Then Josiah kept the Passover to the LORD in Jerusalem
Josiah, the king of Judah, is noted for his religious reforms and dedication to the worship of Yahweh. His observance of the Passover is significant as it marks a return to the covenantal practices outlined in the Law of Moses. The Passover, instituted in Exodus 12, commemorates the Israelites' deliverance from Egypt, symbolizing redemption and divine protection. Josiah's actions align with the Deuteronomic reforms, emphasizing the centralization of worship in Jerusalem, the chosen city of God. This observance underscores the importance of covenant faithfulness and the restoration of proper worship practices.

and the Passover lamb was slaughtered
The slaughtering of the Passover lamb is a direct reference to the instructions given in Exodus 12:6, where each household was to sacrifice a lamb. This act is rich in typology, foreshadowing the sacrificial death of Jesus Christ, the "Lamb of God" (John 1:29), who takes away the sin of the world. The lamb's blood, which protected the Israelites from the angel of death, prefigures the atoning blood of Christ, offering salvation and protection from spiritual death.

on the fourteenth day of the first month
The timing of the Passover is crucial, as it is celebrated on the fourteenth day of Nisan (the first month of the Hebrew calendar), as commanded in Exodus 12:18. This date marks the beginning of the Jewish religious year and is a time of renewal and reflection. The precise observance of this date by Josiah highlights his commitment to adhering to the Mosaic Law and restoring the proper worship calendar, which had been neglected by previous kings. This observance also connects to the broader biblical theme of God's appointed times and seasons, emphasizing divine order and faithfulness.

He appointed the priests to their duties
This phrase highlights King Josiah's commitment to restoring proper worship in Judah. The appointment of priests to their duties reflects adherence to the Levitical laws outlined in the Torah, particularly in the books of Exodus and Leviticus, where the roles and responsibilities of the priests are detailed. Josiah's actions are reminiscent of the reforms of earlier kings like Hezekiah, who also sought to restore temple worship (2 Chronicles 29:4-5). This appointment underscores the importance of the priesthood in maintaining the spiritual health of the nation and ensuring that worship was conducted according to God's commandments.

and encouraged them
Josiah's encouragement of the priests indicates his active role in spiritual leadership. This encouragement can be seen as a form of exhortation, urging the priests to fulfill their roles with diligence and faithfulness. It reflects a leader who not only commands but also inspires and supports his people. This mirrors the New Testament exhortations found in passages like Hebrews 10:24-25, where believers are encouraged to spur one another on toward love and good deeds. Josiah's encouragement would have been crucial in a time when the nation was turning back to God after periods of idolatry and neglect of the temple.

in the service of the house of the LORD
The service of the house of the LORD refers to the various duties performed in the temple, including sacrifices, offerings, and maintaining the sacred space. This service was central to the religious life of Israel, as the temple was the dwelling place of God's presence among His people. The phrase emphasizes the importance of worship and the proper conduct of religious rites. It also points to the temple as a type of Christ, who in the New Testament is described as the true temple (John 2:19-21). Josiah's reforms and the restoration of temple service foreshadow the ultimate restoration and fulfillment found in Jesus Christ, who provides the perfect and final sacrifice for sin.

To the Levites who taught all Israel and were holy to the LORD
The Levites were a tribe set apart for religious duties, specifically for teaching and maintaining the worship practices of Israel. Their role as teachers is emphasized in passages like Deuteronomy 33:10, where they are tasked with instructing Israel in the law. Being "holy to the LORD" signifies their consecration and dedication to God's service, as seen in Numbers 8:14-19. This phrase underscores their responsibility to uphold and disseminate the spiritual and moral laws of the covenant.

Josiah said:
King Josiah was one of the few righteous kings of Judah, known for his reforms and dedication to restoring proper worship (2 Kings 22-23). His leadership is marked by a return to the covenant and a desire to purify the nation from idolatry. His instructions to the Levites reflect his commitment to reestablishing the temple's central role in Israel's spiritual life.

Put the holy ark in the temple built by Solomon son of David king of Israel.
The Ark of the Covenant was the most sacred object in Israel, symbolizing God's presence and covenant with His people (Exodus 25:10-22). Its placement in the temple, built by Solomon, highlights the continuity of worship from David's reign through Solomon's temple construction (1 Kings 8:1-11). This act signifies a return to the divinely ordained order of worship, as the temple was the designated dwelling place for God's presence among His people.

It is not to be carried around on your shoulders.
This instruction refers to the proper handling of the Ark, which was originally transported by Levites using poles (Exodus 25:14). The prohibition against carrying it on shoulders suggests a cessation of its movement, emphasizing the stability and permanence of worship centered in the temple. This reflects a shift from the tabernacle's mobility to the temple's fixed location, aligning with God's promise of a permanent dwelling place (2 Samuel 7:5-13).

Now serve the LORD your God and His people Israel.
Josiah's command to serve both God and the people underscores the dual responsibility of the Levites: to lead in worship and to minister to the community. This service is rooted in the covenant relationship, where obedience to God is linked with the well-being of the nation (Deuteronomy 10:12-13). The call to service reflects the broader biblical theme of servant leadership, exemplified by Christ, who came to serve and give His life as a ransom for many (Mark 10:45).

