Now Naomi had a relative on her husband’s side
This phrase introduces Boaz as a relative of Naomi's deceased husband, Elimelech. In ancient Israel, family lineage and tribal affiliation were crucial for identity and inheritance rights. The mention of a relative sets the stage for the concept of the kinsman-redeemer, a key theme in the Book of Ruth. This role, outlined in Leviticus 25:25-55 and Deuteronomy 25:5-10, involved a family member stepping in to support relatives in need, often by marrying a widow to preserve the family line.

a prominent man of noble character
Boaz is described as a man of noble character, indicating his integrity, wealth, and social standing. The Hebrew term "gibbor chayil" can imply both wealth and valor, suggesting that Boaz was not only financially prosperous but also respected for his moral and ethical conduct. This character trait is significant as it foreshadows his role as a redeemer and protector, reflecting the qualities of righteousness and kindness that are central to the narrative.

from the clan of Elimelech
The mention of the clan of Elimelech ties Boaz to Naomi and Ruth through familial and tribal connections. In the tribal society of ancient Israel, clans were extended family groups that provided social and economic support. This connection is crucial for the unfolding of the story, as it legitimizes Boaz's potential role as a kinsman-redeemer. The clan system also reflects the importance of maintaining family heritage and property within the tribe, as seen in Numbers 36:7-9.

whose name was Boaz
The name Boaz means "strength" or "in him is strength," which is fitting given his role in the narrative. Boaz's actions throughout the Book of Ruth demonstrate strength of character and faithfulness to God's laws. His name also appears in the genealogy of Jesus Christ in Matthew 1:5, highlighting his significance in the lineage of David and ultimately the Messiah. Boaz serves as a type of Christ, embodying the role of a redeemer who provides protection and restoration.

And Ruth the Moabitess said to Naomi
Ruth's identity as a Moabitess is significant, highlighting her foreign status in Israel. The Moabites were descendants of Lot and often in conflict with Israel (Genesis 19:37). Her presence in Bethlehem underscores themes of inclusion and God's grace extending beyond Israel. Ruth's loyalty to Naomi, despite cultural and national differences, exemplifies devotion and love.

Please let me go into the fields and glean heads of grain
Gleaning was a provision in the Mosaic Law for the poor, widows, and foreigners (Leviticus 19:9-10, Deuteronomy 24:19-22). It allowed them to gather leftover crops after the harvesters. Ruth's request shows her willingness to work hard and her humility in accepting her status. This act of gleaning foreshadows God's providence and care for those who trust in Him.

after someone in whose sight I may find favor
Ruth seeks favor, indicating her hope for kindness and protection. This reflects the biblical principle of finding favor in the eyes of others, often seen as a sign of God's blessing (Genesis 39:4, Proverbs 3:4). Her faith and initiative set the stage for divine intervention and blessing through Boaz, a type of Christ as a redeemer.

Go ahead, my daughter, Naomi replied
Naomi's response shows her approval and affection for Ruth, calling her "my daughter," which signifies a close relationship. This moment marks a turning point from despair to hope, as Naomi begins to see the potential for God's provision through Ruth's actions. Naomi's trust in Ruth's judgment also reflects her own faith in God's providence.

So Ruth departed and went out into the field
Ruth's departure signifies her proactive nature and willingness to provide for herself and Naomi. In the cultural context of ancient Israel, widows often faced poverty and marginalization. Ruth's decision to glean reflects the Mosaic Law's provision for the poor, as seen in Leviticus 19:9-10 and Deuteronomy 24:19, which allowed the needy to gather leftover crops. This act of gleaning demonstrates Ruth's humility and determination.

and gleaned after the harvesters.
Gleaning was a common practice in ancient Israel, where landowners were instructed to leave the edges of their fields unharvested for the poor and foreigners. Ruth, a Moabite, was both a foreigner and a widow, making her eligible to glean. This practice highlights God's provision for the marginalized and sets the stage for Ruth's encounter with Boaz, a man of standing in the community.

And she happened to come to the part of the field belonging to Boaz,
The phrase "she happened" suggests a divine orchestration rather than mere coincidence. In the biblical narrative, God's providence is often at work behind the scenes. Boaz's field becomes a place of blessing and protection for Ruth, illustrating how God guides and provides for those who trust in Him. This moment foreshadows the unfolding of God's plan for Ruth and Naomi's redemption.

who was from the clan of Elimelech.
Boaz's connection to Elimelech, Naomi's deceased husband, is significant. In the cultural and legal context of Israel, the concept of the kinsman-redeemer (goel) was crucial. A kinsman-redeemer had the responsibility to protect the interests of needy family members, as outlined in Leviticus 25:25-55. Boaz's role as a potential redeemer for Ruth and Naomi is a central theme in the book, symbolizing Christ's redemptive work for humanity.

