Verse (Click for Chapter) New International Version “And you, son of man, prophesy and say, ‘This is what the Sovereign LORD says about the Ammonites and their insults: “’A sword, a sword, drawn for the slaughter, polished to consume and to flash like lightning! New Living Translation “And now, son of man, prophesy concerning the Ammonites and their mockery. Give them this message from the Sovereign LORD: “A sword, a sword is drawn for your slaughter. It is polished to destroy, flashing like lightning! English Standard Version “And you, son of man, prophesy, and say, Thus says the Lord GOD concerning the Ammonites and concerning their reproach; say, A sword, a sword is drawn for the slaughter. It is polished to consume and to flash like lightning— Berean Standard Bible Now prophesy, son of man, and declare that this is what the Lord GOD says concerning the Ammonites and their contempt: ‘A sword! A sword is drawn for slaughter, polished to consume, to flash like lightning— Berean Literal Bible And you, son of man, prophesy and say, thus says the Lord YHWH concerning the sons of Ammon and concerning their scorn; and you shall say: ‘A sword, a sword is opened for slaughter! Polished for consuming, in order to be like lightning. King James Bible And thou, son of man, prophesy and say, Thus saith the Lord GOD concerning the Ammonites, and concerning their reproach; even say thou, The sword, the sword is drawn: for the slaughter it is furbished, to consume because of the glittering: New King James Version “And you, son of man, prophesy and say, ‘Thus says the Lord GOD concerning the Ammonites and concerning their reproach,’ and say: ‘A sword, a sword is drawn, Polished for slaughter, For consuming, for flashing— New American Standard Bible “And you, son of man, prophesy and say, ‘This is what the Lord GOD says concerning the sons of Ammon and their taunting,’ and say: ‘A sword, a sword is drawn, sharpened for the slaughter, to make it consume, so that it may be like lightning— NASB 1995 “And you, son of man, prophesy and say, ‘Thus says the Lord GOD concerning the sons of Ammon and concerning their reproach,’ and say: ‘A sword, a sword is drawn, polished for the slaughter, to cause it to consume, that it may be like lightning— NASB 1977 “And you, son of man, prophesy and say, ‘Thus says the Lord GOD concerning the sons of Ammon and concerning their reproach,’ and say: ‘A sword, a sword is drawn, polished for the slaughter, to cause it to consume, that it may be like lightning— Legacy Standard Bible “Now as for you, son of man, prophesy and say, ‘Thus says Lord Yahweh concerning the sons of Ammon and concerning their reproach,’ and say: ‘A sword, a sword is drawn, polished for the slaughter, to cause it to consume, that it may be like lightning— Amplified Bible “And you, son of man, prophesy and say, ‘Thus says the Lord GOD concerning the sons of Ammon and concerning their reproach (disgrace),’ and say: ‘A sword, a sword is drawn for the slaughter; it is sharpened and polished to put an end [to everything], and to flash like lightning, Berean Annotated Bible Now prophesy, son of man, and declare that this is what the Lord GOD {Adonai YHWH} says concerning the Ammonites (tribal) and their contempt: ‘A sword! A sword is drawn for slaughter, polished to consume, to flash like lightning— Christian Standard Bible “Now you, son of man, prophesy, and say, ‘This is what the Lord GOD says concerning the Ammonites and their contempt.’ You are to proclaim, ‘A sword! A sword is drawn for slaughter, polished to consume, to flash like lightning. Holman Christian Standard Bible Now prophesy, son of man, and say: This is what the Lord GOD says concerning the Ammonites and their contempt. You are to proclaim: A sword! A sword is drawn for slaughter, polished to consume, to flash like lightning. American Standard Version And thou, son of man, prophesy, and say, Thus saith the Lord Jehovah concerning the children of Ammon, and concerning their reproach; and say thou, A sword, a sword is drawn, for the slaughter it is furbished, to cause it to devour, that it may be as lightning; Contemporary English Version The LORD God said: Ezekiel, son of man, the Ammonites have insulted Israel, so condemn them and tell them I am saying: A sword is drawn, ready to slaughter; it is polished and prepared to kill as fast as lightning. English Revised