Furthermore, Ahithophel said to Absalom
Ahithophel was a highly esteemed counselor, originally serving King David. His betrayal by siding with Absalom during the rebellion is significant, as it reflects the deep political and personal turmoil within David's kingdom. Ahithophel's advice was considered almost as if one were consulting the word of God, indicating his wisdom and influence. His alignment with Absalom suggests a strategic move to gain power or possibly a personal vendetta against David, as Ahithophel was the grandfather of Bathsheba, whose affair with David led to significant consequences.

“Let me choose twelve thousand men
The number twelve thousand is significant, symbolizing a large, formidable force. In biblical numerology, twelve often represents completeness or the people of God, as seen in the twelve tribes of Israel. Ahithophel's request for such a specific number indicates a well-thought-out military strategy, aiming to overwhelm David quickly and decisively. This reflects the urgency and seriousness of the rebellion against David.

and set out tonight
The urgency in Ahithophel's plan is evident in his desire to act immediately. Nighttime operations were risky but could provide the element of surprise, crucial in military tactics. This reflects the pressing nature of Absalom's rebellion and Ahithophel's understanding of the need to capitalize on the momentum before David could regroup or receive support.

in pursuit of David.
David, once a shepherd boy and now a king, is on the run from his own son, Absalom. This pursuit highlights the tragic nature of familial betrayal and the consequences of David's past sins, such as his affair with Bathsheba and the murder of Uriah. The pursuit also echoes David's earlier life when he fled from King Saul, showcasing a recurring theme of David as a fugitive. This situation foreshadows the ultimate pursuit and suffering of Jesus Christ, who, like David, was rejected by His own people.

I will attack him while he is weak and weary;
This phrase reflects Ahithophel's strategic counsel to Absalom, suggesting an attack on David during a vulnerable moment. The context is Absalom's rebellion against his father, King David. David, having fled Jerusalem, is in a state of physical and emotional exhaustion. This mirrors other biblical instances where enemies sought to exploit moments of weakness, such as Amalek's attack on the Israelites in Exodus 17:8-16. The idea of striking when an opponent is weak is a common military tactic, emphasizing the importance of vigilance and preparedness in spiritual warfare (1 Peter 5:8).

I will throw him into a panic,
Ahithophel's plan involves creating confusion and fear, a tactic often used in warfare to destabilize and demoralize the enemy. Panic can lead to disorganization and defeat, as seen in the story of Gideon in Judges 7:19-22, where God used confusion to defeat the Midianites. This reflects the spiritual truth that fear and panic can lead to poor decision-making and a loss of faith, contrasting with the peace and confidence found in trusting God (Philippians 4:6-7).

and all the people with him will flee;
Ahithophel predicts that once David is thrown into panic, his followers will abandon him. This highlights the importance of strong leadership and the loyalty of followers. Historically, the loyalty of David's men was tested during Absalom's rebellion, yet many remained faithful. This can be compared to the scattering of Jesus' disciples at His arrest (Mark 14:50), illustrating human frailty and the need for divine strength.

I will strike down only the king.
Ahithophel's plan focuses on eliminating David alone, believing that his death would end the conflict. This reflects the ancient Near Eastern practice of targeting leaders to quickly resolve battles. Theologically, it underscores the significance of the king as the anointed leader, a type of Christ, who is the ultimate King. The focus on the king's life parallels the prophetic anticipation of the Messiah, who would be struck down for the salvation of His people (Isaiah 53:4-5).

and bring all the people back to you
This phrase reflects the political strategy of Absalom's advisor, Ahithophel, who sought to consolidate power by reuniting the people under Absalom's leadership. The context is Absalom's rebellion against his father, King David. The idea of "bringing back" suggests a restoration of unity and order, which was disrupted by the civil conflict. This reflects the broader biblical theme of reconciliation and restoration, seen in passages like 2 Corinthians 5:18-19, where God reconciles the world to Himself through Christ.

as a bride returning to her husband
This imagery evokes the covenant relationship between God and His people, often depicted as a marriage in the Bible (e.g., Hosea 2:19-20, Ephesians 5:25-27). The use of marital imagery underscores the depth of commitment and loyalty expected in the relationship. In the historical context, a bride returning to her husband signifies reconciliation and the restoration of a broken relationship, which Ahithophel hoped to achieve politically for Absalom.

You seek the life of only one man
Ahithophel's counsel was to target King David specifically, suggesting that the removal of David would end the conflict swiftly. This reflects a common military strategy of the time, where the death of a leader could lead to the collapse of their cause. Biblically, this phrase highlights the theme of individual responsibility and the impact one person can have on the fate of many, as seen in the stories of figures like Achan (Joshua 7) and Jonah.

then all the people will be at peace
The promise of peace is a recurring biblical theme, often associated with the reign of a just and righteous king (Isaiah 9:6-7). Ahithophel's plan was to bring about peace through the elimination of David, but this contrasts with the biblical understanding of true peace, which comes from God and is characterized by justice and righteousness. The pursuit of peace through violence is a recurring tension in the biblical narrative, ultimately resolved in the New Testament through the peace brought by Jesus Christ (John 14:27).

This proposal seemed good to Absalom
Absalom, the third son of King David, is in the midst of a rebellion against his father. His ambition and desire for power have led him to seek counsel on how to solidify his claim to the throne. The proposal in question comes from Ahithophel, David's former advisor, who has defected to Absalom's side. This moment highlights Absalom's willingness to accept advice that aligns with his ambitions, regardless of its moral implications. The acceptance of this proposal marks a pivotal point in Absalom's rebellion, showcasing his determination to usurp David's kingship. This decision reflects the broader theme of human ambition and the consequences of seeking power outside of God's will.

and all the elders of Israel
The elders of Israel were influential leaders and decision-makers within the tribes. Their agreement with Ahithophel's proposal indicates a significant shift in loyalty from David to Absalom. This collective approval underscores the political instability and division within the kingdom during this period. The elders' support for Absalom can be seen as a reflection of the nation's discontent with David's rule, possibly due to his handling of previous events such as the incident with Bathsheba and the subsequent turmoil within his family. This moment also foreshadows the eventual downfall of Absalom's rebellion, as it is built on shaky alliances and human wisdom rather than divine guidance.