Just then Boaz arrived from Bethlehem
Boaz's arrival is significant as it highlights divine timing in the narrative. Bethlehem, meaning "house of bread," is a town in Judah known for its fertile land. This setting foreshadows its future significance as the birthplace of Jesus Christ (Micah 5:2). Boaz, a wealthy and influential man, is introduced as a kinsman-redeemer, a concept rooted in Levitical law (Leviticus 25:25), which allowed a relative to redeem a family member in distress.

and said to the harvesters,
Boaz's interaction with his workers reflects the agrarian culture of ancient Israel, where landowners and laborers worked closely during harvest. The harvesters were likely gleaning barley, a staple crop, indicating the time of year was spring. This setting provides a backdrop for the unfolding of God's providence in Ruth's life.

“The LORD be with you.”
Boaz's greeting reveals his piety and the integration of faith into daily life. This blessing invokes the presence of Yahweh, the covenant name of God, emphasizing the spiritual atmosphere in which Boaz operates. It reflects the theocratic society of Israel, where God's presence was central to community life (Numbers 6:24-26).

“The LORD bless you,” they replied.
The reciprocal blessing from the harvesters indicates mutual respect and a shared faith. This exchange underscores the godly character of Boaz's household and the positive relationship between him and his workers. It also reflects the cultural norm of invoking God's favor in everyday interactions, as seen in other scriptural greetings (Ruth 2:20, 1 Samuel 23:21).

And Boaz asked the foreman of his harvesters,
Boaz is introduced as a man of standing and wealth, a relative of Elimelech, Naomi's deceased husband. His inquiry shows his active involvement in the management of his fields, a sign of a responsible and diligent landowner. The foreman, or overseer, was responsible for the day-to-day operations of the harvest, indicating a structured and organized approach to agriculture in ancient Israel. This reflects the agrarian society of the time, where landowners like Boaz played a crucial role in the community's economy and social structure.

“Whose young woman is this?”
Boaz's question highlights the cultural context of identity and belonging in ancient Israel. Women were often identified by their relationship to a male figure, such as a father or husband. This reflects the patriarchal society where lineage and family connections were significant. The question also indicates Boaz's immediate interest in Ruth, setting the stage for their future relationship. Ruth, a Moabite, was gleaning in the fields, a practice allowed by Mosaic Law to provide for the poor and foreigners (Leviticus 19:9-10). This moment foreshadows Ruth's integration into the Israelite community and her eventual role in the lineage of David and Jesus Christ, highlighting themes of redemption and inclusion.

The foreman answered
In the context of ancient Israel, a foreman was responsible for overseeing the workers during the harvest. This role required leadership and accountability, ensuring that the work was done efficiently and fairly. The foreman's response indicates his awareness of the people working in the field, reflecting the close-knit nature of agrarian communities in biblical times.

She is the Moabitess
The term "Moabitess" identifies Ruth's ethnic background, highlighting her foreign status in Israel. Moab was a neighboring nation often at odds with Israel, and Moabites were generally viewed with suspicion or hostility. This detail underscores the remarkable nature of Ruth's acceptance and integration into the Israelite community, which foreshadows the inclusive nature of God's kingdom.

who returned with Naomi
Naomi's return to Bethlehem with Ruth marks a significant turning point in the narrative. Naomi, having left Bethlehem due to famine, returns after the death of her husband and sons, accompanied by her loyal daughter-in-law. This return signifies a movement from despair to hope, setting the stage for God's providential care and the unfolding of His redemptive plan.

from the land of Moab
Moab, located east of the Dead Sea, was known for its rugged terrain and historical enmity with Israel. The mention of Moab emphasizes the cultural and religious barriers Ruth overcame to join Naomi. This journey from Moab to Bethlehem symbolizes a transition from paganism to faith in the God of Israel, prefiguring the inclusion of Gentiles in the New Covenant through Christ.

She has said, ‘Please let me glean and gather among the sheaves after the harvesters.’
In the ancient Near Eastern context, gleaning was a practice allowed by Mosaic Law, where the poor and foreigners could collect leftover crops from the fields after the harvesters had passed through (Leviticus 19:9-10, Deuteronomy 24:19-22). Ruth, a Moabite and a widow, was exercising her right under this law, demonstrating her humility and willingness to work for sustenance. This act of gleaning also highlights the provision God made for the marginalized in society. Ruth's request to glean "among the sheaves" suggests she sought permission to gather not just the leftovers on the ground but also among the bundles, indicating her boldness and initiative. This foreshadows her role in God's redemptive plan, as she becomes an ancestor of King David and, ultimately, Jesus Christ (Matthew 1:5).