Prepare yourselves by families in your divisions
This phrase emphasizes the importance of organization and order in worship, reflecting the structured nature of Israelite society. The Levites were divided into families and divisions, each with specific roles and responsibilities in temple service. This organization can be traced back to the time of Moses, where the Levites were set apart for service to God (Numbers 3:6-10). The division by families ensured that each group knew their duties, promoting efficiency and reverence in worship. This structure is a precursor to the New Testament concept of the body of Christ, where each member has a unique role (1 Corinthians 12:12-27).

according to the instructions written by David king of Israel
David's instructions for temple service are detailed in 1 Chronicles 23-26, where he organized the Levites into divisions for various duties. David, a man after God's own heart (1 Samuel 13:14), received divine guidance in establishing these orders, which were intended to ensure that worship was conducted in a manner pleasing to God. This reflects the importance of adhering to God-given instructions in worship, a theme that resonates throughout Scripture. David's role as a king who prepared for the temple, though he did not build it, foreshadows Christ, who prepares a place for believers (John 14:2-3).

and Solomon his son
Solomon, who built the temple, followed his father David's instructions, demonstrating the continuity of God's plan through generations. Solomon's reign is marked by wisdom and the establishment of the temple as a central place of worship (1 Kings 6-8). This continuity underscores the importance of passing down faith and obedience to God's commands from one generation to the next. Solomon's temple, a place where God's presence dwelt, is a type of Christ, who is the true temple (John 2:19-21), and in whom the fullness of God dwells (Colossians 2:9).

Moreover, stand in the Holy Place
This phrase refers to the specific location within the temple where the priests and Levites were to perform their duties. The "Holy Place" is part of the temple complex, distinct from the "Most Holy Place" or "Holy of Holies," which only the high priest could enter once a year on the Day of Atonement (Leviticus 16:2). The Holy Place contained the table of showbread, the lampstand, and the altar of incense (Exodus 26:33-35). This instruction emphasizes the sanctity and order required in worship, reflecting God's holiness and the need for purity among those serving Him.

by the divisions of the families of your kinsmen the lay people
The divisions of the families refer to the organized structure of the Israelite community, particularly during the reign of King David, who established a system of divisions for the priests and Levites (1 Chronicles 24). This organization ensured that all families had a role in the worship and service of God, promoting unity and shared responsibility. The mention of "kinsmen the lay people" highlights the involvement of the entire community in worship, not just the priestly class, reflecting the communal nature of Israel's covenant relationship with God.

and by the divisions of the families of the Levites
The Levites were a tribe set apart for religious duties, distinct from the priestly line of Aaron but essential for temple service (Numbers 3:5-10). Their divisions were also established by David (1 Chronicles 23-26), ensuring that temple worship was conducted with order and reverence. The Levites' roles included assisting the priests, singing, playing instruments, and maintaining the temple. This structure underscores the importance of orderly worship and the Levites' dedication to serving God, foreshadowing the New Testament concept of the priesthood of all believers (1 Peter 2:9).

Slaughter the Passover lambs
This phrase refers to the observance of the Passover, a significant Jewish festival commemorating the Israelites' deliverance from Egypt as described in Exodus 12. The slaughtering of the lambs is a direct command from God, symbolizing the sacrifice necessary for redemption. The lamb is a type of Christ, who is referred to as the "Lamb of God" in John 1:29, signifying His role as the ultimate sacrifice for sin.

Consecrate yourselves
Consecration involves setting oneself apart for a holy purpose. In the context of the Passover, the priests and Levites were required to be ritually clean to perform their duties. This act of consecration underscores the holiness required to approach God, a theme echoed in 1 Peter 1:16, which calls believers to be holy as God is holy.

And make preparations for your fellow countrymen
This phrase highlights the communal aspect of the Passover celebration. The priests and Levites were to assist the people in preparing for the festival, ensuring that all was done according to God's instructions. This reflects the importance of spiritual leadership and guidance within the community, as seen in Ephesians 4:11-12, where leaders equip the saints for ministry.

To carry out the word of the LORD given by Moses
The reference to Moses connects this command to the Law given at Sinai, emphasizing continuity in God's covenant with Israel. The Passover is a perpetual ordinance (Exodus 12:14), and adherence to it demonstrates obedience to God's word. This obedience is a recurring theme throughout Scripture, as seen in James 1:22, which calls believers to be doers of the word.

From his own flocks and herds
This phrase highlights King Josiah's personal investment in the Passover celebration. It reflects the king's dedication and generosity, as he provides from his own resources. In the context of ancient Israel, a king's wealth was often measured by his livestock, indicating Josiah's substantial commitment to the religious observance. This act of giving from personal possessions can be seen as a model of leadership and devotion, reminiscent of David's offerings for the temple (1 Chronicles 29:3).