Then Absalom said,
Absalom, the third son of King David, is in the midst of a rebellion against his father. This moment occurs during a critical point in his attempt to seize the throne. Absalom's actions are driven by ambition and a desire for power, reflecting the fulfillment of Nathan's prophecy in 2 Samuel 12:11, where God foretold that calamity would arise from within David's own house. Absalom's rebellion is a direct consequence of David's earlier sins, illustrating the principle of reaping what one sows (Galatians 6:7).

“Summon Hushai the Archite as well,
Hushai the Archite is a friend and loyal supporter of King David. His presence in Absalom's court is part of a strategic plan devised by David to counteract the counsel of Ahithophel, Absalom's advisor. The term "Archite" indicates Hushai's origin from the region of Archi, near Bethel, which is significant as it places him within the tribal territories of Ephraim or Benjamin. Hushai's role is crucial in the unfolding narrative, as he serves as a type of Christ in his loyalty and willingness to suffer for the sake of his king, paralleling Christ's loyalty to the Father.

and let us hear what he too has to say.”
Absalom's decision to consult Hushai demonstrates his desire to weigh multiple perspectives, though it ultimately reveals his lack of discernment. This moment is pivotal, as Hushai's counsel will lead to Absalom's downfall. The request to hear Hushai's opinion highlights the biblical theme of seeking wisdom and the importance of discerning godly counsel, as seen in Proverbs 11:14, which states that victory is found in an abundance of counselors. Hushai's advice, inspired by God, will counter Ahithophel's seemingly wise counsel, illustrating the sovereignty of God in directing the affairs of men to fulfill His divine purposes.

So Hushai came to Absalom
Hushai the Archite was a loyal friend and advisor to King David. In the context of 2 Samuel 17, Hushai's presence in Absalom's court was part of David's strategic plan to counteract the counsel of Ahithophel, who had defected to Absalom. This reflects the tension and division within the kingdom during Absalom's rebellion. Hushai's role as a double agent is crucial, as it demonstrates the theme of divine providence and loyalty amidst political intrigue.

who told him, “Ahithophel has spoken this proposal.
Ahithophel was known for his wise counsel, and his advice was highly regarded, almost as if one were consulting the word of God (2 Samuel 16:23). His proposal to Absalom was to pursue David immediately, which was strategically sound. The mention of Ahithophel highlights the gravity of the situation, as his support lent significant credibility to Absalom's cause. This moment underscores the importance of counsel and the impact of wise or foolish decisions in leadership.

Should we carry it out?
Absalom's question indicates his reliance on advisors and his uncertainty despite his ambition. This moment of decision is pivotal, as it reflects the broader biblical theme of seeking and discerning wise counsel. The question also sets the stage for the unfolding of God's sovereign plan, as Absalom's choice will ultimately lead to his downfall. It serves as a reminder of the importance of aligning decisions with God's will.

If not, what do you say?”
Absalom's request for Hushai's opinion opens the door for Hushai to fulfill his mission of thwarting Ahithophel's advice. This phrase highlights the role of human agency within divine providence. Hushai's response will be instrumental in the preservation of David's life and the eventual restoration of his kingdom. It also illustrates the biblical principle that God can use individuals in unexpected ways to accomplish His purposes, often turning the wisdom of the world on its head (1 Corinthians 1:27).

Hushai replied
Hushai the Archite was a loyal friend and advisor to King David. In the context of 2 Samuel 17, he was sent back to Jerusalem by David to act as a spy and counter the counsel of Ahithophel, who had sided with Absalom during his rebellion. Hushai's role is crucial in the narrative as he provides David with intelligence and seeks to thwart Ahithophel's plans. His presence in Absalom's court is a strategic move, highlighting the theme of divine providence and loyalty.

This time
The phrase "this time" indicates a specific moment in the ongoing conflict between David and Absalom. It suggests that Ahithophel's previous advice had been sound and effective, which aligns with his reputation for wisdom. However, this particular instance marks a turning point where Hushai sees an opportunity to intervene. The timing is critical, as it reflects the unfolding of God's plan to protect David and ensure the continuation of his dynasty, as promised in 2 Samuel 7:12-16.

the advice of Ahithophel
Ahithophel was known for his wise counsel, and his advice was highly regarded, as seen in 2 Samuel 16:23, where it is said that his counsel was like consulting the word of God. His defection to Absalom was a significant blow to David, both politically and personally. Ahithophel's advice to Absalom was to pursue David immediately, which would have likely resulted in David's defeat. This highlights the gravity of the situation and the potential consequences if Hushai's intervention had not occurred.

is not sound
Hushai's assertion that Ahithophel's advice "is not sound" is a strategic move to buy David time. By undermining Ahithophel's counsel, Hushai aims to protect David and disrupt Absalom's plans. This moment is pivotal, as it demonstrates the theme of divine intervention and wisdom. Hushai's ability to persuade Absalom to reject Ahithophel's advice is seen as God's hand at work, ensuring the fulfillment of His promises to David. This also foreshadows the eventual downfall of Absalom and the restoration of David's reign.

He continued, “You know your father and his men.
This phrase refers to Hushai speaking to Absalom about David and his warriors. David's reputation as a formidable leader and warrior was well-known throughout Israel. His men, often referred to as "David's mighty men," were elite warriors who had proven themselves in numerous battles. This acknowledgment of their prowess serves to remind Absalom of the potential danger in underestimating them. The phrase also highlights the loyalty and skill of David's followers, which is a recurring theme in the narrative of David's life.

They are mighty men,
The term "mighty men" refers to David's elite group of warriors, known as the "Gibborim." These men were renowned for their strength, bravery, and loyalty. They are detailed in passages such as 2 Samuel 23:8-39, where their heroic deeds are recounted. This group included individuals like Josheb-Basshebeth, Eleazar, and Shammah, who performed extraordinary feats in battle. Their reputation would have been a significant psychological factor in any military engagement.

and as fierce as a wild bear robbed of her cubs.
This simile emphasizes the ferocity and determination of David and his men. A bear robbed of her cubs is known for its aggressive and relentless nature, symbolizing the potential wrath and tenacity of David's forces. This imagery is used to convey the idea that David's men would fight with intense passion and desperation, making them formidable opponents. The use of such vivid imagery would have been a powerful rhetorical tool to instill caution in Absalom.