Version And thou, son of man, prophesy, and say, Thus saith the Lord GOD concerning the children of Ammon, and concerning their reproach; and say thou, A sword, a sword is drawn, for the slaughter it is furbished, to cause it to devour, that it may be as lightning: GOD'S WORD® Translation "Son of man, prophesy. Tell them, 'This is what the Almighty LORD says about the Ammonites and their insults: A sword, a sword is drawn ready to kill. It's polished to destroy and flash like lightning. Good News Translation "Mortal man, prophesy. Announce what I, the Sovereign LORD, am saying to the Ammonites, who are insulting Israel. Say to them: 'A sword is ready to destroy; It is polished to kill, to flash like lightning. International Standard Version And now Son of Man, prophesy to the Ammonites that this is what the Lord GOD says to the Ammonites about their approaching humiliation: "A sword! A sword is being drawn for slaughter. It's polished to flash like lightning. NET Bible "As for you, son of man, prophesy and say, 'This is what the sovereign LORD says concerning the Ammonites and their coming humiliation; say: "'A sword, a sword drawn for slaughter, polished to consume, to flash like lightning-- New Heart English Bible "You, son of man, prophesy, and say, 'Thus says the Lord GOD concerning the people of Ammon, and concerning their reproach; and say, "A sword, a sword is drawn, for the slaughter it is furbished, to cause it to devour, that it may be as lightning; Webster's Bible Translation And thou, son of man, prophesy and say, Thus saith the Lord GOD concerning the Ammonites, and concerning their reproach; even say thou, The sword, the sword is drawn: for the slaughter it is furbished, to consume because of the glittering: Majority Text Translations Majority Standard BibleNow prophesy, son of man, and declare that this is what the Lord GOD says concerning the Ammonites and their contempt: ‘A sword! A sword is drawn for slaughter, polished to consume, to flash like lightning— World English Bible “You, son of man, prophesy and say, ‘The Lord Yahweh says this concerning the children of Ammon, and concerning their reproach: “A sword! A sword is drawn! It is polished for the slaughter, to cause it to devour, that it may be as lightning; Literal Translations Literal Standard VersionAnd you, son of man, prophesy, and you have said, Thus said Lord YHWH concerning the sons of Ammon, and concerning their reproach, and you have said: A sword, a sword, open for slaughter, "" Polished to the utmost for brightness! Berean Literal Bible And you, son of man, prophesy and say, thus says the Lord YHWH concerning the sons of Ammon and concerning their scorn; and you shall say: ‘A sword, a sword is opened for slaughter! Polished for consuming, in order to be like lightning. Young's Literal Translation And thou, son of man, prophesy, and thou hast said: Thus said the Lord Jehovah concerning the sons of Ammon, and concerning their reproach: and thou hast said: A sword, a sword, open for slaughter, Polished to the utmost for brightness! Smith's Literal Translation And thou son of man, prophesy and say, Thus said the Lord Jehovah to the sons of Ammon, and for their reproach; and say, The sword, the sword was loosed: for slaughter it was polished, to consume for sake of the lightning: Catholic Translations Douay-Rheims BibleAnd thou son of man, prophesy, and say: Thus saith the Lord God concerning the children of Ammon, and concerning their reproach, and thou shalt say: sword, O sword, come out of the scabbard to kill, be furbished to destroy, and to glitter, Catholic Public Domain Version And as for you, son of man, prophesy, and say: Thus says the Lord God to the sons of Ammon, and to their disgrace, and you shall say: O sword, O sword, unsheathe yourself so as to slay; polish yourself so as to kill and to shine, New American Bible As for you, son of man, prophesy: Thus says the Lord GOD to the Ammonites and their insults: O sword, sword drawn for slaughter, burnished to consume, to flash lightning! New Revised Standard Version As for you, mortal, prophesy, and say, Thus says the Lord GOD concerning the Ammonites, and concerning their reproach; say: A sword, a sword! Drawn for slaughter, polished to consume, to flash like lightning. Translations from Aramaic Lamsa BibleAnd you, Son of man, prophesy and say, Thus says the LORD God