Later, King Belshazzar
Belshazzar was the son of Nabonidus, the last king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire. Although not the primary ruler, Belshazzar was co-regent and managed the kingdom in his father's absence. Historically, this aligns with the accounts of Nabonidus spending extended periods away from Babylon. The name "Belshazzar" means "Bel, protect the king," reflecting the Babylonian practice of invoking their gods for protection. This event occurs after the reign of Nebuchadnezzar, indicating a period of decline for Babylon.

held a great feast
Feasts in ancient Babylon were significant social and political events, often used to display wealth, power, and divine favor. This particular feast is notable for its size and opulence, suggesting an attempt to boost morale or demonstrate confidence despite the impending threat from the Medo-Persian army. Such feasts were also occasions for religious rituals and idol worship, which is significant in the context of the chapter's later events.

for a thousand of his nobles
The presence of a thousand nobles indicates the scale and importance of the event. Babylonian society was hierarchical, with nobles holding significant power and influence. This gathering of the elite underscores the political nature of the feast, possibly serving as a council of war or a demonstration of unity and strength. The number "thousand" may also symbolize completeness or totality, emphasizing the comprehensive nature of the gathering.

and he drank wine with them
Drinking wine was a common practice in ancient Near Eastern feasts, often associated with celebration and revelry. In this context, it also suggests a lack of awareness or concern for the looming danger, highlighting Belshazzar's arrogance and complacency. The act of drinking wine with the nobles signifies fellowship and shared purpose, but it also sets the stage for the sacrilegious act of using the sacred vessels from the Jerusalem temple, which follows in the narrative. This act of drinking can be contrasted with the biblical warnings against drunkenness and the call for sobriety, especially in times of crisis.

Under the influence of the wine
This phrase indicates a state of impaired judgment due to intoxication. In biblical times, wine was a common beverage, but excessive consumption often led to poor decision-making. Proverbs 20:1 warns against the mockery and brawling that wine can cause, highlighting the dangers of drunkenness. This sets the stage for Belshazzar's reckless actions, contrasting with the wisdom and sobriety expected of a ruler.

Belshazzar gave orders
Belshazzar, the last king of Babylon, is depicted as a ruler who acts impulsively. Historically, he was a co-regent with his father Nabonidus, which explains why he is referred to as king. His actions here reflect a disregard for the sacred, foreshadowing the imminent fall of Babylon as prophesied in Isaiah 47:1-5.

to bring in the gold and silver vessels
These vessels were sacred items from the temple in Jerusalem, taken by Nebuchadnezzar during the Babylonian conquest (2 Kings 24:13). Their use in a pagan feast symbolizes the desecration of what is holy, echoing the theme of sacrilege found in other parts of Scripture, such as the misuse of holy things in Leviticus 10:1-2.

that Nebuchadnezzar his father had taken from the temple in Jerusalem
The term "father" here is used in a dynastic sense, as Nebuchadnezzar was actually Belshazzar's grandfather. This highlights the continuity of Babylonian rule and the ongoing impact of Nebuchadnezzar's conquests. The temple in Jerusalem was the center of Jewish worship, and its plundering fulfilled prophecies like those in Jeremiah 25:9.

so that the king could drink from them
This act of drinking from the sacred vessels is a direct affront to God, illustrating the theme of pride and blasphemy. It parallels other biblical accounts where leaders defy God, such as Pharaoh in Exodus. This act sets the stage for divine judgment, as seen later in the chapter.

along with his nobles, his wives, and his concubines
The inclusion of nobles, wives, and concubines in the feast underscores the communal nature of the sin and the widespread corruption in Babylon. It reflects the opulence and moral decay of the empire, reminiscent of the decadence of Sodom and Gomorrah in Genesis 19. This gathering also highlights the contrast between the revelry of Babylon and the impending doom prophesied in Daniel 5:25-28.

