King Nebuchadnezzar
Nebuchadnezzar II was the king of Babylon from 605 to 562 BC, known for his military conquests and the expansion of the Babylonian Empire. He is a central figure in the Book of Daniel, representing the height of human pride and power. His reign is well-documented in historical records, and he is credited with the construction of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. In the biblical narrative, Nebuchadnezzar's interactions with Daniel and his experiences with divine revelations highlight the sovereignty of God over earthly rulers.

To the people of every nation and language
This phrase reflects the vastness of Nebuchadnezzar's empire, which included a diverse population with various languages and cultures. The Babylonian Empire was known for its policy of relocating conquered peoples, which contributed to its multicultural nature. This greeting underscores the king's authority over a wide-ranging dominion, reminiscent of the universal scope of God's kingdom as seen in Revelation 7:9, where a multitude from every nation, tribe, people, and language stands before the throne of God.

who dwell in all the earth:
The phrase suggests the extent of Nebuchadnezzar's rule, which was perceived as encompassing the known world at the time. This hyperbolic expression is common in ancient Near Eastern texts to emphasize the power and reach of a king's reign. It also foreshadows the ultimate reign of Christ, whose kingdom will indeed cover the entire earth, as prophesied in Daniel 7:14.

May your prosperity be multiplied.
This blessing reflects a common ancient Near Eastern practice where rulers would wish peace and prosperity upon their subjects. It indicates Nebuchadnezzar's desire for stability and flourishing within his empire. In a biblical context, true prosperity is often linked to obedience to God and His commandments, as seen in Deuteronomy 28:1-14. This phrase can also be seen as a precursor to the peace and prosperity promised in the Messianic kingdom, where Christ will reign with justice and righteousness.

I am pleased to declare
This phrase indicates a personal testimony from King Nebuchadnezzar, showing a shift from his previous prideful stance to one of humility and acknowledgment of God's power. In the ancient Near Eastern context, kings often issued decrees to proclaim their achievements or the achievements of their gods. Here, Nebuchadnezzar's declaration is unique as it centers on the God of Israel, rather than the Babylonian deities. This reflects a significant transformation in his understanding and acceptance of the Most High God.

the signs and wonders
The terms "signs" and "wonders" are often used in the Bible to describe miraculous events that demonstrate God's power and authority. In the Old Testament, these terms frequently refer to the miracles performed during the Exodus (Exodus 7:3, Deuteronomy 6:22). In Daniel, these signs and wonders include the miraculous events surrounding Daniel and his friends, such as the interpretation of dreams and the deliverance from the fiery furnace. These acts serve as evidence of God's sovereignty over earthly kingdoms and His ability to intervene in human affairs.

that the Most High God
The title "Most High God" emphasizes God's supreme authority over all other gods and rulers. This title is used throughout the Old Testament to denote God's ultimate power and sovereignty (Genesis 14:18-20, Psalm 7:17). In the context of Daniel, it highlights the contrast between the God of Israel and the gods of Babylon. Nebuchadnezzar's use of this title signifies his recognition of God's unparalleled authority, a significant admission from a king who once saw himself as the supreme ruler.

has performed for me.
This personal acknowledgment by Nebuchadnezzar underscores the direct impact of God's actions on his life. The king's experiences, including his humbling period of madness and subsequent restoration, are seen as divine interventions meant to reveal God's power and mercy. This personal testimony aligns with the biblical theme of God using individuals' lives to demonstrate His glory and purpose (Psalm 66:16, Acts 22:15). It also foreshadows the New Testament concept of personal testimony in witnessing to God's work in one's life (John 9:25, Acts 4:20).

How great are His signs
This phrase acknowledges the extraordinary nature of God's miraculous works. In the context of Daniel, these signs include the interpretation of dreams and the miraculous deliverance of Daniel and his friends. Biblically, signs often serve as divine confirmations of God's power and presence, as seen in the plagues of Egypt (Exodus 7-12) and the miracles of Jesus (John 2:11). These signs are not just for amazement but to lead people to faith and repentance.

how mighty His wonders!
Wonders refer to acts that inspire awe and reveal God's sovereignty. In Daniel, the fiery furnace and the lion's den are examples of God's mighty wonders. Historically, these events demonstrate God's ability to protect and deliver His people against overwhelming odds. Theologically, they prefigure the ultimate deliverance through Christ, who performed wonders to authenticate His divine mission (Matthew 11:4-5).

His kingdom is an eternal kingdom;
This phrase emphasizes the everlasting nature of God's reign, contrasting with the temporary and often oppressive kingdoms of the world, such as Babylon. Theologically, it points to the Messianic kingdom prophesied in Isaiah 9:7 and fulfilled in Christ's eternal reign (Luke 1:33). This eternal kingdom is a central theme in Daniel, highlighting God's ultimate authority over human history.

His dominion endures from generation to generation.
This statement underscores the perpetual and unchanging rule of God throughout all ages. It reflects the biblical theme of God's faithfulness and sovereignty, as seen in Psalm 145:13. Historically, it reassures believers of God's control over the rise and fall of empires, providing hope and stability. Culturally, it challenges the temporal power of earthly rulers, affirming that God's dominion transcends all human authority.

I, Nebuchadnezzar
Nebuchadnezzar was the king of Babylon, a powerful empire in the ancient Near East. His reign is historically significant, marked by military conquests and extensive building projects, including the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. In the biblical narrative, Nebuchadnezzar is a central figure in the Book of Daniel, representing the height of human pride and power. His interactions with Daniel and the God of Israel highlight themes of divine sovereignty and human humility.

was at ease in my house
This phrase indicates a period of peace and prosperity for Nebuchadnezzar. Historically, this could refer to a time after his major military campaigns, when his empire was secure. The king's ease suggests a false sense of security, as the narrative will soon reveal his vulnerability to divine intervention. This mirrors the biblical theme that human power is temporary and subject to God's will.

and flourishing in my palace
The word "flourishing" suggests prosperity and success, both personally and for his kingdom. The palace, a symbol of his wealth and authority, reflects the grandeur of Babylon. This prosperity is reminiscent of the biblical warning against pride and self-reliance, as seen in Proverbs 16:18, "Pride goes before destruction, a haughty spirit before a fall." Nebuchadnezzar's flourishing is temporary, foreshadowing the humbling experience he will soon face.

I had a dream, and it frightened me;
In the ancient Near East, dreams were often considered messages from the divine. Nebuchadnezzar, the Babylonian king, experienced a dream that caused him great fear. This reflects the belief that dreams could foretell future events or divine judgment. The fear indicates the seriousness of the dream's content, suggesting a message of significant consequence. In biblical context, dreams are frequently used by God to communicate with individuals, as seen with Joseph in Genesis 37 and Pharaoh in Genesis 41.

while I was in my bed,
The setting of the dream is significant. The mention of being in bed suggests a time of vulnerability and rest, a common time for divine revelations in the Bible. This setting emphasizes the personal and intimate nature of the dream experience. In the cultural context, beds were places of rest and reflection, and receiving a dream in such a setting underscores its importance and the personal impact it had on Nebuchadnezzar.

the images and visions in my mind alarmed me.
The use of "images and visions" indicates a vivid and possibly symbolic dream, which is a common feature in biblical prophecy. The alarm caused by these visions suggests a message of warning or impending judgment. This aligns with other biblical instances where God uses dreams to convey urgent messages, such as with Daniel's own visions in later chapters. The alarm felt by Nebuchadnezzar can be seen as a precursor to the interpretation that Daniel will later provide, which reveals God's sovereignty and the king's need for humility.