concerning the Ammonites and concerning their reproach: even say, The sword, the sword is drawn for the slaughter; it is sharpened and it glitters; Peshitta Holy Bible Translated But you, son of man, prophesy and say: “Thus says THE LORD OF LORDS, concerning the children of Amon and concerning their shame, and say, ‘A sword, a sword, which is prepared for slaughter, and it is sharpened and flashing! OT Translations JPS Tanakh 1917And thou, son of man, prophesy, and say: Thus saith the Lord GOD concerning the children of Ammon, and concerning their taunt; and say thou: O sword, O sword keen-edged, Furbished for the slaughter, To the uttermost, because of the glitterings; Brenton Septuagint Translation And thou, son of man, prophesy, and thou shalt say, Thus saith the Lord, concerning the children of Ammon, and concerning their reproach; and thou shalt say, O sword, sword, drawn for slaughter, and drawn for destruction, awake, that thou mayest gleam. Additional Translations ... Audio Bible Context The LORD's Sword of Judgment…27A ruin, a ruin, I will make it a ruin! And it will not be restored until the arrival of Him to whom it belongs, to whom I have assigned the right of judgment.’ 28Now prophesy, son of man, and declare that this is what the Lord GOD says concerning the Ammonites and their contempt: ‘A sword! A sword is drawn for slaughter, polished to consume, to flash like lightning— 29while they offer false visions for you and lying divinations about you—to be placed on the necks of the wicked who are slain, whose day has come, the time of their final punishment.… Cross References Now prophesy, son of man, Ezekiel 3:4-5 Then He said to me, “Son of man, go now to the house of Israel and speak My words to them. / For you are not being sent to a people of unfamiliar speech or difficult language, but to the house of Israel— Ezekiel 2:7 But speak My words to them, whether they listen or refuse to listen, for they are rebellious. Jeremiah 1:7-9 But the LORD told me: “Do not say, ‘I am only a child.’ For to everyone I send you, you must go, and all that I command you, you must speak. / Do not be afraid of them, for I am with you to deliver you,” declares the LORD. / Then the LORD reached out His hand, touched my mouth, and said to me: “Behold, I have put My words in your mouth. and declare that this is what the Lord GOD says Ezekiel 2:4 They are obstinate and stubborn children. I am sending you to them, and you are to say to them, ‘This is what the Lord GOD says.’ Amos 3:8 The lion has roared—who will not fear? The Lord GOD has spoken—who will not prophesy? Jeremiah 23:28 Let the prophet who has a dream retell it, but let him who has My word speak it truthfully. For what is straw compared to grain?” declares the LORD. concerning the Ammonites and their contempt: Ezekiel 25:2-7 “Son of man, set your face against the Ammonites and prophesy against them. / Tell the Ammonites to hear the word of the Lord GOD, for this is what the Lord GOD says: ‘Because you exclaimed, “Aha!” when My sanctuary was profaned, when the land of Israel was laid waste, and when the house of Judah went into exile, / therefore I will indeed give you as a possession to the people of the East. They will set up their camps and pitch their tents among you. They will eat your fruit and drink your milk. … Zephaniah 2:8-11 “I have heard the reproach of Moab and the insults of the Ammonites, who have taunted My people and threatened their borders. / Therefore, as surely as I live,” declares the LORD of Hosts, the God of Israel, “surely Moab will be like Sodom and the Ammonites like Gomorrah—a place of weeds and salt pits, a perpetual wasteland. The remnant of My people will plunder them; the remainder of My nation will dispossess them.” / This they shall have in return for their pride, for taunting and mocking the people of the LORD of Hosts. … Jeremiah 49:1-6 Concerning the Ammonites, this is what the LORD says: “Has Israel no sons? Is he without heir? Why then has Milcom taken possession of Gad? Why have his people settled in their cities? / Therefore, behold, the days are coming, declares the LORD, when I will sound the battle cry against Rabbah of the Ammonites. It will become a heap of ruins, and its villages will be burned. Then Israel will drive out their dispossessors, says the LORD. / Wail, O Heshbon, for Ai has been destroyed; cry out, O