Josiah contributed 30,000 lambs and goats
The large number of lambs and goats signifies the scale of the Passover celebration under Josiah's reign. The Passover lamb is a central element of the festival, symbolizing the sacrifice that spared the Israelites during the Exodus (Exodus 12:3-13). The provision of such a vast number of animals ensured that all participants could partake in the feast, emphasizing inclusivity and communal worship. This act prefigures the ultimate sacrifice of Jesus Christ, the Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world (John 1:29).

plus 3,000 bulls
The inclusion of bulls in the offerings is significant, as bulls were often used in major sacrificial rituals, such as burnt offerings and peace offerings (Leviticus 1:3-5). The number of bulls provided by Josiah underscores the grandeur and solemnity of the occasion. Bulls were considered valuable and were a symbol of strength and service, reflecting the king's desire to honor God with the best of his resources.

for the Passover offerings
The Passover was one of the most important festivals in the Jewish calendar, commemorating the deliverance of the Israelites from Egyptian bondage. The offerings were central to the celebration, serving as a reminder of God's salvation and covenant with His people. Josiah's contributions ensured that the Passover was observed according to the Law of Moses, as detailed in Exodus 12 and Deuteronomy 16, reinforcing the importance of obedience to God's commands.

for all the people who were present
This phrase indicates the inclusivity of the celebration, as Josiah's provisions were intended for all who attended, not just the elite or priestly class. It reflects a communal aspect of worship, where the entire nation could participate in the remembrance of God's deliverance. This inclusivity mirrors the New Testament teaching that salvation through Christ is available to all people, regardless of status or background (Galatians 3:28).

His officials also contributed willingly to the people and priests and Levites.
This phrase highlights the voluntary nature of the contributions made by the officials, reflecting a spirit of generosity and devotion. In the context of ancient Israel, offerings were a significant part of religious observance, and the willingness to give underscores a heart aligned with God's purposes. The officials' contributions ensured that the Passover could be celebrated properly, emphasizing the communal aspect of worship. This act of giving can be seen as a reflection of the principles found in Exodus 35:29, where the Israelites gave willingly for the construction of the Tabernacle.

Hilkiah, Zechariah, and Jehiel, the chief officials of the house of God,
These individuals were key leaders in the religious life of Judah. Hilkiah, likely the high priest, played a crucial role in the religious reforms under King Josiah, including the discovery of the Book of the Law (2 Kings 22:8). Zechariah and Jehiel, though less is known about them, were significant figures in the administration of the temple. Their leadership and contributions were vital in organizing the Passover, a central event in Jewish worship. This reflects the importance of godly leadership in guiding the people in worship and obedience to God.

gave the priests 2,600 Passover offerings and 300 bulls.
The large number of offerings provided by these leaders indicates the scale and importance of the Passover celebration. The Passover was a commemoration of the Israelites' deliverance from Egypt, as described in Exodus 12. The provision of 2,600 Passover offerings ensured that all participants could partake in the feast, symbolizing unity and shared faith. The 300 bulls, likely used for additional sacrifices, highlight the abundance and completeness of the offerings. This generosity can be seen as a type of Christ, who is the ultimate Passover Lamb, providing salvation for all who believe (1 Corinthians 5:7). The meticulous preparation and provision for the Passover underscore the importance of worship and obedience to God's commands.

Additionally, Conaniah and his brothers Shemaiah and Nethanel
Conaniah, Shemaiah, and Nethanel are mentioned as leaders among the Levites, a tribe set apart for religious duties in Israel. The Levites were responsible for the care of the tabernacle and later the temple, and they played a crucial role in the religious life of the nation. The mention of these individuals highlights the importance of family and lineage in the Levitical duties, as roles were often passed down through generations. This reflects the broader biblical theme of God working through families and lineages, as seen in the genealogies of Jesus in the Gospels.

as well as Hashabiah, Jeiel, and Jozabad, officers of the Levites
Hashabiah, Jeiel, and Jozabad are identified as officers, indicating they held positions of authority and responsibility within the Levitical order. The term "officers" suggests a structured hierarchy within the Levites, necessary for organizing large-scale religious events like the Passover. This structure is reminiscent of the order and organization seen in the early church, as described in the New Testament, where roles and responsibilities were clearly defined to ensure the effective functioning of the church body.

contributed to the Levites 5,000 Passover offerings
The contribution of 5,000 Passover offerings by these leaders underscores the communal and sacrificial nature of the Passover celebration. The Passover was a pivotal event in Israel's history, commemorating their deliverance from Egypt, and it required significant resources and preparation. This act of contribution reflects the principle of generosity and provision for communal worship, a theme echoed in the New Testament where believers are encouraged to support one another and the work of the church.

and 500 bulls
The offering of 500 bulls signifies a substantial sacrifice, indicating the scale and importance of the Passover celebration during this period. Bulls were considered valuable and were often used in significant sacrifices, symbolizing strength and atonement. This offering can be seen as a type of Christ, who is the ultimate sacrifice for sin. The magnitude of the offering points to the seriousness with which the people approached their worship and the lengths to which they went to honor God, paralleling the ultimate sacrifice of Jesus on the cross for the sins of humanity.

So the service was prepared;
This phrase indicates the meticulous preparation for the Passover service, reflecting the importance of order and reverence in worship. The preparation of the service aligns with the detailed instructions given in the Law of Moses (Exodus 12), emphasizing the need for obedience to God's commands. This preparation also highlights the role of leadership in ensuring that worship is conducted properly, as seen in the reforms of King Josiah, who sought to restore true worship in Judah.

the priests stood in their places
The priests, descendants of Aaron, had specific roles in the temple service, including offering sacrifices and maintaining the sanctuary. Their standing in their designated places signifies readiness and dedication to their sacred duties. This orderliness is reminiscent of the organization seen in the wilderness tabernacle (Numbers 3-4), where each priestly family had specific responsibilities. The priests' role as mediators between God and the people foreshadows the ultimate High Priest, Jesus Christ, who intercedes for believers (Hebrews 4:14-16).

