The Birth of Isaac 1Now the LORD attended to Sarah as He had said, and the LORD did for Sarah what He had promised. 2So Sarah conceived and bore a son to Abraham in his old age, at the very time God had promised. 3And Abraham gave the name Isaaca to the son Sarah bore to him. 4When his son Isaac was eight days old, Abraham circumcised him, as God had commanded him. 5Abraham was a hundred years old when his son Isaac was born to him. 6Then Sarah said, “God has made me laugh, and everyone who hears of this will laugh with me.” 7She added, “Who would have told Abraham that Sarah would nurse children? Yet I have borne him a son in his old age.” 8So the child grew and was weaned, and Abraham held a great feast on the day Isaac was weaned. Sarah Turns against Hagar 9But Sarah saw that the son whom Hagar the Egyptian had borne to Abraham was mocking her son,b 10and she said to Abraham, “Expel the slave woman and her son, for the slave woman’s son will never share in the inheritance with my son Isaac!”c 11Now this matter distressed Abraham greatly because it concerned his son Ishmael. 12But God said to Abraham, “Do not be distressed about the boy and your maidservant. Listen to everything that Sarah tells you, for through Isaac your offspring will be reckoned.d 13But I will also make a nation of the slave woman’s son, because he is your offspring.” 14Early in the morning, Abraham got up, took bread and a skin of water, put them on Hagar’s shoulders, and sent her away with the boy. She left and wandered in the Wilderness of Beersheba. 15When the water in the skin was gone, she left the boy under one of the bushes. 16Then she went off and sat down nearby, about a bowshot away, for she said, “I cannot bear to watch the boy die!” And as she sat nearby, she lifted up her voice and wept.e 17Then God heard the voice of the boy, and the angel of God called to Hagar from heaven, “What is wrong, Hagar? Do not be afraid, for God has heard the voice of the boy where he lies. 18Get up, lift up the boy, and take him by the hand, for I will make him into a great nation.” 19Then God opened her eyes, and she saw a well of water. So she went and filled the skin with water and gave the boy a drink. 20And God was with the boy, and he grew up and settled in the wilderness and became a great archer. 21And while he was dwelling in the Wilderness of Paran, his mother got a wife for him from the land of Egypt. The Covenant at Beersheba 22At that time Abimelech and Phicol the commander of his army said to Abraham, “God is with you in all that you do. 23Now, therefore, swear to me here before God that you will not deal falsely with me or my children or descendants. Show to me and to the country in which you reside the same kindness that I have shown to you.” 24And Abraham replied, “I swear it.” 25But when Abraham complained to Abimelech about a well that Abimelech’s servants had seized, 26Abimelech replied, “I do not know who has done this. You did not tell me, so I have not heard about it until today.” 27So Abraham brought sheep and cattle and gave them to Abimelech, and the two men made a covenant. 28Abraham separated seven ewe lambs from the flock, 29and Abimelech asked him, “Why have you set apart these seven ewe lambs?” 30He replied, “You are to accept the seven ewe lambs from my hand as my witness that I dug this well.” 31So that place was called Beersheba,f because it was there that the two of them swore an oath. 32After they had made the covenant at Beersheba, Abimelech and Phicol the commander of his army got up and returned to the land of the Philistines. 33And Abraham planted a tamarisk tree in Beersheba, and there he called upon the name of the LORD, the Eternal God.g 34And Abraham resided in the land of the Philistines for a long time. Footnotes: 3 a Isaac means he laughs. 9 b LXX and Vulgate; Hebrew lacks her son 10 c Cited in Galatians 4:30 12 d Cited in Romans 9:7 and Hebrews 11:18 16 e Hebrew; LXX the child lifted up his voice and wept 31 f Beersheba means well of seven or well of the oath. 33 g Hebrew El-Olam Berean Standard Bible (BSB) printed 2016, 2020, 2022, 2025 by Bible Hub and Berean.Bible. Produced in cooperation with Bible Hub, Discovery Bible, unfoldingWord, Bible Aquifer, OpenBible.com, and the Berean Bible Translation Committee. This text of God's Word has been dedicated to the public domain. Free downloads and unlimited usage available. See also the Berean Literal Bible and Berean Interlinear Bible. Bible Hub  Genesis 21 Summary The Birth of IsaacVerses 1–2 – A Promised Son at the Appointed Time Verses 3–7 – Isaac’s Name and Laughter Verses 8–14 – Ishmael Sent Away Verses 15–21 – God Hears the Boy Verses 22–24 – A Treaty of Oaths with Abimelech