So she came out and has continued from morning until now,
Ruth's dedication and work ethic are evident as she labors from morning until the present time. This reflects her character as industrious and diligent, qualities that earn her favor in the eyes of Boaz, the field owner. Her perseverance is a testament to her commitment to Naomi, her mother-in-law, and her determination to provide for them both. This phrase also underscores the theme of divine providence, as Ruth's hard work places her in the path of Boaz, a kinsman-redeemer, who plays a crucial role in her life and the continuation of Naomi's family line.

except that she rested a short time in the shelter.”
The mention of Ruth taking a short rest in the shelter indicates the harsh conditions of fieldwork and the necessity of rest even for the most diligent workers. The shelter likely provided shade and a place for workers to recuperate, emphasizing the humane treatment of laborers in Boaz's fields. This detail highlights Boaz's character as a compassionate and just landowner, aligning with the biblical principle of caring for workers (Deuteronomy 24:14-15). Ruth's brief rest also symbolizes the temporary nature of her struggles, as God is orchestrating a greater plan for her life, leading to her eventual rest and security through her marriage to Boaz.

Then Boaz said to Ruth
Boaz, a wealthy and influential man in Bethlehem, is introduced as a kinsman of Naomi's late husband, Elimelech. His interaction with Ruth is significant as it sets the stage for his role as a kinsman-redeemer. This phrase highlights Boaz's initiative and willingness to engage with Ruth, a Moabite widow, which reflects his character and foreshadows his future actions.

Listen, my daughter
The term "my daughter" indicates a tone of kindness and protection. It suggests a familial relationship, emphasizing Boaz's role as a protector and provider. This phrase also reflects the cultural norms of the time, where elders or those in authority would address younger individuals with such terms, showing care and responsibility.

Do not go and glean in another field
Gleaning was a provision in the Mosaic Law (Leviticus 19:9-10) for the poor and foreigners, allowing them to gather leftover crops. Boaz's instruction to Ruth not to glean elsewhere underscores his desire to ensure her safety and well-being, as other fields might not offer the same protection or kindness.

and do not go away from this place
This directive emphasizes the importance of staying within the protection and provision of Boaz's field. It reflects the cultural and social dynamics of the time, where a foreign woman like Ruth could face danger or mistreatment in unfamiliar territories.

but stay here close to my servant girls
Boaz's instruction for Ruth to stay close to his servant girls provides her with a sense of community and security. It also ensures that she is integrated into the social structure of his household, offering her protection and companionship. This act of inclusion is significant, as it foreshadows the acceptance and integration of Ruth, a Moabite, into the Israelite community, ultimately leading to her role in the lineage of David and Jesus Christ.

Let your eyes be on the field they are harvesting
This phrase indicates the importance of focus and diligence in work. In the context of ancient Israel, gleaning was a provision for the poor, widows, and foreigners, as outlined in Leviticus 19:9-10 and Deuteronomy 24:19-22. Ruth, a Moabite and widow, exemplifies humility and industriousness by participating in this practice. The field represents God's provision and the opportunity for sustenance, echoing the biblical theme of God providing for His people.

and follow along after these girls
Ruth is instructed to follow the female workers, which highlights the social structure and gender roles of the time. Women often worked in groups for safety and efficiency. This instruction also signifies Ruth's acceptance into the community, despite her foreign status. It reflects the biblical principle of community support and protection for the vulnerable, as seen in the laws of gleaning.

Indeed, I have ordered the young men not to touch you
This phrase underscores the protective measures taken by Boaz, the landowner, to ensure Ruth's safety. In the ancient Near East, women, especially foreigners, were vulnerable to harassment. Boaz's command reflects his integrity and respect for Ruth, aligning with the biblical call for justice and protection of the marginalized. This act of kindness foreshadows the protective nature of Christ, who safeguards His followers.

And when you are thirsty, go and drink from the jars the young men have filled
Providing access to water was a significant gesture of hospitality and care in the arid climate of Israel. This invitation signifies inclusion and acceptance, as Ruth is allowed to share in the resources of the workers. It reflects the biblical theme of God's provision and the living water offered by Christ, as seen in John 4:10-14, where Jesus offers the Samaritan woman living water. This act of kindness by Boaz prefigures the grace and generosity of Christ.