and the Levites in their divisions
The Levites, distinct from the priests, assisted in various temple functions, including music, teaching, and maintaining the temple grounds. Their division into groups for service reflects the structured worship system established by David (1 Chronicles 23-26). This organization ensured that the temple service was continuous and efficient. The Levites' role in teaching the Law (Deuteronomy 33:10) underscores the importance of God's Word in worship and daily life.

according to the king’s command.
King Josiah's command underscores his commitment to restoring proper worship in Judah, as he sought to align the nation's practices with the covenantal laws. His reforms were part of a broader movement to return to the worship of Yahweh, as detailed in 2 Kings 22-23. Josiah's leadership in this religious revival is a testament to the impact of godly leadership and the importance of adhering to divine instructions. His actions also fulfill the prophecy of a king from David's line who would restore true worship (1 Kings 13:2), pointing ultimately to the messianic reign of Christ.

And they slaughtered the Passover lambs
The Passover lambs were central to the observance of Passover, a festival commemorating Israel's deliverance from Egypt (Exodus 12). The slaughtering of the lambs was a significant ritual, symbolizing the sacrifice necessary for redemption. This act prefigures the ultimate sacrifice of Jesus Christ, the Lamb of God (John 1:29), who was crucified during Passover, fulfilling the typology of the Passover lamb.

while the priests splattered the blood handed to them
The priests played a crucial role in the sacrificial system, acting as mediators between God and the people. The splattering of blood was a vital part of the atonement process, signifying purification and the covering of sin (Leviticus 17:11). This act points to the New Testament understanding of Christ's blood as the means of atonement for humanity's sins (Hebrews 9:22).

and the Levites skinned the animals
The Levites, a tribe set apart for religious duties, assisted the priests in the temple services. Skinning the animals was part of the preparation for the sacrificial offering, ensuring that the sacrifice was made according to the law. This meticulous attention to detail reflects the importance of obedience and reverence in worship. The Levites' role underscores the communal aspect of worship, where different members of the community contribute to the service of God.

They set aside the burnt offerings
In the context of ancient Israel, burnt offerings were a central aspect of worship and atonement. These offerings were completely consumed by fire, symbolizing total dedication to God. The act of setting aside these offerings indicates a deliberate preparation and sanctification process, reflecting the importance of approaching God with reverence and obedience.

to be given to the divisions of the families of the people
This phrase highlights the organized structure of Israelite society, where the Levites and priests were responsible for facilitating worship on behalf of the people. The divisions of families suggest a communal participation in worship, emphasizing the collective responsibility of the nation to uphold the covenant with God. This organization is reminiscent of the division of labor seen in the wilderness tabernacle service.

to offer to the LORD
The ultimate purpose of the offerings was to honor and worship Yahweh, the covenant God of Israel. This act of offering was not merely ritualistic but was intended to express devotion, gratitude, and repentance. It underscores the centrality of God in the life of the nation and the importance of maintaining a right relationship with Him.

as it is written in the Book of Moses
This reference to the Mosaic Law underscores the authority of Scripture in guiding worship practices. The Book of Moses, primarily the Pentateuch, contains detailed instructions for offerings and sacrifices, reflecting God's revealed will for His people. This adherence to the written law highlights the importance of Scripture as the foundation for faith and practice.

And they did the same with the bulls
Bulls were significant in sacrificial rituals, often used in burnt offerings and peace offerings. Their use here indicates the scale and seriousness of the worship event. The repetition of the process with the bulls suggests thoroughness and consistency in following God's commands, ensuring that all aspects of the sacrificial system were observed in accordance with divine instruction.

They roasted the Passover animals on the fire according to the regulation
This phrase refers to the specific instructions given in the Law of Moses regarding the preparation of the Passover lamb. Exodus 12:8-9 outlines that the lamb should be roasted over fire, not boiled or eaten raw, symbolizing the purity and completeness of the sacrifice. The roasting over fire can be seen as a type of Christ's suffering, as fire often represents judgment and purification in Scripture. The adherence to regulation underscores the importance of obedience to God's commands, reflecting the Israelites' commitment to covenant faithfulness.

and they boiled the other holy offerings in pots, kettles, and bowls
This part of the verse highlights the preparation of additional offerings that were part of the Passover celebration. The boiling of these offerings in various vessels indicates the practical aspects of preparing large quantities of food for the people. The use of pots, kettles, and bowls suggests a communal effort and the importance of hospitality and provision during the feast. This practice aligns with Deuteronomy 16:2, which allows for the consumption of other sacrifices during the festival, emphasizing the communal and celebratory nature of Passover.

and quickly brought them to all the people
The swift distribution of the offerings to the people demonstrates the efficiency and organization of the Levites and priests during the Passover. This act ensured that everyone could partake in the meal, reflecting the inclusivity and unity of the community in worship. The phrase also highlights the role of the Levites as servants of the people, facilitating their worship and participation in the feast. This mirrors the New Testament concept of servanthood, as seen in Mark 10:45, where Jesus serves others, pointing to the ultimate fulfillment of the Passover in Christ.