Verses 25–34 – The Well of Oath and Worship This richly woven chapter traces the fulfillment of God's promise through the birth of Isaac, the familial strife leading to Hagar and Ishmael's expulsion, God's miraculous provision, and the treaty between Abraham and Abimelech, illustrating the interplay of faith, divine intervention, and human relationships. God Keeps His Promise • Genesis 12:2; 17:19; 18:10 all anticipate Isaac’s birth. Every detail—timing, name, covenant sign—unfolds exactly as spoken. • Hebrews 6:13-15 cites this moment to remind believers that patient faith inherits promises. The Name “Isaac” • Hebrew root tsachaq means “to laugh.” The word appears four times in this chapter, turning earlier doubt (18:12-15) into lasting joy. • The contrast between Isaac’s joyful laughter and Ishmael’s mocking laughter highlights two very different responses to God’s work. Age and Weaning Customs • Ancient Near Eastern mothers typically nursed children two to three years. The weaning feast celebrated survival past infancy. Archaeology shows similar rites in Mesopotamian texts. • At Isaac’s weaning, Ishmael is about sixteen—old enough to sense loss of firstborn status. Inheritance Practices and Sarah’s Urgency • Law codes from Nuzi and Mari show that a son of a slave woman could threaten a free wife’s child’s inheritance. Sarah’s demand mirrors those legal customs. • God validates Sarah’s concern yet provides for Ishmael, demonstrating justice coupled with mercy. Hagar and Ishmael: God’s Care for Outsiders • Hagar meets “the Angel of the LORD” twice (16:7; 21:17). Both times God hears her distress and names Ishmael (“God hears”). • Psalm 34:18 and Luke 1:52 echo this theme: God is near to the lowly and outcast. Well Culture in the Negev • Wells were life-sources and territorial markers. Disputes over access appear again with Isaac (26:15-22). • Modern Beersheba contains Iron-Age wells thirty feet deep, illustrating the labor involved and the value Abraham placed on the site. Beersheba: Layers of Stone and Story • Excavations show continuous occupation from the patriarchal period through the monarchy. A four-horned altar uncovered there parallels worship terminology (“call on the name of the LORD”). • “From Dan to Beersheba” later defines Israel’s full extent (Judges 20:1). Treaties, Oaths, and Seven Ewe Lambs • Exchanging animals as visible tokens appears in Hittite and Egyptian treaties. Seven animals emphasize finality (the number of completeness). • Abraham’s diplomacy balances faith with responsible engagement in local politics, a model seen again in Genesis 23. The Tamarisk Tree and Worship • Evergreen tamarisk trees survive arid climates and provide shade. Planting one marks permanence. • By invoking “the Eternal God” (El Olam), Abraham declares that the God who gave him temporary tents guarantees everlasting promises. Scripture Connections • Promise lineage: Genesis 17:21 → 21:12 → 26:3-5 → 28:13-14. • God hears: Exodus 3:7; 1 Samuel 1:10-20 echo Hagar’s experience. • Wilderness provision: Numbers 20 (water from rock); John 4 (living water). Echoes in the New Testament • Galatians 4:22-31 contrasts Hagar (slave) and Sarah (free), urging believers to live as children of promise. • Hebrews 11:11 praises Sarah’s faith, though it blossomed only after struggle. • Revelation 21:6 borrows well imagery—“I will give freely from the spring of the water of life.” Key Word Study • “Hear” (Hebrew shamaʿ) appears in 21:12, 17. God “hears” Ishmael; Abraham is told to “listen” to Sarah. Obedience and divine compassion share the same verb. • “Oath” (shebaʿ) sounds like “seven” (shebaʿ), explaining the dual meaning of Beersheba. Lessons for Life • God’s timing may stretch human patience, yet His calendar never slips. • Joy can spring from past skepticism when we keep walking with God. • Faith doesn’t cancel practical responsibility; Abraham still negotiates wells and treaties. • Even when people push us away, God draws near—Hagar’s account assures every outsider that heaven hears. Connections to Additional Scriptures Hebrews 11:11By faith Sarah herself received power to conceive, even when she was past the age, since she considered Him faithful who had promised. This verse connects to the theme of faith and God's faithfulness. Isaiah 40:31 But those who wait upon the LORD will renew their strength; they will mount up with wings like eagles; they will run and not grow weary; they will walk and not faint. This verse encourages us to wait on God's timing. Philippians 4:19 And my God will supply all your needs according to His glorious riches in Christ Jesus. This verse reassures us of God's provision. Teaching Points God's FaithfulnessGenesis 21:1-2 