At this, she fell on her face, bowing low to the ground
This act of humility and reverence is significant in the cultural context of the ancient Near East, where bowing was a common gesture of respect and submission. Ruth's actions demonstrate her gratitude and acknowledgment of Boaz's authority and kindness. This mirrors other biblical instances of bowing, such as Abraham's servant bowing in Genesis 24:26, showing a deep respect and recognition of divine providence.

and said to him, “Why have I found such favor in your eyes
Ruth's question highlights her surprise and humility at receiving kindness from Boaz. The concept of "favor" is often associated with grace and unmerited kindness, reflecting God's grace towards humanity. This echoes the theme of divine favor found in Genesis 6:8, where Noah found favor in the eyes of the Lord, suggesting a parallel between Ruth's situation and God's grace.

that you should take notice of me
Boaz's attention to Ruth is significant, as it reflects God's care for the marginalized and the outsider. This phrase underscores the biblical theme of God's concern for the vulnerable, as seen in Deuteronomy 10:18, where God defends the cause of the fatherless and the widow. Boaz's actions prefigure Christ's ministry, where He often took notice of and ministered to those society overlooked.

even though I am a foreigner?”
Ruth's identity as a Moabite is crucial, as Moabites were often viewed with suspicion and hostility by Israelites due to historical enmity (Deuteronomy 23:3-6). Her inclusion in the community of Israel through Boaz's kindness foreshadows the New Testament message of the inclusion of Gentiles into the people of God, as seen in Ephesians 2:12-13. Ruth's story is a testament to God's redemptive plan that transcends ethnic and cultural boundaries, pointing to the ultimate reconciliation found in Christ.

Boaz replied
Boaz, a prominent and wealthy landowner in Bethlehem, is introduced as a man of standing and integrity. His response to Ruth highlights his awareness and appreciation of her character and actions. This interaction sets the stage for the unfolding relationship between Boaz and Ruth, which is central to the narrative.

I have been made fully aware of all you have done for your mother-in-law since the death of your husband
Boaz acknowledges Ruth's loyalty and kindness to Naomi, her mother-in-law. This reflects the cultural importance of family loyalty and the care for widows, which is emphasized in the Mosaic Law (Deuteronomy 10:18). Ruth's actions demonstrate the biblical principle of hesed, or loving-kindness, which is a key theme throughout the book.

how you left your father and mother and the land of your birth
Ruth's decision to leave her family and homeland, Moab, mirrors the call of Abraham, who left his country and family to follow God's promise (Genesis 12:1). This act of faith and commitment is significant, as it shows Ruth's willingness to embrace a new identity and future with the people of Israel.

and how you came to a people you did not know before
Ruth's journey to Bethlehem represents a step of faith into the unknown, much like the journey of faith every believer is called to undertake. Her integration into the Israelite community prefigures the inclusion of Gentiles into the people of God, as seen in the New Testament (Ephesians 2:11-13). Ruth's story foreshadows the redemptive work of Christ, who breaks down barriers and unites all people in Him.

May the LORD repay your work
This phrase acknowledges the principle of divine recompense, where God rewards the faithful actions of individuals. In the context of Ruth, her loyalty and dedication to Naomi are seen as acts worthy of divine blessing. This reflects the broader biblical theme found in passages like Proverbs 19:17, which speaks of God repaying those who are kind to the poor. The idea of God repaying work is also echoed in the New Testament, such as in Colossians 3:23-24, where believers are encouraged to work heartily as for the Lord, knowing they will receive an inheritance from Him.

and may you receive a rich reward from the LORD
The concept of a "rich reward" emphasizes the abundance of God's blessings. In the historical context, Ruth, a Moabite, is being assured of God's favor despite her foreign status. This reflects the inclusive nature of God's grace, as seen in other scriptures like Isaiah 56:3-8, which speaks of God welcoming foreigners who join themselves to Him. Theologically, this reward can be seen as both material and spiritual, aligning with the biblical principle that God blesses those who seek Him earnestly.

the God of Israel
This phrase identifies the specific deity being invoked, distinguishing the God of Israel from the gods of other nations. It underscores the covenant relationship between God and His people, Israel. Ruth's story is set during the time of the Judges, a period marked by Israel's cyclical disobedience and repentance. Her inclusion in the lineage of David and ultimately Jesus (Matthew 1:5) highlights God's sovereign plan and the extension of His covenant blessings to Gentiles.

under whose wings you have taken refuge
This metaphor of taking refuge under God's wings is a powerful image of protection and care, reminiscent of a bird sheltering its young. It is a recurring biblical motif, found in passages like Psalm 91:4, which speaks of God's faithfulness as a shield and buckler. In Ruth's case, it signifies her trust in the God of Israel, leaving behind her Moabite heritage. This act of faith is a type of Christ, as Jesus later describes His desire to gather Jerusalem's children as a hen gathers her brood under her wings (Matthew 23:37), symbolizing His protective and nurturing nature.

