Then Samuel took a flask of oil
In ancient Israel, anointing with oil was a significant ritual symbolizing consecration and the setting apart of an individual for a specific role or task. The use of a flask indicates a deliberate and formal act, as opposed to a casual or spontaneous one. Anointing with oil is a practice seen throughout the Old Testament, often associated with priests and kings (Exodus 30:30, 1 Kings 1:39).

poured it on Saul’s head
The act of pouring oil on the head signifies the bestowal of God’s Spirit and blessing. This act marks Saul as chosen by God for leadership. The head is symbolic of authority and leadership, and this anointing signifies Saul's divine appointment as king. This practice foreshadows the anointing of Jesus Christ, the Messiah, whose title means "Anointed One" (Luke 4:18).

kissed him
A kiss in this context is a sign of respect, acceptance, and allegiance. It indicates Samuel's personal endorsement of Saul as king. This gesture also reflects the cultural practices of the time, where a kiss could signify loyalty and submission (Psalm 2:12).

and said, “Has not the LORD anointed you
Samuel emphasizes that it is the LORD who has chosen and anointed Saul, not merely a human decision. This divine selection underscores the theocratic nature of Israel's monarchy, where the king is seen as ruling under God's authority. This echoes the concept of divine right, where rulers are seen as appointed by God (Romans 13:1).

ruler over His inheritance?
The term "inheritance" refers to the people of Israel, whom God considers His own possession (Deuteronomy 9:29). Saul is appointed as ruler over God's chosen people, highlighting the responsibility and sacred duty of his kingship. This phrase underscores the covenant relationship between God and Israel, where the king serves as a steward of God's people, pointing forward to Jesus Christ, the ultimate Shepherd and King of God's inheritance (1 Peter 5:2-4).

When you leave me today
This phrase indicates a specific moment in time, highlighting the immediacy of the prophecy. It underscores the divine orchestration of events, as Samuel, a prophet, speaks with authority about what will happen shortly. This reflects the biblical theme of God's sovereignty and foreknowledge, as seen in other instances where prophets predict future events (e.g., 1 Kings 13:3).

you will find two men at Rachel’s tomb
Rachel's tomb is a significant landmark in biblical history, associated with the matriarch Rachel, who died giving birth to Benjamin (Genesis 35:19). This location serves as a reminder of Israel's heritage and God's promises to the patriarchs. The mention of two men aligns with the biblical principle of establishing truth through multiple witnesses (Deuteronomy 19:15).

in Zelzah on the border of Benjamin
Zelzah is a location not widely mentioned in Scripture, indicating its obscurity. Its mention here emphasizes the precision of the prophecy. The border of Benjamin is significant as Saul, the recipient of this prophecy, is from the tribe of Benjamin. This geographical detail roots the narrative in the historical and tribal context of Israel.

They will say to you, ‘The donkeys you seek have been found
The recovery of the donkeys signifies the resolution of a mundane concern, allowing Saul to focus on his divine calling. This reflects a common biblical theme where God addresses practical needs to prepare individuals for greater purposes, as seen in the provision for Elijah in 1 Kings 17.

and now your father has stopped worrying about the donkeys and started worrying about you
This shift in concern from the donkeys to Saul highlights the personal nature of God's involvement in individual lives. It underscores the biblical theme of God's care for His people, as seen in Jesus' teaching about God's provision in Matthew 6:25-34.

asking, “What should I do about my son?”’
This question reflects a father's concern and foreshadows Saul's future role as king, where he will be responsible for the welfare of the nation. It also hints at the relational dynamics within Saul's family, which play a role in his later decisions as king. This concern mirrors God's paternal care for His people, as seen in passages like Hosea 11:1-4.

Then you will go on from there until you come to the Oak of Tabor.
The Oak of Tabor is a significant landmark in the narrative, though its exact location is not definitively known today. Oaks were often used as meeting places or landmarks in ancient Israel, symbolizing strength and endurance. This particular oak may have been a well-known site for travelers. The mention of Tabor could refer to a region or a specific tree, not necessarily Mount Tabor, which is located in the northern part of Israel. The journey signifies a transition in Saul's life, moving from his private life to his public role as king.

Three men going up to God at Bethel will meet you there,
Bethel, meaning "house of God," was a significant religious site in Israel's history. It was a place where patriarchs like Abraham and Jacob had encounters with God. The act of "going up to God" suggests a pilgrimage or religious duty, indicating the men's devotion. This encounter is divinely orchestrated, serving as a sign to Saul of God's guidance and confirmation of his anointing as king.

one carrying three young goats,
The three young goats could symbolize a sacrificial offering, as goats were commonly used in various sacrifices and religious rituals in Israel. The number three often signifies completeness or divine perfection in the Bible. This detail highlights the men's purpose and the sacred nature of their journey, reinforcing the theme of divine providence in Saul's path.

another carrying three loaves of bread,
Bread is a staple food and often represents sustenance and provision in biblical texts. The three loaves may symbolize the provision of God, both physically and spiritually. Bread is also significant in covenantal meals and offerings, pointing to fellowship and communion with God. This detail underscores the theme of God's provision and care for His people.

and another carrying a skin of wine.
Wine in the Bible is frequently associated with joy, celebration, and covenantal blessings. The skin of wine carried by the third man could symbolize the joy and abundance that comes from God's favor. Wine is also used in religious ceremonies, such as offerings and feasts, indicating the sacredness of the journey. This element of the narrative foreshadows the blessings and responsibilities that come with Saul's anointing as king.