Moreover, your father is a man of war
David's identity as a "man of war" is well-established throughout the biblical narrative. From his victory over Goliath to his numerous military campaigns, David demonstrated strategic acumen and combat prowess. His experience and success in warfare were unmatched, making him a respected and feared military leader. This acknowledgment serves to remind Absalom of David's capability to outmaneuver and outfight his enemies.

who will not spend the night with the troops.
This phrase suggests David's strategic wisdom and caution. By not spending the night with the troops, David would avoid potential surprise attacks and maintain an element of unpredictability. This tactic reflects his understanding of warfare and his ability to adapt to changing circumstances. It also indicates his leadership style, which involved making calculated decisions to protect himself and his men. This strategic thinking is consistent with David's character throughout the biblical narrative, where he often seeks divine guidance and employs clever tactics to achieve victory.

Surely by now he is hiding in a cave or some other location.
This phrase reflects the strategic cunning of David, who often used the terrain of Israel to his advantage. Caves and other natural hideouts were common in the Judean wilderness, as seen in David's earlier flight from Saul (1 Samuel 22:1). The use of caves as hiding places is a recurring theme in David's life, symbolizing refuge and divine protection. This also foreshadows the ultimate refuge found in Christ, who is often seen as a rock and fortress (Psalm 18:2).

If some of your troops fall first,
The concern here is for the morale and perception of Absalom's forces. In ancient warfare, the initial success or failure in battle could significantly impact the outcome. The fall of troops early in a conflict could lead to panic and retreat, as seen in other biblical battles such as the defeat of Israel at Ai (Joshua 7:5). This highlights the importance of leadership and the psychological aspects of warfare.

whoever hears of it will say,
This phrase underscores the power of reputation and word of mouth in the ancient world. News of battle outcomes spread quickly, affecting the morale and decisions of both sides. The influence of reports and rumors is evident throughout scripture, such as the spies' report in Numbers 13, which swayed the entire nation of Israel.

‘There has been a slaughter among the troops who follow Absalom.’
The potential for a slaughter among Absalom's troops serves as a warning of the consequences of rebellion against God's anointed king, David. This reflects the broader biblical theme of divine justice and the futility of opposing God's will. The phrase also foreshadows the eventual downfall of Absalom, who, despite his initial success, ultimately faces defeat and death (2 Samuel 18:9-15). This can be seen as a type of Christ's ultimate victory over sin and rebellion.

Then even the most valiant soldier with the heart of a lion will melt with fear
This phrase highlights the psychological impact of fear in warfare, a common theme in biblical narratives. The "heart of a lion" symbolizes courage and strength, often associated with warriors like David himself (2 Samuel 1:23). The imagery of a lion is used throughout Scripture to denote bravery and power (Proverbs 28:1). The melting of such courage indicates the overwhelming nature of the threat posed by David and his men, reflecting the biblical principle that human strength is insufficient without divine support (Psalm 33:16-17).

because all Israel knows that your father is a mighty man
David's reputation as a "mighty man" is well-established, dating back to his victory over Goliath (1 Samuel 17). His military prowess and leadership are recognized throughout Israel, contributing to his legendary status. This acknowledgment of David's might serves as a reminder of God's anointing and favor upon him, as seen in 1 Samuel 16:13. The phrase underscores the importance of reputation and legacy in biblical narratives, where past deeds influence present perceptions and decisions.

who has valiant men with him
David's "valiant men" refer to his loyal warriors, known as the "mighty men" or "Gibborim" (2 Samuel 23:8-39). These men were renowned for their bravery and skill in battle, forming an elite group that supported David throughout his reign. Their presence signifies the strength of unity and loyalty, themes prevalent in biblical accounts of Israel's history. The mention of these men also foreshadows the New Testament concept of the body of Christ, where each member plays a crucial role in the mission of the Church (1 Corinthians 12:12-27).

Instead, I advise that all Israel from Dan to Beersheba—
This phrase indicates a strategic military counsel given by Hushai to Absalom. "All Israel from Dan to Beersheba" is a common biblical expression denoting the entire nation of Israel, from its northernmost city, Dan, to its southernmost city, Beersheba. This phrase emphasizes the unity and totality of the nation. Historically, Dan and Beersheba were significant locations in Israel, marking the traditional boundaries of the land. This expression is used throughout the Old Testament to describe the full extent of the Israelite territory (e.g., Judges 20:1, 1 Samuel 3:20). The advice to gather all Israel suggests a comprehensive mobilization, reflecting the gravity of the situation and the need for a unified front.

a multitude like the sand on the seashore—
This simile is a hyperbolic expression used to describe an exceedingly large number of people. It echoes the promise given to Abraham in Genesis 22:17, where God promised to multiply his descendants as the stars of the sky and the sand on the seashore. This phrase underscores the vastness of the proposed army, suggesting overwhelming strength and numbers. It also reflects the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham, as Israel had indeed become a populous nation. The imagery of sand on the seashore is used elsewhere in Scripture to convey innumerable quantities (e.g., Joshua 11:4, 1 Kings 4:20).

be gathered to you,
The gathering of all Israel to Absalom signifies a consolidation of power and support. In the context of the narrative, Absalom is attempting to usurp the throne from his father, King David. The call for a national assembly under Absalom's leadership is a strategic move to legitimize his claim to the throne and to demonstrate his authority. This gathering is not just a military maneuver but also a political statement, aiming to unify the people under Absalom's leadership. The concept of gathering is significant in biblical history, often associated with assembling for battle or worship (e.g., Deuteronomy 31:12, 1 Samuel 7:5).

and that you yourself lead them into battle.
Hushai's advice for Absalom to personally lead the army into battle is a direct appeal to Absalom's ambition and desire for recognition. In ancient Near Eastern culture, kings often led their armies into battle, symbolizing their role as both political and military leaders. This counsel is designed to flatter Absalom and to contrast with Ahithophel's earlier advice, which suggested a more covert operation. By leading the army himself, Absalom would be seen as a strong and capable leader, potentially rallying more support. This phrase also foreshadows the eventual downfall of Absalom, as his personal involvement in the battle leads to his demise (2 Samuel 18:9-15). The idea of a leader going before his people is a theme seen in the life of Jesus Christ, who leads His followers by example and sacrifice (John 10:4, Hebrews 12:2).

