To the angel of the church in Ephesus write:
The term "angel" here is often interpreted as the messenger or leader of the church, possibly the bishop or pastor. Ephesus was a major city in Asia Minor, known for its temple to Artemis and as a center of commerce and culture. The church in Ephesus was established by Paul (Acts 19) and was significant in early Christianity. This message is directed to the spiritual leadership responsible for guiding the congregation.

These are the words of Him who holds the seven stars in His right hand:
The "seven stars" are identified in Revelation 1:20 as the angels of the seven churches. Holding them in His right hand signifies authority, protection, and control. This imagery emphasizes Christ's sovereign power over the church and its leaders. The right hand is traditionally associated with strength and honor, indicating the importance and care Christ has for His church.

and walks among the seven golden lampstands.
The "seven golden lampstands" represent the seven churches (Revelation 1:20). Christ walking among them signifies His active presence and intimate involvement with His church. This imagery recalls the Old Testament tabernacle, where the lampstand was a symbol of God's presence. It underscores the idea that Christ is not distant but is actively observing and interacting with His people, providing guidance and correction.

I know your deeds, your labor, and your perseverance.
This phrase acknowledges the active and diligent efforts of the church in Ephesus. The term "deeds" refers to their works and actions, which are visible expressions of their faith. "Labor" suggests hard work and toil, indicating that their efforts were not without cost or sacrifice. "Perseverance" highlights their endurance and steadfastness in the face of challenges. Historically, Ephesus was a major city in Asia Minor, known for its commerce and the Temple of Artemis. The church there faced significant opposition, both from pagan practices and from within, as false teachings began to emerge. This commendation reflects their commitment to maintaining their faith despite these pressures.

I know that you cannot tolerate those who are evil,
The church in Ephesus is praised for its intolerance of evil, which aligns with biblical teachings that call for holiness and separation from sin (1 Peter 1:16). This intolerance is not about personal dislike but a commitment to uphold the truth and purity of the Gospel. In a city like Ephesus, where idolatry and immorality were rampant, maintaining such a stance would have been challenging. This phrase underscores the importance of discernment and moral integrity within the Christian community.

and you have tested and exposed as liars those who falsely claim to be apostles.
This part of the verse highlights the church's role in safeguarding doctrinal purity. The early church faced numerous false teachers and prophets, as warned by Jesus in Matthew 7:15 and Paul in Acts 20:29-30. The Ephesian church is commended for their discernment and ability to test these claims against the truth of the Gospel. The term "apostles" refers to those who claimed authority and teaching rights within the church. By exposing them as liars, the Ephesian believers protected the community from false doctrines. This vigilance reflects the broader biblical theme of testing spirits and teachings (1 John 4:1) to ensure alignment with the truth of Christ.

Without growing weary
This phrase highlights the commendable endurance of the believers. In the context of the early church, perseverance was crucial due to the intense persecution Christians faced from both Roman authorities and Jewish leaders. The call to not grow weary echoes Galatians 6:9, where believers are encouraged to not become weary in doing good. It reflects the spiritual strength and resilience that comes from reliance on God's power, as seen in Isaiah 40:31, where those who hope in the Lord renew their strength.

You have persevered
Perseverance is a recurring theme in the New Testament, often associated with faithfulness amidst trials. The church in Ephesus, to whom this message is addressed, was known for its labor and patience (Revelation 2:2). This perseverance is a testament to their commitment to Christ, reminiscent of the perseverance of Job, who remained faithful despite severe trials (James 5:11). The Ephesian church's perseverance is also a model for believers to remain steadfast in their faith journey.

And endured many things
The endurance of "many things" suggests a variety of trials and tribulations. Historically, the Ephesian church faced challenges such as false teachings, as indicated by Paul's warning in Acts 20:29-30. The endurance of these trials is a reflection of the church's dedication to maintaining doctrinal purity and moral integrity. This endurance is akin to the trials faced by the early apostles, who suffered for the gospel (2 Corinthians 11:23-28).

For the sake of My name
The phrase "for the sake of My name" underscores the motivation behind the perseverance and endurance. It signifies that the believers' actions were driven by their allegiance to Jesus Christ. In biblical times, a name represented one's character and authority. Thus, enduring for Christ's name implies a deep commitment to His teachings and mission. This is similar to the apostles in Acts 5:41, who rejoiced in suffering disgrace for the Name. It also reflects the call to take up one's cross and follow Christ (Matthew 16:24), emphasizing the sacrificial nature of true discipleship.

But I have this against you:
This phrase introduces a rebuke from Jesus to the church in Ephesus. The context is a message to one of the seven churches in Asia Minor, as recorded in the Book of Revelation. Ephesus was a prominent city known for its temple to Artemis and was a significant center for early Christianity. The phrase indicates a shift from commendation to criticism, highlighting the seriousness of the issue at hand. The use of "against you" suggests a personal and direct concern from Christ, emphasizing His intimate knowledge of the church's spiritual state.

You have abandoned your first love:
This phrase refers to the church's departure from their initial devotion and passion for Christ. Historically, the Ephesian church was established by Paul and was known for its strong faith and love (Ephesians 1:15). Over time, however, their fervor waned. The "first love" can be understood as the love for Christ and for one another, which is foundational to Christian life (Matthew 22:37-39). This abandonment is not merely a loss of emotion but a shift in priorities and actions, indicating a need for repentance and return to their original zeal. The call to remember and return to their first love is a recurring theme in Scripture, urging believers to maintain their devotion and commitment to God (Jeremiah 2:2, 1 John 4:19).