They will greet you
This phrase indicates a customary act of hospitality and recognition. In ancient Israel, greeting someone was a sign of peace and goodwill. It reflects the cultural importance of community and fellowship. The act of greeting also signifies acceptance and acknowledgment of Saul's new role as king, as he is being recognized by others in the community.

and give you two loaves of bread
The giving of bread is significant in the biblical context, symbolizing provision and sustenance. Bread is a staple food in the ancient Near East, and its offering represents a gesture of goodwill and support. The number two may symbolize witness or confirmation, as seen in other scriptural contexts (e.g., Deuteronomy 19:15). This act of giving bread can also be seen as a foreshadowing of God's provision for Saul's kingship, similar to how God provided manna for the Israelites in the wilderness (Exodus 16).

which you will accept from their hands
Acceptance of the bread signifies Saul's willingness to receive what God has provided through others. It demonstrates humility and acknowledgment of God's provision through human means. This act of acceptance can be seen as a type of Christ, who also received and gave bread, symbolizing His provision for humanity (e.g., the feeding of the 5,000 in John 6). Saul's acceptance is a step in his journey of obedience and trust in God's plan for his leadership.

After that you will come to Gibeah of God
Gibeah, often referred to as "Gibeah of God" in this context, is a significant location in the tribal territory of Benjamin. It is known as the hometown of Saul, Israel's first king. The term "Gibeah of God" may indicate a place of worship or a site associated with divine activity. This location is historically significant as it later becomes Saul's capital. The mention of "God" suggests a place where religious activities or divine encounters are expected, setting the stage for Saul's transformation and anointing as king.

where the Philistines have an outpost
The Philistines were a constant threat to Israel during this period, often establishing military outposts in strategic locations. This presence in Gibeah highlights the ongoing conflict and tension between Israel and the Philistines. The Philistine outpost signifies the political and military challenges Saul will face as king. It also underscores the need for divine intervention and leadership to deliver Israel from its enemies, a recurring theme in the narrative of the Judges and early monarchy.

As you approach the city
This phrase indicates a journey or transition, both physically and spiritually, for Saul. Approaching the city symbolizes Saul's movement towards his destiny and the fulfillment of Samuel's prophetic words. It also suggests a moment of anticipation and preparation for the encounter that will confirm his calling as king. The approach to the city is a metaphor for Saul's approach to his new role and responsibilities.

you will meet a group of prophets coming down from the high place
The "group of prophets" refers to a band of individuals engaged in prophetic activities, often associated with ecstatic worship and music. High places were common sites for worship and sacrifice in ancient Israel, often located on elevated terrain. This encounter with the prophets is significant as it marks a divine confirmation of Saul's anointing. The presence of prophets indicates the active role of the Spirit of God in guiding and affirming Saul's kingship, reminiscent of the prophetic traditions seen in the lives of Moses and Elijah.

preceded by harps, tambourines, flutes, and lyres
The use of musical instruments in prophetic activity highlights the role of music in worship and prophecy in ancient Israel. Harps, tambourines, flutes, and lyres were commonly used in religious ceremonies and were believed to facilitate a connection with the divine. This musical procession underscores the celebratory and spiritual nature of the prophetic encounter. It also reflects the cultural practices of the time, where music was integral to religious expression and communal gatherings.

and they will be prophesying
Prophesying in this context involves speaking or singing under the inspiration of the Spirit of God. This prophetic activity serves as a sign of divine presence and approval. The act of prophesying confirms Saul's selection as king and signifies the empowerment of the Spirit for his forthcoming role. This moment parallels other instances in Scripture where the Spirit of God comes upon individuals, such as the judges and later prophets, to equip them for leadership and service. It foreshadows the New Testament outpouring of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost, where believers are similarly empowered for their mission.

Then the Spirit of the LORD will rush upon you
In the Old Testament, the Spirit of the LORD coming upon someone signifies divine empowerment for a specific task or role. This phrase indicates a sudden and powerful action by God, often associated with leadership or prophetic activity. The Spirit's rushing upon Saul is reminiscent of the Spirit's empowerment of the judges, such as Gideon (Judges 6:34) and Samson (Judges 14:6), indicating God's direct intervention and support. This divine empowerment is crucial for Saul's new role as king, highlighting the necessity of God's presence for effective leadership.

and you will prophesy with them
Prophesying in this context involves speaking under divine inspiration, often in a group setting, as seen with the company of prophets Saul encounters. This act serves as a sign of Saul's new spiritual status and alignment with God's purposes. The ability to prophesy demonstrates a connection to God and His will, aligning Saul with the prophetic tradition in Israel, which includes figures like Samuel and Elijah. This moment foreshadows the New Testament outpouring of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost (Acts 2:4), where believers are similarly empowered to speak God's truth.

and you will be transformed into a different person
This transformation signifies a profound internal change, necessary for Saul to fulfill his role as king. It suggests a renewal of mind and spirit, aligning with the biblical theme of transformation seen in Romans 12:2, where believers are called to be transformed by the renewing of their minds. Saul's transformation is a precursor to the New Covenant promise of a new heart and spirit found in Ezekiel 36:26. This change is essential for Saul to lead Israel according to God's will, though his later actions reveal the complexity of maintaining such transformation without continual reliance on God.