Afterward, they made preparations for themselves and for the priests
This phrase indicates a time of preparation following the sacrificial duties. The Levites, who assisted the priests, needed to ensure they were ready for their roles in the Passover celebration. This preparation was both physical and spiritual, reflecting the importance of purity and readiness in worship. The Levites' role was crucial, as they supported the priests in the temple services, highlighting the collaborative nature of worship in ancient Israel.

since the priests, the descendants of Aaron, were offering up burnt offerings and fat until nightfall
The priests, specifically the descendants of Aaron, were responsible for the sacrificial offerings. The burnt offerings were a central part of the worship, symbolizing atonement and dedication to God. The mention of "fat" refers to the portions of the sacrifice that were considered the best and were offered to God, as seen in Leviticus 3:16. The fact that these offerings continued until nightfall underscores the extensive and demanding nature of the Passover observance, reflecting the priests' dedication and the importance of the festival.

So the Levites made preparations for themselves and for the priests, the descendants of Aaron
This repetition emphasizes the Levites' supportive role in the temple service. Their preparation for both themselves and the priests highlights the interconnectedness of their duties. The Levites ensured that everything was in order for the priests to perform their sacred tasks effectively. This cooperation between the Levites and the priests is a model of service and dedication, reflecting the broader theme of unity and order within the worship practices of Israel.

The singers, the descendants of Asaph, were at their stations according to the command of David, Asaph, Heman, and Jeduthun the king’s seer.
The role of the singers in the temple was established by King David, who organized the Levitical musicians into divisions. Asaph, Heman, and Jeduthun were prominent leaders among these musicians, and their descendants continued this tradition. Asaph is noted for his role in the Psalms, contributing to the worship and liturgical life of Israel. The mention of "the king's seer" highlights the prophetic aspect of their ministry, as music and prophecy were often intertwined in Israel's worship. This organization reflects the importance of orderly worship and the continuity of Davidic traditions in the temple service.

And the gatekeepers at each gate did not need to leave their posts, because their fellow Levites made preparations for them.
Gatekeepers were responsible for maintaining the security and sanctity of the temple, ensuring that only those who were ceremonially clean could enter. Their role was crucial during festivals when the temple was crowded. The fact that they did not need to leave their posts indicates a well-organized system where other Levites supported them by preparing their portions of the sacrifices. This cooperation among the Levites underscores the communal nature of worship and service in the temple, reflecting the unity and shared responsibility among the people of God.

So on that day
This phrase refers to a specific day during the reign of King Josiah, a significant moment in the history of Judah. Josiah was known for his religious reforms and efforts to restore the worship of Yahweh. The "day" mentioned is the day of the Passover celebration, a pivotal event in Jewish religious life.

the entire service of the LORD was carried out
This indicates that all the prescribed rituals and ceremonies were performed in full accordance with the Law of Moses. The meticulous observance underscores the importance of obedience to God's commands and the revival of proper worship practices under Josiah's leadership.

for celebrating the Passover
The Passover is a foundational Jewish festival commemorating the Israelites' deliverance from Egyptian bondage. It is a time of remembrance and gratitude for God's salvation. Josiah's observance of the Passover is notable for its scale and adherence to the ancient traditions, reflecting a return to covenant faithfulness.

and offering burnt offerings on the altar of the LORD
Burnt offerings were a central aspect of Old Testament worship, symbolizing atonement and dedication to God. The altar of the LORD, located in the temple in Jerusalem, was the designated place for these sacrifices. This practice points to the seriousness of sin and the need for a sacrificial system, which Christians see as a foreshadowing of Christ's ultimate sacrifice.

according to the command of King Josiah
King Josiah's command highlights his role as a reformer and restorer of true worship in Judah. His leadership was marked by a commitment to the Scriptures, as evidenced by his actions following the discovery of the Book of the Law in the temple. Josiah's reforms were a fulfillment of the covenantal responsibilities of a king to lead the people in righteousness and obedience to God.

The Israelites who were present
This phrase refers to the Israelites who were in Jerusalem at the time of King Josiah's Passover celebration. Josiah was a reforming king of Judah who sought to restore the worship of Yahweh according to the Law of Moses. The presence of Israelites indicates a gathering of the people from various tribes, emphasizing unity and collective worship. This gathering is significant as it reflects a return to covenant faithfulness, reminiscent of earlier times when all Israel gathered for worship, such as during the reigns of David and Solomon.

also observed the Passover at that time
The Passover is a pivotal event in Israel's history, commemorating their deliverance from slavery in Egypt. It is a time of remembrance and celebration of God's salvation and faithfulness. Josiah's observance of the Passover is notable because it was conducted according to the prescriptions found in the Book of the Law, which had been rediscovered during his reign. This observance is a return to the foundational practices of the faith, highlighting a revival of religious purity and devotion. The Passover also serves as a type of Christ, foreshadowing Jesus as the Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world.

as well as the Feast of Unleavened Bread for seven days
The Feast of Unleavened Bread immediately follows the Passover and lasts for seven days. It involves the removal of leaven from homes, symbolizing the removal of sin and corruption. This feast is a time of purification and dedication to God, reinforcing the themes of holiness and separation from sin. The seven-day duration signifies completeness and perfection in biblical numerology. The observance of this feast alongside the Passover underscores a comprehensive return to the practices commanded in the Torah, reflecting a holistic approach to worship and obedience.

No such Passover had been observed in Israel since the days of Samuel the prophet.
This phrase highlights the significance of the Passover celebration under King Josiah. Samuel, the last judge of Israel, lived during a time when the nation was transitioning from a theocracy to a monarchy. The reference to Samuel indicates that the Passover had not been celebrated with such devotion and adherence to the Law since the early days of the united monarchy. This suggests a period of spiritual decline and neglect of religious practices. Josiah's reforms, therefore, represent a return to the covenantal faithfulness that characterized the time of Samuel. The emphasis on the Passover also points to its importance as a commemoration of Israel's deliverance from Egypt, a foundational event in their history.