Therefore, keep in mind how far you have fallen.
This phrase serves as a call to self-reflection and awareness of spiritual decline. The church in Ephesus, once vibrant in faith and love, had lost its initial fervor. The term "fallen" suggests a significant departure from their original state of grace and devotion. This echoes the warning in 1 Corinthians 10:12, "So, if you think you are standing firm, be careful that you don’t fall!" It emphasizes the importance of remembering one's spiritual journey and recognizing areas of backsliding.

Repent and perform the deeds you did at first.
Repentance is a central theme in the New Testament, calling for a change of mind and heart. The Ephesians are urged to return to their initial works of love and service, reminiscent of their early days of faith. This mirrors the call to return to one's first love, as seen in Jeremiah 2:2, where God remembers the devotion of Israel's youth. The deeds at first likely refer to acts of charity, evangelism, and community support, foundational to the Christian life.

But if you do not repent,
This conditional statement introduces a warning of consequences for continued disobedience. The necessity of repentance is underscored throughout Scripture, as seen in Luke 13:3, "But unless you repent, you too will all perish." It highlights the urgency and non-negotiable nature of turning back to God.

I will come to you and remove your lampstand from its place.
The lampstand symbolizes the church's presence and witness in the world, as described in Revelation 1:20. The removal of the lampstand signifies the loss of the church's effectiveness and possibly its very existence. This is a severe warning, indicating that without repentance, the church would cease to be a light in the darkness. The imagery of light and lampstands is consistent with Jesus' teaching in Matthew 5:14-16, where believers are called to be the light of the world.

But you have this to your credit:
This phrase acknowledges a commendation from Jesus to the church in Ephesus. In the context of Revelation, Jesus addresses the seven churches in Asia Minor, each with specific messages. The commendation here serves as a positive reinforcement amidst the rebuke for having lost their first love (Revelation 2:4). It highlights the importance of discernment and standing against false teachings, which is a recurring theme in the New Testament (1 John 4:1).

You hate the works of the Nicolaitans,
The Nicolaitans are mentioned in Revelation 2:6 and 2:15, but little is known about them outside these references. They are believed to be a sect that promoted a form of antinomianism, which is the belief that Christians are released by grace from the obligation of observing the moral law. This aligns with the warnings against false teachings and immoral practices found in other New Testament writings (2 Peter 2:1-3, Jude 1:4). The church in Ephesus is commended for rejecting these practices, showing their commitment to doctrinal purity and moral integrity.

which I also hate.
This phrase underscores the alignment between the church's stance and Jesus' own perspective. It emphasizes the seriousness with which Jesus views false teachings and immoral practices. The use of the word "hate" indicates a strong disapproval, reflecting the biblical principle that God is holy and calls His people to holiness (1 Peter 1:15-16). This alignment with Christ's values is crucial for the church's witness and mission, as seen throughout the New Testament (Philippians 1:27).

He who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches.
This phrase is a call to attentive listening and spiritual discernment. It echoes the words of Jesus in the Gospels, particularly in Matthew 11:15 and Mark 4:9, where He often used similar language to emphasize the importance of understanding His teachings. The "ear" symbolizes the ability to perceive spiritual truths, suggesting that not everyone will comprehend or accept the message. The "Spirit" refers to the Holy Spirit, who guides and instructs the believers. The "churches" are the seven churches in Asia Minor addressed in Revelation, representing the universal church throughout history. This phrase underscores the communal aspect of the message, indicating that it is relevant to all believers, not just individuals.

To the one who overcomes,
The term "overcomes" is a recurring theme in Revelation, referring to those who remain faithful to Christ despite trials and persecution. It implies a spiritual victory over sin, the world, and Satan. This concept is rooted in the teachings of Jesus, such as in John 16:33, where He assures His followers of victory through Him. The overcomer is promised rewards, emphasizing the importance of perseverance in the Christian faith.

I will grant the right to eat from the tree of life
The "tree of life" is a symbol of eternal life and divine blessing, first mentioned in Genesis 2:9 in the Garden of Eden. Its presence in Revelation signifies the restoration of what was lost due to sin. Eating from the tree represents partaking in the fullness of life that God intended for humanity. This promise connects to the hope of eternal life found in Christ, as seen in John 6:51, where Jesus describes Himself as the living bread that gives life.

in the Paradise of God.
"Paradise" is a term used to describe a place of perfect peace and communion with God. It is reminiscent of the Garden of Eden, a place of original harmony between God and humanity. In Luke 23:43, Jesus uses the term "paradise" to assure the repentant thief on the cross of his place in the afterlife. The "Paradise of God" in Revelation signifies the ultimate restoration and fulfillment of God's kingdom, where believers will dwell eternally with Him. This promise reflects the eschatological hope of a new creation, as described in Revelation 21:1-4, where God will dwell with His people in a renewed heaven and earth.

To the angel of the church in Smyrna write:
The term "angel" here is often interpreted as the messenger or leader of the church, possibly the bishop or pastor. Smyrna, a wealthy city in Asia Minor (modern-day Izmir, Turkey), was known for its beauty and strong allegiance to Rome. It was a center of emperor worship, which posed challenges for Christians who refused to worship the emperor as a deity. The church in Smyrna faced persecution, and this letter addresses their suffering and faithfulness.