“My lord,” she said,
Ruth addresses Boaz with a term of respect, acknowledging his authority and position. This reflects the cultural norms of ancient Israel, where social hierarchies were respected. The use of "lord" is not only a sign of respect but also an acknowledgment of Boaz's role as a potential redeemer, a concept that foreshadows Christ as the ultimate Redeemer.

“may I continue to find favor in your eyes,”
Ruth seeks ongoing grace and kindness from Boaz, which is significant in the context of her being a foreigner and a widow. This request for favor echoes the biblical theme of grace, where God's unmerited favor is extended to those who seek Him. It also parallels the favor Mary found with God in Luke 1:30.

“for you have comforted and spoken kindly to your maidservant,”
Boaz's actions towards Ruth are characterized by compassion and kindness, reflecting the biblical principle of loving one's neighbor. This kindness is a reflection of God's character and His care for the marginalized. The term "maidservant" indicates Ruth's humility and her acceptance of a lowly position, similar to the humility Christ demonstrated.

“though I am not like one of your servant girls.”
Ruth acknowledges her status as an outsider, emphasizing her Moabite heritage. This highlights the inclusivity of God's plan, as Ruth, a Gentile, is grafted into the lineage of David and ultimately Jesus. Her inclusion prefigures the breaking down of barriers between Jew and Gentile in the New Testament, as seen in Ephesians 2:14-16.

At mealtime Boaz said to her,
This phrase indicates a specific time during the workday, highlighting the generosity and kindness of Boaz. Mealtime was a communal event, and inviting Ruth, a Moabite and a gleaner, to join was an act of inclusion and grace. This reflects the biblical principle of hospitality and care for the foreigner and the needy, as seen in Leviticus 19:9-10.

“Come over here;
Boaz's invitation is personal and direct, showing his willingness to break social norms. In ancient Israel, social barriers often separated landowners from the poor and foreigners. Boaz's actions prefigure the inclusive nature of Christ's ministry, where He often reached out to those marginalized by society.

have some bread and dip it into the vinegar sauce.”
Bread was a staple food, symbolizing sustenance and life. The vinegar sauce, likely a sour wine or vinegar mixture, was used for flavor. This simple meal reflects the humility and provision of God, reminiscent of the Last Supper where Jesus broke bread with His disciples, symbolizing His body given for humanity (Luke 22:19).

So she sat down beside the harvesters,
Ruth sitting with the harvesters signifies her acceptance into the community. This act of sitting together symbolizes unity and equality, breaking down social barriers. It echoes Galatians 3:28, where Paul speaks of the unity of believers in Christ, regardless of social or ethnic backgrounds.

and he offered her roasted grain,
Roasted grain was a common food during harvest, easy to prepare and nutritious. Boaz personally offering it to Ruth demonstrates his care and provision, akin to how God provides for His people. This act can be seen as a type of Christ, who offers Himself as the bread of life (John 6:35).

and she ate and was satisfied
Ruth's satisfaction from the meal symbolizes God's provision and abundance. It reflects the biblical theme of God satisfying the needs of His people, as seen in Psalm 107:9. This satisfaction also points to the spiritual fulfillment found in Christ.

and had some left over.
The abundance of food, with leftovers, signifies God's overflowing provision. This mirrors the miracle of the feeding of the 5,000, where Jesus provided more than enough for the crowd, with baskets of leftovers (John 6:12-13). It underscores the theme of divine generosity and care.

When Ruth got up to glean
Ruth's action of gleaning reflects the Mosaic Law's provision for the poor and foreigners, as seen in Leviticus 19:9-10 and Deuteronomy 24:19-22. This law allowed the needy to gather leftover crops, demonstrating God's care for the marginalized. Ruth, a Moabite, exemplifies humility and diligence, qualities that are honored throughout Scripture. Her willingness to work hard for her sustenance is a testament to her character and faithfulness.

Boaz ordered his young men
Boaz, a man of standing in Bethlehem, exercises his authority with compassion and integrity. His instructions to his workers reveal his protective nature and adherence to the law, which commands kindness to strangers and the poor. Boaz's actions foreshadow the protective and redemptive nature of Christ, who cares for and defends His people. This moment also highlights the social structure of ancient Israel, where landowners had significant influence over their workers.