When these signs have come
This phrase refers to the signs that Samuel prophesied to Saul earlier in the chapter. These signs were meant to confirm God's choice of Saul as king. In the biblical context, signs often serve as divine confirmation of God's will or presence, as seen with Moses (Exodus 4:1-9) and Gideon (Judges 6:36-40). The fulfillment of these signs would assure Saul of God's guidance and the authenticity of his anointing.

do as the occasion demands
This instruction implies that Saul should act according to the circumstances he encounters, using wisdom and discernment. It suggests a reliance on God's guidance rather than rigid adherence to a predetermined plan. This principle is echoed in the New Testament, where believers are encouraged to walk by the Spirit (Galatians 5:16) and to be wise in their actions (Ephesians 5:15-17).

for God is with you
This assurance of God's presence is a recurring theme in Scripture, often given to leaders and prophets to encourage them in their divine missions. It echoes God's promise to Joshua (Joshua 1:9) and later to the disciples of Jesus (Matthew 28:20). The presence of God signifies divine support, guidance, and empowerment, which is crucial for fulfilling God's purposes. This phrase also foreshadows the ultimate Emmanuel, "God with us," in the person of Jesus Christ (Matthew 1:23).

And you shall go before me to Gilgal
Gilgal holds significant historical and spiritual importance in Israel's history. It was the first campsite of the Israelites after crossing the Jordan River (Joshua 4:19-20) and served as a base for their operations in the conquest of Canaan. The location symbolizes a place of new beginnings and covenant renewal. Samuel instructs Saul to go to Gilgal, indicating a return to foundational spiritual practices and obedience to God's commands. This directive underscores the importance of following divine instructions precisely, as Gilgal was a place where Israel reaffirmed their commitment to God.

and surely I will come to you to offer burnt offerings and to sacrifice peace offerings
Burnt offerings and peace offerings were integral parts of Israelite worship, symbolizing atonement and fellowship with God, respectively. The burnt offering was entirely consumed by fire, representing total dedication to God (Leviticus 1), while the peace offering was shared between the altar, the priests, and the offerer, symbolizing communion with God (Leviticus 3). Samuel's role in offering these sacrifices highlights his position as a prophet and priest, mediating between God and the people. This act also prefigures the ultimate sacrifice of Jesus Christ, who fulfills and transcends these offerings through His atoning death and resurrection, establishing eternal peace with God (Hebrews 10:10-14).

Wait seven days until I come to you
The instruction to wait seven days is a test of Saul's obedience and patience. The number seven often signifies completeness and divine perfection in the Bible, as seen in the creation week (Genesis 2:2-3). This waiting period is a divine appointment, emphasizing the need for Saul to rely on God's timing rather than his own understanding. It foreshadows the importance of waiting on the Lord, a theme echoed throughout Scripture (Psalm 27:14; Isaiah 40:31). Saul's failure to wait later in 1 Samuel 13:8-14 demonstrates the consequences of impatience and disobedience, contrasting with the faithfulness required of a king.

and show you what you are to do
This phrase indicates that Saul's kingship is to be guided by divine revelation and prophetic instruction. Samuel, as God's prophet, is the conduit through which God's will is communicated. This dependence on divine guidance is crucial for the success of Saul's reign and reflects the broader biblical principle that leaders should seek God's direction in all matters (Proverbs 3:5-6). The need for divine instruction also points to the ultimate guidance provided by Jesus Christ, who is the "way, the truth, and the life" (John 14:6), offering perfect wisdom and direction for His followers.

As Saul turned to leave Samuel
This moment marks a significant turning point in Saul's life. Samuel, the last judge of Israel, had just anointed Saul as the first king of Israel. This act of anointing was a divine appointment, signifying God's choice and empowerment for leadership. The context here is crucial: Israel had demanded a king to be like other nations, and God granted their request through Samuel. The act of turning away from Samuel symbolizes Saul's transition from a private individual to a public figure chosen by God. This moment also reflects the biblical theme of divine calling and the human response to it, seen in other figures like Moses and David.

God changed Saul’s heart
This phrase indicates a divine transformation within Saul, preparing him for the role of king. In biblical terms, the heart often represents the center of will, emotion, and intellect. God's intervention here suggests a supernatural empowerment, equipping Saul with the necessary qualities for leadership. This transformation is reminiscent of the New Testament concept of regeneration, where believers are given a new heart and spirit (Ezekiel 36:26, 2 Corinthians 5:17). It also foreshadows the work of the Holy Spirit in the lives of believers, as seen in Acts 2 during Pentecost.

and all the signs came to pass that day
The fulfillment of the signs given by Samuel serves as confirmation of God's word and His sovereign plan. Earlier in the chapter, Samuel had provided Saul with specific signs that would occur, affirming his anointing as king. The immediate fulfillment of these signs underscores the reliability of God's promises and the prophetic office of Samuel. This aligns with the biblical principle that true prophecy is always fulfilled (Deuteronomy 18:21-22). The signs also serve to strengthen Saul's faith and the faith of those around him, similar to how miracles in the New Testament authenticate the message of Jesus and the apostles.

When Saul and his servant arrived at Gibeah
Gibeah, often referred to as "Gibeah of Saul," was Saul's hometown and a significant location in the tribe of Benjamin. It is situated a few miles north of Jerusalem. This location is historically significant as it was the site of a previous atrocity involving the Levite's concubine (Judges 19-20), which led to a civil war within Israel. Saul's arrival here marks the beginning of his transformation from a private individual to a public leader. The mention of his servant highlights the social structure of the time, where servants often accompanied their masters on journeys, indicating Saul's status and wealth.

a group of prophets met him
Prophets in ancient Israel were individuals chosen by God to deliver His messages to the people. This group of prophets signifies a community of individuals dedicated to worship and prophecy, possibly linked to the "schools of the prophets" mentioned elsewhere in the Old Testament (e.g., 2 Kings 2:3-5). Their meeting with Saul was divinely orchestrated, fulfilling Samuel's earlier prophecy (1 Samuel 10:5-6) and serving as a sign of Saul's anointing as king. This encounter emphasizes the role of prophecy in confirming God's will and the importance of spiritual leadership in Israel.