These are the words of the First and the Last,
This phrase emphasizes the eternal nature of Christ, echoing Isaiah 44:6, where God declares Himself as the first and the last. It underscores Christ's sovereignty and authority over all time and creation, providing comfort to the persecuted believers in Smyrna by reminding them of His ultimate control and presence.

who died and returned to life.
This refers to the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ, central to Christian faith. It serves as a powerful reminder to the Smyrnans that Christ has triumphed over death, offering hope and assurance of eternal life to those who remain faithful. This also connects to Revelation 1:18, where Christ declares He holds the keys of death and Hades, reinforcing His victory over death and His power to grant life.

I know your affliction and your poverty—though you are rich!
This phrase acknowledges the suffering and material deprivation faced by the church in Smyrna. Historically, Smyrna was a wealthy city, yet the Christians there were often marginalized and economically disadvantaged due to their faith. The "affliction" refers to the persecution and trials they endured. Despite their material poverty, they are described as "rich" in spiritual terms, echoing Jesus' teachings in Matthew 6:20 about storing treasures in heaven. This richness is in their faith, perseverance, and spiritual blessings, aligning with James 2:5, which speaks of the poor being rich in faith.

And I am aware of the slander of those who falsely claim to be Jews,
The "slander" refers to false accusations and malicious gossip aimed at the Christians by those who claimed Jewish identity. In the first-century context, some Jews in Smyrna may have been hostile to Christians, viewing them as a heretical sect. This aligns with the broader New Testament narrative where early Christians often faced opposition from Jewish communities, as seen in Acts 13:45. The phrase "falsely claim to be Jews" suggests a spiritual rather than ethnic identity, indicating that true Jewishness is defined by faith in Christ, as Paul discusses in Romans 2:28-29.

but are in fact a synagogue of Satan.
This strong language indicates that these opponents, while claiming to be God's people, are actually serving the purposes of Satan by opposing the gospel. The term "synagogue of Satan" suggests a gathering that is contrary to God's will, similar to how Jesus referred to some religious leaders as children of the devil in John 8:44. This phrase underscores the spiritual battle between the forces of God and Satan, a recurring theme in Revelation. It also highlights the idea that true allegiance to God is demonstrated through faith in Christ, not merely ethnic or religious identity.

Do not fear what you are about to suffer.
This phrase is a direct command to the church in Smyrna, encouraging them to remain steadfast in the face of impending persecution. The exhortation to "not fear" is a common biblical theme, seen in passages like Isaiah 41:10 and Matthew 10:28, where believers are reminded of God's sovereignty and presence. The context here is one of imminent suffering, a reality for early Christians who often faced hostility from both Roman authorities and local populations.

Behold, the devil is about to throw some of you into prison to test you,
This statement highlights the spiritual dimension of the persecution, attributing the source of their trials to the devil. It reflects the biblical understanding of spiritual warfare, as seen in Ephesians 6:12. The mention of prison indicates a literal and severe form of persecution, common in the Roman Empire, where Christians were often imprisoned for their faith. The purpose of this testing is to refine and prove the genuineness of their faith, similar to the testing of Job.

and you will suffer tribulation for ten days.
The "ten days" is often interpreted symbolically, representing a limited period of intense trial. In biblical numerology, the number ten can signify completeness or a full measure, as seen in Daniel 1:12-15, where Daniel and his friends are tested for ten days. This period of tribulation serves as a reminder that while suffering is inevitable, it is also temporary and under God's control.

Be faithful even unto death,
This call to faithfulness unto death underscores the ultimate cost of discipleship. It echoes Jesus' teachings in Matthew 16:24-25 about taking up one's cross and following Him. The early church often faced martyrdom, and this phrase serves as both a warning and an encouragement to remain steadfast, drawing strength from the example of Christ's own sacrificial death.

and I will give you the crown of life.
The "crown of life" is a promise of eternal reward for those who persevere. This imagery is consistent with other New Testament passages, such as James 1:12 and 1 Peter 5:4, where crowns symbolize victory and eternal life. In the cultural context of Smyrna, a city known for its athletic games, the crown would resonate as a symbol of triumph and honor. This promise assures believers that their faithfulness, even unto death, will be rewarded with eternal life in Christ.

He who has an ear, let him hear
This phrase is a call to attention and discernment, urging the listener to be spiritually receptive. It echoes Jesus' teachings in the Gospels, where He often used similar language to emphasize the importance of understanding His parables (e.g., Matthew 11:15, Mark 4:9). It suggests that not everyone will comprehend the message, highlighting the need for spiritual insight granted by the Holy Spirit.

what the Spirit says to the churches.
The Spirit refers to the Holy Spirit, who communicates divine truth and guidance. The message is directed to the churches, indicating its relevance to the collective body of believers rather than just individuals. This underscores the communal aspect of faith and the importance of the church as the body of Christ. The plural "churches" suggests that the message, while specific to the church in Smyrna, has broader implications for all congregations.

The one who overcomes
This phrase refers to believers who remain faithful despite trials and persecution. Overcoming is a recurring theme in Revelation, symbolizing victory over sin, the world, and Satan. It aligns with the promises given to those who persevere in faith, as seen in other parts of Revelation (e.g., Revelation 3:21). The concept of overcoming is rooted in the victory of Christ, who has overcome the world (John 16:33).

will not be harmed by the second death.
The second death is a term used in Revelation to describe eternal separation from God, often associated with the lake of fire (Revelation 20:14, 21:8). This promise assures believers of their eternal security and salvation, emphasizing the hope of resurrection and eternal life through Jesus Christ. It contrasts with the first death, which is physical, highlighting the spiritual and eternal consequences of the second death. This assurance is a source of comfort and motivation for believers facing persecution.