“Even if she gathers among the sheaves
Allowing Ruth to gather among the sheaves goes beyond the typical gleaning rights, showing Boaz's generosity and grace. This act of kindness is a precursor to the redemption theme that runs throughout the book. It also reflects the abundant provision of God, who often gives more than we ask or imagine, as seen in Ephesians 3:20. Boaz's actions can be seen as a type of Christ, who provides abundantly for His followers.

do not insult her.
Boaz's command to his workers to treat Ruth with respect underscores the biblical principle of treating others with dignity, regardless of their social status or background. This aligns with the teachings of Jesus, who emphasized love and respect for all people. The cultural context of the time often left women and foreigners vulnerable to mistreatment, making Boaz's directive a significant act of protection and honor. This mirrors the New Testament call to love one's neighbor as oneself, as found in Matthew 22:39.

Rather, pull out for her some stalks from the bundles
This phrase highlights Boaz's generosity and kindness towards Ruth, a Moabite widow. In the context of ancient Israel, gleaning was a provision in the Mosaic Law (Leviticus 19:9-10; Deuteronomy 24:19) that allowed the poor and foreigners to gather leftover crops from the fields. Boaz goes beyond the law's requirements by instructing his workers to intentionally pull out stalks for Ruth, demonstrating a spirit of compassion and grace. This act foreshadows the abundant grace found in Jesus Christ, who provides for our needs beyond what we deserve.

and leave them for her to gather
Boaz's instructions ensure that Ruth can gather with dignity and without fear of being shamed or harassed. This reflects the biblical principle of caring for the vulnerable and marginalized, as seen throughout Scripture (Psalm 82:3-4; James 1:27). The act of leaving stalks for Ruth also symbolizes God's provision and care for His people, as He orchestrates circumstances to meet their needs. This mirrors the way God provides for us through His providence and the community of believers.

Do not rebuke her.”
Boaz's command to his workers not to rebuke Ruth underscores the importance of treating others with respect and kindness, regardless of their social status or background. In a time when Moabites were often viewed with suspicion and prejudice (Deuteronomy 23:3-6), Boaz's acceptance of Ruth is a powerful testament to the inclusive nature of God's love. This anticipates the New Testament message of unity and acceptance in Christ, where there is neither Jew nor Gentile (Galatians 3:28). Boaz's actions serve as a type of Christ, who welcomes all who come to Him in faith.

So Ruth gathered grain in the field until evening.
Ruth's dedication and work ethic are highlighted here, as she labors from morning until evening. This reflects the cultural practice of gleaning, where the poor and foreigners were allowed to gather leftover crops from the fields (Leviticus 19:9-10). Ruth's actions demonstrate her commitment to providing for herself and Naomi, her mother-in-law. The setting is in Bethlehem during the barley harvest, a time of hope and provision after famine. This act of gleaning also foreshadows the provision and protection she will receive from Boaz, a type of Christ, who later becomes her kinsman-redeemer.

And when she beat out what she had gleaned,
The process of beating out the grain involved separating the edible part of the grain from the chaff, a task that required effort and skill. This reflects the agrarian lifestyle of ancient Israel, where such tasks were common. The act of threshing is often used metaphorically in Scripture to describe judgment and purification (Isaiah 41:15-16). Ruth's diligence in this task underscores her resourcefulness and determination, qualities that are rewarded later in the narrative.

it was about an ephah of barley.
An ephah is a unit of measure roughly equivalent to 22 liters or about half a bushel. This substantial amount indicates the abundance of Boaz's field and his generosity, as gleaners typically gathered much less. The provision of an ephah of barley not only meets Ruth and Naomi's immediate needs but also symbolizes God's providence and blessing. This abundance can be seen as a precursor to the greater blessings that come through Ruth's eventual marriage to Boaz, leading to the lineage of King David and ultimately Jesus Christ, fulfilling God's redemptive plan.

She picked up the grain and went into the town
Ruth's action of picking up the grain signifies her diligence and humility. In the context of ancient Israel, gleaning was a provision for the poor, widows, and foreigners (Leviticus 19:9-10). Ruth, a Moabite and widow, fits this description, highlighting her vulnerability and dependence on God's provision. The town referred to is Bethlehem, a significant location in biblical history as the future birthplace of Jesus Christ (Micah 5:2). Ruth's journey into the town symbolizes her integration into the community of Israel, foreshadowing her role in the lineage of David and ultimately, Christ.

where her mother-in-law saw what she had gleaned
Naomi's observation of Ruth's gleaning underscores the theme of provision and God's faithfulness. Naomi, who returned to Bethlehem in a state of bitterness and loss (Ruth 1:20-21), begins to witness the tangible evidence of God's care through Ruth's efforts. This moment marks a turning point in Naomi's life, as she starts to see hope and restoration. The act of gleaning not only provides physical sustenance but also serves as a metaphor for God's grace and redemption.

