Revelation 22:16
New International Version
“I, Jesus, have sent my angel to give you this testimony for the churches. I am the Root and the Offspring of David, and the bright Morning Star.”

New Living Translation
“I, Jesus, have sent my angel to give you this message for the churches. I am both the source of David and the heir to his throne. I am the bright morning star.”

English Standard Version
“I, Jesus, have sent my angel to testify to you about these things for the churches. I am the root and the descendant of David, the bright morning star.”

Berean Standard Bible
“I, Jesus, have sent My angel to give you this testimony for the churches. I am the Root and the Offspring of David, the bright Morning Star.”

Berean Literal Bible
"I, Jesus, have sent My angel to testify to all of you these things in the churches. I am the root and the offspring of David, the bright morning star."

King James Bible
I Jesus have sent mine angel to testify unto you these things in the churches. I am the root and the offspring of David, and the bright and morning star.

New King James Version
“I, Jesus, have sent My angel to testify to you these things in the churches. I am the Root and the Offspring of David, the Bright and Morning Star.”

New American Standard Bible
“I, Jesus, have sent My angel to testify to you of these things for the churches. I am the root and the descendant of David, the bright morning star.”

NASB 1995
“I, Jesus, have sent My angel to testify to you these things for the churches. I am the root and the descendant of David, the bright morning star.”

NASB 1977
“I, Jesus, have sent My angel to testify to you these things for the churches. I am the root and the offspring of David, the bright morning star.”

Legacy Standard Bible
“I, Jesus, sent My angel to bear witness to you of these things for the churches. I am the root and the descendant of David, the bright morning star.”

Amplified Bible
“I, Jesus, have sent My angel to testify to you and to give you assurance of these things for the churches. I am the Root (the Source, the Life) and the Offspring of David, the radiant and bright Morning Star.”

Christian Standard Bible
“I, Jesus, have sent my angel to attest these things to you for the churches. I am the Root and descendant of David, the bright morning star.”

Holman Christian Standard Bible
“I, Jesus, have sent My angel to attest these things to you for the churches. I am the Root and the Offspring of David, the Bright Morning Star.”

American Standard Version
I Jesus have sent mine angel to testify unto you these things for the churches. I am the root and the offspring of David, the bright, the morning star.

Contemporary English Version
I am Jesus! And I am the one who sent my angel to tell all of you these things for the churches. I am David's Great Descendant, and I am also the bright morning star.

English Revised Version
I Jesus have sent mine angel to testify unto you these things for the churches. I am the root and the offspring of David, the bright, the morning star.

GOD'S WORD® Translation
"I, Jesus, have sent my angel to give this testimony to you for the churches. I am the root and descendant of David. I am the bright morning star."

Good News Translation
"I, Jesus, have sent my angel to announce these things to you in the churches. I am descended from the family of David; I am the bright morning star."

International Standard Version
"I, Jesus, have sent my angel to give this testimony to you for the churches. I am the root and descendent of David, the bright morning star."

Majority Standard Bible
?I, Jesus, have sent My angel to give you this testimony for the churches. I am the Root and the Offspring of David, the bright Morning Star.?

NET Bible
"I, Jesus, have sent my angel to testify to you about these things for the churches. I am the root and the descendant of David, the bright morning star!"

New Heart English Bible
I, Jesus, have sent my angel to testify these things to you for the churches. I am the root and the offspring of David; the bright morning star."

Webster's Bible Translation
I Jesus have sent my angel to testify to you these things in the churches. I am the root and the offspring of David, and the bright and morning-star.

Weymouth New Testament
"I Jesus have sent My angel for him solemnly to declare these things to you among the Churches. I am the Root and the offspring of David, the bright Morning Star.

World English Bible
I, Jesus, have sent my angel to testify these things to you for the assemblies. I am the root and the offspring of David, the Bright and Morning Star.”
Literal Translations
Literal Standard Version
I, Jesus, sent My messenger to testify to you these things concerning the assemblies; I am the root and the offspring of David, the radiant morning star!