To the angel of the church in Pergamum write:
The term "angel" here is often interpreted as the spiritual leader or messenger of the church in Pergamum. Pergamum was a significant city in Asia Minor, known for its cultural and religious influence, including temples dedicated to various gods and the imperial cult. This setting highlights the spiritual challenges faced by the church amidst pagan practices.

These are the words of the One who holds the sharp, double-edged sword:
The "sharp, double-edged sword" symbolizes the power and authority of Christ's word, as seen in Hebrews 4:12, where the word of God is described as living and active, sharper than any double-edged sword. This imagery emphasizes judgment and discernment, indicating Christ's ability to penetrate and judge the thoughts and intentions of the heart. The sword also represents Christ's authority over the church and His ability to protect and purify it from false teachings and practices.

I know where you live
This phrase indicates Christ's intimate knowledge of the believers' circumstances in Pergamum. Pergamum was a significant city in Asia Minor, known for its cultural and political influence. It was a center of pagan worship, which included temples dedicated to Zeus, Athena, and other deities. The phrase reassures the believers that Christ is aware of their challenges and the spiritual environment they face.

where the throne of Satan sits
This refers to the pervasive pagan worship and possibly the altar of Zeus, which was prominent in Pergamum. The city was also a center for emperor worship, which Christians would have found particularly oppressive. The "throne of Satan" symbolizes the stronghold of idolatry and opposition to the Christian faith in the city.

yet you hold fast to My name
Despite the hostile environment, the believers in Pergamum remained steadfast in their faith. Holding fast to Christ's name implies loyalty and commitment to His teachings and identity. This perseverance is commendable and reflects the call to remain faithful amidst persecution, as seen in other scriptures like 1 Corinthians 16:13.

You did not deny your faith in Me
The believers' refusal to renounce their faith, even under pressure, highlights their courage and dedication. This echoes the call to endure in Matthew 10:22, where Jesus promises salvation to those who stand firm to the end. Their faithfulness serves as an example for all believers facing trials.

even in the days of My faithful witness Antipas
Antipas is described as a "faithful witness," a title also used for Christ in Revelation 1:5. This suggests that Antipas exemplified Christ-like faithfulness, even unto death. Although little is known about Antipas outside this passage, his martyrdom underscores the severe persecution faced by early Christians.

who was killed among you
This indicates that Antipas was martyred in Pergamum, making his death a public testimony of faith. His martyrdom would have been a significant event for the local church, serving both as a warning and an inspiration to other believers.

where Satan dwells
Reiterating the earlier mention of "the throne of Satan," this phrase emphasizes the spiritual darkness and opposition present in Pergamum. It serves as a reminder of the ongoing spiritual battle and the need for vigilance and faithfulness in the face of evil, as described in Ephesians 6:12.

But I have a few things against you
This phrase indicates a rebuke from Jesus to the church in Pergamum. It suggests that despite any commendable qualities, there are significant issues that need addressing. This reflects the pattern seen in the letters to the seven churches, where commendation is often followed by correction.

because some of you hold to the teaching of Balaam
Balaam was a prophet in the Old Testament who, although unable to curse Israel directly, advised King Balak of Moab on how to lead the Israelites into sin (Numbers 22-24, 31:16). This teaching represents compromise and corruption within the church, where some members are adopting practices contrary to Christian doctrine.

who taught Balak to place a stumbling block before the Israelites
The "stumbling block" refers to actions or teachings that lead believers into sin. In the context of Balaam, it involved enticing the Israelites to engage in idolatry and immorality. This serves as a warning against false teachings and the dangers of leading others astray.

so they would eat food sacrificed to idols
Eating food sacrificed to idols was a contentious issue in the early church (1 Corinthians 8:1-13). It symbolizes participation in pagan rituals and a compromise of Christian distinctiveness. The reference here highlights the danger of syncretism, where Christian beliefs are mixed with pagan practices.

and commit sexual immorality
Sexual immorality was often associated with pagan worship practices in the ancient world. The inclusion of this phrase underscores the moral and spiritual corruption that can result from false teachings. It serves as a call to purity and faithfulness to God's commands, echoing the broader biblical theme of holiness (1 Thessalonians 4:3-7).

In the same way,
This phrase indicates a comparison or similarity to a previous statement. In the context of Revelation 2, Jesus is addressing the church in Pergamum, where He has just mentioned the issue of Balaam's teaching. The "same way" suggests that the problem with the Nicolaitans is akin to the issue with Balaam, which involved leading people into sin.

some of you also hold
This indicates that not all members of the church in Pergamum are guilty, but a significant number are. The use of "hold" suggests a firm adherence or commitment to certain beliefs or practices, implying that these individuals are not merely influenced by the Nicolaitans but are actively embracing their teachings.

to the teaching of the Nicolaitans.
The Nicolaitans are mentioned in Revelation 2:6 and 2:15, but little is known about them outside of these references. They are believed to have promoted a form of antinomianism, which is the belief that Christians are not bound by traditional moral laws. This teaching likely led to moral and spiritual compromise, similar to the issues with Balaam. The Nicolaitans' practices may have included idolatry and sexual immorality, which were common temptations in the Greco-Roman world. Theologically, this teaching is contrary to the call for holiness and separation from sin found throughout Scripture, such as in 1 Peter 1:15-16. The Nicolaitans' influence represents a threat to the purity and faithfulness of the church, which is a recurring theme in the letters to the seven churches in Revelation.