So I issued a decree
In the ancient Near East, a decree from a king was a binding command that had to be obeyed. This reflects the absolute authority of King Nebuchadnezzar over his realm. Decrees were often used to enforce laws or summon individuals for specific purposes. The king's reliance on decrees highlights the centralized power structure of Babylonian governance.

that all the wise men of Babylon
Babylon was renowned for its scholars and wise men, including magicians, enchanters, astrologers, and diviners. These individuals were considered experts in interpreting dreams and omens, a common practice in Mesopotamian culture. The mention of "all the wise men" indicates the king's desperation and the importance he placed on understanding his dream. This group is often contrasted with Daniel and his companions, who rely on divine wisdom rather than human knowledge

When the magicians, enchanters, astrologers, and diviners came in
In the Babylonian empire, these groups were considered wise men and advisors to the king. They were often consulted for their supposed ability to interpret dreams and signs. The magicians and enchanters were skilled in the arts of magic and incantation, while astrologers studied the stars to predict future events. Diviners practiced various forms of divination to gain insight into the unknown. This reflects the polytheistic and superstitious culture of Babylon, which relied heavily on these practices for guidance. The presence of these figures highlights the contrast between human wisdom and divine revelation, a recurring theme in the Book of Daniel.

I told them the dream
King Nebuchadnezzar's reliance on these advisors shows his desperation for understanding. Dreams were considered significant in ancient Near Eastern cultures, often seen as messages from the gods. The king's decision to share the dream with his advisors indicates his belief in their abilities, despite previous failures, as seen in Daniel 2. This sets the stage for the demonstration of God's superior wisdom through Daniel, who is later able to interpret the dream by divine revelation.

but they could not interpret it for me
The inability of the magicians and wise men to interpret the dream underscores the limitations of human wisdom and the futility of relying on pagan practices. This failure contrasts with Daniel's success, emphasizing the power and sovereignty of the God of Israel. It also serves as a reminder of the events in Daniel 2, where Daniel, through God's revelation, was able to interpret Nebuchadnezzar's earlier dream. This pattern reinforces the theme of God's dominion over earthly kingdoms and His ability to reveal mysteries that are beyond human understanding.

But at last, into my presence came Daniel
This phrase indicates a delay in Daniel's arrival, suggesting that other wise men had already attempted to interpret the dream but failed. Daniel, a Jewish exile, held a high position in the Babylonian court, reflecting God's providence in placing him there. His presence signifies the introduction of divine wisdom into a situation where human wisdom had proven inadequate.

(whose name is Belteshazzar after the name of my god,
Nebuchadnezzar had given Daniel the Babylonian name Belteshazzar, which is derived from the name of the Babylonian god Bel (or Marduk). This renaming reflects the cultural assimilation practices of the time, where captives were often given names associated with local deities. It highlights the tension between Daniel's Hebrew identity and his role in a pagan society.

and in whom is the spirit of the holy gods).
Nebuchadnezzar acknowledges a unique spiritual quality in Daniel, recognizing the divine influence in him. This phrase can be seen as a pagan king's attempt to describe the Holy Spirit's work in Daniel using his own religious framework. It underscores the theme of God's sovereignty and presence even in foreign lands, as seen in Joseph's story in Egypt (Genesis 41:38).

And I told him the dream:
Nebuchadnezzar's decision to confide in Daniel demonstrates his trust in Daniel's ability to interpret dreams, a gift from God. This act of sharing the dream sets the stage for the revelation of divine truth, similar to how God revealed mysteries through Joseph and other prophets. It emphasizes the role of God's servants as conduits of His wisdom and revelation.

O Belteshazzar, chief of the magicians
Belteshazzar is the Babylonian name given to Daniel, reflecting the practice of renaming captives to assimilate them into Babylonian culture. The title "chief of the magicians" indicates Daniel's high status in the Babylonian court, a position he earned due to his wisdom and ability to interpret dreams, as seen in Daniel 1:20 and 2:48. This role places him among the wise men of Babylon, yet his abilities are distinct, attributed to divine insight rather than mere human wisdom.

I know that the spirit of the holy gods is in you
Nebuchadnezzar acknowledges a divine presence in Daniel, though he interprets it through his polytheistic worldview. The phrase "spirit of the holy gods" reflects the king's understanding, yet for Daniel, it signifies the Spirit of the one true God. This recognition of divine influence is consistent with earlier chapters, where Daniel's wisdom and insight are attributed to God (Daniel 2:47).

and that no mystery baffles you
Daniel's reputation for solving mysteries is well-established, as demonstrated in his interpretation of Nebuchadnezzar's previous dream (Daniel 2). This ability is not due to his own power but is a gift from God, who reveals deep and hidden things (Daniel 2:22). This phrase underscores the theme of divine revelation throughout the book of Daniel.

So explain to me the visions I saw in my dream, and their interpretation
Nebuchadnezzar's request for an explanation of his dream highlights the recurring theme of dreams and visions in the book of Daniel, which serve as a means of divine communication. The king's reliance on Daniel for interpretation underscores the inadequacy of Babylonian wisdom compared to the wisdom given by God. This request sets the stage for the revelation of God's sovereignty over earthly kingdoms, a central message in Daniel's prophecies.

In these visions of my mind as I was lying in bed
This phrase indicates that the events described are part of a dream or vision experienced by King Nebuchadnezzar. Dreams were often considered a means of divine communication in the ancient Near East, and this aligns with other biblical instances where God communicates through dreams, such as with Joseph in Genesis 37:5-10 and Pharaoh in Genesis 41. The setting of being in bed suggests a time of rest, which is often when God chooses to reveal significant messages, as seen in Job 33:14-16.

I saw this come to pass
The phrase "come to pass" suggests a prophetic element, indicating that what Nebuchadnezzar saw was not just a dream but a revelation of future events. This aligns with the biblical theme of God revealing His plans to individuals, as seen in Amos 3:7, where God reveals His plans to His prophets. The vision is not merely symbolic but has real implications for the future, particularly for Nebuchadnezzar and his kingdom.

There was a tree in the midst of the land
The tree is a central symbol in the vision and represents Nebuchadnezzar's kingdom, as later explained in Daniel 4:20-22. Trees are often used in Scripture to symbolize strength, growth, and prosperity, as seen in Psalm 1:3 and Ezekiel 17:22-24. The location "in the midst of the land" suggests a position of prominence and centrality, indicating the significant influence and reach of Nebuchadnezzar's reign.

and its height was great
The great height of the tree symbolizes the vastness and power of Nebuchadnezzar's empire. In ancient cultures, tall trees were often seen as symbols of majesty and dominance. This imagery is consistent with other biblical passages where height signifies greatness, such as in Ezekiel 31:3-9, which describes the Assyrian empire as a towering cedar. The height also foreshadows the pride and eventual downfall of Nebuchadnezzar, as pride often precedes a fall, a theme echoed in Proverbs 16:18.

The tree grew large and strong;
This phrase symbolizes the vastness and power of King Nebuchadnezzar's empire. In biblical literature, trees often represent kingdoms or rulers (Ezekiel 31:3-9). The growth of the tree signifies the expansion and strength of Babylon under Nebuchadnezzar's reign. This imagery is consistent with the ancient Near Eastern symbolism where trees were seen as cosmic structures connecting heaven and earth.

its top reached the sky,
The tree's top reaching the sky indicates the pride and ambition of Nebuchadnezzar. This imagery parallels the Tower of Babel (Genesis 11:4), where humanity sought to make a name for themselves by building a tower that reached the heavens. It reflects the king's desire for glory and dominance, which ultimately leads to his humbling by God. This phrase also suggests the divine oversight and eventual judgment that comes from God, who is above all.

and it was visible to the ends of the earth.
This suggests the extensive influence and renown of Babylon, which was known for its grandeur and power. Historically, Babylon was a center of culture, trade, and military might, making it known throughout the ancient world. The phrase also implies the universal impact of Nebuchadnezzar's rule, foreshadowing the prophetic nature of the dream, where the king's actions and God's response would be witnessed by all. This visibility can be seen as a type of Christ, whose kingdom is proclaimed to all nations (Matthew 24:14).