None of the kings of Israel ever observed a Passover like the one that Josiah observed
This statement underscores the unparalleled nature of Josiah's Passover. Despite the many kings who ruled over Israel and Judah, none had celebrated the Passover with such zeal and adherence to the Mosaic Law. Josiah's dedication to restoring proper worship is a testament to his commitment to God and the covenant. This also reflects the spiritual renewal that Josiah sought to bring about in the nation, aligning with the Deuteronomic reforms that emphasized the centralization of worship in Jerusalem and adherence to the Law.

with the priests, the Levites, all Judah, the Israelites who were present, and the people of Jerusalem.
This phrase indicates the inclusivity and communal nature of the Passover celebration. The involvement of the priests and Levites highlights the restoration of proper religious order and the importance of their roles in leading worship. The mention of "all Judah" and "the Israelites who were present" suggests that this was a unifying event, bringing together the remnants of the northern kingdom (Israel) and the southern kingdom (Judah). The gathering in Jerusalem, the spiritual and political center, signifies the centralization of worship and the fulfillment of the command to celebrate the Passover at the place God chose. This unity and centralization are reminiscent of the ideal worship community envisioned in the Law and foreshadow the ultimate gathering of God's people in the eschatological kingdom.

In the eighteenth year of Josiah’s reign
Josiah became king of Judah at a young age, and his reign is noted for significant religious reforms. The eighteenth year of his reign is particularly important because it marks a period of spiritual renewal and national reform. During this time, Josiah ordered the repair of the Temple, which led to the discovery of the Book of the Law. This discovery prompted a nationwide return to the covenant with God. The eighteenth year is also significant because it aligns with the prophetic timeline, as Josiah's reforms were a fulfillment of earlier prophecies about the restoration of true worship in Judah.

this Passover was observed
The Passover celebration in Josiah's eighteenth year was a monumental event, as it was conducted according to the ancient prescriptions found in the Book of the Law. This observance was not just a religious ritual but a national recommitment to the covenant with God. It was the most significant Passover since the days of Samuel the prophet, highlighting its importance in the history of Israel. The Passover is a type of Christ, symbolizing deliverance and redemption, pointing forward to Jesus as the ultimate Passover Lamb. This observance under Josiah's leadership was a return to the foundational aspects of Israel's faith and identity, emphasizing obedience to God's commands and the centrality of worship in the life of the nation.

After all this
This phrase indicates a transition from the previous events, specifically the religious reforms and Passover celebration led by King Josiah. It suggests a culmination of Josiah's efforts to restore proper worship in Judah, as detailed in the preceding verses. The phrase sets the stage for a significant shift in the narrative, moving from religious renewal to political and military conflict.

when Josiah had set the temple in order
Josiah's reforms included purging idolatry and restoring the temple, aligning with the covenantal laws found in Deuteronomy. This phrase highlights his commitment to spiritual renewal and adherence to the Law of Moses. The temple's restoration was a significant achievement, symbolizing the nation's return to Yahweh. It reflects Josiah's dedication to God, reminiscent of King Hezekiah's earlier reforms.

Neco king of Egypt marched up to fight at Carchemish by the Euphrates
Pharaoh Neco II was a prominent Egyptian ruler during this period, known for his military campaigns. Carchemish was a strategic city located on the Euphrates River, a key location for controlling trade routes and military movements. This battle was part of the larger conflict between the declining Assyrian Empire and the rising Babylonian power. Neco's march indicates Egypt's interest in supporting Assyria against Babylon, reflecting the complex geopolitical dynamics of the time.

and Josiah went out to confront him
Josiah's decision to confront Neco is puzzling, as it appears to be a political and military miscalculation. The biblical narrative does not provide explicit reasons for Josiah's actions, but it may reflect his desire to assert Judah's independence or align with Babylon against Assyria and Egypt. This confrontation ultimately leads to Josiah's death, marking a turning point in Judah's history. Josiah's actions can be seen as a tragic end to his otherwise faithful reign, with his death foreshadowing the impending Babylonian exile.

But Neco sent messengers to him, saying,
Pharaoh Neco II was the king of Egypt during this period, around 610-595 BC. His decision to send messengers indicates a diplomatic approach, common in ancient Near Eastern politics, to avoid unnecessary conflict. This reflects the political landscape where communication between nations was crucial to avoid misunderstandings and wars.

“What is the issue between you and me, O king of Judah?
This question highlights the lack of direct conflict between Egypt and Judah. Neco's inquiry suggests that he did not perceive Judah as an enemy, emphasizing the unnecessary nature of Josiah's opposition. Historically, Judah was a smaller kingdom compared to Egypt, and this question underscores the imbalance of power and the potential for unnecessary loss.