Therefore repent!
The call to repentance is a central theme throughout the Bible, emphasizing a change of mind and heart leading to a transformation of life. In the context of Revelation, this call is directed to the church in Pergamum, which was struggling with false teachings and moral compromise. Repentance is a necessary response to sin, aligning with the messages of the prophets in the Old Testament (e.g., Isaiah 55:7) and the teachings of Jesus (e.g., Matthew 4:17). The urgency of the command underscores the seriousness of the situation and the need for immediate action.

Otherwise I will come to you shortly
This phrase indicates the imminent nature of Christ's intervention if the church fails to repent. The concept of Christ coming to a church or individual is not necessarily about the Second Coming but can refer to a temporal judgment or correction. The use of "shortly" suggests that the consequences of failing to repent will be swift. This echoes the warnings given to other churches in Revelation, such as Ephesus (Revelation 2:5), where Christ threatens to remove their lampstand if they do not repent.

and wage war against them
The imagery of waging war is symbolic of divine judgment and is consistent with Old Testament depictions of God as a warrior (e.g., Exodus 15:3). In the context of Revelation, this war is not physical but spiritual, targeting the false teachings and practices within the church. The "them" refers to those within the church who are leading others astray, similar to the false prophets and teachers warned against in the New Testament (e.g., 2 Peter 2:1).

with the sword of My mouth.
The sword is a metaphor for the Word of God, as seen in Hebrews 4:12, where it is described as living and active, sharper than any double-edged sword. In Revelation, the sword from Christ's mouth symbolizes His authoritative and powerful word of judgment (Revelation 1:16). This imagery highlights the power of Christ's words to discern truth from falsehood and to execute judgment. It also connects to the prophetic vision of the Messiah in Isaiah 11:4, where He strikes the earth with the rod of His mouth.

He who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches.
This phrase is a call to attentive listening and spiritual discernment. It echoes Jesus' teachings in the Gospels, where He often used similar language to emphasize the importance of understanding His message (e.g., Matthew 11:15, Mark 4:9). The "Spirit" refers to the Holy Spirit, who communicates divine truth to the believers. The plural "churches" indicates that the message is not just for the specific church addressed but for all congregations, suggesting a universal application of the teachings and warnings in Revelation.

To the one who overcomes,
The concept of overcoming is central to the messages to the seven churches in Revelation. It implies a spiritual victory over sin, temptation, and the trials of life. This overcoming is often linked to faithfulness and perseverance in the face of persecution or false teachings. The term "overcomes" is also connected to the promises given to believers who remain steadfast, as seen in other parts of Revelation (e.g., Revelation 3:5, 3:12, 3:21).

I will give the hidden manna.
The "hidden manna" symbolizes spiritual sustenance and divine provision. In the Old Testament, manna was the miraculous food provided by God to the Israelites in the wilderness (Exodus 16:14-15). Here, it represents the spiritual nourishment and eternal life given by Christ to those who are faithful. The "hidden" aspect may suggest the mysterious and spiritual nature of this provision, unseen by the world but revealed to believers.

I will also give him a white stone
In ancient times, a white stone could symbolize acquittal or acceptance, as in the case of a juror's vote for innocence. It might also represent a token of victory or a symbol of honor. The white stone here signifies purity, victory, and the believer's acceptance by God. It contrasts with the black stones used for condemnation, highlighting the believer's justified status before God.

inscribed with a new name,
The "new name" signifies a transformed identity and a personal relationship with God. In biblical tradition, a new name often marks a significant change or calling, as seen with Abram becoming Abraham (Genesis 17:5) or Jacob becoming Israel (Genesis 32:28). This new name reflects the believer's new life in Christ and their unique identity in the kingdom of God.

known only to the one who receives it.
This phrase emphasizes the personal and intimate nature of the relationship between the believer and God. The exclusivity of the knowledge of the new name suggests a special bond and a unique identity that each believer has in Christ. It highlights the personal nature of salvation and the individual attention God gives to each of His followers.

To the angel of the church in Thyatira write:
The term "angel" here is often interpreted as the messenger or leader of the church, possibly the pastor or bishop. Thyatira was a city in Asia Minor, known for its trade guilds, particularly in textiles and dyeing. This context is significant as it reflects the economic and social environment of the church, which may have influenced its spiritual challenges.

These are the words of the Son of God,
This title emphasizes the divine authority and identity of Jesus Christ. It is a direct assertion of His deity, distinguishing Him from any other spiritual or earthly authority. The title "Son of God" connects to Psalm 2:7, where the Messiah is declared as God's Son, reinforcing His role as the ultimate judge and ruler.

whose eyes are like a blazing fire
This imagery suggests penetrating insight and judgment. The eyes of fire symbolize Christ's ability to see through appearances and discern the true nature of individuals and their deeds. This connects to Daniel 10:6, where a similar description is used for a heavenly being, indicating divine scrutiny and purity.

and whose feet are like polished bronze.
Bronze, in biblical symbolism, often represents strength and judgment. The polished or burnished aspect suggests purity and refinement through fire. This imagery is reminiscent of the description in Daniel 10:6 and Ezekiel 1:7, where heavenly beings are depicted with similar attributes, emphasizing Christ's authority and power to execute judgment.