And she brought out what she had saved from her meal and gave it to Naomi
Ruth's generosity in sharing her meal with Naomi reflects her selflessness and loyalty. This act of kindness is a testament to her character and the deep bond between her and Naomi. In the cultural context, sharing food was a sign of hospitality and care, reinforcing the familial relationship between them. This gesture also prefigures the sacrificial love of Christ, who provides for our needs and invites us to partake in His abundance. Ruth's actions exemplify the biblical principle of loving one's neighbor and caring for family, as seen in passages like 1 Timothy 5:8.

Then her mother-in-law asked her,
Naomi, Ruth's mother-in-law, plays a significant role in the narrative. Her inquiry reflects her concern and care for Ruth, who has shown loyalty by staying with Naomi after the death of her husband and sons. Naomi's question also indicates the importance of gleaning for their survival, as they were widows without a male provider.

“Where did you glean today, and where did you work?
Gleaning was a practice commanded in Leviticus 19:9-10 and Deuteronomy 24:19, allowing the poor and foreigners to gather leftover crops from the fields. This reflects God's provision for the marginalized. Ruth's gleaning in the fields of Bethlehem, a town in Judah, places her in the lineage of David and ultimately Jesus Christ, as Bethlehem is also the prophesied birthplace of the Messiah (Micah 5:2).

Blessed be the man who noticed you.”
Naomi's blessing upon the man who showed kindness to Ruth highlights the cultural importance of hospitality and generosity. In the context of the narrative, Boaz's favor towards Ruth is seen as providential, aligning with God's overarching plan. This blessing foreshadows the role Boaz will play as a kinsman-redeemer, a type of Christ who redeems and restores.

So she told her mother-in-law where she had worked.
Ruth's report to Naomi signifies transparency and trust in their relationship. It also sets the stage for Naomi to recognize the providential hand of God in leading Ruth to Boaz's field, which will become a pivotal moment in their story of redemption.

“The name of the man I worked with today is Boaz,” she said.
The introduction of Boaz is crucial, as he is a relative of Naomi's deceased husband, Elimelech. This connection introduces the concept of the kinsman-redeemer, as outlined in Leviticus 25:25-55 and Deuteronomy 25:5-10. Boaz's role as a redeemer prefigures Christ, who redeems humanity. Boaz's name, meaning "strength," further emphasizes his role as a protector and provider, mirroring the strength and salvation found in Jesus.

Then Naomi said to her daughter-in-law,
Naomi, a central figure in the Book of Ruth, is speaking to Ruth, her Moabite daughter-in-law. This relationship is significant as it highlights the loyalty and devotion Ruth has shown to Naomi, choosing to stay with her even after the death of her husband. Naomi's role as a mother-in-law is pivotal in guiding Ruth through the customs and laws of Israel.

“May he be blessed by the LORD,
Naomi invokes a blessing upon Boaz, recognizing the LORD's providence in their lives. The use of "LORD" refers to Yahweh, the covenant name of God, emphasizing the personal relationship and faithfulness of God to His people. This blessing reflects the Hebrew tradition of acknowledging God's hand in acts of kindness and provision.

who has not withdrawn His kindness from the living or the dead.”
This phrase acknowledges God's ongoing faithfulness and covenant loyalty (hesed) to both the living (Naomi and Ruth) and the dead (Elimelech and his sons). It underscores the belief that God's kindness extends beyond death, maintaining His promises to the family line. This reflects the cultural importance of family legacy and the continuation of one's name in Israelite society.

Naomi continued, “The man is a close relative.
Naomi identifies Boaz as a close relative, which is significant in the context of Israelite family law. The Hebrew term "goel" (kinsman-redeemer) implies a responsibility to protect the interests of needy family members. This relationship sets the stage for Boaz's potential role in redeeming Naomi and Ruth from their destitution.

He is one of our kinsman-redeemers.”
The concept of a kinsman-redeemer is rooted in Levitical law (Leviticus 25:25-55), where a close relative has the duty to redeem a family member in distress, whether by buying back land, marrying a widow, or avenging blood. Boaz as a kinsman-redeemer is a type of Christ, foreshadowing Jesus' redemptive work for humanity. This role highlights themes of redemption, restoration, and God's provision through family structures.