Its leaves were beautiful
The beauty of the tree's leaves symbolizes the majesty and splendor of Nebuchadnezzar's kingdom. In biblical literature, trees often represent kingdoms or rulers (Ezekiel 31:3-9). The beauty signifies prosperity and the flourishing state of the empire under Nebuchadnezzar's reign.

its fruit was abundant
The abundance of fruit indicates the wealth and resources of Babylon. This reflects the economic prosperity and the ability of the kingdom to provide for its people and others. In a broader biblical context, fruitfulness is often associated with God's blessing (Genesis 1:28).

and upon it was food for all
This phrase highlights the provision and sustenance that the kingdom of Babylon offered to its inhabitants and neighboring nations. It suggests a time of peace and stability, where the empire was a source of nourishment and support, reminiscent of the role of a benevolent ruler.

Under it the beasts of the field found shelter
The beasts finding shelter under the tree symbolize the protection and security offered by Nebuchadnezzar's rule. In ancient Near Eastern culture, a king was often seen as a shepherd to his people, providing safety and care (Psalm 23:1-2).

in its branches the birds of the air nested
The nesting birds represent the diverse peoples and nations that found refuge and a place within the Babylonian Empire. This imagery is echoed in the parables of Jesus, where the kingdom of God is likened to a mustard seed that grows into a tree, providing shelter for the birds (Matthew 13:31-32).

and from it every creature was fed
This phrase underscores the comprehensive reach and influence of Nebuchadnezzar's kingdom. It suggests a universal provision, where all creation benefits from the resources and stability provided by the empire. This can be seen as a type of Christ, who is the ultimate provider and sustainer of all creation (Colossians 1:17).

As I lay on my bed
This phrase indicates a state of rest or sleep, a common setting for receiving divine revelations in the Bible. Dreams and visions often occur during sleep, as seen with Joseph (Genesis 37:5) and Solomon (1 Kings 3:5). The bed symbolizes a place of vulnerability and openness to spiritual insights.

I also saw in the visions of my mind
Visions are a significant means of divine communication in Scripture, often providing insight or prophecy. The mind is the seat of understanding and perception, suggesting that this vision was vivid and impactful. Similar experiences are recorded with prophets like Ezekiel (Ezekiel 1:1) and John in Revelation (Revelation 1:10).

a watcher, a holy one
The term "watcher" is unique to the book of Daniel, referring to angelic beings who observe and execute God's will. "Holy one" emphasizes their divine nature and purity. Angels are often messengers or agents of God's judgment, as seen in Genesis 19 with Sodom and Gomorrah. This aligns with the biblical theme of God’s sovereignty and the role of angels in His divine plan.

coming down from heaven
This indicates the origin and authority of the watcher, emphasizing a divine mission. Heaven is the realm of God, and descent implies intervention in earthly affairs. This mirrors other biblical accounts where angels descend to deliver messages or enact God's will, such as in Jacob's ladder (Genesis 28:12) and the announcement to the shepherds (Luke 2:9-14).

He called out in a loud voice:
This phrase indicates the urgency and authority of the proclamation. In the context of Daniel 4, the voice belongs to a "watcher" or "holy one" from heaven, emphasizing divine intervention. The loud voice signifies the importance of the message, reminiscent of other biblical instances where God or His messengers speak with authority, such as in Revelation 10:3.

‘Cut down the tree and chop off its branches;
The tree symbolizes King Nebuchadnezzar and his vast empire. Cutting it down represents God's judgment and the impending fall of the king's power. This imagery is consistent with other biblical uses of trees to symbolize leaders or nations, such as in Ezekiel 31:3-14, where Assyria is likened to a cedar of Lebanon.

strip off its leaves and scatter its fruit.
Stripping the leaves and scattering the fruit signifies the removal of the king's glory and the dispersion of his resources and people. This action reflects the consequences of pride and disobedience to God, as seen in the scattering of Israel due to their unfaithfulness (Deuteronomy 28:64).

Let the beasts flee from under it,
The beasts represent the subjects and nations that found protection and prosperity under Nebuchadnezzar's rule. Their fleeing indicates the loss of security and stability once the king's power is removed. This can be paralleled with the scattering of the nations at the Tower of Babel (Genesis 11:8).

and the birds from its branches.
Birds often symbolize various peoples or nations in biblical literature. Their departure from the branches further illustrates the disintegration of the empire's influence and the widespread impact of the king's downfall. This imagery is echoed in Jesus' parable of the mustard seed, where birds find shelter in the branches, symbolizing the kingdom of God (Matthew 13:31-32).

But leave the stump with its roots in the ground
This phrase signifies a remnant or a hope for restoration. In the context of Nebuchadnezzar's dream, the stump represents the king's kingdom, which will not be completely destroyed but will be preserved for future restoration. Biblically, the imagery of a stump often symbolizes a remnant that will survive judgment, as seen in Isaiah 6:13, where a holy seed is described as a stump. The roots remaining in the ground suggest that the foundation or potential for regrowth remains intact.

with a band of iron and bronze around it
The band of iron and bronze indicates protection and restraint. Iron and bronze were materials known for their strength and durability in ancient times, often used in construction and weaponry. This suggests that while the kingdom is restrained, it is also protected from complete destruction. The metals may symbolize the divine control over the situation, ensuring that the kingdom will not be uprooted entirely. This can be seen as a form of divine discipline, where God limits the extent of judgment to allow for eventual restoration.

in the tender grass of the field
The tender grass represents a place of humility and lowliness, contrasting with the grandeur of a royal palace. This imagery suggests a return to a more natural and humble state, away from the trappings of power and pride. In biblical symbolism, grass often represents transience and the fleeting nature of human life (Isaiah 40:6-8). The field is a place of simplicity and vulnerability, emphasizing the humbling process that Nebuchadnezzar will undergo.

Let him be drenched with the dew of heaven
Being drenched with the dew of heaven signifies exposure to the elements and a loss of royal comfort. Dew is a natural phenomenon that occurs outside, indicating that Nebuchadnezzar will live outdoors, away from the protection of his palace. Dew in the Bible can also symbolize divine blessing and sustenance (Deuteronomy 33:28), but here it represents the king's humbling experience. This phrase highlights the king's transition from a position of power to one of dependency on God's provision.

and graze with the beasts on the grass of the earth
This phrase indicates a complete loss of human dignity and status, as Nebuchadnezzar is reduced to living like an animal. Grazing with the beasts symbolizes a return to a primal state, emphasizing the king's humbling and the stripping away of his royal identity. This imagery is reminiscent of the judgment on King Saul, who also experienced a fall from grace due to pride and disobedience. The phrase underscores the theme of divine sovereignty, as God demonstrates His power to humble the proud and restore them according to His will.

Let his mind be changed from that of a man
This phrase indicates a divine intervention where Nebuchadnezzar's rational human mind is replaced with an irrational one. In biblical context, this transformation signifies God's sovereignty over human pride and intellect. The change in mind reflects a humbling process, as seen in other scriptures like Romans 1:28, where God gives people over to a depraved mind when they reject Him. This transformation is a direct consequence of Nebuchadnezzar's arrogance and serves as a warning against pride.

and let him be given the mind of a beast
The transformation into a beastly mind symbolizes a complete loss of human dignity and reason, emphasizing the severity of God's judgment. This imagery is consistent with other biblical instances where God uses animals to convey messages or judgments, such as Balaam's donkey in Numbers 22. Theologically, it underscores the idea that without God, humans can descend into a state of chaos and irrationality. This also prefigures the ultimate restoration and redemption found in Christ, who restores humanity to its intended state.

till seven times pass him by
The "seven times" likely refers to a period of seven years, a number often associated with completeness or divine perfection in the Bible, as seen in the creation week in Genesis. This duration signifies a complete cycle of judgment and restoration. Theologically, it points to God's perfect timing in dealing with human affairs and His ability to restore after a period of discipline. This period of judgment parallels the concept of a sabbatical year, where the land rests, symbolizing a time of renewal and dependence on God.