I have not come against you today,
Neco clarifies his intentions, indicating that his military campaign was not directed at Judah. This statement is crucial in understanding the broader geopolitical movements of the time, as Egypt was likely moving to support Assyria against the rising Babylonian empire.

but I am fighting another dynasty,
The "another dynasty" refers to the Babylonians, who were gaining power and threatening both Assyria and Egypt. This context is essential for understanding the strategic alliances and conflicts of the period, as Egypt sought to maintain a balance of power in the region.

and God has told me to hurry.
Neco claims divine instruction for his actions, a common assertion among ancient rulers to legitimize their campaigns. This statement introduces a theological dimension, suggesting that God’s will was perceived to be at work beyond the borders of Israel and Judah, challenging the exclusivity of divine guidance to the Israelites.

So stop opposing God, who is with me,
Neco's assertion that God is with him presents a theological challenge to Josiah, who was known for his religious reforms and dedication to Yahweh. This phrase suggests that God’s purposes can transcend national boundaries and that divine favor is not limited to Israel alone.

or He will destroy you!”
This warning serves as a prophetic statement, foreshadowing Josiah's demise in battle. It underscores the theme of divine sovereignty and the consequences of opposing God's will, a recurring motif in the biblical narrative. Josiah's failure to heed this warning results in his death, illustrating the serious implications of disregarding divine messages.

Josiah, however, did not turn away from him;
Josiah, the king of Judah, was known for his religious reforms and dedication to God. Despite his piety, he chose not to heed the warning from Pharaoh Neco of Egypt. This decision marks a significant moment in Josiah's reign, highlighting a departure from his usual adherence to divine guidance. The phrase suggests a deliberate choice to confront Neco, indicating a potential lapse in judgment or a misunderstanding of God's will.

instead, in order to engage him in battle, he disguised himself.
Josiah's decision to disguise himself is reminiscent of King Ahab's actions in 1 Kings 22:30, where Ahab also disguised himself in battle. This tactic was often used to protect a king from being targeted. However, it also reflects a lack of trust in God's protection. The act of disguise suggests a reliance on human strategy rather than divine intervention, which contrasts with Josiah's previous reliance on God.

He did not listen to Neco’s words from the mouth of God,
Pharaoh Neco claimed that his words were from God, which presents a theological challenge. It implies that God can use even foreign rulers to convey His will, as seen in other instances like Cyrus of Persia (Isaiah 45:1). Josiah's failure to recognize this divine message through Neco indicates a limitation in his discernment, possibly due to nationalistic pride or a misunderstanding of God's broader plan.

but went to fight him on the Plain of Megiddo.
The Plain of Megiddo, a strategic military location in ancient Israel, was the site of many significant battles. It is also prophetically significant, as it is associated with the future battle of Armageddon (Revelation 16:16). Josiah's choice to fight at Megiddo underscores the gravity of his decision and its historical consequences. This location serves as a backdrop for a pivotal moment in Judah's history, leading to Josiah's death and the eventual downfall of the kingdom.

There the archers shot King Josiah
King Josiah was the last of the righteous kings of Judah, known for his reforms and dedication to the worship of Yahweh. His death occurred during a battle at Megiddo against Pharaoh Neco of Egypt. The archers' involvement suggests a strategic military engagement, as archers were often used to weaken or kill key figures from a distance. This event marks a significant turning point for Judah, as Josiah's death led to a rapid decline in the nation's spiritual and political state. The location, Megiddo, is historically significant as a site of many battles and is often associated with the concept of Armageddon in eschatological contexts.

who said to his servants,
Josiah's communication with his servants highlights the hierarchical structure of ancient Near Eastern societies, where kings were supported by a retinue of loyal servants and soldiers. This phrase indicates the presence of his attendants even in the chaos of battle, reflecting the loyalty and duty expected of those serving the king.

“Take me away,
This request demonstrates Josiah's awareness of his critical condition and his desire to be removed from the battlefield, possibly to receive medical attention or to avoid capture. It reflects the human instinct for survival and the king's reliance on his servants for protection and assistance in his vulnerable state.

for I am badly wounded!”
The severity of Josiah's injuries is emphasized here, marking the tragic end of a king who had sought to restore true worship in Judah. His death can be seen as a fulfillment of the prophecy given by Huldah the prophetess, who foretold that Josiah would die in peace, which can be interpreted as peace with God rather than a peaceful death. This moment foreshadows the coming judgment on Judah and serves as a reminder of the consequences of straying from God's covenant. Josiah's death also prefigures the suffering of Christ, the ultimate righteous king, who would be wounded for the transgressions of His people.

So his servants took him out of his chariot
This phrase describes the immediate actions taken by King Josiah's attendants after he was wounded in battle. The chariot was a common mode of transportation for kings and military leaders in ancient times, symbolizing both status and mobility. The urgency of removing Josiah from the battlefield highlights the severity of his injuries and the loyalty of his servants. This moment reflects the chaos and desperation of the battlefield, as well as the devotion of Josiah's followers.

put him in his second chariot
The mention of a "second chariot" indicates a prepared contingency for emergencies, a common practice for kings to ensure their safety. This secondary chariot would have been less ornate and more functional, designed for speed and efficiency in transporting the wounded king away from danger. It underscores the foresight and preparedness of Josiah's administration.

and brought him to Jerusalem
Jerusalem, the capital city and spiritual center of Judah, was the logical destination for the wounded king. It was not only the seat of political power but also the location of the Temple, the heart of Jewish worship. Bringing Josiah to Jerusalem signifies the attempt to provide him with the best possible care and to ensure that he was surrounded by his people and the religious community in his final moments.

where he died
Josiah's death marks the end of a significant era in Judah's history. He was known for his religious reforms and efforts to return Judah to the worship of Yahweh, as detailed earlier in 2 Chronicles. His death in Jerusalem, the city he sought to purify and restore, is poignant. It also fulfills the prophecy given by Huldah the prophetess in 2 Kings 22:20, where she foretold that Josiah would die in peace, not witnessing the disaster that would come upon Judah.