Berean Literal Bible
"I, Jesus, have sent My angel to testify to all of you these things in the churches. I am the root and the offspring of David, the bright morning star."

Young's Literal Translation
'I, Jesus did send my messenger to testify to you these things concerning the assemblies; I am the root and the offspring of David, the bright and morning star!

Smith's Literal Translation
I Jesus sent mine angel to testify these things to you, to the churches. I am the root and stock of David, the shining and morning star.
Catholic Translations
Douay-Rheims Bible
I Jesus have sent my angel, to testify to you these things in the churches. I am the root and stock of David, the bright and morning star.

Catholic Public Domain Version
“I, Jesus, have sent my Angel, to testify to these things for you among the Churches. I am the Root and the Origin of David, the bright morning Star.”

New American Bible
“I, Jesus, sent my angel to give you this testimony for the churches. I am the root and offspring of David, the bright morning star.”

New Revised Standard Version
“It is I, Jesus, who sent my angel to you with this testimony for the churches. I am the root and the descendant of David, the bright morning star.”
Translations from Aramaic
Lamsa Bible
I, Jesus, have sent my angel to testify to you these things in the churches. I am the root and the offspring of David, and the bright and morning star.

Aramaic Bible in Plain English
I, Yeshua, have sent my Angel to testify these things among you before the assemblies. I AM THE LIVING GOD, The Root and The Offspring of David, and his Companion, and The Bright Morning Star.”
NT Translations
Anderson New Testament
I, Jesus, have sent my angel to testify these things to you for the churches. I am the root and the offspring of David, the bright, morning star.

Godbey New Testament
I Jesus sent my angel to testify unto you these things in the churches. I am the root and offspring of David, the bright and morning-star.

Haweis New Testament
I Jesus have sent my angel to testify unto you these things in the churches. I am the root and the offspring of David, the bright and morning star.

Mace New Testament
"I Jesus have sent my angel to testify these things to the churches. I am the shoot, the offspring of David, the splendid morning star.

Weymouth New Testament
"I Jesus have sent My angel for him solemnly to declare these things to you among the Churches. I am the Root and the offspring of David, the bright Morning Star.

Worrell New Testament
"I, Jesus, sent My angel to testify to you these things to the assemblies. I am the root and offspring of David, the Bright and Morning Star.

Worsley New Testament
I Jesus have sent my messenger to testify unto you these things in the churches. I am both the root and the offspring of David, the bright and morning star.

Additional Translations ...
Audio Bible



Context
Jesus is Coming
15But outside are the dogs, the sorcerers, the sexually immoral, the murderers, the idolaters, and everyone who loves and practices falsehood. 16“I, Jesus, have sent My angel to give you this testimony for the churches. I am the Root and the Offspring of David, the bright Morning Star.” 17The Spirit and the bride say, “Come!” Let the one who hears say, “Come!” And let the one who is thirsty come, and the one who desires the water of life drink freely.…

Cross References
Isaiah 11:1
Then a shoot will spring up from the stump of Jesse, and a Branch from his roots will bear fruit.

Isaiah 11:10
On that day the Root of Jesse will stand as a banner for the peoples. The nations will seek Him, and His place of rest will be glorious.

Numbers 24:17
I see him, but not now; I behold him, but not near. A star will come forth from Jacob, and a scepter will arise from Israel. He will crush the skulls of Moab and strike down all the sons of Sheth.

2 Samuel 23:3-4
The God of Israel spoke; the Rock of Israel said to me, ‘He who rules the people with justice, who rules in the fear of God, / is like the light of the morning at sunrise of a cloudless dawn, the glistening after the rain on the sprouting grass of the earth.’

Isaiah 60:3
Nations will come to your light, and kings to the brightness of your dawn.

Malachi 4:2
“But for you who fear My name, the sun of righteousness will rise with healing in its wings, and you will go out and leap like calves from the stall.

John 8:12
Once again, Jesus spoke to the people and said, “I am the light of the world. Whoever follows Me will never walk in the darkness, but will have the light of life.”