daughters of Rabbah! Put on sackcloth and mourn; run back and forth within your walls, for Milcom will go into exile together with his priests and officials. … ‘A sword! A sword is drawn for slaughter, Ezekiel 9:1-2 Then I heard Him call out in a loud voice, saying, “Draw near, O executioners of the city, each with a weapon of destruction in hand.” / And I saw six men coming from the direction of the Upper Gate, which faces north, each with a weapon of slaughter in his hand. With them was another man clothed in linen who had a writing kit at his side. And they came in and stood beside the bronze altar. Isaiah 34:5-6 When My sword has drunk its fill in the heavens, then it will come down upon Edom, upon the people I have devoted to destruction. / The sword of the LORD is bathed in blood. It drips with fat—with the blood of lambs and goats, with the fat of the kidneys of rams. For the LORD has a sacrifice in Bozrah, a great slaughter in the land of Edom. Jeremiah 25:31 The tumult will resound to the ends of the earth because the LORD brings a charge against the nations. He brings judgment on all mankind and puts the wicked to the sword,’” declares the LORD. polished to consume, Deuteronomy 32:41-42 when I sharpen My flashing sword, and My hand grasps it in judgment, I will take vengeance on My adversaries and repay those who hate Me. / I will make My arrows drunk with blood, while My sword devours flesh—the blood of the slain and captives, the heads of the enemy leaders.” Psalm 7:12-13 If one does not repent, God will sharpen His sword; He has bent and strung His bow. / He has prepared His deadly weapons; He ordains His arrows with fire. Jeremiah 46:10 For that day belongs to the Lord GOD of Hosts, a day of vengeance against His foes. The sword will devour until it is satisfied, until it is quenched with their blood. For the Lord GOD of Hosts will hold a sacrifice in the land of the north by the River Euphrates. to flash like lightning— Psalm 144:6 Flash forth Your lightning and scatter them; shoot Your arrows and rout them. Treasury of Scripture And you, son of man, prophesy and say, Thus said the Lord GOD concerning the Ammonites, and concerning their reproach; even say you, The sword, the sword is drawn: for the slaughter it is furbished, to consume because of the glittering: concerning the Ezekiel 21:20 Appoint a way, that the sword may come to Rabbath of the Ammonites, and to Judah in Jerusalem the defenced. Ezekiel 25:2-7 Son of man, set thy face against the Ammonites, and prophesy against them; … Jeremiah 49:1-5 Concerning the Ammonites, thus saith the LORD; Hath Israel no sons? hath he no heir? why then doth their king inherit Gad, and his people dwell in his cities? … the sword Ezekiel 21:9,10 Son of man, prophesy, and say, Thus saith the LORD; Say, A sword, a sword is sharpened, and also furbished: … Jump to Previous Ammon Ammonites Cause Children Consume Devour Drawn Furbished Glittering Keen-Edged Lightning Polished Prophesy Reproach Slaughter Sword Taunt UttermostJump to Next Ammon Ammonites Cause Children Consume Devour Drawn Furbished Glittering Keen-Edged Lightning Polished Prophesy Reproach Slaughter Sword Taunt UttermostEzekiel 21 1. Ezekiel prophesies against Jerusalem with a sign of sighing8. The sharp and bright sword 18. against Jerusalem 25. against the kingdom 28. and against the Ammonites Now prophesy, son of man, This phrase identifies Ezekiel as the "son of man," a term used frequently in the book to emphasize his humanity and role as a prophet. It underscores the divine authority given to Ezekiel to deliver God's message. The term "son of man" is also significant in the New Testament, where it is used by Jesus to refer to Himself, highlighting His role as the ultimate prophet and mediator between God and humanity. and declare that this is what the Lord GOD says concerning the Ammonites and their contempt: ‘A sword! A sword is drawn for slaughter, polished to consume, to flash like lightning— Persons / Places / Events 1. EzekielA prophet called by God to deliver His messages to the Israelites and surrounding nations during the Babylonian exile. 2. Ammonites A neighboring nation of Israel, often in conflict with Israel, known for their contempt and hostility towards God's people. 3. The Lord GOD The sovereign and just God who pronounces judgment on nations, including the Ammonites, for their actions and attitudes. 