Thus they brought in the gold vessels
The gold vessels refer to the sacred items used in the worship of Yahweh in the temple in Jerusalem. These vessels were crafted according to divine specifications given to Moses and later used in Solomon's Temple. Their use in Babylon signifies a profound act of sacrilege, as they were intended for holy purposes.

that had been taken from the temple,
These vessels were seized by Nebuchadnezzar during the Babylonian conquest of Jerusalem in 586 BC. The temple, built by Solomon, was the center of Jewish worship and the dwelling place of God's presence. The removal of these items symbolized the defeat of Judah and the apparent triumph of Babylonian gods over Yahweh.

the house of God in Jerusalem,
The phrase emphasizes the sacred origin of the vessels, highlighting the gravity of their misuse. Jerusalem was the spiritual heart of Israel, and the temple was considered God's earthly dwelling. The desecration of these items in a pagan setting underscores the theme of divine judgment and the eventual vindication of God's holiness.

and the king drank from them,
King Belshazzar's act of drinking from the vessels is a direct affront to God, demonstrating arrogance and irreverence. This act of defiance sets the stage for the divine judgment that follows. It reflects the king's hubris and disregard for the sacred, a common theme in the narrative of Daniel.

along with his nobles, his wives, and his concubines.
The inclusion of nobles, wives, and concubines in this act of sacrilege indicates a communal participation in the king's blasphemy. It highlights the widespread moral decay and the collective responsibility for the impending judgment. This scene contrasts with the reverence shown by Daniel and his companions, who remain faithful to God amidst a corrupt society.

As they drank the wine
This phrase occurs during a lavish banquet hosted by King Belshazzar of Babylon. The act of drinking wine in this context symbolizes indulgence and excess, reflecting the moral and spiritual decay of the Babylonian empire. Wine is often associated with revelry and lack of self-control in Scripture (Proverbs 20:1). The banquet setting also highlights the contrast between the temporary pleasures of this world and the eternal truths of God.

they praised their gods of gold and silver, bronze and iron, wood and stone
This phrase underscores the idolatry prevalent in Babylon. The materials listed—gold, silver, bronze, iron, wood, and stone—were commonly used in the construction of idols in ancient Near Eastern cultures. These elements are also reminiscent of the statue in Nebuchadnezzar's dream (Daniel 2), symbolizing the transient nature of earthly kingdoms. The act of praising these gods reveals the spiritual blindness and rebellion against the one true God. This idolatry is condemned throughout Scripture, as seen in passages like Isaiah 44:9-20, which mock the futility of worshipping man-made objects. The contrast between the living God and lifeless idols is a recurring theme, emphasizing the need for true worship and allegiance to God alone.

At that moment
This phrase indicates a sudden and divine intervention. The timing is significant, occurring during King Belshazzar's feast, a moment of revelry and blasphemy against God. It underscores the immediacy of God's response to human actions, particularly those that challenge His holiness.

the fingers of a human hand appeared
The appearance of the hand is a supernatural event, emphasizing God's direct involvement. In biblical literature, the hand often symbolizes power and authority. This manifestation serves as a visible sign of God's judgment, reminiscent of other divine interventions, such as the plagues in Egypt.

and wrote on the plaster of the wall
Writing on the wall signifies a message from God, often associated with judgment or revelation. The use of plaster suggests a permanent record, indicating the seriousness of the message. Archaeological findings confirm that walls in Babylonian palaces were often plastered, aligning with the historical context.

near the lampstand in the royal palace
The lampstand's presence highlights the visibility and clarity of the message. In biblical symbolism, light often represents truth and revelation. The royal palace setting underscores the message's importance, as it is directed at the heart of Babylonian power and authority.

As the king watched the hand that was writing
King Belshazzar's direct observation of the event emphasizes his accountability. The king's reaction, as described later in the chapter, reveals his fear and recognition of divine judgment. This moment parallels other biblical instances where leaders witness God's power, such as Pharaoh during the Exodus.

his face grew pale
This phrase indicates a sudden and intense fear. In the ancient Near Eastern culture, a change in facial color was often associated with terror or shock. The king's reaction reflects the gravity of the situation, as he witnesses the mysterious hand writing on the wall. This fear is reminiscent of other biblical instances where individuals encounter divine or supernatural events, such as the fear experienced by the guards at Jesus' tomb (Matthew 28:4).