John 1:9
The true Light, who gives light to everyone, was coming into the world.

Luke 1:78-79
because of the tender mercy of our God, by which the Dawn will visit us from on high, / to shine on those who live in darkness and in the shadow of death, to guide our feet into the path of peace.”

Matthew 2:2
asking, “Where is the One who has been born King of the Jews? We saw His star in the east and have come to worship Him.”

Romans 15:12
And once more, Isaiah says: “The Root of Jesse will appear, One who will arise to rule over the Gentiles; in Him the Gentiles will put their hope.”

Revelation 5:5
Then one of the elders said to me, “Do not weep! Behold, the Lion of the tribe of Judah, the Root of David, has triumphed to open the scroll and its seven seals.”

Revelation 2:28
And I will give him the morning star.

Revelation 3:7
To the angel of the church in Philadelphia write: These are the words of the One who is holy and true, who holds the key of David. What He opens no one can shut, and what He shuts no one can open.

Revelation 21:23
And the city has no need of sun or moon to shine on it, because the glory of God illuminates the city, and the Lamb is its lamp.


Treasury of Scripture

I Jesus have sent my angel to testify to you these things in the churches. I am the root and the offspring of David, and the bright and morning star.

I Jesus.

Revelation 22:6
And he said unto me, These sayings are faithful and true: and the Lord God of the holy prophets sent his angel to shew unto his servants the things which must shortly be done.

Revelation 1:1
The Revelation of Jesus Christ, which God gave unto him, to shew unto his servants things which must shortly come to pass; and he sent and signified it by his angel unto his servant John:

to testify.

Revelation 22:20
He which testifieth these things saith, Surely I come quickly. Amen. Even so, come, Lord Jesus.

See on ver.

Revelation 22:1,11
And he shewed me a pure river of water of life, clear as crystal, proceeding out of the throne of God and of the Lamb…

Revelation 2:7,11,17,29
He that hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith unto the churches; To him that overcometh will I give to eat of the tree of life, which is in the midst of the paradise of God…

Revelation 3:6,13,22
He that hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith unto the churches…

I am.

Revelation 5:5
And one of the elders saith unto me, Weep not: behold, the Lion of the tribe of Juda, the Root of David, hath prevailed to open the book, and to loose the seven seals thereof.

Isaiah 11:1
And there shall come forth a rod out of the stem of Jesse, and a Branch shall grow out of his roots:

Zechariah 6:12
And speak unto him, saying, Thus speaketh the LORD of hosts, saying, Behold the man whose name is The BRANCH; and he shall grow up out of his place, and he shall build the temple of the LORD:

the bright.

Revelation 2:28
And I will give him the morning star.

Numbers 24:17
I shall see him, but not now: I shall behold him, but not nigh: there shall come a Star out of Jacob, and a Sceptre shall rise out of Israel, and shall smite the corners of Moab, and destroy all the children of Sheth.

Matthew 2:2,7-10
Saying, Where is he that is born King of the Jews? for we have seen his star in the east, and are come to worship him…

Jump to Previous
Angel Assemblies Bright Churches David Declare Descendant Jesus Messenger Morning Morning-Star Offspring Root Solemnly Star Testify Testimony Witness
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Angel Assemblies Bright Churches David Declare Descendant Jesus Messenger Morning Morning-Star Offspring Root Solemnly Star Testify Testimony Witness
Revelation 22
1. The river of the water of life.
2. The tree of life.
5. The light of the city of God is himself.
7. Jesus Is Coming.
9. The angel will not be worshipped.
18. Nothing may be added to the word of God, nor taken away.