Then Ruth the Moabitess said
Ruth's identity as a Moabitess is significant, highlighting her foreign status in Israel. Moabites were often viewed with suspicion due to their historical enmity with Israel (Deuteronomy 23:3-6). Her inclusion in the narrative underscores the theme of God's grace extending beyond Israel. Ruth's loyalty and faithfulness to Naomi and the God of Israel set her apart, prefiguring the inclusion of Gentiles in God's redemptive plan (Romans 11:17-24).

He also told me
This phrase indicates direct communication and favor from Boaz, a man of standing in Bethlehem. Boaz's actions reflect the character of a kinsman-redeemer, a concept rooted in Levitical law (Leviticus 25:25). His kindness foreshadows the redemptive work of Christ, who communicates God's grace to all people.

‘Stay with my young men
Boaz's instruction for Ruth to stay with his young men is a protective measure, ensuring her safety and provision. In the ancient Near Eastern context, gleaning could be dangerous for a woman alone. This protection mirrors God's provision and care for His people, as seen in Psalm 91:1-2.

until they have finished gathering all my harvest.’
The harvest season in Israel, particularly the barley and wheat harvests, was a time of community and celebration. Ruth's continued presence in the fields signifies ongoing provision and blessing. This period of gathering can be seen as a metaphor for the spiritual harvest, where God gathers His people (Matthew 9:37-38). Boaz's generosity and Ruth's diligence during the harvest foreshadow the ultimate gathering of believers through Christ's redemptive work.

And Naomi said to her daughter-in-law Ruth,
Naomi, a widow who returned to Bethlehem from Moab, speaks to Ruth, her Moabite daughter-in-law. This relationship is significant as it highlights the loyalty and devotion Ruth has for Naomi, choosing to stay with her despite the cultural and ethnic differences. Naomi's guidance reflects her protective and maternal role, emphasizing the familial bond that transcends bloodlines, a theme that resonates throughout the book of Ruth.

“My daughter,
Naomi's use of "my daughter" signifies a deep affection and acceptance of Ruth into her family. This term of endearment underscores the close relationship they share, despite Ruth being a foreigner. It also reflects the biblical theme of adoption and inclusion, which is seen in the New Testament where believers are adopted into the family of God (Ephesians 1:5).

it is good for you to work with his young women,
Naomi advises Ruth to stay with Boaz's young women, indicating the importance of community and protection within the social structure of ancient Israel. Working with Boaz's female servants ensures Ruth's safety and provides her with a sense of belonging. This advice also foreshadows the providential care that God extends to Ruth, as Boaz is a kinsman-redeemer, a concept that prefigures Christ's redemptive work.

so that nothing will happen to you in another field.”
Naomi's concern for Ruth's safety highlights the potential dangers faced by women gleaning alone in the fields during the time of the Judges, a period marked by social instability and moral decline (Judges 21:25). By staying in Boaz's field, Ruth is protected from harm, illustrating God's provision and care. This protection is a type of Christ's safeguarding of His people, ensuring their spiritual and physical well-being.

So Ruth stayed close to the servant girls of Boaz
Ruth's decision to stay close to the servant girls of Boaz highlights her humility and willingness to work hard. In the ancient Near Eastern context, gleaning was a provision for the poor, widows, and foreigners, as outlined in Leviticus 19:9-10 and Deuteronomy 24:19-22. Ruth's actions demonstrate her obedience to God's law and her integration into the community of Israel. Boaz's field represents a place of safety and provision, foreshadowing the protection and provision found in Christ.

to glean grain
Gleaning was a practice that allowed the less fortunate to gather leftover crops after the harvesters had passed through. This reflects God's care for the marginalized and His command for His people to show compassion. Ruth's gleaning is symbolic of God's grace, as she finds favor in Boaz's eyes, much like believers find grace through faith in Christ.

until the barley and wheat harvests were finished
The barley harvest typically began in April, followed by the wheat harvest in May and June. This timeframe indicates Ruth's diligence and perseverance over several months. The completion of these harvests signifies a period of provision and sustenance, paralleling the spiritual nourishment and fulfillment found in a relationship with God.

And she lived with her mother-in-law
Ruth's continued residence with Naomi underscores her loyalty and commitment to her family. This relationship is a testament to the covenantal love and faithfulness that mirrors God's relationship with His people. Naomi's presence in Ruth's life also serves as a guiding influence, much like the role of the Holy Spirit in guiding believers.