and his thoughts so alarmed him
The king's alarmed thoughts suggest a deep internal turmoil and confusion. In the context of Daniel 5, Belshazzar is confronted with a divine message that he cannot understand, highlighting his vulnerability and the limits of his power. This mirrors the broader biblical theme of human rulers being subject to God's ultimate authority, as seen in Nebuchadnezzar's humbling experience in Daniel 4.

that his hips gave way
This phrase indicates a physical manifestation of fear, suggesting a loss of strength or control. In ancient texts, such expressions often symbolize a complete breakdown of composure. The imagery here underscores the king's helplessness in the face of divine judgment, similar to how the Philistines reacted with fear when the Ark of the Covenant was brought into their camp (1 Samuel 5:10-12).

and his knees knocked together
The knocking of knees is a vivid depiction of terror and physical weakness. This detail emphasizes the overwhelming nature of the king's fear. It serves as a reminder of the frailty of human power when confronted with the divine. This reaction can be compared to the fear and trembling described in Philippians 2:12, where believers are encouraged to work out their salvation with reverence and awe before God.

The king called out for the enchanters, astrologers, and diviners to be brought in
In ancient Babylon, enchanters, astrologers, and diviners were considered wise men who could interpret signs and omens. This reflects the Babylonian reliance on occult practices for guidance, contrasting with the Hebrew reliance on God’s revelation. The king's immediate call to these figures highlights the desperation and fear he felt upon seeing the mysterious writing. This mirrors earlier events in the Book of Daniel, where Nebuchadnezzar also sought the counsel of such figures, only to find them lacking compared to Daniel's God-given wisdom.

and he said to these wise men of Babylon
The term "wise men" in Babylonian culture referred to those skilled in interpreting dreams and omens, often holding significant influence in the royal court. This phrase underscores the king's expectation that these men, with their supposed wisdom, could provide answers. However, it also sets the stage for their failure, emphasizing the superiority of divine wisdom over human knowledge.

“Whoever reads this inscription and tells me its interpretation
The king's challenge to read and interpret the inscription indicates the mysterious and supernatural nature of the writing. This situation parallels earlier chapters where Daniel interprets dreams and visions that others cannot. The inability of the wise men to interpret the writing foreshadows the revelation of God's power and the futility of relying on human wisdom.

will be clothed in purple and have a gold chain placed around his neck
Purple clothing and a gold chain were symbols of high honor and authority in ancient cultures, often reserved for royalty or high-ranking officials. This reward reflects the king's desperation to understand the writing, offering significant incentives to anyone who could provide the interpretation. It also highlights the cultural importance of status and wealth in Babylonian society.

and he will be made the third highest ruler in the kingdom.”
The offer to become the third highest ruler suggests that Belshazzar was co-regent with his father, Nabonidus, making the position of third ruler the highest available honor he could bestow. This detail aligns with historical records of the Babylonian empire's governance structure. It also underscores the gravity of the situation, as the king was willing to offer substantial power to solve the mystery, setting the stage for Daniel's eventual rise to prominence.

So all the king’s wise men came in
The wise men referred to here are likely the Chaldeans, astrologers, and magicians who served in the Babylonian court. These individuals were considered experts in interpreting dreams and signs, a common practice in ancient Near Eastern cultures. The gathering of all the king's wise men underscores the gravity of the situation and the king's desperation for answers. Historically, Babylon was known for its scholarly pursuits, particularly in astrology and divination, which were integral to their religious and cultural practices.

but they could not read the inscription
The inability of the wise men to read the inscription suggests that the writing was in a form or language unknown to them. This highlights the limitations of human wisdom and understanding when confronted with divine mysteries. The inscription was likely in Aramaic or a cryptic form of it, which was not uncommon for divine messages. This moment foreshadows the need for divine revelation, which Daniel, a man of God, would later provide.

or interpret it for him
The failure to interpret the writing emphasizes the theme of divine sovereignty over human affairs. It also sets the stage for Daniel's entrance, who, through God's wisdom, would reveal the meaning. This inability to interpret the message parallels other biblical instances where human wisdom falls short, such as Pharaoh's dreams in Genesis 41, which only Joseph could interpret. Theologically, this points to the necessity of divine intervention and revelation in understanding God's will and purposes.