I, Jesus
This phrase establishes the speaker's identity as Jesus Christ Himself. The use of "I" is emphatic, underscoring the personal nature of the message. In the Greek, "Ἐγώ, Ἰησοῦς" (Egō, Iēsous) is a direct self-identification, emphasizing the authority and authenticity of the message. Jesus, the central figure of the New Testament, is speaking directly, which adds weight and importance to the message that follows. Historically, this self-identification connects Jesus to the entirety of the biblical narrative, affirming His role as the Messiah and the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies.

have sent My angel
The phrase indicates that Jesus has dispatched a messenger, His angel, to convey this revelation. The Greek word for angel, "ἄγγελος" (angelos), means messenger. This highlights the divine origin and authority of the message. In biblical history, angels often serve as God's messengers, bridging the divine and human realms. This underscores the importance of the message being delivered, as it comes directly from Jesus through a heavenly intermediary.

to give you this testimony
Here, the purpose of the angel's mission is clarified: to deliver a testimony. The Greek word for testimony, "μαρτυρία" (martyria), implies a witness or evidence. This suggests that the message is not just informative but also serves as a divine witness to the truth. In the context of Revelation, this testimony is crucial for the churches, providing them with divine insight and guidance.

for the churches
The intended recipients of the message are the churches, indicating that the message is communal and meant for the collective body of believers. The Greek word "ἐκκλησίαις" (ekklēsiais) refers to assemblies or congregations, emphasizing the communal aspect of the Christian faith. Historically, the early church faced numerous challenges, and this message serves as both encouragement and instruction for maintaining faithfulness.

I am the Root and the Offspring of David
This phrase connects Jesus to the Davidic line, fulfilling Old Testament prophecies about the Messiah. The term "Root" (ῥίζα, rhiza) signifies origin and source, while "Offspring" (γένος, genos) indicates descent. This duality highlights Jesus' divine nature as the source of David's line and His human nature as a descendant. It reaffirms the messianic prophecies found in Isaiah 11:1 and Jeremiah 23:5, establishing Jesus as the legitimate heir to David's throne.

the bright Morning Star
The title "Morning Star" (ἀστὴρ ὁ πρωϊνός, astēr ho prōinos) symbolizes hope, guidance, and the promise of a new day. In ancient times, the morning star (often associated with the planet Venus) was a herald of dawn, signifying the end of darkness. Scripturally, this title reflects Jesus' role as the light of the world, bringing hope and salvation. It echoes the promise of His return and the establishment of His eternal kingdom, offering believers assurance and encouragement.

(16) I Jesus have sent mine angel . . .--The warning is followed by the voice of our Lord Himself testifying to the truth of the revelation made, I Jesus sent (not "have sent," as in the English version) my angel to testify to you these things to the churches. But it is not merely a message, or the confirmation of a message that we have--we have also stated what Christ is--the root and pledge of hope to all. I am the root and offspring of David, and the star, the bright, the morning (star). He is David's Lord and David's Son, possessing David's throne (Matthew 22:42-45; Luke 1:32); He is the bright star which leads up the dawn of everlasting day (Malachi 4:2; 2Peter 1:19).

Verse 16. - I Jesus have sent mine angel. Here our Lord himself asserts what was at the very beginning set forth (Revelation 1:1). The revelation proper being now ended, the epistolary form in which the book opens is now resumed. Either our Lord himself is here the speaker, or the angel speaks in his name (cf. vers. 9, 10, 12, etc.). To testify unto you these things in the Churches (ἐπὶ ταῖς ἐκκλησίαις). The Revised Version translates, for [margin. or over] the Churches (cf. the expression in Matthew 24:33). Probably this preposition is used as expressing the idea of motion towards, especially from above, which is contained in the fact that the message is from heaven to the Churches. Dusterdieck, Hengstenberg, and others would translate, "concerning the Churches." Ἐν, "in," is found in A and some other manuscripts. Some cursives omit the preposition entirely. This gives another possible reading: "to testify these things unto you, the Churches." I am the Root and the Offspring of David, and the Bright and Morning Star. Omit the second "and." (On "Root," see on Revelation 5:5; for "Morning Star," cf. Revelation 2:28.) At the word "David," the manuscript 1, from which Erasmus compiled the Textus Receptus, ends. In order to supply the remainder, which is deficient, Erasmus retranslated the Vulgate Version into Greek. The Greek, therefore, of the Textus Receptus from this point onwards is the Greek of Erasmus.