Then we will attack David wherever we find him
This phrase reflects the strategic counsel given by Ahithophel to Absalom during Absalom's rebellion against his father, King David. Ahithophel was known for his wisdom and his advice was highly regarded, often seen as if one had inquired of the word of God. The plan to attack David "wherever we find him" indicates a relentless pursuit, showing the urgency and determination to eliminate David as a threat. This reflects the intense political and familial conflict within Israel at the time. The pursuit of David can be compared to Saul's earlier pursuit of him, highlighting the recurring theme of David as a fugitive and the trials he faced before and during his kingship.

and we will descend on him like dew on the ground
The imagery of descending "like dew on the ground" suggests a sudden and overwhelming attack. Dew covers the ground completely and uniformly, symbolizing the thoroughness and inevitability of the planned assault. This metaphor also implies a silent and stealthy approach, as dew forms quietly overnight. In biblical literature, dew is often associated with blessing and provision (e.g., Hosea 14:5), but here it is used to convey the idea of an inescapable and encompassing threat. This phrase underscores the severity of the danger David faced and the comprehensive nature of the attack planned against him.

And of all the men with him, not even one will remain
This part of the verse highlights the totality of the intended destruction. The goal was not only to kill David but to annihilate all his supporters, leaving "not even one" alive. This reflects the brutal nature of ancient Near Eastern warfare, where complete eradication of the enemy was often sought to prevent any future retaliation. The phrase also emphasizes the loyalty and risk faced by those who stood with David, as they were targets of the same deadly intent. In a broader biblical context, this can be seen as a foreshadowing of the ultimate victory of God's anointed, as despite the plans of his enemies, David's line would continue, leading to the eventual coming of Jesus Christ, the ultimate fulfillment of God's promise to David.

If he retreats to a city
This phrase refers to Absalom's pursuit of David, who is fleeing from his son’s rebellion. The context is a strategic discussion on how to capture David. Cities in ancient Israel were often fortified, providing refuge and protection. The idea of retreating to a city suggests seeking safety behind walls, a common military tactic. This reflects the historical context of warfare in the ancient Near East, where cities served as strongholds.

all Israel will bring ropes to that city
The phrase "all Israel" indicates a united effort, emphasizing the collective action of the nation against David. This hyperbolic expression suggests overwhelming force and determination. Ropes were used in siege warfare to pull down walls or gates, symbolizing the complete destruction of the city’s defenses. This imagery underscores the seriousness of the threat against David and the extent of Absalom's rebellion.

and we will drag it down to the valley
The valley represents a place of defeat and humiliation. In biblical symbolism, valleys often denote low points or places of judgment. The act of dragging a city down to the valley signifies total conquest and subjugation. This reflects the cultural understanding of victory in battle, where the defeated are brought low. It also foreshadows the ultimate failure of Absalom’s rebellion, as God’s plans for David prevail.

until not even a pebble can be found there.
This phrase emphasizes complete and utter destruction, leaving no trace of the city. It reflects the thoroughness of the intended siege and the finality of the judgment against David’s refuge. Biblically, such total destruction is reminiscent of divine judgment, as seen in the destruction of cities like Jericho. It also serves as a reminder of God’s sovereignty, as human plans are ultimately subject to His will.

Then Absalom and all the men of Israel said,
This phrase sets the scene with Absalom, David's son, who has usurped the throne. The "men of Israel" refers to the leaders and elders who supported Absalom's rebellion. This moment is critical as it reflects the collective decision-making process during a time of political upheaval. The unity in their statement indicates a temporary consensus among Absalom's followers, highlighting the tension between loyalty to David and the allure of Absalom's charisma.

“The advice of Hushai the Archite is better than that of Ahithophel.”
Hushai the Archite was a loyal friend of David who infiltrated Absalom's court to act as a spy. His advice was strategically designed to counter Ahithophel, who was known for his wise counsel. Ahithophel's advice was typically regarded as if one had inquired of the word of God, indicating his high reputation. The preference for Hushai's counsel over Ahithophel's marks a pivotal moment, as it reflects divine intervention in the political affairs of Israel. This decision would ultimately lead to Absalom's downfall, showcasing the sovereignty of God over human plans.

For the LORD had purposed to thwart the good counsel of Ahithophel
This phrase reveals the divine orchestration behind the events. Despite Ahithophel's reputation for giving sound advice, the LORD intervened to ensure that his counsel would not be followed. This demonstrates the biblical theme of God's sovereignty and His ability to influence human decisions to fulfill His purposes. It echoes Proverbs 19:21, which states, "Many are the plans in a person’s heart, but it is the LORD’s purpose that prevails." The thwarting of Ahithophel's counsel serves as a reminder that God's plans are ultimately unstoppable.

in order to bring disaster on Absalom.
The disaster refers to the eventual defeat and death of Absalom, which was a consequence of his rebellion against his father, King David. This outcome fulfills the judgment pronounced by Nathan the prophet in 2 Samuel 12:10-12, where God declared that calamity would arise from David's own household as a result of his sin with Bathsheba. Absalom's rebellion and its tragic end serve as a sobering reminder of the consequences of sin and the fulfillment of divine prophecy. This also typologically points to the ultimate triumph of God's anointed king, prefiguring the victory of Jesus Christ over all rebellion and sin.