4. The Sword Symbolizes God's impending judgment and the instrument of His wrath against the Ammonites. 5. Prophecy The act of delivering God's message, often concerning future events, as Ezekiel does here regarding the Ammonites. Teaching Points God's Sovereignty Over NationsGod is in control of all nations and their destinies. His judgments are just and serve His divine purposes. The Consequences of Contempt The Ammonites' contempt for God's people led to their downfall. We must guard against attitudes of pride and hostility. The Certainty of God's Judgment Just as the sword is drawn and polished, God's judgment is certain and will come to pass. We should live in a way that honors God and avoids His wrath. Prophetic Warnings God often provides warnings through His prophets. We should heed these warnings and align our lives with His will. Trust in God's Justice In a world where injustice seems prevalent, we can trust that God will ultimately bring about justice in His perfect timing. Bible Study Questions and Answers 1. What is the meaning of Ezekiel 21:28?2. How does Ezekiel 21:28 warn against false hope in worldly powers? 3. What does "sword" symbolize in Ezekiel 21:28, and how does it apply today? 4. How can Ezekiel 21:28 deepen our understanding of God's judgment? 5. Connect Ezekiel 21:28 with other scriptures about divine justice and consequences. 6. How should believers respond to warnings like those in Ezekiel 21:28? 7. What is the significance of Ezekiel 21:28 in the context of prophecy against Ammon? 8. How does Ezekiel 21:28 reflect God's judgment and justice? 9. Why is the sword imagery used in Ezekiel 21:28? 10. What are the top 10 Lessons from Ezekiel 21? 11. How can the severe judgment imagery in Ezekiel 21 be reconciled with teachings elsewhere in Scripture about God's mercy? 12. Is there any evidence outside the Bible supporting the military and political tumult depicted throughout Ezekiel 21? 13. In Ezekiel 21:3-4, how can God threaten to destroy both the righteous and the wicked without contradicting other texts that portray Him as just? 14. In Luke 21:20-24, was Jesus prophesying the destruction of Jerusalem before it happened, or was this written after the fact? What Does Ezekiel 21:28 Mean Now prophesy, son of man• Ezekiel again receives an unmistakable charge to speak, underscoring prophetic obedience (Ezekiel 2:7; Jeremiah 1:17). • The phrase reminds readers that prophecy originates with God, not personal opinion (2 Peter 1:21). • God’s repeated directive affirms His patience and resolve in warning nations before judgment (Jonah 3:1; Acts 3:22). and declare that this is what the Lord GOD says concerning the Ammonites and their contempt • Ammon had mocked Judah’s fall, displaying contempt toward God’s covenant people (Zephaniah 2:8; Psalm 83:4–7). • The Lord, therefore, addresses them directly, proving He rules every nation, not just Israel (Jeremiah 49:1–6; Amos 1:13–15). • Divine judgment answers contempt; God defends His name and His people with perfect justice (Deuteronomy 32:35; Romans 12:19). A sword! A sword is drawn for slaughter • Repetition heightens urgency and certainty, echoing earlier warnings to Judah (Ezekiel 21:3–5) now redirected toward Ammon. • The “drawn” sword pictures imminent action, not a distant threat (Jeremiah 47:6). • Slaughter indicates large-scale devastation, fulfilling God’s righteous verdict (Isaiah 34:6; Revelation 19:15). polished to consume • A polished blade cuts efficiently, symbolizing precise, thorough judgment (Ezekiel 21:9–10). • “To consume” shows that nothing opposed to God’s holiness will remain (Isaiah 1:28; Hebrews 10:27). • The image comforts believers: evil is not ignored but decisively dealt with (Psalm 37:38; Nahum 1:2). to flash like lightning— • Lightning is sudden, brilliant, and unstoppable, mirroring the speed of divine intervention (Nahum 3:3; Matthew 24:27). • The flash also points to the public nature of judgment; the nations will see and know that the Lord has acted (Ezekiel 25:11; Psalm 97:4). • Such vivid language urges present-day readers to live in reverent readiness (1 Thessalonians 5:2–4; 2 Peter 3:10). summary Ezekiel 21:28 delivers God’s direct response to Ammon’s scoffing attitude. The prophet must speak because God will not overlook contempt. A sharpened, polished, flashing sword depicts swift, complete, and visible judgment. The passage affirms that every nation is accountable to the Lord, He defends His name and His people, and His justice arrives with precision and power. (28) Concerning the Ammonites.