states, Now the LORD attended to Sarah as He had said, and the LORD did for Sarah what He had promised. So Sarah conceived and bore a son to Abraham in his old age, at the very time God had promised him. This emphasizes that God is faithful to His word, fulfilling His promises in His perfect timing. The Joy of Fulfillment Sarah's response in Genesis 21:6, God has made me laugh, and everyone who hears of this will laugh with me, reflects the joy and amazement that comes with witnessing God's promises fulfilled. It reminds us that God's blessings often exceed our expectations. The Importance of Obedience Abraham's obedience is highlighted in Genesis 21:4, And when his son Isaac was eight days old, Abraham circumcised him, as God had commanded him. This act of obedience signifies Abraham's continued faithfulness to God's covenant. Consequences of Human Actions The tension between Sarah and Hagar, and the subsequent sending away of Hagar and Ishmael (Genesis 21:9-14), illustrate the long-term consequences of taking matters into our own hands rather than waiting on God's timing. God's Provision and Care Despite the difficult circumstances, God provides for Hagar and Ishmael in the wilderness (Genesis 21:17-19), demonstrating His compassion and care for all His creation. Practical Applications Trust in God's TimingJust as Abraham and Sarah had to wait for God's promise to be fulfilled, we too must learn to trust in God's perfect timing for our lives. Rejoice in God's Blessings Like Sarah, we should celebrate and share the joy of God's blessings with others, recognizing His hand in our lives. Practice Obedience Follow Abraham's example by being obedient to God's commands, even when they require patience and faith. Consider the Consequences Reflect on the potential long-term effects of our decisions, especially when tempted to act outside of God's will. Rely on God's Provision In times of need, remember that God sees and provides for us, just as He did for Hagar and Ishmael. People 1. The LORDThe chapter begins with the LORD fulfilling His promise to Sarah, highlighting His faithfulness and power. The Hebrew name used here is "Yahweh" (יְהוָה), emphasizing God's covenant relationship with His people. 2. Abraham The patriarch of the Israelites, Abraham is central to this chapter as the father of Isaac. He demonstrates obedience and faith in God, particularly in the circumcision of Isaac on the eighth day, as commanded by God. 3. Sarah Abraham's wife, who miraculously gives birth to Isaac in her old age. Her laughter at the birth of Isaac reflects both joy and the fulfillment of God's promise. Her name in Hebrew, "Sarah" (שָׂרָה), means "princess." 4. Isaac The long-awaited son of Abraham and Sarah, whose birth is the fulfillment of God's promise. His name, "Isaac" (יִצְחָק), means "he laughs," reflecting the joy and surprise surrounding his birth. 5. Hagar Sarah's Egyptian maidservant and the mother of Ishmael. She is sent away with her son after Sarah sees Ishmael mocking Isaac. Her account highlights themes of God's provision and care even for those outside the covenant line. 6. Ishmael The son of Abraham and Hagar, who is sent away with his mother. Despite being outside the covenant promise, God promises to make a great nation of him. His name, "Ishmael" (יִשְׁמָעֵאל), means "God hears," reflecting God's attention to Hagar's distress. 7. Abimelech The king of Gerar, who makes a covenant with Abraham. His interaction with Abraham underscores themes of peace and mutual respect between different peoples. 8. Phicol The commander of Abimelech's army, who accompanies Abimelech in making a covenant with Abraham. His presence signifies the importance of the agreement and the military strength behind Abimelech. Places 1. GerarIn Genesis 21:1, Gerar is mentioned as the place where Abraham and Sarah were residing when the LORD visited Sarah as He had promised. Gerar is a Philistine city, and its name in Hebrew (גְּרָר) suggests a place of lodging or sojourning. It is significant as the location where Isaac was born, fulfilling God's promise to Abraham and Sarah. 2. Beersheba In Genesis 21:14, Beersheba is the place where Hagar and Ishmael wandered in the wilderness after being sent away by Abraham. The name Beersheba (בְּאֵר שֶׁבַע) means "Well of the Oath" or "Well of Seven," referring to the oath made between Abraham and Abimelech later in the chapter. It is a significant location as it becomes a place of covenant and God's provision for Hagar and Ishmael. 