So Hushai told Zadok and Abiathar, the priests
Hushai the Archite was a loyal friend and advisor to King David. In the context of Absalom's rebellion, Hushai was sent back to Jerusalem by David to act as a spy and counter the counsel of Ahithophel, Absalom's advisor. Zadok and Abiathar were the high priests during David's reign, and their involvement highlights the intertwining of religious and political roles in ancient Israel. Their presence signifies the importance of divine guidance and support in the political affairs of the kingdom.

“This is what Ahithophel has advised Absalom and the elders of Israel
Ahithophel was known for his wise counsel, and his advice was highly regarded, almost as if one were consulting the word of God. His support for Absalom was a significant blow to David, as Ahithophel's counsel was often seen as infallible. The elders of Israel, representing the tribal leaders and influential figures, were crucial in legitimizing Absalom's claim to the throne. This phrase underscores the gravity of the situation David faced, as Absalom had the backing of both a trusted advisor and the nation's leaders.

and this is what I have advised.
Hushai's role was to provide alternative counsel to Absalom, thereby creating confusion and buying time for David. His advice was designed to appeal to Absalom's vanity and ambition, contrasting with Ahithophel's more direct and strategic approach. This phrase highlights the theme of divine providence, as God used Hushai's counsel to thwart Ahithophel's plans, ultimately preserving David's kingship. It also reflects the biblical motif of God using seemingly weak or unlikely individuals to achieve His purposes, a theme seen throughout scripture.

Now send quickly and tell David
This phrase highlights the urgency of the message being sent to David. In the context of 2 Samuel 17, Ahithophel's counsel to Absalom posed a significant threat to David. The urgency reflects the imminent danger David faced. The use of messengers in ancient times was crucial for communication, especially in times of war or political intrigue. This reflects the importance of swift communication in the preservation of David's life and kingship.

‘Do not spend the night at the fords of the wilderness
The "fords of the wilderness" refers to shallow parts of a river where it can be crossed. In this context, it likely refers to the Jordan River, a significant geographical feature in Israel. The wilderness often symbolizes a place of testing or danger in the Bible, as seen in the Israelites' wanderings and Jesus' temptation. The advice not to spend the night there underscores the vulnerability of David and his followers in such a location, where they could be easily ambushed.

but be sure to cross over
Crossing over the Jordan River would provide a strategic advantage, offering a natural barrier against Absalom's forces. This action is reminiscent of the Israelites crossing the Jordan into the Promised Land under Joshua, symbolizing a transition to safety and divine provision. It also reflects the need for decisive action in the face of danger, a recurring theme in David's life.

Otherwise the king and all the people with him will be swallowed up
The phrase "swallowed up" conveys the total destruction that awaited David and his followers if they did not heed the warning. This imagery is reminiscent of the earth swallowing Korah and his followers in Numbers 16, symbolizing divine judgment. The reference to "the king" emphasizes David's legitimate rule, despite Absalom's rebellion. This highlights the covenantal promise God made to David, ensuring the continuation of his lineage, which ultimately points to the messianic prophecy fulfilled in Jesus Christ.

Now Jonathan and Ahimaaz were staying at En-rogel
Jonathan and Ahimaaz were the sons of priests, Jonathan being the son of Abiathar and Ahimaaz the son of Zadok. Their presence at En-rogel, a well or spring located near Jerusalem, was strategic. En-rogel served as a discreet meeting point outside the city, allowing them to avoid detection. This location is significant in biblical history, often associated with boundary markers between the tribes of Judah and Benjamin. The choice of En-rogel highlights the need for secrecy and the importance of water sources in ancient times for both sustenance and communication.

where a servant girl would come and pass along information to them
The use of a servant girl as a messenger underscores the covert nature of their mission. In the cultural context of ancient Israel, women, especially those of lower social status, could move more freely without arousing suspicion. This reflects the wisdom and resourcefulness in David's network, utilizing all available means to gather intelligence. The role of women in biblical narratives often includes pivotal moments where they act as intermediaries or protectors, as seen with Rahab in Joshua 2.

They in turn would go and inform King David
Jonathan and Ahimaaz acted as vital links in the communication chain, ensuring that King David received timely and accurate information. This reflects the loyalty and dedication of David's supporters during Absalom's rebellion. The act of informing David is crucial, as it allowed him to make strategic decisions to protect his reign and fulfill God's promise to him. This mirrors the role of prophets and messengers throughout the Bible, who convey God's will to His chosen leaders.

for they dared not be seen entering the city
The need for secrecy was paramount due to the political tension and danger posed by Absalom's rebellion. Entering the city could have led to their capture or death, as Absalom's forces were on high alert for any loyalists to David. This phrase highlights the risk and courage involved in their mission. It also reflects the broader biblical theme of God's providence and protection over His servants, as seen in the stories of Daniel and Esther, who navigated hostile environments with divine guidance.

But a young man did see them and told Absalom.
This phrase highlights the precarious nature of espionage and the constant threat of exposure. In the context of Absalom's rebellion against King David, the young man represents the ever-present danger of being discovered. The mention of Absalom underscores the tension and division within Israel at this time, as Absalom sought to usurp his father David's throne. This incident reflects the broader theme of loyalty and betrayal that runs throughout the narrative of David's reign. The young man's actions also serve as a reminder of the vigilance required in times of political upheaval.

So the two left quickly and came to the house of a man in Bahurim.
The two men referred to here are Jonathan and Ahimaaz, who were acting as messengers for David. Their quick departure indicates the urgency and danger of their mission. Bahurim is a village in the territory of Benjamin, east of Jerusalem. It is significant as a place of refuge and danger; previously, Shimei cursed David here (2 Samuel 16:5-13). The choice of Bahurim as a hiding place suggests a network of loyal supporters to David, even in areas that might be hostile. This reflects the divided loyalties within the kingdom during Absalom's rebellion.

He had a well in his courtyard, and they climbed down into it.
The well in the courtyard serves as a hiding place, illustrating the resourcefulness and quick thinking required in times of crisis. Wells were common features in ancient Near Eastern homes, often used for water storage, but here it becomes a means of concealment. This act of hiding in a well can be seen as a type of Christ, who often withdrew to solitary places for prayer and safety (Luke 5:16). The imagery of descending into a well also evokes themes of death and resurrection, as wells are deep and dark, yet they provide life-sustaining water. This can be seen as a metaphor for the trials and deliverance experienced by God's people.