This decision is the decree of the watchers
The term "watchers" refers to angelic beings who are often seen as messengers or agents of God's will. In the context of Daniel, these watchers are part of the heavenly court that oversees the affairs of humanity. The concept of watchers is unique to the book of Daniel and reflects the belief in a divine council that participates in the governance of the world. This decree emphasizes the sovereignty of God and His use of angelic beings to execute His plans.

the verdict declared by the holy ones
The "holy ones" are likely synonymous with the watchers, emphasizing their purity and divine authority. This phrase underscores the idea that the decision is not arbitrary but comes from a place of divine holiness and justice. The use of "verdict" suggests a legal or judicial decision, reinforcing the theme of divine judgment found throughout the book of Daniel.

so that the living will know
This phrase indicates the purpose of the decree: to reveal a truth to all humanity. It highlights the didactic nature of God's actions, aiming to teach and demonstrate His power and authority. The emphasis on "the living" suggests that this knowledge is meant for those currently alive, underscoring the immediacy and relevance of the message.

that the Most High rules over the kingdom of mankind
The title "Most High" is a common designation for God in the Old Testament, emphasizing His supreme authority over all creation. This phrase asserts God's ultimate control over earthly kingdoms, a central theme in Daniel. It serves as a reminder that no human power can supersede divine authority, a message particularly relevant in the context of Babylonian dominance during Daniel's time.

and gives it to whom He wishes
This statement highlights God's sovereignty in appointing rulers and leaders according to His divine will. It reflects the biblical theme that earthly authority is granted by God, as seen in other scriptures like Romans 13:1. This idea would have been particularly poignant for the Israelites in exile, reminding them that their situation was under God's control.

setting over it the lowliest of men.
This phrase suggests that God often chooses the humble or unexpected to fulfill His purposes, a recurring biblical theme. It echoes the idea found in 1 Samuel 2:7-8 and Luke 1:52, where God exalts the humble and brings down the proud. This can be seen as a foreshadowing of Christ, who, though humble and lowly, is exalted as King of Kings. It also serves as a reminder that God's criteria for leadership differ from human expectations.

This is the dream that I, King Nebuchadnezzar, saw.
King Nebuchadnezzar, the ruler of Babylon, is a central figure in the Book of Daniel. His dreams are significant as they often reveal divine messages. In the ancient Near East, dreams were considered a primary means through which deities communicated with humans. Nebuchadnezzar's dreams, particularly in Daniel, serve as a narrative device to demonstrate God's sovereignty over earthly kingdoms. The king's acknowledgment of the dream indicates its importance and the anxiety it caused him, reflecting the belief that dreams could foretell future events or divine will.

Now, Belteshazzar, tell me the interpretation,
Belteshazzar is the Babylonian name given to Daniel, a Hebrew captive in Babylon. The use of his Babylonian name signifies the cultural assimilation expected of exiles. Daniel's role as an interpreter of dreams highlights his God-given wisdom and insight, setting him apart from the Babylonian wise men. Interpretation of dreams was a respected skill in ancient Mesopotamia, often associated with divine favor or insight. Daniel's ability to interpret dreams underscores the theme of God's power working through His chosen people, even in foreign lands.

because none of the wise men of my kingdom can interpret it for me.
The failure of the Babylonian wise men to interpret the dream emphasizes the limitations of human wisdom and the futility of relying on pagan practices. This scenario is reminiscent of Joseph's experience in Egypt, where Pharaoh's magicians could not interpret his dreams, but Joseph, empowered by God, could. The wise men of Babylon, skilled in various forms of divination and astrology, are depicted as powerless in the face of divine revelation, highlighting the supremacy of God's wisdom over human understanding.

But you are able,
Daniel's ability to interpret the dream is attributed to his relationship with God. This phrase underscores the biblical theme that true wisdom and understanding come from God alone. Daniel's consistent ability to interpret dreams and visions throughout the book serves as a testament to his faithfulness and God's favor upon him. It also foreshadows the eventual recognition of God's sovereignty by Nebuchadnezzar.

because the spirit of the holy gods is in you.”
Nebuchadnezzar's reference to "the spirit of the holy gods" reflects his polytheistic worldview. While he acknowledges a divine presence in Daniel, his understanding is limited by his cultural and religious background. This phrase can be seen as a recognition of the divine influence in Daniel's life, albeit through a pagan lens. In a broader biblical context, this can be interpreted as an acknowledgment of the Holy Spirit's work, prefiguring the New Testament understanding of the Holy Spirit dwelling within believers. Daniel's life and actions serve as a type of Christ, who perfectly embodies the Spirit of God.

For a time, Daniel, who was also known as Belteshazzar, was perplexed, and his thoughts alarmed him.
Daniel, a Hebrew prophet, is referred to by his Babylonian name, Belteshazzar, which reflects the cultural assimilation he underwent in Babylon. His perplexity and alarm indicate the gravity of the dream's message. Daniel's reaction shows his deep concern for King Nebuchadnezzar, despite the king's pagan background. This moment highlights Daniel's role as a compassionate and wise counselor, a theme consistent throughout the book. The dream's ominous nature is evident, as it foretells judgment upon the king, a situation that would naturally cause distress to Daniel, who had served the king faithfully.

So the king said, “Belteshazzar, do not let the dream or its interpretation alarm you.”
King Nebuchadnezzar's reassurance to Daniel suggests a level of trust and respect for Daniel's abilities and character. The king's use of Daniel's Babylonian name underscores the cultural context of the Babylonian exile, where Daniel had risen to a position of influence. This interaction reflects the king's reliance on Daniel for divine insight, a recurring theme in the narrative. The king's concern for Daniel's distress also indicates a personal relationship beyond mere political or advisory roles.

“My lord,” replied Belteshazzar, “may the dream apply to those who hate you, and its interpretation to your enemies!”
Daniel's response is both respectful and diplomatic, addressing Nebuchadnezzar as "my lord," which shows his deference to the king's authority. His wish that the dream's implications be directed towards the king's enemies rather than the king himself reveals Daniel's loyalty and goodwill. This response is consistent with the biblical principle of wishing well even to those who may not share one's faith or values. Daniel's tactful approach serves as a model for believers navigating relationships with those in authority who may not share their beliefs. This phrase also foreshadows the impending judgment and serves as a subtle warning of the consequences of pride and disobedience to God, themes prevalent in prophetic literature.

The tree you saw
This phrase refers to the vision King Nebuchadnezzar had, which Daniel interprets. Trees in biblical literature often symbolize strength, growth, and prosperity. In this context, the tree represents Nebuchadnezzar's kingdom. Trees are also used in other scriptures, such as Psalm 1:3, to symbolize a person or entity that flourishes under God's blessing.

that grew large and strong
The growth and strength of the tree symbolize the expansion and power of Nebuchadnezzar's empire. Historically, Babylon was a dominant force in the ancient Near East, known for its military conquests and architectural achievements, such as the Hanging Gardens. This imagery reflects the king's pride and the vastness of his rule.

whose top reached the sky
This phrase indicates the immense height and prominence of the tree, symbolizing Nebuchadnezzar's ambition and the extent of his influence. The imagery is reminiscent of the Tower of Babel (Genesis 11:4), where humanity's pride led them to build a tower reaching the heavens, resulting in God's intervention.

and was visible to all the earth
The visibility of the tree to the entire earth signifies the widespread recognition and impact of Nebuchadnezzar's reign. Babylon was a center of culture, trade, and power, influencing many nations. This phrase also foreshadows the eventual humbling of Nebuchadnezzar, as his pride and reach are contrasted with God's ultimate sovereignty over all kingdoms.