I know your deeds—
This phrase indicates Christ's omniscience and His intimate knowledge of the actions and lives of the believers in Thyatira. It reflects the biblical theme that God is aware of all human actions, as seen in passages like Psalm 139:1-4, where God's knowledge of our deeds is emphasized. This serves as both a comfort and a warning to believers, reminding them that nothing is hidden from God.

your love,
The mention of love highlights the central Christian virtue, as emphasized in 1 Corinthians 13:13, where love is described as the greatest of the three abiding virtues. The church in Thyatira is commended for their love, which is foundational to Christian life and service, reflecting the love of Christ Himself.

your faith,
Faith here refers to the trust and belief in God and His promises. Hebrews 11:6 underscores the importance of faith, stating that without it, it is impossible to please God. The church's faith is a testament to their reliance on God amidst challenges, aligning with the call to live by faith as seen throughout Scripture.

your service,
Service indicates the active expression of faith through works, as James 2:17 teaches that faith without works is dead. The church's service is a demonstration of their commitment to living out their faith in practical ways, serving others as Christ served.

your perseverance—
Perseverance reflects the endurance and steadfastness of the believers in the face of trials. Romans 5:3-4 speaks to the development of character through perseverance. The church's ability to endure challenges is a testament to their spiritual maturity and reliance on God's strength.

and your latest deeds are greater than your first.
This commendation suggests spiritual growth and increased effectiveness in their works over time. It echoes the parable of the talents in Matthew 25:14-30, where faithful stewardship leads to greater responsibility and reward. The church's progress is a model for continual growth in faith and service, striving to excel in their Christian walk.

But I have this against you:
This phrase indicates a rebuke from Jesus to the church in Thyatira. It follows a pattern seen in the letters to the seven churches in Revelation, where commendation is often followed by correction. The phrase underscores the seriousness of the issue at hand, highlighting the need for repentance and correction within the church.

You tolerate that woman Jezebel:
The reference to "Jezebel" is symbolic, drawing from the Old Testament figure, Queen Jezebel, wife of King Ahab, known for leading Israel into idolatry and immorality (1 Kings 16:31-33). The use of her name suggests the presence of a similar corrupting influence within the church. Tolerance here implies a failure to confront and remove false teachings and immoral practices, which is a significant issue in maintaining the purity of the church.

who calls herself a prophetess:
This indicates that the woman in question claimed spiritual authority and insight, positioning herself as a leader or teacher within the church. The self-designation as a prophetess suggests a false claim to divine revelation, contrasting with true prophets who are called by God. This self-appointment is a warning against accepting spiritual authority without discernment.

By her teaching she misleads My servants:
The phrase highlights the impact of false teaching on the believers, leading them astray from the truth. The term "My servants" emphasizes the personal relationship between Jesus and His followers, and the gravity of leading them into error. This reflects the broader biblical theme of the danger of false prophets and teachers (Matthew 7:15, 2 Peter 2:1).

to be sexually immoral and to eat food sacrificed to idols:
These specific sins were prevalent in the Greco-Roman world, often associated with pagan worship practices. Sexual immorality and eating food sacrificed to idols were explicitly condemned in the early church (Acts 15:20, 1 Corinthians 6:18, 1 Corinthians 8:1-13). The mention of these sins indicates a departure from Christian ethical standards and a compromise with surrounding pagan culture. This serves as a call to holiness and separation from practices that contradict the teachings of Christ.

Even though I have given her time to repent of her immorality
This phrase highlights God's patience and mercy. The context is a message to the church in Thyatira, where a woman symbolically referred to as "Jezebel" is leading believers into immorality and idolatry. The reference to "time" indicates God's longsuffering nature, as seen in 2 Peter 3:9, where God is described as patient, not wanting anyone to perish. The call to repentance is a recurring theme throughout the Bible, emphasizing God's desire for sinners to turn from their ways, as seen in Ezekiel 18:23. The immorality mentioned here is both spiritual and physical, reflecting the practices of the original Jezebel in 1 Kings 16:31, who led Israel into idolatry.

she is unwilling
This phrase underscores the hardness of heart and the rejection of God's grace. The unwillingness to repent is a common theme in Scripture, illustrating human rebellion against divine authority. In Romans 1:21-32, Paul describes a similar refusal to acknowledge God, leading to a depraved mind. The cultural context of Thyatira, a city known for its trade guilds, often involved participation in pagan rituals, which could pressure believers to compromise their faith. This unwillingness to repent despite divine patience serves as a warning to the church, echoing the call to remain faithful and resist the temptations of the world, as seen in James 4:4.