Then the man’s wife took a covering
In the context of 2 Samuel 17, this phrase highlights the quick thinking and resourcefulness of the woman involved. Women in biblical narratives often play crucial roles in God's plans, as seen with figures like Rahab and Jael. The use of a covering suggests a common household item, indicating the woman's ability to use available resources to protect David's messengers.

spread it over the mouth of the well
Wells were vital in ancient Israel for water supply and often served as community gathering places. Covering the well's mouth was a strategic move to conceal the messengers hiding inside. This action reflects the cultural importance of hospitality and protection of guests, a recurring theme in the Old Testament.

and scattered grain over it
Scattering grain was a clever tactic to disguise the well's true purpose. Grain was a staple in the diet of ancient Israelites, and its presence would not arouse suspicion. This act of deception parallels other biblical instances where God’s people use cunning to achieve His purposes, such as when David feigned madness before Achish.

so nobody would know a thing
This phrase underscores the secrecy and urgency of the situation. The need for discretion was paramount to protect the lives of David's allies and ensure the success of his mission. It reflects the broader biblical theme of God’s providence and protection over His chosen leaders, as seen in the preservation of Moses and the hiding of the spies in Jericho.

When Absalom’s servants came to the woman at the house
This phrase sets the scene during Absalom's rebellion against King David. Absalom, David's son, had declared himself king, leading to a civil conflict. The "woman at the house" refers to a loyal supporter of David, who played a crucial role in protecting his messengers. This reflects the tension and division within Israel at the time, as well as the bravery of those who remained faithful to David.

they asked, “Where are Ahimaaz and Jonathan?”
Ahimaaz and Jonathan were the sons of the priests Zadok and Abiathar, respectively. They served as messengers for David, relaying critical information about Absalom's plans. Their role highlights the importance of communication and intelligence in warfare. The question posed by Absalom's servants indicates their mission to capture these key figures, which would have been a significant blow to David's cause.

“They have crossed over the brook,” she replied.
The woman's response is a strategic deception to protect Ahimaaz and Jonathan. The "brook" likely refers to a small stream or waterway, possibly the Kidron Valley, which was a known geographical feature near Jerusalem. Her quick thinking and willingness to mislead Absalom's servants demonstrate her loyalty and the risks taken by those supporting David.

The men searched but did not find them,
This phrase underscores the success of the woman's deception and the providential protection over David's messengers. It also reflects the theme of divine intervention, as seen throughout the Bible, where God often protects His chosen leaders and their followers from harm, as in the case of David.

so they returned to Jerusalem.
The return to Jerusalem signifies the failure of Absalom's servants to capture Ahimaaz and Jonathan, allowing David to receive the crucial information they carried. Jerusalem, the political and spiritual center of Israel, is a focal point in the narrative, representing the contested seat of power. This moment is pivotal in the unfolding events of Absalom's rebellion and David's eventual restoration as king.

After the men had gone
This phrase refers to the departure of Absalom's servants who were searching for Ahimaaz and Jonathan. The context is the rebellion of Absalom against his father, King David. The men mentioned are likely Absalom's spies or soldiers tasked with capturing David's messengers. This highlights the tension and danger present during Absalom's coup.

Ahimaaz and Jonathan
Ahimaaz and Jonathan were the sons of the priests Zadok and Abiathar, respectively. They served as loyal messengers for King David during Absalom's rebellion. Their role underscores the importance of communication and loyalty in times of political upheaval. Their actions also reflect the faithfulness of the priestly families to David, despite the national crisis.

climbed up out of the well
The well served as a hiding place for Ahimaaz and Jonathan, illustrating the resourcefulness and urgency of their mission. Wells were common in ancient Israel and often used for water storage, but in this instance, it provided a temporary refuge. This act of concealment is reminiscent of other biblical stories where God's people are hidden for protection, such as Rahab hiding the spies in Joshua 2.

and went to inform King David
Their mission was to deliver crucial intelligence to David, emphasizing the importance of timely and accurate information in warfare. This reflects the broader biblical theme of divine providence and guidance, as God often uses individuals to fulfill His purposes and protect His anointed.

saying, “Get up and cross over the river at once
The urgency in their message highlights the imminent danger David faced. The river mentioned is the Jordan River, a significant geographical and symbolic boundary in Israel's history. Crossing the Jordan often signifies a transition or escape, as seen in the Israelites entering the Promised Land in Joshua 3.

for Ahithophel has given this advice against you.”
Ahithophel was a former counselor to David who defected to Absalom. His counsel was highly regarded, and his betrayal added a layer of complexity to the rebellion. This phrase underscores the threat posed by Ahithophel's wisdom now turned against David. It also foreshadows the eventual failure of Ahithophel's plans, as God intervenes to protect David, aligning with the biblical theme of divine sovereignty over human affairs.

So David and all the people with him got up and crossed the Jordan.
David, the anointed king of Israel, was fleeing from his son Absalom, who had usurped the throne. This crossing of the Jordan River marks a significant moment of transition and escape for David and his followers. The Jordan River often symbolizes a boundary or a point of transition in biblical narratives, such as when the Israelites crossed into the Promised Land under Joshua's leadership (Joshua 3). This crossing can be seen as a parallel to that earlier event, highlighting themes of deliverance and divine guidance. The urgency of the situation is underscored by the fact that David and his people had to move quickly to avoid Absalom's forces. The Jordan River, a natural barrier, provided a temporary refuge and a strategic advantage for David.

By daybreak, there was no one left who had not crossed the Jordan.
The phrase "by daybreak" indicates the urgency and efficiency with which David and his followers acted. The cover of night provided them with protection from being detected by Absalom's forces. This swift and complete crossing signifies the unity and loyalty of David's followers, as well as their trust in his leadership. The complete crossing by daybreak also suggests divine favor and protection, as it was crucial for their survival. This event can be seen as a type of Christ, where David, a foreshadowing of Jesus, leads his people to safety and deliverance. The crossing of the Jordan can also be seen as a metaphor for spiritual transition and renewal, themes that are echoed in the New Testament with the baptism of Jesus in the Jordan River (Matthew 3:13-17).