3. Wilderness of Paran In Genesis 21:21, the Wilderness of Paran is mentioned as the place where Ishmael settled after growing up. Paran (פָּארָן) is a desert region, and its mention signifies Ishmael's transition to becoming a skilled archer and establishing his own lineage. It is located in the Sinai Peninsula, emphasizing Ishmael's separation from Isaac and the continuation of God's promise to make him a great nation. Events 1. Birth of IsaacSarah conceives and gives birth to Isaac at the appointed time God had promised. This event fulfills God's promise to Abraham and Sarah, highlighting the Hebrew root "יִצְחָק" (Yitzchak), meaning "he laughs," reflecting both Abraham's and Sarah's initial reactions to the promise of a son in their old age. 2. Circumcision of Isaac On the eighth day after his birth, Abraham circumcises Isaac as God commanded. This act signifies the covenant between God and Abraham's descendants, rooted in the Hebrew practice of "בְּרִית מִילָה" (Brit Milah). 3. Sarah's Joy and Laughter Sarah expresses her joy and amazement at having a child in her old age, saying, "God has made me laugh, and everyone who hears of this will laugh with me." This reflects the fulfillment of God's promise and the joy it brings, connecting back to Isaac's name. 4. Ishmael Mocks Isaac During a feast celebrating Isaac's weaning, Sarah observes Ishmael, the son of Hagar, mocking Isaac. The Hebrew word used here can imply laughter or mockery, indicating tension between the two sons. 5. Sarah's Demand to Expel Hagar and Ishmael Sarah insists that Abraham send Hagar and Ishmael away, stating that Ishmael should not share in Isaac's inheritance. This reflects the cultural and familial tensions regarding inheritance and the status of the firstborn. 6. God's Assurance to Abraham Troubled by Sarah's demand, Abraham receives reassurance from God, who tells him to listen to Sarah because Isaac is the child through whom Abraham's offspring will be reckoned. God also promises to make Ishmael into a great nation because he is Abraham's offspring. 7. Hagar and Ishmael Sent Away Abraham sends Hagar and Ishmael into the wilderness with provisions. This act signifies a difficult but necessary separation, as God has a distinct plan for both Isaac and Ishmael. 8. God's Provision for Hagar and Ishmael In the wilderness, when their water runs out, Hagar weeps, and God hears Ishmael's cries. An angel of God calls to Hagar, providing comfort and revealing a well of water, ensuring their survival and foreshadowing Ishmael's future. 9. God's Promise to Ishmael God reiterates His promise to make Ishmael into a great nation, emphasizing His care and provision for all of Abraham's descendants, despite the separation from Isaac. 10. Covenant with Abimelech Abraham makes a covenant with Abimelech, the king of Gerar, concerning a well of water. This event underscores the importance of peaceful relations and mutual respect between Abraham and the surrounding peoples. 11. Planting of a Tamarisk Tree Abraham plants a tamarisk tree in Beersheba and calls on the name of the LORD, the Eternal God. This act symbolizes Abraham's continued faith and worship of God, establishing a lasting place of worship and remembrance. Topics 1. The Birth of IsaacGenesis 21:1-3 describes the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham and Sarah with the birth of Isaac. The Hebrew name "Isaac" (יִצְחָק, Yitzchak) means "he laughs," reflecting both Abraham and Sarah's initial reactions to the promise of his birth. 2. The Circumcision of Isaac In Genesis 21:4, Abraham circumcises Isaac on the eighth day, as God commanded. This act signifies the covenant between God and Abraham's descendants, rooted in the Hebrew word "בְּרִית" (berit), meaning "covenant." 3. Sarah's Joy and Laughter Genesis 21:6-7 highlights Sarah's joy and laughter at the birth of Isaac, fulfilling God's promise and transforming her disbelief into joy. The Hebrew word for laughter, "צָחַק" (tsachaq), is central to this narrative. 4. The Expulsion of Hagar and Ishmael In Genesis 21:8-14, Sarah demands the expulsion of Hagar and Ishmael, concerned about Isaac's inheritance. God reassures Abraham, promising that Ishmael will also become a great nation. The Hebrew word "גּוֹי" (goy) is used for "nation." 5. God's Provision for Hagar and Ishmael Genesis 21:15-21 describes God's intervention as Hagar and Ishmael face death in the wilderness. God hears Ishmael's cries and provides a well of water, reaffirming His promise to make Ishmael a great nation. 