Parallel Commentaries ...


Greek
“I,
Ἐγὼ (Egō)
Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Nominative 1st Person Singular
Strong's 1473: I, the first-person pronoun. A primary pronoun of the first person I.

Jesus,
Ἰησοῦς (Iēsous)
Noun - Nominative Masculine Singular
Strong's 2424: Of Hebrew origin; Jesus, the name of our Lord and two other Israelites.

have sent
ἔπεμψα (epempsa)
Verb - Aorist Indicative Active - 1st Person Singular
Strong's 3992: To send, transmit, permit to go, put forth.

My
μου (mou)
Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive 1st Person Singular
Strong's 1473: I, the first-person pronoun. A primary pronoun of the first person I.

angel
ἄγγελόν (angelon)
Noun - Accusative Masculine Singular
Strong's 32: From aggello; a messenger; especially an 'angel'; by implication, a pastor.

to give you this testimony
μαρτυρῆσαι (martyrēsai)
Verb - Aorist Infinitive Active
Strong's 3140: To witness, bear witness, give evidence, testify, give a good report. From martus; to be a witness, i.e. Testify.

for
ἐπὶ (epi)
Preposition
Strong's 1909: On, to, against, on the basis of, at.

the
ταῖς (tais)
Article - Dative Feminine Plural
Strong's 3588: The, the definite article. Including the feminine he, and the neuter to in all their inflections; the definite article; the.

churches.
ἐκκλησίαις (ekklēsiais)
Noun - Dative Feminine Plural
Strong's 1577: From a compound of ek and a derivative of kaleo; a calling out, i.e. a popular meeting, especially a religious congregation.

I
ἐγώ (egō)
Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Nominative 1st Person Singular
Strong's 1473: I, the first-person pronoun. A primary pronoun of the first person I.

am
εἰμι (eimi)
Verb - Present Indicative Active - 1st Person Singular
Strong's 1510: I am, exist. The first person singular present indicative; a prolonged form of a primary and defective verb; I exist.

the
(hē)
Article - Nominative Feminine Singular
Strong's 3588: The, the definite article. Including the feminine he, and the neuter to in all their inflections; the definite article; the.

Root
ῥίζα (rhiza)
Noun - Nominative Feminine Singular
Strong's 4491: A root, shoot, source; that which comes from the root, a descendent. Apparently a primary word; a 'root'.

and
καὶ (kai)
Conjunction
Strong's 2532: And, even, also, namely.

the
τὸ (to)
Article - Nominative Neuter Singular
Strong's 3588: The, the definite article. Including the feminine he, and the neuter to in all their inflections; the definite article; the.

Offspring
γένος (genos)
Noun - Nominative Neuter Singular
Strong's 1085: Offspring, family, race, nation, kind. From ginomai; 'kin'.

of David,
Δαυίδ (Dauid)
Noun - Genitive Masculine Singular
Strong's 1138: David, King of Israel. Of Hebrew origin; Dabid, the Israelite king.

the
(ho)
Article - Nominative Masculine Singular
Strong's 3588: The, the definite article. Including the feminine he, and the neuter to in all their inflections; the definite article; the.

bright
λαμπρός (lampros)
Adjective - Nominative Masculine Singular
Strong's 2986: From the same as lampas; radiant; by analogy, limpid; figuratively, magnificent or sumptuous.

Morning
πρωϊνός (prōinos)
Adjective - Nominative Masculine Singular
Strong's 4407: Belonging to the morning, early. From proi; pertaining to the dawn, i.e. Matutinal.

Star.?
ἀστὴρ (astēr)
Noun - Nominative Masculine Singular
Strong's 792: A star. Probably from the base of stronnumi; a star, literally or figuratively.


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NT Prophecy: Revelation 22:16 I Jesus have sent my angel (Rev. Re Apocalypse)
Revelation 22:15
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