Then the Spirit of God rushed upon him
The Spirit of God coming upon Saul signifies divine empowerment for leadership, a common theme in the Old Testament where God's Spirit equips individuals for specific tasks (e.g., Judges 6:34 with Gideon). This rushing of the Spirit indicates a sudden and powerful transformation, enabling Saul to fulfill his role as king. It also foreshadows the New Testament outpouring of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost (Acts 2), where believers are similarly empowered for ministry. This moment marks a pivotal change in Saul's life, aligning him with God's purposes.

and he prophesied along with them
Saul's prophesying with the prophets serves as a public confirmation of his new role and divine calling. This act of prophesying, often involving speaking or singing under divine inspiration, demonstrates Saul's temporary alignment with God's will. It also fulfills Samuel's earlier prediction, providing a sign to those around him of his anointing. This event prefigures the transformative work of the Holy Spirit in believers' lives, as seen in the New Testament, where prophecy is a gift of the Spirit (1 Corinthians 12:10). Saul's participation in prophecy highlights the potential for spiritual renewal and the importance of obedience to God's calling.

When all those who had formerly known Saul
This phrase highlights the transformation in Saul's life. Saul was known to the people as the son of Kish, a wealthy Benjamite, and not as a spiritual leader or prophet. His previous life was characterized by his role in his father's household and his search for lost donkeys, which is a stark contrast to his current prophetic activity. This transformation is significant as it marks the beginning of Saul's divine appointment as king, showing that God can change a person's role and identity for His purposes.

saw him prophesying with the prophets
Prophesying in this context refers to being filled with the Spirit of God and speaking under divine inspiration. The prophets were a group of individuals who were known for their spiritual fervor and connection to God. Saul's participation with them indicates a divine endorsement and empowerment, which was necessary for his future role as king. This event is reminiscent of the Spirit of the Lord coming upon other leaders in Israel, such as the judges, to equip them for their tasks.

they asked one another, “What has happened to the son of Kish?
The question reflects the surprise and disbelief of the people who knew Saul. It underscores the unexpected nature of Saul's transformation and the divine intervention in his life. This moment serves as a public sign of Saul's new calling and the beginning of his journey as Israel's first king. It also highlights the theme of God's sovereignty in choosing and equipping leaders, regardless of their past or social standing.

Is Saul also among the prophets?”
This rhetorical question became a proverbial expression in Israel, indicating an unexpected or surprising change in someone's behavior or status. It points to the miraculous nature of Saul's transformation and the work of the Holy Spirit in his life. This phrase also foreshadows the complexities of Saul's reign, as his spiritual experiences did not always translate into faithful leadership. The question invites reflection on the nature of true spiritual transformation and the importance of ongoing obedience to God.

Then a man who lived there replied
This phrase indicates a local resident's response to the events unfolding. The setting is Gibeah, Saul's hometown, where people would have been familiar with his previous life and character. The man's question reflects the surprise and skepticism of the community, as Saul was not known for prophetic activity. This highlights the unexpected nature of God's calling and the transformation that can occur when God chooses someone for His purposes.

“And who is their father?”
This rhetorical question suggests doubt about the legitimacy or origin of the prophetic group Saul was seen with. In ancient Israel, lineage and family background were significant, often determining one's social and religious roles. The question implies skepticism about the authority or authenticity of the prophets, and by extension, Saul's sudden inclusion among them. It underscores the theme that God's choices often defy human expectations and societal norms.

So the saying became a proverb
The transformation of this event into a proverb indicates its widespread impact and the lasting impression it made on the people. Proverbs in biblical times were used to convey wisdom or express common experiences. This particular saying captures the astonishment and irony of Saul, a man not previously associated with spiritual leadership, being counted among the prophets. It serves as a reminder of God's unpredictable ways and the potential for change in anyone's life.

“Is Saul also among the prophets?”
This phrase became a proverbial expression of surprise and disbelief. Saul's unexpected prophetic behavior was so remarkable that it became a cultural reference point. Theologically, it illustrates the theme of divine empowerment, where God equips individuals for His purposes regardless of their past. This event foreshadows Saul's complex relationship with God and his eventual failure to fully embrace his divine calling. It also prefigures the New Testament concept of transformation through the Holy Spirit, as seen in the lives of the apostles and early Christians.

And when Saul had finished prophesying
This phrase marks a significant moment in Saul's life, as he is transformed by the Spirit of God. The act of prophesying here indicates that Saul was temporarily endowed with the ability to speak under divine inspiration, a sign of his anointing as king. This event fulfills the prophecy given by Samuel in 1 Samuel 10:6, where it was foretold that the Spirit of the Lord would come powerfully upon Saul, and he would prophesy. The act of prophesying in the Old Testament often involved speaking God's truth, sometimes predicting future events, and was a sign of divine favor and calling. Saul's participation in this prophetic activity was a public demonstration of his new role and the divine endorsement of his kingship.

he went up to the high place
High places in ancient Israel were often sites of worship, typically located on elevated ground. They were used for both legitimate worship of Yahweh and, at times, for idolatrous practices. In this context, the high place likely refers to a location where legitimate worship of God was conducted, possibly a place where sacrifices were offered and communal worship occurred. Saul's ascent to the high place signifies his participation in the religious life of Israel and his acceptance of his role as leader. It also connects him to the tradition of Israelite leaders who sought divine guidance and favor. The high place serves as a geographical and spiritual marker, indicating Saul's transition from a private individual to a public figure with divine responsibilities.