6. The Treaty at Beersheba In Genesis 21:22-34, Abraham and Abimelech make a covenant at Beersheba. The name "Beersheba" (בְּאֵר שֶׁבַע, Be'er Sheva) means "well of seven" or "well of the oath," signifying the treaty's importance. Abraham plants a tamarisk tree, calling on the name of the LORD, the Eternal God. Themes 1. Fulfillment of God's PromiseGenesis 21 highlights the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham and Sarah with the birth of Isaac. The name "Isaac" (יִצְחָק, Yitzchak) means "he laughs," reflecting both Abraham and Sarah's initial reactions to God's promise and the joy of its fulfillment. The passage underscores God's faithfulness to His word: "The LORD visited Sarah as He had said, and the LORD did for Sarah what He had promised" (Genesis 21:1). 2. Divine Timing The birth of Isaac occurs at the "appointed time" (מוֹעֵד, mo'ed) that God had set, emphasizing the theme of divine timing. God's plans unfold according to His perfect schedule, as seen in Genesis 21:2: "So Sarah conceived and bore a son to Abraham in his old age, at the very time God had promised him" . 3. Covenant and Circumcision The theme of covenant is reinforced through the circumcision of Isaac on the eighth day, as commanded by God. This act signifies the continuation of the Abrahamic covenant and obedience to God's commands: "Abraham circumcised his son Isaac when he was eight days old, as God had commanded him" (Genesis 21:4). 4. Joy and Laughter The birth of Isaac brings joy and laughter to Sarah, fulfilling God's promise and transforming her previous skepticism into joy. Sarah's laughter is a testament to God's power to bring joy out of barrenness: "God has made me laugh, and everyone who hears of this will laugh with me" (Genesis 21:6). 5. Conflict and Separation The tension between Sarah and Hagar, and subsequently between Isaac and Ishmael, highlights themes of conflict and separation. Sarah's demand to send Hagar and Ishmael away reflects the complexities of human relationships and God's sovereignty in guiding the outcomes: "Get rid of that slave woman and her son, for the slave woman's son will never share in the inheritance with my son Isaac" (Genesis 21:10). 6. God's Provision and Care Despite the conflict, God provides for Hagar and Ishmael in the wilderness, demonstrating His care for all His creation. God's intervention reassures Hagar of His presence and provision: "Then God opened her eyes, and she saw a well of water. So she went and filled the skin with water and gave the boy a drink" (Genesis 21:19). 7. Covenant with Abimelech The chapter concludes with a covenant between Abraham and Abimelech, emphasizing themes of peace and mutual respect. This agreement at Beersheba (בְּאֵר שֶׁבַע, Be'er Sheva) signifies a peaceful coexistence and the importance of oaths and agreements: "So that place was called Beersheba, because it was there that the two of them swore an oath" (Genesis 21:31). Answering Tough Questions 1. How could Sarah conceive at such an advanced age if Genesis 21:2 contradicts natural biological limits? Bible Study Discussion Questions 1. How does the birth of Isaac affirm God's faithfulness to His promises? 2. What does Sarah's reaction to Isaac's birth reveal about her faith journey? 3. How can we relate to Abraham's distress over Sarah's demand to expel Hagar and Ishmael? 4. How does God's reassurance to Abraham about Ishmael's future reflect His compassion? 5. How would you handle a situation of family conflict similar to that between Sarah and Hagar? 6. In what ways does God's intervention in Hagar and Ishmael's dire situation demonstrate His providence? 7. How can we find strength and hope in God's promise to Hagar for Ishmael's future? 8. What does the covenant between Abraham and Abimelech teach us about resolving conflicts? 9. How does Abraham's response to Abimelech's demand for a treaty illustrate his faith and integrity? 10. Why was the dispute over the well significant, and what does it teach us about standing up for what is right? 11. How does the naming of Beersheba encapsulate the essence of the covenant between Abraham and Abimelech? 12. What does Abraham planting a tamarisk tree symbolize? 13. What lessons can we learn from Abraham's steadfast devotion to God? 14. How does the way Abraham and Abimelech handle their dispute inform us on handling disagreements today? 15. How can we apply the lessons of faith, divine intervention, and human relationships in this chapter to our lives? 16. How can the narratives of Abraham, Sarah, Isaac, Hagar, and Ishmael inspire us in our faith journey? 17. How does God's provision for Hagar and Ishmael resonate with His dealings with us today? 18. How does Abraham's life in this chapter demonstrate obedience and faith? 19. How can we incorporate Abraham's practices of faith and devotion in our daily lives? 20. How does this chapter shape your understanding of God's faithfulness and provision in times of conflict and despair? Bible Hub Chapter Summaries and Bible Study Questions |
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