When Ahithophel saw that his advice had not been followed
Ahithophel was a highly esteemed counselor, known for his wisdom, whose counsel was considered as if one had inquired of the word of God. His advice was not followed by Absalom, who chose to heed Hushai's counsel instead. This rejection was significant, as it indicated a turning point in Absalom's rebellion against David. The rejection of Ahithophel's counsel can be seen as divine intervention, as God intended to bring about Absalom's downfall. This moment reflects the theme of human plans being subject to God's sovereign will, as seen in Proverbs 19:21.

he saddled his donkey and set out for his house in his hometown
The act of saddling a donkey indicates a deliberate and personal decision to leave the court. Ahithophel's hometown was Giloh, located in the hill country of Judah. This journey back to his roots signifies a retreat from public life to private affairs. The donkey, a common mode of transportation, symbolizes his status and wealth, as only those of means could afford such an animal. This phrase highlights the cultural practice of returning to one's origins in times of distress or failure.

He put his affairs in order and hanged himself
Ahithophel's decision to put his affairs in order before taking his life suggests a methodical and calculated approach, reflecting his character as a wise and prudent man. His suicide can be seen as an act of despair and shame, as his unheeded counsel meant the failure of Absalom's rebellion, which he had supported. This act parallels Judas Iscariot's suicide in the New Testament (Matthew 27:5), both being betrayals that ended in self-inflicted death. It underscores the biblical theme of the consequences of betrayal and the ultimate futility of opposing God's anointed.

So he died and was buried in his father’s tomb
Burial in one's family tomb was a sign of honor and respect, even in death. This indicates that despite his tragic end, Ahithophel was still afforded the dignity of being laid to rest with his ancestors. The mention of his father's tomb emphasizes the importance of family lineage and heritage in ancient Israelite culture. It also serves as a reminder of the temporal nature of human life and the enduring legacy of one's actions, as seen in Ecclesiastes 7:1, which speaks to the value of a good name over fine perfume.

Then David went to Mahanaim
David's journey to Mahanaim marks a strategic retreat during Absalom's rebellion. Mahanaim, located east of the Jordan River in the territory of Gilead, was a fortified city with historical significance. It was previously a refuge for Ish-bosheth, Saul's son, during his claim to the throne (2 Samuel 2:8-9). The city's name means "two camps," possibly referring to its strategic position or its role as a place of refuge. David's choice of Mahanaim reflects his tactical acumen, seeking a defensible position and support from loyalists in the region. This move also underscores the gravity of Absalom's threat, as David had to leave Jerusalem, the political and spiritual center of Israel.

and Absalom crossed the Jordan
Absalom's crossing of the Jordan River signifies his aggressive pursuit of David and his claim to the throne. The Jordan River often represents a boundary or transition in biblical narratives, such as the Israelites entering the Promised Land (Joshua 3). Absalom's crossing indicates a decisive step in his rebellion, as he moves from consolidating power in Jerusalem to actively seeking to confront and overthrow David. This act also symbolizes a breach of familial and covenantal loyalty, as Absalom, David's son, seeks to usurp his father's God-given kingship.

with all the men of Israel
The phrase "all the men of Israel" highlights the widespread support Absalom garnered for his rebellion. This support reflects Absalom's charisma and political maneuvering, as he had previously won the hearts of the people through calculated acts of public relations (2 Samuel 15:1-6). The mention of "all the men of Israel" also underscores the national scope of the conflict, indicating that the division was not merely a family dispute but a civil war affecting the entire nation. This widespread support for Absalom contrasts with the remnant of loyal followers who remained with David, emphasizing the king's precarious position and the deep divisions within the kingdom.

Absalom had appointed Amasa over the army in place of Joab.
Absalom's rebellion against his father, King David, led to significant shifts in military leadership. By appointing Amasa, Absalom sought to consolidate his power and distance himself from David's loyalists. Joab, David's nephew and a seasoned military commander, had been a key figure in David's reign. Replacing Joab with Amasa, who was also related to David, indicates Absalom's strategic move to gain support from those discontented with Joab's leadership. This decision reflects the political maneuvering common in ancient monarchies, where familial ties often influenced military and political appointments.

Amasa was the son of a man named Ithra, the Ishmaelite
Ithra, also known as Jether in some translations, is identified as an Ishmaelite, linking Amasa to the descendants of Ishmael, Abraham's son with Hagar. This connection highlights the diverse ethnic and familial backgrounds present in Israel's leadership. The Ishmaelites were traditionally seen as outsiders to the covenant community, yet Ithra's marriage into a prominent Israelite family suggests a degree of integration and acceptance. This detail underscores the complex social and familial networks in ancient Israel, where alliances often transcended ethnic boundaries.

who had married Abigail, the daughter of Nahash
Abigail, Amasa's mother, is described as the daughter of Nahash. This reference to Nahash, who was likely a king of the Ammonites, suggests a possible alliance or connection between Israel and its neighboring nations. The Ammonites were often in conflict with Israel, yet intermarriage indicates periods of peace and cooperation. Abigail's marriage to Ithra and her role in the narrative highlight the intricate web of relationships that influenced political and military dynamics in the region.

and sister of Zeruiah the mother of Joab.
Zeruiah, David's sister, was the mother of Joab, Abishai, and Asahel, all of whom were prominent military leaders. This familial connection between Amasa and Joab adds a layer of complexity to the narrative, as it pits relatives against each other in the struggle for power. The mention of Zeruiah emphasizes the importance of family ties in the leadership structure of David's kingdom. It also foreshadows the eventual reconciliation and tension between David's loyalists and those who supported Absalom's rebellion. The intricate family dynamics serve as a backdrop for the unfolding drama of loyalty, betrayal, and the quest for power in the biblical narrative.