whose foliage was beautiful
The description of the tree's beautiful foliage symbolizes the grandeur and splendor of King Nebuchadnezzar's reign. In biblical literature, trees often represent kingdoms or rulers (Ezekiel 31:3-9). The beauty of the foliage reflects the king's power and the prosperity of his empire, which was admired by many.

and whose fruit was abundant
The abundant fruit signifies the wealth and resources of Babylon under Nebuchadnezzar's rule. This abundance provided for the needs of the people, illustrating the king's ability to sustain and nourish his subjects. The imagery of fruitfulness is often used in Scripture to denote blessing and prosperity (Genesis 41:47-49).

providing food for all
This phrase highlights the extensive reach and influence of Nebuchadnezzar's kingdom, which provided for a diverse population. It suggests a time of peace and stability, where the king's governance ensured the well-being of all under his rule. This can be seen as a reflection of God's provision, as He is often depicted as the ultimate provider (Psalm 104:27-28).

under which the beasts of the field lived
The beasts of the field represent the various nations and peoples that found shelter and protection under Babylon's dominion. This imagery is consistent with other biblical passages where animals symbolize different groups or nations (Daniel 7:17). It underscores the idea of Babylon as a powerful empire that offered security to those within its sphere.

and in whose branches the birds of the air nested—
The birds nesting in the branches further emphasize the reach and influence of Nebuchadnezzar's kingdom. Birds often symbolize spiritual beings or nations in biblical texts (Ezekiel 17:23). This imagery suggests that many sought refuge and found a place within the empire, indicating its vastness and the king's role as a unifying figure. The tree can also be seen as a type of Christ, who provides shelter and rest for all who come to Him (Matthew 13:31-32).

you, O king, are that tree!
This phrase directly addresses King Nebuchadnezzar, identifying him as the tree in his dream. The tree symbolizes his vast empire and influence. In biblical symbolism, trees often represent leaders or nations (Ezekiel 31:3-9). The use of a tree highlights the king's role as a provider and protector, much like a tree offers shelter and sustenance. This metaphor is a common literary device in ancient Near Eastern texts, emphasizing the king's central role in the prosperity of his realm.

For you have become great and strong;
Nebuchadnezzar's greatness and strength are acknowledged here, reflecting his successful military campaigns and the expansion of the Babylonian Empire. Historically, Nebuchadnezzar was known for his architectural achievements, including the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, and his military prowess. This phrase underscores the king's power and the stability he brought to his empire, aligning with the biblical theme of God allowing rulers to rise for His purposes (Romans 13:1).

your greatness has grown to reach the sky,
This hyperbolic expression indicates the vastness of Nebuchadnezzar's power and influence. It echoes the Tower of Babel narrative (Genesis 11:4), where human ambition sought to reach the heavens. The phrase suggests both the king's unparalleled success and a warning against pride. In biblical literature, reaching the sky often symbolizes human attempts to rival divine authority, a theme that foreshadows Nebuchadnezzar's impending humbling.

and your dominion extends to the ends of the earth.
This statement highlights the extensive reach of Nebuchadnezzar's rule, which was one of the largest empires of the ancient world. The phrase "ends of the earth" is a common biblical expression denoting vast territorial control (Psalm 72:8). It also reflects the prophetic vision of God's ultimate dominion over all nations (Daniel 7:14). This global dominion prefigures the universal reign of Christ, who is described as having authority over all creation (Matthew 28:18).

And you, O king, saw a watcher, a holy one, coming down from heaven
In the ancient Near Eastern context, "watchers" were considered divine beings or angels tasked with observing human affairs. The term "holy one" emphasizes their divine nature and purity. This vision given to King Nebuchadnezzar highlights the intervention of the divine in human governance, a theme consistent with the biblical narrative that God is sovereign over earthly kingdoms (Daniel 4:17). The descent from heaven signifies a message of divine authority and judgment.

and saying: ‘Cut down the tree and destroy it,
The tree symbolizes King Nebuchadnezzar and his vast empire, as previously interpreted by Daniel (Daniel 4:20-22). Trees often represent rulers or nations in biblical literature (Ezekiel 31:3-14). The command to cut down the tree signifies God's judgment against Nebuchadnezzar's pride and self-sufficiency, a recurring theme in Scripture where God opposes the proud (Proverbs 16:18).

but leave the stump with its roots in the ground,
The preservation of the stump and roots indicates hope and the possibility of restoration. In biblical symbolism, roots often represent the foundation or remnant that can lead to renewal (Isaiah 11:1). This suggests that Nebuchadnezzar's kingdom will not be utterly destroyed but will have the potential for revival after a period of judgment.

with a band of iron and bronze around it,
The band of iron and bronze may symbolize protection and restraint. Iron and bronze are strong metals, indicating that the kingdom will be preserved but under divine control and limitation. This imagery reflects God's sovereignty in setting boundaries for human power and pride (Job 38:11).

in the tender grass of the field.
The phrase "tender grass of the field" suggests humility and vulnerability. It contrasts with the former grandeur of the tree, emphasizing Nebuchadnezzar's humbling experience. Grass is often used in Scripture to symbolize the transient nature of human life and glory (Isaiah 40:6-8).

Let him be drenched with the dew of heaven,
Being drenched with dew signifies exposure to the elements and a loss of royal comfort and protection. Dew in the Bible can symbolize blessing and sustenance (Deuteronomy 33:28), but here it represents the king's humbling and his return to a natural, dependent state, akin to the beasts of the field.

and graze with the beasts of the field
This phrase indicates a complete loss of human dignity and status, as Nebuchadnezzar is reduced to living like an animal. It reflects the biblical theme of God humbling those who exalt themselves (Daniel 4:37). The imagery of grazing with beasts underscores the king's temporary insanity and separation from human society.

till seven times pass him by.’
The "seven times" likely refers to a period of seven years, a number often associated with completeness or divine perfection in the Bible (Genesis 2:2-3). This period represents the full measure of God's judgment and the time necessary for Nebuchadnezzar to acknowledge God's sovereignty. The use of "times" rather than specific years allows for a symbolic interpretation, emphasizing the completeness of the humbling process.

This is the interpretation, O king,
Daniel is addressing King Nebuchadnezzar directly, emphasizing the personal nature of the message. The role of a prophet or interpreter in ancient times was significant, as they were seen as mediators between the divine and human realms. Daniel's ability to interpret dreams is a gift from God, as seen earlier in the book (Daniel 2:19-23). This phrase underscores the importance of divine revelation and the responsibility of the prophet to convey God's message accurately.

and this is the decree that the Most High has issued
The term "Most High" refers to God, emphasizing His supreme authority over all earthly rulers. This reflects the biblical theme of God's sovereignty, as seen in passages like Psalm 47:2 and Daniel 4:17. The use of "decree" indicates a formal and unchangeable decision, highlighting the seriousness of the message. In the ancient Near East, decrees from a king or deity were considered binding and authoritative.

against my lord the king:
Daniel shows respect for Nebuchadnezzar by referring to him as "my lord," despite the impending judgment. This reflects the biblical principle of respecting authority (Romans 13:1-7). The phrase "against my lord the king" indicates that the message is one of judgment, a common theme in prophetic literature. This judgment serves as a warning and a call to repentance, similar to other biblical narratives where God warns leaders and nations of impending consequences if they do not turn from their ways (e.g., Jonah 3:4-10).

You will be driven away from mankind
This phrase indicates a divine judgment resulting in isolation. In the context of Daniel 4, King Nebuchadnezzar is the subject of this prophecy. The idea of being "driven away" suggests a forceful removal from society, reflecting the consequences of pride and disobedience to God. This mirrors the biblical theme of separation from God due to sin, as seen in Genesis 3:23-24 when Adam and Eve were expelled from Eden.

and your dwelling will be with the beasts of the field
The imagery of living with beasts signifies a loss of human dignity and status. In ancient Near Eastern culture, being reduced to the level of animals was a profound humiliation. This condition reflects the biblical principle that pride leads to downfall, as seen in Proverbs 16:18. It also foreshadows the restoration theme, where humility precedes exaltation, akin to the prodigal son in Luke 15:11-32.