Then King Belshazzar became even more terrified
King Belshazzar's fear is heightened by the mysterious writing on the wall, which he cannot understand. This reflects the biblical theme of divine messages causing fear in those who are not aligned with God's will. Historically, Belshazzar was the co-regent of Babylon, ruling alongside his father Nabonidus. His fear contrasts with the confidence he displayed earlier in the chapter during the feast, highlighting the sudden shift from arrogance to dread when confronted with divine intervention.

his face grew even more pale
The physical reaction of Belshazzar underscores the intensity of his fear. In ancient Near Eastern culture, a pale face was often associated with fear or illness, indicating a loss of composure and control. This imagery is used elsewhere in scripture to depict fear, such as in Isaiah 29:22, where Jacob's face will no longer grow pale when he sees God's salvation. The king's pallor symbolizes the impending judgment and the realization of his vulnerability before God.

and his nobles were bewildered
The nobles, who were part of the royal court and likely shared in Belshazzar's earlier revelry, are now confused and unable to provide answers. This bewilderment highlights the limitations of human wisdom and power when faced with divine mysteries. The nobles' inability to interpret the writing contrasts with Daniel's later interpretation, emphasizing the theme of God's wisdom surpassing human understanding. This moment foreshadows the fall of Babylon, as prophesied in Isaiah 47 and Jeremiah 51, where the pride of Babylon is brought low.

Hearing the outcry of the king and his nobles
This phrase indicates a moment of crisis and panic within the royal court. The king, Belshazzar, and his nobles are in a state of alarm due to the mysterious writing on the wall. This reflects the instability and fear that can accompany divine intervention. Historically, this event occurs during the fall of Babylon, a time of great political upheaval. The outcry signifies the desperation and helplessness of human power when confronted with the divine.

the queen entered the banquet hall
The queen here is likely the queen mother, possibly Nitocris, the wife of Nabonidus and mother of Belshazzar. Her entrance signifies wisdom and authority, as she is not part of the initial revelry but comes in response to the crisis. In ancient Near Eastern culture, the queen mother often held significant influence and respect. Her presence suggests a stabilizing force amid chaos, reminiscent of other wise women in Scripture, such as Deborah or Esther.

“O king, may you live forever!” she said.
This traditional greeting reflects the customary way of addressing a monarch, expressing loyalty and respect. It is a formal salutation that acknowledges the king's authority, even in a moment of distress. This phrase is common in ancient royal courts, as seen in other biblical passages like Daniel 2:4 and Nehemiah 2:3, emphasizing the continuity of royal protocol.

“Do not let your thoughts terrify you, or your face grow pale.”
The queen offers reassurance and counsel, urging the king not to succumb to fear. This reflects a biblical theme where God's messengers often begin with words of comfort, such as "Do not be afraid" (e.g., Luke 1:30, Matthew 28:5). Her advice suggests a call to faith and calmness in the face of divine mystery. The pale face symbolizes fear and anxiety, common human reactions to the unknown, which are addressed throughout Scripture with calls to trust in God's sovereignty.

There is a man in your kingdom who has the spirit of the holy gods in him.
This phrase refers to Daniel, a Jewish exile in Babylon, who was recognized for his exceptional abilities. The "spirit of the holy gods" suggests a divine or supernatural wisdom, which the Babylonians attributed to their pantheon of gods. This reflects the polytheistic beliefs of the Babylonian culture, which often interpreted extraordinary human abilities as divine endowments. Daniel's reputation for having such a spirit indicates his recognized role as a conduit of divine wisdom, aligning with the biblical theme of God empowering His servants.