Now Saul’s uncle asked him and his servant, “Where did you go?”
This interaction occurs after Saul's anointing by Samuel, a pivotal moment in Israel's transition from a theocracy to a monarchy. Saul's uncle, likely Abner, who later becomes a significant military leader, inquires about their journey. This question reflects the cultural norm of familial accountability and the importance of kinship ties in ancient Israel. The inquiry also sets the stage for revealing Saul's encounter with Samuel, a prophet and judge, highlighting the divine orchestration in Saul's rise to kingship.

“To look for the donkeys,” Saul replied.
Saul's initial mission was to find his father's lost donkeys, a task that seems mundane but is significant in God's providential plan. The search for donkeys symbolizes Saul's humble beginnings and contrasts with his future role as king. This phrase also underscores the theme of divine intervention in ordinary circumstances, as God uses this search to lead Saul to Samuel. The mention of donkeys connects to other biblical narratives where God uses animals to fulfill His purposes, such as Balaam's donkey in Numbers 22.

“When we saw they were not to be found, we went to Samuel.”
Saul's decision to consult Samuel, a respected prophet, indicates the cultural practice of seeking divine guidance through prophets. This reflects the Israelites' reliance on prophetic insight for decision-making. Samuel's role as a prophet and judge is crucial, as he bridges the period between the judges and the monarchy. Saul's encounter with Samuel is a turning point, marking the beginning of his journey to kingship. This moment foreshadows the prophetic anointing and guidance that will characterize Saul's reign, albeit with eventual tragic consequences due to his disobedience.

“Tell me,”
This phrase indicates a request for information, suggesting a relationship where the speaker feels comfortable asking for details. In the cultural context of ancient Israel, family ties were strong, and communication within the family was expected. The request implies a level of curiosity or concern, which is common in familial relationships.

Saul’s uncle asked,
Saul's uncle is not named here, but he is part of Saul's family, which was from the tribe of Benjamin. The tribe of Benjamin was the smallest of the tribes of Israel, and its history includes the near destruction of the tribe in the events of Judges 19-21. This background adds depth to the family dynamics and the significance of Saul's rise to kingship. The uncle's inquiry may reflect the family's interest in Saul's interactions with Samuel, a prominent prophet and judge in Israel.

“what did Samuel say to you?”
Samuel was a significant figure in Israel, serving as a prophet, priest, and judge. His words carried weight and authority, as he was seen as God's spokesperson. The question reflects the expectation that Samuel's communication would be important, possibly containing divine guidance or prophecy. This moment follows Samuel's anointing of Saul as the first king of Israel, a pivotal event in Israel's history. The inquiry may also hint at the anticipation of change in Israel's leadership structure, transitioning from judges to a monarchy. Samuel's role as a prophet is echoed in other scriptures, such as his anointing of David in 1 Samuel 16, and his life is a type of Christ as a mediator between God and the people.

And Saul replied, “He assured us that the donkeys had been found.”
In this passage, Saul is speaking to his uncle after returning from his encounter with the prophet Samuel. The context here is that Saul had initially set out to find his father's lost donkeys, which were a valuable asset in ancient Israelite society. The mention of donkeys highlights the agrarian lifestyle and the importance of livestock in the economy and daily life. Saul's response is straightforward and factual, focusing on the immediate concern of the donkeys. This reflects Saul's initial humility and simplicity before he becomes king. The donkeys' recovery can also be seen as a sign of God's providence and care for even the small details of life, which is a recurring theme in Scripture.

But Saul did not tell his uncle what Samuel had said about the kingship.
This phrase indicates Saul's reticence to disclose the full extent of his encounter with Samuel, particularly the prophetic revelation about his future as king. This omission can be interpreted in several ways. It may reflect Saul's humility or uncertainty about the monumental change that was about to occur in his life. Historically, the concept of kingship was new to Israel, as they had been led by judges and prophets. Saul's silence could also suggest a reluctance to embrace this new role, which aligns with his later hesitance and struggles as king. Theologically, this moment foreshadows the tension between divine calling and human response, a theme that runs throughout the Bible. Saul's kingship is a significant turning point in Israel's history, marking the transition from a theocracy to a monarchy. This passage also connects to the broader biblical narrative of God's sovereignty in appointing leaders, as seen in other scriptures like 1 Samuel 16:1, where God chooses David as king. Saul's initial reluctance can be contrasted with Jesus Christ, who fully embraced His role as the Messiah, highlighting the difference between human and divine leadership.

After this
This phrase indicates a continuation from previous events. In the context of 1 Samuel, it follows the private anointing of Saul as king by Samuel. This marks a transition in Israel's history from a theocracy, where God directly led through judges, to a monarchy. The phrase suggests a deliberate sequence orchestrated by God, highlighting His sovereignty in Israel's leadership transition.

