 6) and the preservation of the Jewish people in the book of Esther. Theologically, it can be seen as a foreshadowing of Christ’s redemptive work, where through His death and resurrection, believers are preserved from eternal death. This plea for preservation is a testament to the hope and trust in God’s saving power.

Pay back into the laps of our neighbors
This phrase reflects a plea for divine retribution against those who have wronged God's people. In biblical times, the "lap" was considered a place where one received blessings or consequences, symbolizing personal accountability. The request for repayment suggests a desire for justice, aligning with the principle of divine retribution found throughout Scripture, such as in Deuteronomy 32:35, where God declares vengeance is His.

sevenfold
The use of "sevenfold" signifies completeness and perfection in biblical numerology. It implies a full and complete measure of justice, reflecting the severity of the offense. This concept is echoed in other scriptures, such as Genesis 4:15, where God promises a sevenfold vengeance on anyone who harms Cain, indicating a comprehensive and divine response to wrongdoing.

the reproach they hurled at You, O Lord
The reproach mentioned here is not just against the people of Israel but is seen as an affront to God Himself. This reflects the biblical understanding that offenses against God's people are offenses against God. The cultural context of honor and shame in the ancient Near East highlights the seriousness of such reproach. This idea is paralleled in the New Testament, where Jesus identifies with His followers, as seen in Acts 9:4, when He asks Saul why he is persecuting Him, equating the persecution of Christians with persecution of Christ Himself.

Then we Your people, the sheep of Your pasture
This phrase identifies the Israelites as God's chosen people, a recurring theme throughout the Old Testament. The metaphor of sheep and shepherd is prevalent in biblical literature, symbolizing guidance, care, and protection. In ancient Near Eastern culture, shepherds were responsible for the well-being of their flock, reflecting God's role as a protector and provider. This imagery is echoed in Psalm 23 and John 10:11, where Jesus is described as the Good Shepherd, indicating a typology of Christ as the ultimate shepherd of His people.

will thank You forever
The expression of eternal gratitude signifies a deep, enduring relationship with God. In the historical context, this gratitude often followed deliverance or provision, such as the Exodus from Egypt. The concept of eternal thanksgiving is also seen in Revelation 7:12, where the heavenly hosts continually praise God. This reflects the belief in an everlasting covenant between God and His people, emphasizing the importance of gratitude as a perpetual response to God's faithfulness.

from generation to generation
This phrase underscores the importance of passing down faith and testimony through successive generations. In Deuteronomy 6:6-7, the Israelites are commanded to teach God's commandments to their children, ensuring the continuity of faith. This cultural practice of oral tradition was vital in maintaining the identity and beliefs of the community. It also points to the prophetic vision of a future where all generations will acknowledge and worship God, as seen in Isaiah 59:21.

we will declare Your praise
Declaring God's praise is an act of worship and testimony, central to the life of the believer. In the historical context, this declaration often took place in communal settings, such as the temple, where the community gathered for worship. The act of declaring praise is not only a response to God's actions but also a proclamation of His character and deeds to others. This is mirrored in the New Testament, where believers are called to proclaim the excellencies of God (1 Peter 2:9), highlighting the continuity of this practice in both Jewish and Christian traditions.