The Altar of Incense, also known as the Golden Altar, is a significant element in the worship practices of ancient Israel as described in the Old Testament. It was located in the Holy Place of the Tabernacle, and later in the Temple, positioned before the veil that separated the Holy Place from the Most Holy Place, where the Ark of the Covenant was kept.

Biblical Description and Construction

The instructions for the construction of the Altar of Incense are detailed in Exodus 30:1-10. The altar was made of acacia wood and overlaid with pure gold, measuring a cubit in length and width, and two cubits in height. It had horns on its four corners, also overlaid with gold, and a gold molding around it. Rings of gold were attached to its sides to hold poles for carrying, which were also made of acacia wood and overlaid with gold.

Function and Ritual Use

The primary function of the Altar of Incense was to burn fragrant incense before the Lord. This ritual was performed by the priest twice daily, in the morning and at twilight, as a perpetual incense offering before the Lord (Exodus 30:7-8). The incense used was a specific blend of spices, as prescribed in Exodus 30:34-38, and was considered holy. Unauthorized use of this incense blend was strictly prohibited.

The burning of incense symbolized the prayers of the people ascending to God, as reflected in Psalm 141:2, "May my prayer be set before You like incense, my uplifted hands like the evening offering." The sweet aroma was a pleasing offering to the Lord, signifying the intercession of the priest on behalf of the people.

Atonement and Purification

Once a year, on the Day of Atonement, the high priest would make atonement for the altar by applying the blood of the sin offering to its horns (Exodus 30:10). This act of purification was necessary to cleanse the altar from the impurities of the Israelites, ensuring that it remained holy and acceptable for the offering of incense.

Symbolism and Theological Significance

The Altar of Incense holds deep symbolic meaning within the context of Israelite worship. It represents the continual intercession and communication between God and His people. The rising smoke of the incense is a visual representation of prayers ascending to heaven, emphasizing the importance of prayer in maintaining a relationship with God.

In the New Testament, the imagery of incense is carried forward in the book of Revelation, where the prayers of the saints are depicted as incense before the throne of God (Revelation 5:8, 8:3-4). This continuity underscores the enduring significance of prayer and intercession in the life of believers.

Historical and Cultural Context

The Altar of Incense was an integral part of the Tabernacle, and later the Temple, serving as a focal point for the daily worship practices of the Israelites. Its presence in the Holy Place highlights the centrality of prayer and worship in the covenant relationship between God and His people. The detailed instructions for its construction and use reflect the holiness and order that characterized the worship of Yahweh, setting the Israelites apart from the surrounding nations.

The Altar of Incense, with its rich symbolism and ritual significance, remains a powerful reminder of the importance of prayer and the continual presence of God in the lives of His people.