Samuel summoned the people
Samuel, the last judge and a prophet, acts as God's representative. His role is crucial in guiding Israel through this pivotal change. The summoning of the people signifies a formal assembly, often used for significant national decisions or covenant renewals. This gathering underscores the communal aspect of Israel's identity and decision-making process.

to the LORD
The assembly is not merely a political event but a spiritual one. By gathering the people "to the LORD," it emphasizes that the decision and the future of Israel's monarchy are under divine authority. This phrase reinforces the idea that God is the ultimate ruler of Israel, even with the establishment of a human king.

at Mizpah
Mizpah is a significant location in Israel's history, often serving as a site for important gatherings and decisions. It was previously a place of repentance and renewal (Judges 20:1-3, 1 Samuel 7:5-6). Geographically, Mizpah is located in the territory of Benjamin, which is significant as Saul, the soon-to-be-revealed king, is from the tribe of Benjamin. The choice of Mizpah as the meeting place may symbolize a new beginning and a call to faithfulness to God.

and said to the Israelites
This phrase indicates a direct address to the people of Israel, emphasizing the communal nature of God's message. The Israelites, as the chosen people, are often addressed collectively in the Old Testament, highlighting their covenant relationship with God. This communal address is consistent with the theocratic society of ancient Israel, where national identity and religious faith were intertwined.

“This is what the LORD, the God of Israel, says:
The introduction of a divine message underscores the authority and importance of the words that follow. The title "the LORD, the God of Israel" reaffirms the covenant relationship established at Sinai (Exodus 19-24). It is a reminder of God's sovereignty and His unique relationship with Israel, distinguishing Him from the gods of surrounding nations.

‘I brought Israel up out of Egypt,
This phrase recalls the Exodus, a foundational event in Israel's history. The deliverance from Egypt is frequently referenced throughout the Old Testament as a demonstration of God's power and faithfulness (Exodus 20:2, Deuteronomy 5:6). It serves as a reminder of God's past acts of salvation and His ability to deliver His people from bondage.

and I rescued you from the hands of the Egyptians
The rescue from the Egyptians highlights God's intervention in history to save His people. This deliverance is a type of Christ's ultimate salvation, as Jesus is seen as the one who delivers humanity from the bondage of sin (John 8:34-36). The historical context of the Exodus also emphasizes God's role as a warrior and protector of Israel.

and of all the kingdoms that oppressed you.’
This phrase expands the scope of God's deliverance beyond Egypt to include all oppressive kingdoms. It reflects the ongoing struggles Israel faced with surrounding nations throughout their history, such as the Canaanites, Philistines, and later empires like Assyria and Babylon. This deliverance is a testament to God's continual protection and faithfulness, and it foreshadows the ultimate victory over all spiritual oppression through Christ (Colossians 2:15).

But today you have rejected your God
This phrase highlights a pivotal moment in Israel's history where the people demand a king, rejecting God's direct rule. This rejection is significant as it marks a shift from the theocratic leadership under judges to a monarchy. The Israelites' desire for a king like other nations (1 Samuel 8:5) reflects a lack of faith in God's unique plan for them. This rejection is reminiscent of other instances where Israel turned away from God, such as the worship of the golden calf (Exodus 32).

who saves you from all your troubles and afflictions
Here, the text emphasizes God's past faithfulness and deliverance. Throughout the book of Judges, God repeatedly rescued Israel from oppression when they cried out to Him (Judges 2:16-18). This phrase serves as a reminder of God's power and mercy, contrasting with the people's current lack of trust. It underscores the theme of divine salvation, which is a precursor to the ultimate salvation through Jesus Christ.

and you have said to Him, ‘No, set a king over us.’
This demand for a king signifies a desire to conform to the political structures of surrounding nations, rather than relying on God's unique leadership. It reflects a deeper spiritual issue of wanting to be like the world rather than set apart. This request was foreseen in Deuteronomy 17:14-20, where God provided guidelines for a king, indicating His foreknowledge of their request. The people's insistence on a human king foreshadows the coming of Jesus, the true King, who would fulfill God's perfect plan.

Now therefore present yourselves before the LORD by your tribes and clans.
This command initiates the process of selecting Saul as king, which is done by casting lots (1 Samuel 10:20-21). The gathering of tribes and clans is reminiscent of earlier assemblies, such as the division of the Promised Land (Joshua 18:1-10). It underscores the communal aspect of Israel's identity and God's involvement in their national decisions. This moment also prefigures the gathering of all nations before Christ, the King of Kings, in the eschatological future (Revelation 7:9-10).

Thus Samuel had all the tribes of Israel come forward
Samuel, the last judge and a prophet of Israel, is acting under divine instruction to anoint a king for Israel. This event marks a significant transition from the period of judges to the monarchy. The gathering of all the tribes signifies the unity and collective identity of Israel as God's chosen people. This assembly is reminiscent of other significant gatherings in Israel's history, such as the giving of the Law at Sinai. The process of selection by tribe underscores the importance of tribal identity in Israelite society and governance.

and the tribe of Benjamin was selected
The selection of the tribe of Benjamin is significant for several reasons. Benjamin was the smallest of the tribes, as noted in Genesis 49:27 and Judges 20:46-48, which highlights God's pattern of choosing the least likely candidates to fulfill His purposes, as seen with David and later with Jesus Christ, who was born in humble circumstances. The tribe's selection also fulfills the prophecy and divine plan, as Saul, Israel's first king, comes from Benjamin. This choice is a reminder of God's sovereignty and His ability to work through unexpected means. Benjamin's location, near the center of Israel, may have also been strategic for uniting the tribes under a centralized monarchy.