In the days of your father he was found to have insight, intelligence, and wisdom like that of the gods.
The reference to "your father" is to King Nebuchadnezzar, though Belshazzar was actually the son of Nabonidus. In ancient Near Eastern texts, "father" can mean predecessor or ancestor. Daniel's abilities were acknowledged during Nebuchadnezzar's reign, as seen in earlier chapters where Daniel interprets dreams and provides counsel. The comparison to the wisdom of the gods underscores the extraordinary nature of Daniel's gifts, which were seen as surpassing human capability, pointing to divine inspiration.

Your father, King Nebuchadnezzar, appointed him chief of the magicians, enchanters, astrologers, and diviners.
Daniel's appointment as chief over these groups highlights his prominence in the Babylonian court. These roles were significant in Babylonian society, as they were believed to interpret the will of the gods. Daniel's leadership over them indicates his superior wisdom and the trust placed in him by Nebuchadnezzar. This also reflects the biblical theme of God elevating His faithful servants to positions of influence, as seen with Joseph in Egypt.

Your own father, the king,
The repetition of "your father" emphasizes the continuity of Daniel's reputation and the respect he commanded across different reigns. It also serves as a reminder to Belshazzar of the legacy and decisions of his predecessor, Nebuchadnezzar, who recognized and valued Daniel's God-given abilities. This sets the stage for the unfolding events in the chapter, where Daniel's wisdom is once again called upon to interpret the writing on the wall.

did this because Daniel, the one he named Belteshazzar
Daniel was given the Babylonian name Belteshazzar by King Nebuchadnezzar, reflecting the practice of renaming captives to assimilate them into Babylonian culture. This name is derived from the Babylonian god Bel, indicating the attempt to integrate Daniel into the pagan society. Despite this, Daniel maintained his Hebrew identity and faith, serving as a testament to his steadfastness and God's sovereignty over all nations.

was found to have an extraordinary spirit
Daniel's "extraordinary spirit" refers to his exceptional character and divine wisdom. This phrase highlights the presence of the Holy Spirit in Daniel's life, enabling him to stand out among his peers. His spirit is a type of Christ, who also possessed a spirit of wisdom and understanding, as prophesied in Isaiah 11:2.

as well as knowledge, understanding
Daniel's knowledge and understanding were gifts from God, allowing him to comprehend complex matters. This mirrors the wisdom given to Solomon (1 Kings 4:29-34) and foreshadows the wisdom of Christ, who is described as the embodiment of divine wisdom (Colossians 2:3).

and the ability to interpret dreams
Daniel's ability to interpret dreams was a significant aspect of his ministry, as seen in his interpretations for Nebuchadnezzar (Daniel 2, 4). This gift parallels Joseph's ability to interpret dreams in Genesis 40-41, demonstrating God's control over future events and His communication through chosen servants.

explain riddles
The ability to explain riddles indicates Daniel's skill in solving complex and enigmatic problems. This skill is reminiscent of Solomon's wisdom in answering difficult questions posed by the Queen of Sheba (1 Kings 10:1-3). It underscores the theme of divine wisdom surpassing human understanding.

and solve difficult problems
Daniel's capacity to solve difficult problems reflects his role as a wise counselor in the Babylonian court. This ability is a testament to God's empowerment, similar to how God equipped Moses with wisdom to lead Israel (Exodus 18:13-26). It also points to Christ, who provides solutions to the deepest human dilemmas through His teachings and sacrifice.

Summon Daniel, therefore, and he will give you the interpretation.”
The call to summon Daniel underscores his reputation and reliability as a servant of God. This reflects the biblical principle that those who are faithful in small things will be entrusted with greater responsibilities (Luke 16:10). Daniel's role as an interpreter of divine messages prefigures Christ, who reveals the mysteries of God's kingdom to humanity (Matthew 13:11).

So Daniel was brought before the king
Daniel, a Jewish exile, is summoned to appear before King Belshazzar during a time of crisis. This event occurs in the Babylonian Empire, which had conquered Judah and taken many of its people captive. Daniel's reputation as a wise man and interpreter of dreams precedes him, as he had previously served under King Nebuchadnezzar. The summoning of Daniel highlights the desperation of the king, who seeks understanding of the mysterious writing on the wall. This moment underscores the theme of God's sovereignty and the elevation of His faithful servants in foreign lands.

who asked him,
The king's inquiry indicates a recognition of Daniel's unique abilities. In the ancient Near Eastern context, kings often relied on wise men and magicians for counsel, especially in matters of divine or supernatural significance. The king's direct questioning of Daniel shows a level of respect and urgency, as he seeks answers that his own advisors could not provide.