You will feed on grass like an ox
This phrase emphasizes the complete transformation of Nebuchadnezzar's state, from a powerful king to a creature with basic, animalistic needs. The act of eating grass symbolizes a return to a primitive state, highlighting the consequences of pride. This can be compared to the humbling of other biblical figures, such as Saul's transformation in Acts 9:1-19.

and be drenched with the dew of heaven
Being "drenched with the dew of heaven" suggests exposure to the elements, indicating vulnerability and a lack of shelter. Dew in the Bible often symbolizes divine blessing or presence (Genesis 27:28), but here it underscores Nebuchadnezzar's humbling experience. This phrase can be seen as a metaphor for spiritual renewal, as dew refreshes the earth, so too can divine intervention restore a soul.

and seven times shall pass you by
The "seven times" likely refers to a complete period of divine judgment, as the number seven often signifies completeness or perfection in the Bible (Genesis 2:2-3). This period is a divinely appointed time for Nebuchadnezzar's transformation and repentance. It parallels the concept of a sabbatical year or Jubilee, where restoration and renewal occur (Leviticus 25).

until you acknowledge that the Most High rules over the kingdom of mankind
This phrase underscores the central theme of divine sovereignty. The acknowledgment of God's ultimate authority is a recurring biblical theme, as seen in Isaiah 45:5-7. Nebuchadnezzar's experience serves as a reminder that earthly power is subordinate to God's will, echoing the message of Psalm 2:10-12, where kings are advised to serve the Lord with reverence.

and gives it to whom He wishes
This final phrase highlights God's sovereign choice in appointing rulers, a theme evident throughout Scripture. It reflects the biblical understanding that leadership is a divine appointment, as seen in Romans 13:1. This principle is exemplified in the rise and fall of leaders like Saul and David, demonstrating that God raises and removes kings according to His purpose.

As for the command to leave the stump of the tree with its roots
This phrase refers to the vision given to King Nebuchadnezzar, where a great tree is cut down but its stump and roots are left in the ground. The stump symbolizes the preservation of Nebuchadnezzar's kingdom, indicating that it will not be completely destroyed. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, trees often symbolized life, strength, and prosperity. The preservation of the stump suggests hope and the potential for renewal. This imagery is consistent with biblical themes of judgment followed by restoration, as seen in Isaiah 6:13, where a remnant is preserved.

your kingdom will be restored to you
This promise of restoration is contingent upon Nebuchadnezzar's acknowledgment of divine sovereignty. Historically, Babylon was a powerful empire, and Nebuchadnezzar was its most renowned king, known for his military conquests and architectural achievements, including the Hanging Gardens. The assurance of restoration highlights God's control over earthly kingdoms and rulers, as seen in Proverbs 21:1, which states that the king's heart is in the hand of the Lord.

as soon as you acknowledge that Heaven rules
The phrase "Heaven rules" emphasizes the sovereignty of God over all creation, a central theme in the Book of Daniel. This acknowledgment is not merely intellectual but involves a transformation of heart and recognition of God's ultimate authority. The term "Heaven" is a metonym for God, reflecting Jewish reverence in avoiding the direct use of God's name. This concept is echoed in the New Testament, where Jesus teaches about the Kingdom of Heaven (Matthew 4:17). Nebuchadnezzar's eventual acknowledgment of God's sovereignty foreshadows the ultimate submission of all nations to Christ's rule, as prophesied in Philippians 2:10-11.

Therefore, may my advice be pleasing to you, O king.
Daniel, a Jewish exile serving in the Babylonian court, addresses King Nebuchadnezzar with respect and humility. This reflects the biblical principle of honoring authority (Romans 13:1-7). Daniel's approach is consistent with the wisdom literature, where giving counsel is often framed as an act of service (Proverbs 27:9). The phrase underscores the importance of delivering truth with grace, a theme echoed in the New Testament (Colossians 4:6).

Break away from your sins by doing what is right,
Daniel calls for repentance, a central theme throughout Scripture. The call to "break away" suggests a decisive and intentional action, akin to the New Testament call to "repent and turn to God" (Acts 3:19). The emphasis on "doing what is right" aligns with the biblical concept of righteousness, which involves both moral integrity and justice (Micah 6:8). This reflects the covenantal expectation that leaders should uphold God's standards.

and from your iniquities by showing mercy to the oppressed.
The call to show mercy highlights a key biblical principle: God's concern for justice and care for the marginalized (Isaiah 1:17). In the ancient Near Eastern context, kings were often seen as divine representatives responsible for justice. Daniel's advice echoes the prophetic tradition, where true repentance is demonstrated through social justice (Isaiah 58:6-7). This anticipates Jesus' teachings on mercy and justice (Matthew 23:23).

Perhaps there will be an extension of your prosperity.”
The conditional "perhaps" indicates that while repentance can lead to divine favor, it is ultimately subject to God's sovereign will. The notion of prosperity tied to righteousness is a recurring biblical theme (Proverbs 11:18). In the historical context, Nebuchadnezzar's reign was marked by significant achievements, yet Daniel warns that true prosperity is contingent on aligning with God's moral order. This foreshadows the New Testament teaching that spiritual prosperity is found in Christ (Ephesians 1:3).

All this happened to King Nebuchadnezzar.
This phrase refers to the fulfillment of the dream and prophecy given to King Nebuchadnezzar earlier in Daniel 4. Nebuchadnezzar was the king of Babylon, a powerful empire during the 6th century BC. His reign is well-documented both in the Bible and in historical records, which describe him as a formidable ruler who expanded Babylon's influence and grandeur. The phrase "all this" points back to the events described in the preceding verses, where Nebuchadnezzar's pride led to his downfall and subsequent humbling by God.

The context of this passage is crucial. Nebuchadnezzar had a dream interpreted by Daniel, which warned him of his impending humiliation due to his arrogance. The dream involved a great tree that was cut down, symbolizing Nebuchadnezzar's loss of power and sanity. This event is a direct fulfillment of that prophecy, demonstrating the sovereignty of God over earthly rulers.

In terms of biblical connections, this passage highlights a recurring theme in Scripture: God opposes the proud but gives grace to the humble (James 4:6, 1 Peter 5:5). Nebuchadnezzar's experience serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of pride and the necessity of recognizing God's ultimate authority.

Historically, Nebuchadnezzar's reign was marked by significant achievements, including the construction of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. However, his story in the Bible emphasizes that no matter how great a ruler may be, they are still subject to God's will.

Theologically, this passage can be seen as a type of Christ in the sense that it foreshadows the ultimate humbling of all earthly powers before the kingdom of God, which is fully realized in Jesus Christ. Christ's kingdom is established not through human pride or power, but through humility and obedience to God.

In summary, this phrase encapsulates the fulfillment of divine prophecy, the humbling of a powerful king, and the overarching biblical theme of God's sovereignty over human affairs. Twelve months later
This phrase indicates a significant passage of time since the events of Daniel 4:27-28, where Daniel interprets Nebuchadnezzar's dream and advises him to repent. The twelve-month period suggests God's patience and the opportunity given to Nebuchadnezzar to change his ways. This reflects the biblical theme of divine patience and long-suffering, as seen in 2 Peter 3:9, where God is described as patient, not wanting anyone to perish.

as he was walking on the roof
Walking on the roof of a palace was a common practice for kings in ancient times, providing a vantage point to survey their kingdom. This setting is reminiscent of 2 Samuel 11:2, where King David also walks on his palace roof, leading to his sin with Bathsheba. The roof symbolizes a place of reflection and decision-making, often leading to pivotal moments in biblical narratives.

of the royal palace of Babylon
Babylon was the capital of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, known for its grandeur and architectural marvels, such as the Hanging Gardens, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The royal palace was a symbol of Nebuchadnezzar's power and achievements. Historically, Babylon was a center of idolatry and pride, often contrasted with Jerusalem in biblical literature. The mention of Babylon connects to the broader biblical theme of human pride and its consequences, as seen in the Tower of Babel narrative in Genesis 11. Babylon also serves as a type of worldly power and opposition to God's kingdom, a theme that culminates in Revelation with the fall of "Babylon the Great."

the king exclaimed
This phrase refers to King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon, a historical figure known for his extensive building projects and military conquests. His exclamation is a moment of pride and self-glorification, reflecting his belief in his own power and achievements. This moment is significant as it sets the stage for his subsequent humbling by God, illustrating the biblical theme that pride precedes a fall (Proverbs 16:18).