Then he had the tribe of Benjamin come forward by its clans
The selection process for Israel's first king involved the tribe of Benjamin, the smallest of the tribes (1 Samuel 9:21). This highlights God's sovereignty in choosing leaders, often selecting the least expected. The tribe of Benjamin had a tumultuous history, including near extinction due to civil war (Judges 20-21), yet God chose to bring forth a king from this tribe, demonstrating His redemptive purposes.

and the clan of Matri was selected
The clan of Matri is not mentioned elsewhere in the Bible, indicating its obscurity. This selection process, likely involving casting lots (Proverbs 16:33), underscores the divine guidance in leadership choices. The use of lots was a common practice in ancient Israel to discern God's will, reflecting a reliance on divine providence rather than human decision-making.

Finally, Saul son of Kish was selected
Saul's selection as king was a pivotal moment in Israel's history, transitioning from a theocracy to a monarchy. Saul, from the tribe of Benjamin, was chosen despite his initial reluctance and humility (1 Samuel 9:21). His selection fulfilled the people's demand for a king to lead them like other nations (1 Samuel 8:5), yet it also set the stage for future challenges, as God had warned about the implications of having a human king (1 Samuel 8:10-18).

But when they looked for him, they could not find him
Saul's absence at the moment of his selection reflects his initial hesitance and humility, as he was hiding among the baggage (1 Samuel 10:22). This reluctance can be seen as a sign of humility, but it also foreshadows his later struggles with insecurity and leadership. Saul's hiding contrasts with the boldness expected of a king, highlighting the tension between human frailty and divine calling.

So again they inquired of the LORD
This phrase indicates a repeated action of seeking divine guidance, emphasizing the importance of consulting God in decision-making. In the context of ancient Israel, the use of the Urim and Thummim by the high priest was a common method for seeking God's will (Exodus 28:30). This reflects the theocratic nature of Israel, where God was seen as the ultimate authority. The act of inquiring of the LORD underscores the dependence on divine wisdom, a theme prevalent throughout the Old Testament (Proverbs 3:5-6).

“Has the man come here yet?”
The question reflects the anticipation and uncertainty surrounding the selection of Saul as king. This moment is pivotal in Israel's transition from a theocracy to a monarchy. The people were eager to see their new leader, as they had demanded a king to be like other nations (1 Samuel 8:5). This reflects a tension between God's plan and human desires, a recurring theme in biblical narratives.

And the LORD replied
This direct communication from God highlights His active involvement in the affairs of Israel. It demonstrates that God is not distant but is intimately aware of and engaged with His people. This divine response also serves to validate the process of selecting Saul, showing that it was under God's sovereign control. The ability of God to communicate directly with His people is a testament to His omniscience and omnipresence.

“Behold, he has hidden himself among the baggage.”
Saul's hiding among the baggage is symbolic of his initial reluctance and humility, despite his physical stature and the people's expectations (1 Samuel 9:2). This act can be seen as a type of Christ, who, despite being the King of Kings, humbled Himself (Philippians 2:7-8). The baggage may have been the supplies and belongings of the people gathered for the assembly, indicating a large gathering and the significance of the event. Saul's hiding also foreshadows his later struggles with insecurity and fear, which would impact his reign as king.

So they ran and brought Saul
This phrase indicates urgency and excitement among the people. Saul had been chosen by God through the prophet Samuel to be the first king of Israel. The act of running suggests the people's eagerness to see their new leader. This moment is significant as it marks the transition from the period of judges to the monarchy in Israel. Saul's selection was divinely orchestrated, as seen earlier in 1 Samuel 9, where God reveals to Samuel that Saul is His chosen one. The people's action of bringing Saul also reflects the communal aspect of leadership in ancient Israel, where the king was seen as a representative of the people before God.

and when he stood among the people
Saul standing among the people symbolizes his role as a leader who is both part of the community and set apart for a special purpose. This imagery is reminiscent of Moses and Joshua, who also stood among the people as leaders chosen by God. Saul's presence among the people highlights the unity and collective identity of Israel under a divinely appointed king. It also foreshadows the challenges Saul will face in balancing his role as a leader with his personal shortcomings.

he was a head taller than any of the others
Saul's physical stature is emphasized here, indicating his suitability for kingship in the eyes of the people. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, physical appearance was often associated with leadership qualities. Saul's height made him an imposing figure, which was culturally significant as kings were expected to lead in battle and command respect. This detail also sets the stage for later contrasts with David, who, despite being smaller in stature, is chosen by God for his heart rather than his appearance (1 Samuel 16:7). Saul's height can be seen as a type of Christ, who stands above all in spiritual authority, though Christ's kingdom is not of this world (John 18:36).

Samuel said to all the people
Samuel, the last judge and a prophet of Israel, plays a pivotal role in transitioning Israel from a theocracy to a monarchy. His authority and leadership are recognized by the people, and his words carry significant weight. This moment is a public declaration, emphasizing the communal aspect of Israel's governance and the importance of divine guidance in leadership decisions.

Do you see the one the LORD has chosen?
The selection of Saul as king is portrayed as a divine choice, underscoring the belief that God is actively involved in the leadership of His people. This echoes the biblical theme of God choosing leaders, as seen with Moses and David. The emphasis on divine selection highlights the sovereignty of God in the affairs of nations and individuals.

There is no one like him among all the people.
Saul's physical stature and appearance set him apart, as he is described earlier in the chapter as being taller than any of the people. This phrase suggests that Saul's unique qualities make him suitable for kingship, reflecting the cultural importance of physical presence and leadership. However, it also foreshadows the potential pitfalls of valuing outward appearance over inner character, a theme further explored in the selection of David.