“Are you Daniel,
The king's question acknowledges Daniel's identity and past service. Daniel's name, meaning "God is my judge," is significant in the narrative, as it reflects his role as a conduit of divine judgment and revelation. This moment also serves to remind the reader of Daniel's consistent faithfulness to God despite his circumstances.

one of the exiles my father the king brought from Judah?
This phrase situates Daniel within the historical context of the Babylonian exile, a pivotal event in Jewish history. The reference to "my father the king" likely refers to Nebuchadnezzar, although Belshazzar was actually the son of Nabonidus. This reflects the common ancient practice of referring to predecessors as "fathers" in a dynastic sense. The mention of Judah emphasizes the fulfillment of prophetic warnings given by prophets like Jeremiah about the consequences of Israel's disobedience. Daniel's status as an exile also prefigures the ultimate redemption and restoration of God's people, a theme that resonates throughout the biblical narrative.

I have heard that the spirit of the gods is in you
This phrase reflects the pagan perspective of King Belshazzar, who attributes Daniel's abilities to the "spirit of the gods." In the Babylonian context, multiple deities were worshiped, and divine attributes were often ascribed to individuals with exceptional abilities. However, from a biblical standpoint, Daniel's wisdom and insight are attributed to the Spirit of the one true God (Daniel 4:8-9). This misunderstanding by Belshazzar highlights the cultural and religious differences between the Babylonians and the Israelites. The phrase also echoes earlier acknowledgments of Daniel's abilities by Nebuchadnezzar (Daniel 4:18), showing a consistent recognition of Daniel's divine gifting throughout his time in Babylon.

and that you have insight
Insight here refers to Daniel's ability to understand and interpret dreams and visions, a gift from God (Daniel 1:17). This ability sets Daniel apart in the Babylonian court, where such skills were highly valued. Insight is a recurring theme in the book of Daniel, as it is essential for interpreting the dreams and visions that reveal God's plans for the future. This gift of insight can be seen as a type of Christ, who possesses perfect understanding and wisdom (Colossians 2:3).

intelligence
Intelligence in this context refers to Daniel's exceptional mental acuity and understanding. This is not merely human intelligence but is enhanced by divine revelation. Daniel's intelligence is demonstrated in his ability to navigate the complex political and cultural environment of the Babylonian and Persian empires. His intelligence is also evident in his ability to interpret the writing on the wall in this chapter, which none of the king's wise men could do (Daniel 5:8). This intelligence is a reflection of the wisdom that comes from God, as seen in Proverbs 2:6.

and extraordinary wisdom
Extraordinary wisdom is a hallmark of Daniel's character and is repeatedly emphasized throughout the book. This wisdom is not only practical but also spiritual, allowing Daniel to discern God's will and communicate it effectively to others. The wisdom given to Daniel is reminiscent of the wisdom given to Solomon (1 Kings 3:12), and it foreshadows the perfect wisdom of Christ (1 Corinthians 1:24). Daniel's wisdom is a testament to the power of God working through His faithful servants, and it serves as an example for believers to seek divine wisdom in their own lives (James 1:5).

Now the wise men and enchanters were brought before me
In the Babylonian empire, wise men and enchanters were often consulted for their supposed ability to interpret dreams, signs, and omens. These individuals were part of a class of magicians, astrologers, and diviners who held significant influence in the royal court. The reliance on such figures reflects the pagan practices of the time, where supernatural insight was sought from sources other than the God of Israel. This practice contrasts with the biblical teaching that true wisdom and understanding come from God alone (Proverbs 2:6).