--At the opening of this prophecy (Ezekiel 21:19-20) the king of Babylon was represented as hesitating whether to attack Jerusalem or Rabbah, and as being led to the determination of attacking the former. This would leave the inference that the Ammonites might escape altogether; and from the destruction of God's peculiar people, along with the immunity of their ancient enemies, the heathen would be likely to draw conclusions inconsistent with the power and majesty of God. Hence this prophecy is added to show that His judgments shall certainly fall on them also, and in this case the ruin foretold is final and hopeless, without the promise given to Israel in Ezekiel 21:27. Another prophecy against Ammon is given in Ezekiel 25:1-7. As a matter of history, the Ammonites were conquered, and their country desolated, by Nebuchadnezzar a few years after the destruction of Jerusalem, and they gradually dwindled away until their name and place among the nations finally disappeared.Their reproach--i.e., their exultation in the desolation of Israel. (See Ezekiel 25:3; Zephaniah 2:8.) . . . Verse 28. - Thus saith the Lord God concerning the Ammonites. Ezekiel has not forgotten that scene at the parting of the ways. The Ammonites, when they saw the issue of the divination, and the march of the Chaldean army to the west, thought themselves safe. They took up their reproach against Jerusalem, and exulted in its fall. They are warned, as in another strophe of the "Lay of the Sword of Jehovah," that their confidence is vain (comp. Zephaniah 2:8 for a like exultation at an earlier period).Parallel Commentaries ... Hebrew Nowוְאַתָּ֣ה (wə·’at·tāh) Conjunctive waw | Pronoun - second person masculine singular Strong's 859: Thou and thee, ye and you prophesy, הִנָּבֵ֤א (hin·nā·ḇê) Verb - Nifal - Imperative - masculine singular Strong's 5012: To prophesy, speak, by inspiration son בֶן־ (ḇen-) Noun - masculine singular construct Strong's 1121: A son of man, אָדָ֗ם (’ā·ḏām) Noun - masculine singular Strong's 120: Ruddy, a human being and declare וְאָֽמַרְתָּ֙ (wə·’ā·mar·tā) Conjunctive waw | Verb - Qal - Conjunctive perfect - second person masculine singular Strong's 559: To utter, say that this is what כֹּ֤ה (kōh) Adverb Strong's 3541: Like this, thus, here, now the Lord אֲדֹנָ֣י (’ă·ḏō·nāy) Noun - proper - masculine singular Strong's 136: The Lord GOD יְהֹוִ֔ה (Yah·weh) Noun - proper - masculine singular Strong's 3069: YHWH says אָמַר֙ (’ā·mar) Verb - Qal - Perfect - third person masculine singular Strong's 559: To utter, say concerning אֶל־ (’el-) Preposition Strong's 413: Near, with, among, to the Ammonites בְּנֵ֥י (bə·nê) Noun - masculine plural construct Strong's 1121: A son and their contempt: חֶרְפָּתָ֑ם (ḥer·pā·ṯām) Noun - feminine singular construct | third person masculine plural Strong's 2781: Contumely, disgrace, the pudenda ‘A sword! חֶ֣רֶב (ḥe·reḇ) Noun - feminine singular Strong's 2719: Drought, a cutting instrument, as a, knife, sword A sword חֶ֤רֶב (ḥe·reḇ) Noun - feminine singular Strong's 2719: Drought, a cutting instrument, as a, knife, sword is drawn פְּתוּחָה֙ (pə·ṯū·ḥāh) Verb - Qal - QalPassParticiple - feminine singular Strong's 6605: To open wide, to loosen, begin, plough, carve for slaughter, לְטֶ֣בַח (lə·ṭe·ḇaḥ) Preposition-l | Noun - masculine singular Strong's 2874: Something slaughtered, a beast, butchery polished מְרוּטָ֔ה (mə·rū·ṭāh) Verb - Qal - QalPassParticiple - feminine singular Strong's 4803: To make smooth, bare or bald, to scour, polish to consume, לְהָכִ֖יל (lə·hā·ḵîl) Preposition-l | Verb - Hifil - Infinitive construct Strong's 398: To eat to לְמַ֥עַן (lə·ma·‘an) Conjunction Strong's 4616: Purpose -- intent flash like lightning. בָּרָֽק׃ (bā·rāq) Noun - masculine singular Strong's 1300: Lightning, a gleam, a flashing sword Links Ezekiel 21:28 NIVEzekiel 21:28 NLT Ezekiel 21:28 ESV Ezekiel 21:28 NASB Ezekiel 21:28 KJV Ezekiel 21:28 BibleApps.com Ezekiel 21:28 Biblia Paralela Ezekiel 21:28 Chinese Bible Ezekiel 21:28 French Bible Ezekiel 21:28 Catholic Bible OT Prophets: Ezekiel 21:28 You son of man prophesy and say (Ezek. 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