“Is this not Babylon the Great
Babylon was one of the most magnificent cities of the ancient world, renowned for its impressive architecture, including the Hanging Gardens, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The phrase "Babylon the Great" emphasizes the city's grandeur and the king's pride in its splendor. In biblical prophecy, Babylon often symbolizes human pride and opposition to God (Revelation 17:5).

which I myself have built
Nebuchadnezzar's claim of having built Babylon highlights his role in its expansion and beautification. Historically, he undertook massive construction projects, including temples, walls, and palaces. This statement reflects the human tendency to take credit for achievements without acknowledging God's sovereignty, a theme echoed in the Tower of Babel narrative (Genesis 11:4).

as a royal residence
The royal residence refers to the king's palace, a symbol of his power and authority. Archaeological discoveries have uncovered remnants of Nebuchadnezzar's palace, confirming its grandeur. The palace served not only as a home but also as a center of administration and a display of wealth and power.

by the might of my power
This phrase underscores Nebuchadnezzar's belief in his own strength and ability. It reflects a worldview that attributes success to human effort rather than divine providence. The Bible consistently teaches that true power and authority come from God (Psalm 62:11), and this statement sets up the king's impending lesson in humility.

and for the glory of my majesty?”
Nebuchadnezzar's focus on his own glory contrasts with the biblical teaching that all glory belongs to God (Isaiah 42:8). His statement reveals a heart of pride and self-exaltation, which ultimately leads to his downfall. This moment foreshadows the humbling of the king, serving as a reminder of the dangers of pride and the importance of recognizing God's sovereignty.

While the words were still in the king’s mouth
This phrase highlights the immediacy of God's response to Nebuchadnezzar's pride. The king was boasting about his achievements when divine judgment was pronounced. This reflects the biblical principle that God opposes the proud (James 4:6) and acts swiftly against arrogance. The suddenness of the event underscores the sovereignty of God over human affairs, a recurring theme in the Book of Daniel.

a voice came from heaven
The voice from heaven signifies divine authority and intervention. In biblical literature, a heavenly voice often represents God's direct communication (e.g., Matthew 3:17 at Jesus' baptism). This divine interruption serves as a reminder of God's ultimate control over earthly rulers and kingdoms, reinforcing the message that earthly power is subordinate to divine will.

“It is decreed to you, King Nebuchadnezzar
The use of the word "decreed" indicates a formal and unchangeable decision from God. In the ancient Near Eastern context, a decree from a king was binding and irrevocable, reflecting the absolute nature of God's pronouncement. Nebuchadnezzar, despite his earthly power, is subject to the decrees of the heavenly King, illustrating the theme of divine sovereignty over human authority.

that the kingdom has departed from you
This phrase marks the fulfillment of the prophetic dream Nebuchadnezzar had earlier in the chapter, where he was warned of his impending downfall due to pride (Daniel 4:24-25). The loss of the kingdom is both a literal and symbolic act of divine judgment. It serves as a humbling experience for Nebuchadnezzar, intended to lead him to acknowledge God's supremacy. This event foreshadows the ultimate establishment of God's eternal kingdom, as prophesied in Daniel 2:44, where all earthly kingdoms will be replaced by God's everlasting reign.

You will be driven away from mankind
This phrase indicates a divine judgment and a temporary removal from human society. In the context of Daniel 4, King Nebuchadnezzar is the subject of this prophecy. The driving away symbolizes a loss of status and power, reflecting the consequences of pride and arrogance. Biblically, being separated from mankind often signifies a period of humbling and reflection, as seen in the experiences of other biblical figures like Moses and Elijah.

to live with the beasts of the field
This phrase suggests a complete loss of human dignity and status, reducing Nebuchadnezzar to the level of animals. In ancient Near Eastern culture, living among beasts was considered a curse and a sign of divine displeasure. Theologically, it underscores the theme of humbling the proud, as God demonstrates His sovereignty over human affairs. This imagery also connects to the broader biblical theme of God using nature to teach and discipline, as seen in Jonah's experience with the great fish.

and you will feed on grass like an ox
This phrase highlights the extent of Nebuchadnezzar's humiliation, as he is reduced to eating grass, a diet for animals, not humans. This reflects the biblical principle that God can abase the mighty and exalt the humble. The imagery of eating grass like an ox serves as a metaphor for the king's complete loss of reason and status. It also parallels the judgment on the serpent in Genesis 3, emphasizing the consequences of pride and rebellion against God.

And seven times will pass you by
The "seven times" likely refers to a period of seven years, a complete cycle of divine judgment. The number seven in the Bible often symbolizes completeness or perfection, indicating that the period of Nebuchadnezzar's madness is divinely ordained and will last until God's purpose is fulfilled. This period of judgment is reminiscent of other biblical instances where God uses specific time frames to accomplish His will, such as the seven years of famine in Egypt during Joseph's time.

until you acknowledge that the Most High rules over the kingdom of mankind
This phrase emphasizes the central theme of the chapter: the sovereignty of God over earthly kingdoms. Nebuchadnezzar's acknowledgment of God's rule is the intended outcome of his humbling experience. This acknowledgment is a key biblical principle, as seen in other scriptures like Psalm 47:2 and Isaiah 45:23, where God's ultimate authority is affirmed. The phrase also foreshadows the eventual conversion and praise of Nebuchadnezzar, highlighting the transformative power of divine intervention.

and gives it to whom He wishes.
This final phrase underscores the biblical teaching that God is the ultimate authority over all earthly powers. It reflects the theme of divine sovereignty found throughout scripture, such as in Romans 13:1 and Proverbs 21:1. The idea that God appoints rulers according to His will serves as a reminder of His control over history and human affairs. This principle is also evident in the rise and fall of other biblical kingdoms, illustrating that human power is temporary and subject to God's eternal plan.

At that moment the sentence against Nebuchadnezzar was fulfilled.
This phrase marks the immediate execution of God's judgment upon King Nebuchadnezzar, as previously warned in his dream and interpreted by Daniel. The fulfillment of divine prophecy underscores the sovereignty of God over earthly rulers, a recurring theme in the Book of Daniel. It serves as a reminder of the certainty and immediacy of God's word, as seen in other biblical instances such as the judgment on Pharaoh in Exodus.

He was driven away from mankind.
Nebuchadnezzar's removal from human society symbolizes the loss of his royal authority and dignity. This separation reflects the consequences of pride and self-exaltation, aligning with the biblical principle that God opposes the proud (James 4:6). The king's isolation can be compared to the lepers in Leviticus, who were also separated due to impurity, highlighting the spiritual and social ramifications of sin.