And Josiah was buried in the tomb of his fathers
This burial phrase indicates that Josiah was laid to rest with honor among the previous kings of Judah. The "tomb of his fathers" suggests a royal burial site, likely in the City of David, where other kings were interred. This burial honors his legacy and connects him to the Davidic line, emphasizing his rightful place in the history of Judah's monarchy.

and all Judah and Jerusalem mourned for him
The mourning of "all Judah and Jerusalem" reflects the deep impact of Josiah's death on the nation. His reforms and leadership had endeared him to the people, and his loss was felt profoundly across the kingdom. This collective mourning is reminiscent of the national grief for other significant leaders in Israel's history, such as Samuel (1 Samuel 25:1) and Moses (Deuteronomy 34:8). It underscores the unity and shared sorrow of the people, as well as the end of a period of religious revival and reform.

Then Jeremiah lamented over Josiah
Jeremiah, a major prophet in the Old Testament, is known for his deep emotional expressions and lamentations. His lament over Josiah signifies the profound impact Josiah's death had on the nation. Josiah was a reformer king who sought to bring Judah back to the worship of Yahweh, and his death marked the end of a period of religious revival. Jeremiah's lamentation reflects the sorrow and loss felt by the people, as Josiah's death was seen as a turning point leading to the eventual downfall of Judah. This lamentation is consistent with Jeremiah's role as a prophet who often mourned the spiritual state of his people.

and to this day all the male and female singers recite laments over Josiah
The tradition of lamentation was a significant cultural practice in ancient Israel. Male and female singers, often professional mourners, would perform these laments as a way to express collective grief. This practice highlights the communal aspect of mourning and the importance of Josiah's legacy. The phrase "to this day" suggests that this tradition continued for a significant period, indicating the lasting impact of Josiah's reign and the deep sense of loss felt by the community.

They established them as a statute for Israel
The establishment of these laments as a statute implies that they became an official part of Israel's cultural and religious practices. This formalization underscores the importance of remembering Josiah's contributions and the lessons from his reign. It also reflects the broader biblical theme of memorializing significant events and figures to instruct future generations, similar to the Passover or the Feast of Tabernacles.

and indeed they are written in the Book of Laments
The "Book of Laments" is likely a collection of dirges and lamentations, possibly similar to the Book of Lamentations attributed to Jeremiah. This reference indicates that there was a written record of these laments, preserving them for posterity. The existence of such a book suggests the importance of written tradition in maintaining the cultural and religious heritage of Israel. It also points to the broader biblical theme of recording God's dealings with His people, as seen in other historical and prophetic books of the Bible.

As for the rest of the acts of Josiah
Josiah was the 16th king of Judah, known for his religious reforms and efforts to restore the worship of Yahweh. His reign is detailed in 2 Kings 22-23 and 2 Chronicles 34-35. Josiah's acts include the repair of the Temple, the discovery of the Book of the Law, and the subsequent covenant renewal. His reign marked a significant spiritual revival in Judah, emphasizing adherence to the Mosaic Law.

and his deeds of loving devotion
Josiah's loving devotion, or "chesed" in Hebrew, reflects his commitment to God and the covenant. This term often denotes steadfast love and faithfulness, qualities that Josiah demonstrated through his reforms and dedication to purifying worship practices. His actions were not merely political but deeply spiritual, aiming to align the nation with God's commandments.

according to what is written in the Law of the LORD—
This phrase underscores Josiah's adherence to the Torah, particularly the laws given through Moses. His reforms were based on the rediscovered Book of the Law, likely Deuteronomy, which he read to the people, leading to a national renewal of the covenant. Josiah's actions fulfilled the requirements of the Law, such as the observance of Passover, which he reinstated with great zeal, as described in 2 Chronicles 35:1-19. His commitment to the Law serves as a model of obedience and faithfulness to God's word.

his acts from beginning to end—
This phrase refers to the comprehensive record of King Josiah's reign. Josiah was known for his religious reforms and efforts to restore the worship of Yahweh in Judah. His acts "from beginning to end" suggest a full account of his life and reign, emphasizing the importance of his contributions to the spiritual life of the nation. Josiah's reign is marked by significant events, including the discovery of the Book of the Law in the temple, which led to a national revival and covenant renewal (2 Kings 22-23). His actions are seen as a fulfillment of the Deuteronomic ideal of kingship, where the king is expected to lead the people in faithfulness to God's covenant.

they are indeed written in the Book of the Kings of Israel and Judah.
This phrase indicates that the detailed accounts of Josiah's reign were recorded in a historical source known as the Book of the Kings of Israel and Judah. This book is distinct from the biblical books of 1 and 2 Kings, serving as a historical record that chronicled the reigns of the kings of both the northern kingdom of Israel and the southern kingdom of Judah. The mention of this book underscores the historical reliability and thorough documentation of Josiah's reign. It also highlights the practice of maintaining royal annals, a common tradition in the ancient Near East, where the deeds of kings were recorded for posterity. This practice ensured that the legacy and lessons of past rulers were preserved for future generations.