Behold, I will cast her onto a bed of sickness
This phrase indicates a divine judgment pronounced by Jesus against Jezebel, a false prophetess in the church of Thyatira. The "bed of sickness" symbolizes both literal and metaphorical consequences. In biblical times, a bed often represented a place of rest or intimacy, but here it is transformed into a place of suffering. This reflects the seriousness of her sin and the resulting punishment. The imagery connects to the Old Testament, where God often used physical ailments as a form of judgment (e.g., Deuteronomy 28:27). The use of "behold" emphasizes the certainty and imminence of this judgment.

and those who commit adultery with her
This phrase refers to those who have been led astray by Jezebel's teachings and practices. In a spiritual sense, adultery often symbolizes idolatry and unfaithfulness to God (e.g., Hosea 1:2). The church in Thyatira is being warned about the dangers of compromising with pagan practices and false teachings. Historically, Thyatira was known for its trade guilds, which often involved pagan rituals. The believers are being cautioned against participating in these practices, which are akin to spiritual infidelity.

will suffer great tribulation
The "great tribulation" signifies severe trials and distress as a consequence of their actions. This is not the eschatological tribulation described elsewhere in Revelation but a specific judgment on those who follow Jezebel's ways. The severity of the tribulation underscores the seriousness of their sin and serves as a call to repentance. This aligns with the biblical principle that God disciplines those He loves (Hebrews 12:6).

unless they repent of her deeds
Repentance is presented as the only means of escaping the impending judgment. This highlights God's mercy and willingness to forgive those who turn away from sin. The call to repent of "her deeds" indicates that the followers are not only guilty by association but have actively participated in her sinful actions. This echoes the broader biblical theme of repentance as a necessary step for restoration and reconciliation with God (e.g., Acts 3:19).

Then I will strike her children dead
This phrase refers to the consequences of following false teachings, specifically those associated with Jezebel, a symbolic figure representing idolatry and immorality. The "children" are likely her followers or those who adopt her practices. The imagery of striking dead is reminiscent of Old Testament judgments, such as those against the prophets of Baal (1 Kings 18:40). It underscores the seriousness of spiritual adultery and the divine judgment that follows. This serves as a warning to the early church and believers today about the dangers of false teachings and the importance of remaining faithful to Christ.

and all the churches will know
This phrase emphasizes the public nature of God's judgment. The early Christian communities were interconnected, and news of such divine actions would spread quickly among them. This serves as a reminder that God's actions are not only corrective but also instructive, teaching the broader church about His holiness and justice. It reflects the communal aspect of the early church, where the actions of one congregation could impact others.

that I am the One who searches minds and hearts
This statement highlights Christ's divine omniscience, echoing Old Testament passages like Jeremiah 17:10, where God searches the heart and tests the mind. It affirms that Christ possesses the same divine attributes as God the Father, reinforcing His deity. This knowledge of the inner thoughts and intentions of individuals serves as both a comfort and a warning, assuring believers that nothing is hidden from Him.

and I will repay each of you according to your deeds
This phrase underscores the biblical principle of divine retribution, where individuals are rewarded or punished based on their actions. It aligns with passages such as Romans 2:6 and Matthew 16:27, which speak of God rendering to each person according to their works. This principle is consistent throughout Scripture, emphasizing personal responsibility and the importance of living a life that reflects one's faith. It serves as a call to holiness and a reminder of the ultimate accountability before God.

But I say to the rest of you in Thyatira
Thyatira was a city in the Roman province of Asia, known for its trade guilds and commerce. It was less prominent than other cities mentioned in Revelation but was significant for its economic activities, particularly in textiles and dyeing. The church in Thyatira was one of the seven churches addressed in Revelation, and this message is directed to those who remained faithful amidst false teachings. The phrase indicates a direct communication from Christ to the believers who have not succumbed to the errors present in their community.

who do not hold to her teaching
The "her" refers to Jezebel, a symbolic name used for a woman in the church who was promoting false teachings and leading believers astray. This alludes to the Old Testament figure Jezebel, the wife of King Ahab, who led Israel into idolatry and immorality. The faithful in Thyatira are commended for not adhering to these corrupt teachings, which likely involved compromising Christian values with pagan practices.

and have not learned the so-called deep things of Satan
This phrase suggests that the false teachings being spread were presented as advanced or deeper spiritual knowledge, a common tactic in Gnostic beliefs. These "deep things" were likely deceptive doctrines that contradicted the true gospel. The reference to Satan highlights the spiritual danger and deception involved, emphasizing that these teachings were not merely misguided but were fundamentally opposed to God.

I will place no further burden upon you
This assurance echoes the decision made at the Jerusalem Council in Acts 15, where the apostles decided not to impose additional burdens on Gentile believers beyond essential requirements. Here, Christ reassures the faithful in Thyatira that they are not required to do more than remain steadfast in their faith and avoid the false teachings. It is a promise of relief and encouragement to continue in their current path of faithfulness without additional obligations.

than to hold fast
This phrase emphasizes the importance of perseverance and steadfastness in faith. In the context of Revelation, the churches are encouraged to remain faithful amidst trials and false teachings. The concept of "holding fast" is echoed in other scriptures such as Hebrews 10:23, which urges believers to hold unswervingly to the hope they profess. This reflects a call to maintain doctrinal purity and moral integrity.

to what you have
This refers to the teachings, faith, and spiritual gifts that the believers in Thyatira possess. It suggests that they already have the necessary tools and knowledge to withstand challenges. The phrase implies a sense of contentment and sufficiency in what has been received from Christ, aligning with the idea in 2 Peter 1:3 that God's divine power has given us everything we need for a godly life.

until I come
This points to the eschatological promise of Christ's return. The early church lived with the expectation of Jesus' imminent return, which served as motivation for holy living and perseverance. This phrase connects to other New Testament passages such as John 14:3 and Acts 1:11, which assure believers of Christ's second coming. It underscores the temporary nature of current struggles and the hope of future vindication and reward.