He ate grass like an ox,
This imagery of Nebuchadnezzar eating grass signifies his complete humiliation and reduction to an animalistic state. It illustrates the drastic transformation from a powerful king to a creature dependent on the earth for sustenance. This condition parallels the judgment on King Herod in Acts 12:23, where divine retribution leads to a loss of human dignity.

and his body was drenched with the dew of heaven,
The mention of dew emphasizes Nebuchadnezzar's exposure to the elements, indicating his vulnerability and the absence of royal comforts. Dew, often a symbol of divine blessing (Deuteronomy 33:28), here contrasts with the king's cursed state, highlighting the reversal of fortune due to his pride.

until his hair grew like the feathers of an eagle
The description of Nebuchadnezzar's hair growing like eagle feathers suggests a prolonged period of judgment, as well as a further departure from human appearance. Eagles, often symbols of strength and freedom in scripture (Isaiah 40:31), ironically contrast with Nebuchadnezzar's captivity to his condition, emphasizing the depth of his fall.

and his nails like the claws of a bird.
The transformation of Nebuchadnezzar's nails into bird-like claws completes the picture of his dehumanization. This detail underscores the thoroughness of God's judgment and serves as a physical manifestation of the king's spiritual and moral decline. It also foreshadows the eventual restoration and acknowledgment of God's sovereignty, as Nebuchadnezzar later praises the Most High (Daniel 4:34-37).

But at the end of those days
This phrase refers to the conclusion of the period of Nebuchadnezzar's madness, which lasted seven years. This time of humbling was prophesied in Daniel 4:25 as a divine judgment for his pride. The "days" signify a complete period of divine discipline, emphasizing God's sovereignty over time and human affairs.

I, Nebuchadnezzar, looked up to heaven
Nebuchadnezzar's act of looking up symbolizes a recognition of divine authority and a turning away from self-reliance. In biblical terms, looking to heaven often signifies seeking God’s help or acknowledging His supremacy (Psalm 123:1). This act marks the beginning of his restoration and repentance.

and my sanity was restored to me
The restoration of Nebuchadnezzar's sanity signifies God's mercy and the fulfillment of His promise. It highlights the theme of restoration after repentance, a common biblical motif (Joel 2:25). This restoration also serves as a testament to God's power to heal and renew.

Then I praised the Most High
Nebuchadnezzar's praise of the "Most High" reflects a significant theological shift. The title "Most High" is used throughout the Old Testament to denote God's supreme authority over all earthly and heavenly powers (Genesis 14:18-20). This acknowledgment marks a departure from his previous idolatry and self-exaltation.

and I honored and glorified Him who lives forever
This phrase underscores the eternal nature of God, contrasting with the temporal nature of human kingdoms. The act of honoring and glorifying God is a recognition of His eternal existence and unchanging nature (Psalm 90:2). It reflects a heart transformed by divine encounter.

For His dominion is an everlasting dominion
Nebuchadnezzar acknowledges God's unending rule, a central theme in the book of Daniel. This statement contrasts with the transient nature of earthly kingdoms, including his own. It echoes the prophecy in Daniel 2:44 about God's kingdom that will never be destroyed.

and His kingdom endures from generation to generation
This phrase emphasizes the perpetual and unchanging nature of God's kingdom. It connects to the biblical theme of God's faithfulness across generations (Psalm 145:13). This enduring kingdom is a type of the eternal reign of Christ, who is prophesied to establish a kingdom that will last forever (Isaiah 9:7).

All the peoples of the earth are counted as nothing
This phrase emphasizes the sovereignty and supremacy of God over all humanity. In the context of Daniel 4, King Nebuchadnezzar acknowledges God's ultimate authority after experiencing a humbling period of madness. The phrase reflects the biblical theme that human power and pride are insignificant compared to God's majesty (Isaiah 40:17). It echoes the idea found in Psalm 2:1-4, where the nations' attempts to defy God are futile. Historically, this reflects the ancient Near Eastern understanding of divine kingship, where earthly rulers were seen as subordinate to the divine will.

and He does as He pleases with the army of heaven and the peoples of the earth
This part of the verse highlights God's omnipotence and freedom to act according to His will, both in the celestial realm and on earth. The "army of heaven" refers to the angelic hosts, indicating that even the spiritual beings are under God's command (Psalm 103:20-21). The phrase underscores the biblical teaching that God's plans cannot be thwarted (Job 42:2). It also connects to the New Testament, where Jesus, as the Son of God, exercises authority over both heaven and earth (Matthew 28:18).

There is no one who can restrain His hand
This statement affirms God's uncontested power and authority. The imagery of God's "hand" is often used in Scripture to denote His power and intervention in human affairs (Exodus 3:20). The idea that no one can restrain God is a recurring theme, seen in passages like Isaiah 14:27, where God's purposes cannot be annulled. This reflects the cultural understanding of the time, where kings were often seen as having absolute power, yet even they are subject to God's will.

or say to Him, ‘What have You done?’”
This phrase speaks to the unquestionable nature of God's actions and decisions. It suggests that humans are not in a position to challenge or question God's purposes, a theme also found in Romans 9:20, where Paul discusses God's sovereign choice. The rhetorical question implies that God's wisdom and knowledge are beyond human comprehension (Isaiah 55:8-9). This reflects the ancient worldview that divine actions, though sometimes mysterious, are ultimately just and righteous.

At the same time my sanity was restored
This phrase marks the conclusion of King Nebuchadnezzar's period of madness, which was a divine judgment for his pride. The restoration of his sanity signifies God's mercy and the fulfillment of the prophetic dream interpreted by Daniel (Daniel 4:24-26). This event underscores the biblical theme that God is sovereign over the kingdoms of men and can humble the proud (Proverbs 16:18).

my honor and splendor returned to me for the glory of my kingdom
Nebuchadnezzar's honor and splendor being restored highlights the restoration of his royal dignity and authority. This reflects the biblical principle that God can restore what is lost when there is repentance and acknowledgment of His sovereignty (Joel 2:25). The phrase "for the glory of my kingdom" indicates that his restoration was not just personal but also had implications for the stability and prosperity of Babylon, a key empire in biblical history.

My advisers and nobles sought me out
The return of Nebuchadnezzar's advisers and nobles signifies the re-establishment of his political power and the recognition of his authority by the court. This reflects the cultural importance of a king's council in ancient Near Eastern governance, where advisers played crucial roles in administration and decision-making (Esther 1:13-14).

and I was restored to my throne
This restoration to the throne symbolizes the complete reversal of Nebuchadnezzar's downfall. It serves as a testament to God's ability to restore leaders to their positions when they acknowledge His supremacy. This mirrors the biblical narrative of other leaders who were restored after a period of trial, such as Job (Job 42:10).

and surpassing greatness was added to me
The phrase "surpassing greatness" suggests that Nebuchadnezzar's kingdom became even more magnificent after his restoration. This can be seen as a type of Christ, where after His suffering and resurrection, Jesus was exalted to the highest place (Philippians 2:9). It also emphasizes the biblical truth that God can bless abundantly beyond what was previously experienced (Ephesians 3:20).

Now I, Nebuchadnezzar,
Nebuchadnezzar was the king of Babylon, a powerful empire in the ancient Near East. His reign is historically significant, marked by the conquest of Jerusalem and the subsequent Babylonian Exile of the Jewish people. This personal declaration indicates a transformation in Nebuchadnezzar's understanding of God, following a period of divine judgment and restoration.

praise and exalt and glorify the King of heaven,
This phrase reflects a shift from polytheism to acknowledging the sovereignty of the God of Israel. The "King of heaven" is a title emphasizing God's supreme authority over all earthly rulers. This acknowledgment is significant given Nebuchadnezzar's previous pride and self-glorification, as seen earlier in the chapter.

for all His works are true and all His ways are just.
This statement underscores the reliability and righteousness of God's actions and decisions. It echoes themes found throughout the Bible, such as in Deuteronomy 32:4, which describes God as a "God of truth" and "just and right." It highlights the consistency of God's character and His moral governance of the world.

And He is able to humble those who walk in pride.
This conclusion serves as a personal testimony to Nebuchadnezzar's experience of being humbled by God. It aligns with biblical principles found in Proverbs 16:18, "Pride goes before destruction," and James 4:6, "God opposes the proud but gives grace to the humble." Nebuchadnezzar's humbling is a type of Christ's teaching on humility and the reversal of worldly power structures, as seen in the Beatitudes.