And all the people shouted, “Long live the king!”
This acclamation signifies the people's acceptance and support of Saul as their king, marking a significant shift in Israel's governance. The phrase "Long live the king" is a traditional expression of loyalty and hope for a prosperous reign. This moment reflects the cultural practices of surrounding nations, where kingship was a common form of government, and highlights Israel's desire to be like other nations, as mentioned earlier in 1 Samuel 8.

Then Samuel explained to the people the rights of kingship.
In this context, Samuel is acting as a prophet and judge, transitioning Israel from a theocracy to a monarchy. The "rights of kingship" refer to the regulations and responsibilities that a king would have over Israel, as outlined in Deuteronomy 17:14-20. This passage highlights the tension between God's ideal leadership and the people's desire for a king like other nations. Samuel's explanation serves as a reminder that the king is subject to God's law and authority, not above it.

He wrote them on a scroll and laid it up before the LORD.
Writing the rights on a scroll signifies the formal and binding nature of this covenant between God, the king, and the people. Laying it before the LORD indicates that this agreement is made in the presence of God, emphasizing divine oversight and accountability. This act parallels the ancient Near Eastern practice of placing important documents in temples, signifying their sacredness and the divine witness to the covenant.

And Samuel sent all the people away, each to his own home.
This phrase indicates the conclusion of the assembly, where the people return to their daily lives with a new understanding of their governance. It reflects the decentralized nature of Israelite society at the time, where people lived in tribal and familial units. The dispersal also signifies the acceptance of Saul as king, as the people return with the knowledge of their new political structure. This moment foreshadows the challenges and changes that will come with the establishment of the monarchy in Israel.

Saul also went to his home in Gibeah
Gibeah, located in the territory of Benjamin, was Saul's hometown. This city holds historical significance as it was the site of the infamous incident involving the Levite's concubine in Judges 19, which led to a civil war in Israel. Saul's return to Gibeah signifies a return to his roots and a place where he would begin his reign as Israel's first king. The choice of Gibeah as Saul's base highlights the tribal dynamics of Israel, as Saul was from the tribe of Benjamin, a smaller tribe that had previously been decimated in the civil conflict. This return also marks the beginning of Saul's transition from a private citizen to a public leader, emphasizing the personal and communal aspects of his new role.

and the men of valor
The "men of valor" refers to warriors or mighty men, indicating that Saul was accompanied by a group of strong and capable individuals. This phrase suggests that Saul's leadership was initially supported by those who were courageous and ready to defend Israel. In the context of ancient Israel, having a group of valiant men was crucial for a leader, especially in a time when the nation was surrounded by hostile neighbors. These men likely served as Saul's initial military support, providing him with the necessary strength to establish his rule and protect the nation.

whose hearts God had touched
This phrase indicates divine intervention in the selection and support of Saul's followers. The touching of hearts by God suggests a spiritual awakening or divine influence that compelled these men to align themselves with Saul. This divine action underscores the theological theme that God is actively involved in the affairs of Israel, guiding and directing the hearts of individuals to fulfill His purposes. It also reflects the biblical principle that true leadership and support come from God's sovereign will, as seen in other scriptures where God influences the hearts of people, such as in Exodus 35:21, where God stirs the hearts of the Israelites to contribute to the building of the Tabernacle.

went with him
The act of going with Saul signifies loyalty and commitment to his leadership. This movement from their own homes to accompany Saul represents a shift in allegiance and the beginning of a new chapter in Israel's history under a monarchy. It also foreshadows the challenges and responsibilities that Saul would face as king, requiring the support and unity of his followers. This phrase highlights the importance of community and collective action in the establishment of leadership, a theme that resonates throughout the biblical narrative, where leaders are often supported by a faithful remnant or group.

But some worthless men said,
The term "worthless men" is often used in the Old Testament to describe individuals who are morally corrupt or rebellious against God's chosen leaders. In the Hebrew, the term is "sons of Belial," which implies a lack of value or worthiness. This phrase sets the stage for the opposition Saul faces, even as he is anointed king. It reflects a recurring theme in Scripture where God's chosen leaders, like Moses and David, face skepticism and rebellion from their own people.

“How can this man save us?”
This question reflects doubt and disbelief in Saul's ability to lead and deliver Israel. It echoes the skepticism often faced by leaders chosen by God, who may not fit the people's expectations. This sentiment is reminiscent of the Israelites' doubt in God's provision and leadership through Moses in the wilderness. It also foreshadows the rejection of Jesus Christ, who was questioned and doubted by many during His earthly ministry.

So they despised him and brought him no gifts;
In ancient Near Eastern culture, bringing gifts to a new king was a sign of allegiance and respect. The refusal to bring gifts to Saul signifies a rejection of his authority and kingship. This act of contempt is significant in understanding the challenges Saul faces as a leader. It parallels the rejection of Jesus, who was despised and rejected by men, as prophesied in Isaiah 53:3.

but Saul remained silent about it.
Saul's silence can be seen as an act of restraint and wisdom, choosing not to retaliate against his detractors. This response is notable in the context of leadership, where patience and forbearance are often necessary. Saul's silence may also be seen as a foreshadowing of Christ, who, when reviled, did not revile in return, as described in 1 Peter 2:23. Saul's initial humility and restraint contrast with his later actions as king, highlighting the complexities of his character and reign.