And to the one who overcomes
This phrase emphasizes the concept of spiritual victory and perseverance. In the context of Revelation, "overcomes" refers to those who remain faithful to Christ despite trials and temptations. This echoes the messages to the seven churches in Revelation 2-3, where overcoming is a recurring theme. Biblically, overcoming is linked to faith in Jesus (1 John 5:4-5) and is a call to remain steadfast in the face of persecution, much like the early Christians who faced Roman oppression.

and continues in My work until the end,
This part highlights the importance of perseverance in doing Christ's work. It suggests a continuous, active engagement in living out the teachings of Jesus. The "end" can be interpreted as the end of one's life or the end of the age, pointing to the eschatological focus of Revelation. This aligns with the parable of the talents (Matthew 25:14-30), where faithful service is rewarded. It underscores the call to discipleship and the Great Commission (Matthew 28:19-20).

I will give authority over the nations.
This promise of authority reflects the eschatological hope of believers reigning with Christ. It connects to the messianic prophecy in Psalm 2:8-9, where the Messiah is given the nations as an inheritance. In Revelation, this authority is part of the millennial reign (Revelation 20:4-6), where believers share in Christ's rule. It also ties to the promise made to the apostles in Matthew 19:28, where they are told they will sit on thrones judging the twelve tribes of Israel. This authority signifies the ultimate victory and vindication of the faithful.

He will rule them with an iron scepter
This phrase draws from Psalm 2:9, where the Messiah is prophesied to rule with a rod of iron. The imagery of an iron scepter signifies unyielding authority and strength. In ancient times, a scepter was a symbol of royal power and governance. The use of "iron" emphasizes the firmness and invincibility of Christ's rule. This reflects the ultimate authority of Jesus over the nations, indicating a reign that is both just and powerful. The concept of ruling with an iron scepter also suggests the enforcement of divine justice and the establishment of God's kingdom on earth.

and shatter them like pottery—
The imagery of shattering pottery signifies the complete and decisive judgment that will be executed upon those who oppose Christ's rule. In the ancient Near East, pottery was a common household item, easily broken and replaced, symbolizing the fragility of human power and rebellion against God. This phrase underscores the inevitability of divine judgment and the futility of resisting God's will. It echoes the prophetic language found in Jeremiah 19:11, where God declares the breaking of a nation like a potter's vessel. The shattering of pottery serves as a metaphor for the destruction of earthly kingdoms that stand against God's anointed.

just as I have received authority from My Father.
This phrase highlights the divine origin and legitimacy of Christ's authority. Jesus' authority is not self-assumed but granted by God the Father, affirming the unity and purpose within the Trinity. This echoes the Great Commission in Matthew 28:18, where Jesus declares that all authority in heaven and on earth has been given to Him. The phrase also reflects the fulfillment of the promise in Psalm 2, where God declares the installation of His King on Zion. It emphasizes the divine mandate and the fulfillment of God's redemptive plan through Jesus Christ, who exercises His authority in accordance with the Father's will.

And I will give him
This phrase indicates a promise from Jesus to the one who overcomes. In the context of Revelation, overcoming refers to remaining faithful to Christ despite trials and temptations. The promise of a gift from Jesus underscores the personal relationship between Christ and the believer, emphasizing the reward for perseverance and faithfulness. This promise is part of the message to the church in Thyatira, which faced challenges of false teachings and moral compromise.

the morning star.
The "morning star" is a symbol with rich biblical significance. In ancient times, the morning star, often identified with the planet Venus, was seen as a herald of a new day, symbolizing hope and renewal. Biblically, the morning star is associated with Jesus Christ Himself, as seen in Revelation 22:16, where Jesus declares, "I am the Root and the Offspring of David, and the bright Morning Star." This connection suggests that the promise of the morning star is a promise of Christ Himself, His presence, and His kingdom. The morning star also signifies victory and authority, as it was a symbol of kingship and divine favor. In the context of Revelation, it represents the ultimate triumph of Christ and His followers over evil, pointing to the eschatological hope of eternal life and reign with Christ.

He who has an ear
This phrase is a call to attention and discernment, emphasizing the importance of spiritual awareness. It echoes the words of Jesus in the Gospels, such as in Matthew 11:15 and Mark 4:9, where He often used similar language to urge listeners to truly understand His teachings. The "ear" symbolizes the ability to perceive and comprehend spiritual truths, suggesting that not everyone will be receptive to the message.

let him hear
This is an imperative command, urging the listener to actively engage with the message being delivered. In the biblical context, hearing implies obedience and response, not just passive listening. This call to hear is a recurring theme in the Bible, seen in Deuteronomy 6:4, where the Shema begins with "Hear, O Israel," underscoring the importance of listening to God's word with the intent to act upon it.

what the Spirit says
The Spirit refers to the Holy Spirit, the third person of the Trinity, who communicates God's will and truth to believers. In the context of Revelation, the Spirit is the divine source of the messages to the churches, indicating that these are not merely human words but divinely inspired instructions. This aligns with John 16:13, where Jesus promises that the Spirit of truth will guide believers into all truth.

to the churches
The term "churches" refers to the seven churches in Asia Minor addressed in Revelation chapters 2 and 3. These were real, historical congregations located in cities such as Ephesus, Smyrna, and Pergamum. Each church receives a specific message tailored to its unique circumstances, yet the messages also have a universal application for all churches throughout history. This reflects the communal nature of the early Christian faith and the shared challenges and responsibilities faced by believers.