So the Israelites and Absalom
This phrase highlights the division within Israel during Absalom's rebellion against his father, King David. Absalom, David's son, had gained significant support from the Israelites, indicating a deep political and social rift. This rebellion is a fulfillment of Nathan's prophecy in 2 Samuel 12:10-12, where God declared that the sword would never depart from David's house due to his sin with Bathsheba. The support for Absalom reflects the discontent among the people, possibly due to David's previous failures as a king and father.

camped in the land of Gilead.
Gilead is a region east of the Jordan River, known for its balm and rugged terrain. It was a strategic location for Absalom's forces, providing a natural defense and a base for operations against David. Historically, Gilead was part of the territory given to the tribes of Gad, Reuben, and the half-tribe of Manasseh. The choice of Gilead as a campsite may also symbolize a return to the roots of Israel's tribal confederation, as these tribes were among the first to settle in the Promised Land. The geographical setting underscores the seriousness of the conflict, as Absalom's forces were positioned to challenge David's authority directly.

When David came to Mahanaim
Mahanaim was a significant city located east of the Jordan River in the territory of Gilead. It served as a refuge for David during Absalom's rebellion. Historically, Mahanaim was a Levitical city and a place of divine encounters, as seen in Genesis 32:2, where Jacob saw the angels of God. This city was strategically important, providing David with a defensible position and resources during a time of crisis.

he was met by Shobi son of Nahash from Rabbah of the Ammonites
Shobi was likely a brother or relative of Hanun, the king of the Ammonites, who had previously humiliated David's envoys (2 Samuel 10:1-4). His support for David indicates a political alliance or personal loyalty, possibly due to David's earlier kindness to Nahash, Shobi's father. Rabbah was the capital of the Ammonites, located in present-day Jordan, and was a significant city in the region.

Machir son of Ammiel from Lo-debar
Machir was a man of influence and wealth, previously known for sheltering Mephibosheth, the son of Jonathan (2 Samuel 9:4-5). Lo-debar, meaning "no pasture," was a town in Gilead, suggesting a place of desolation or obscurity. Machir's support for David highlights his loyalty and the respect he commanded, as well as the network of alliances David had built.

and Barzillai the Gileadite from Rogelim
Barzillai was an elderly and wealthy man from Rogelim, a town in Gilead. His support for David was significant, providing sustenance and resources during a critical time. Barzillai's actions exemplify loyalty and generosity, and he is later commended by David (2 Samuel 19:31-39). His support underscores the theme of divine provision and the importance of faithful allies in times of adversity.

They brought beds, basins, and earthen vessels
This phrase highlights the practical support provided to David and his men during their time of need. The provision of beds indicates a concern for their rest and comfort, which was crucial during their flight from Absalom. Basins and earthen vessels suggest the necessity of maintaining hygiene and storing food and water, reflecting the hospitality and care extended to them. In the ancient Near East, such items were essential for daily life, and their provision underscores the generosity and support of David's allies. This act of kindness can be seen as a fulfillment of the biblical principle of caring for those in distress, as seen in passages like Proverbs 19:17, which speaks of lending to the Lord by giving to the poor.

as well as wheat, barley, flour, roasted grain, beans, lentils
The mention of these specific food items provides insight into the diet and agricultural practices of ancient Israel. Wheat and barley were staple grains, essential for making bread, a fundamental part of the diet. Flour, derived from these grains, was used in various forms of baking. Roasted grain was a common snack or meal, often eaten during harvest time, as seen in Ruth 2:14. Beans and lentils were important sources of protein, especially in a culture where meat was not consumed daily. The provision of these foods not only met immediate physical needs but also symbolized sustenance and life, echoing God's provision for His people throughout the Bible, such as the manna in the wilderness (Exodus 16). This act of provision can also be seen as a type of Christ, who is the Bread of Life (John 6:35), offering spiritual sustenance to all who come to Him.

honey
Honey in ancient Israel was a valuable and nutritious food source, often symbolizing abundance and prosperity. It was a staple in the diet and used as a sweetener. In the context of 2 Samuel 17:29, honey represents the generosity and care provided to David and his men during a time of need. This provision can be seen as a reflection of God's providence and care for His people, similar to how He provided manna in the wilderness (Exodus 16:31).

curds
Curds, or thickened milk, were a common food in the ancient Near East, providing essential nutrients and energy. They were often consumed with bread and were a sign of hospitality and sustenance. The offering of curds to David and his men highlights the practical support given to them, ensuring they had the strength to continue their journey. This act of kindness can be compared to the hospitality shown by Abraham to the three visitors in Genesis 18:8.

sheep
Sheep were a vital part of the agrarian economy in ancient Israel, providing meat, wool, and milk. The gift of sheep to David and his people signifies a substantial and sacrificial offering, as livestock were valuable assets. This gesture underscores the loyalty and support of David's allies during his flight from Absalom. Sheep are also significant in biblical typology, often representing sacrifice and pointing to Jesus Christ as the Lamb of God (John 1:29).

and cheese from the herd
Cheese, made from the milk of sheep or goats, was another important food item, offering sustenance and nourishment. The mention of cheese from the herd indicates a well-prepared and thoughtful provision for David and his men. This reflects the care and concern of those who supported David, ensuring that he and his followers were well-fed and able to endure their hardships. The provision of cheese can be seen as an act of kindness and solidarity, reminiscent of the communal support found in the early church (Acts 2:44-45).

for David and his people to eat
The provision of food for David and his people highlights the importance of community and support during times of crisis. David, as the anointed king, was in a vulnerable position, and the sustenance provided by his supporters was crucial for his survival and the morale of his followers. This act of provision can be seen as a fulfillment of God's promise to care for His anointed and a foreshadowing of the ultimate provision found in Christ, who feeds His people spiritually (John 6:35).

For they said, “The people have become hungry, exhausted, and thirsty in the wilderness.”
This statement acknowledges the dire condition of David and his men, who were fleeing from Absalom and facing the harsh realities of the wilderness. The wilderness is often a place of testing and reliance on God's provision, as seen in the Israelites' journey in the desert (Deuteronomy 8:2-3). The physical needs of hunger, exhaustion, and thirst emphasize the human vulnerability and dependence on God's provision, which is ultimately fulfilled in Jesus, who offers rest and living water (Matthew 11:28, John 4:14).