to read this inscription and interpret it for me
The inscription referred to here is the mysterious writing on the wall, which appeared during King Belshazzar's feast. This event is a pivotal moment in the narrative, highlighting the limitations of human wisdom and the sovereignty of God. The inability of the wise men to interpret the writing underscores the theme that divine revelation cannot be understood through human means alone. This mirrors other biblical instances where God reveals mysteries that only His chosen servants can interpret, such as Joseph interpreting Pharaoh's dreams (Genesis 41).

but they could not give its interpretation
The failure of the wise men to interpret the writing serves as a critique of the Babylonian reliance on human wisdom and occult practices. It emphasizes the futility of seeking understanding apart from God. This moment foreshadows the introduction of Daniel, a man of God who possesses the divine insight necessary to interpret the message. It also parallels the New Testament teaching that spiritual truths are discerned through the Spirit of God (1 Corinthians 2:14). The inability of the wise men highlights the distinction between the wisdom of the world and the wisdom that comes from God, a recurring theme throughout Scripture.

But I have heard about you
This phrase indicates that Daniel's reputation had spread throughout the kingdom. Despite being in exile, Daniel's wisdom and ability to interpret dreams and visions were well-known. This reflects the biblical principle that a person's gifts can make room for them and bring them before great men (Proverbs 18:16).

that you are able to give interpretations
Daniel's ability to interpret dreams and visions is a recurring theme in the Book of Daniel. This gift is attributed to divine wisdom rather than human skill, emphasizing the sovereignty of God in revealing mysteries (Daniel 2:28). Daniel's role as an interpreter parallels Joseph's in Genesis, where God also provided interpretations through His servant.

and solve difficult problems
The phrase highlights Daniel's exceptional wisdom and understanding, which were recognized even by pagan rulers. This ability to solve enigmas and riddles is reminiscent of Solomon's wisdom (1 Kings 4:29-34). It underscores the biblical theme that true wisdom comes from God (James 1:5).

Therefore, if you can read this inscription
The inscription refers to the mysterious writing on the wall, which none of the king's wise men could interpret. This sets the stage for Daniel's divine insight, contrasting human inability with God's omniscience. The event foreshadows the ultimate revelation of God's will through Christ, who is the Word made flesh (John 1:14).

and give me its interpretation
The king's request for interpretation signifies the desperation and urgency of the situation. It also reflects the biblical motif of seeking divine guidance in times of crisis. This mirrors the New Testament call to seek wisdom from God in faith (James 1:5-6).

you will be clothed in purple
Purple clothing was a symbol of royalty and high status in ancient cultures, including Babylon. This reward signifies honor and recognition, similar to how believers are promised robes of righteousness through Christ (Isaiah 61:10).

and have a gold chain placed around your neck
The gold chain represents wealth and authority. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, such adornments were given to those who held significant positions of power. This reward parallels the honor given to Joseph in Egypt (Genesis 41:42).

and you will be made the third highest ruler in the kingdom
This offer reflects the political structure of Babylon at the time, where Belshazzar was co-regent with his father, Nabonidus. Daniel's potential promotion to third in command highlights God's ability to elevate His servants to positions of influence, as seen throughout Scripture (e.g., Joseph, Esther). It also foreshadows the ultimate reign of Christ, who will rule over all nations (Revelation 11:15).

In response, Daniel said to the king,
Daniel's response to King Belshazzar is significant in the context of the Babylonian court. Daniel, a Jewish exile, stands before the king with confidence, reflecting his faith and the wisdom given by God. This moment echoes earlier instances where Daniel interpreted dreams for Nebuchadnezzar, showcasing his consistent role as God's messenger.

“You may keep your gifts for yourself
Daniel's refusal of the king's gifts highlights his integrity and detachment from worldly wealth. This mirrors the biblical principle of serving God rather than seeking material gain, as seen in Matthew 6:24. Daniel's focus is on delivering God's message, not on personal enrichment.

and give your rewards to someone else.
By suggesting the rewards be given to others, Daniel emphasizes that his service is not for personal benefit. This attitude is reminiscent of the prophets who spoke God's truth without seeking personal advantage, aligning with the humility and selflessness seen in Jesus Christ.

Nevertheless, I will read the inscription for the king
Daniel's willingness to read the inscription demonstrates his obedience to God's calling, regardless of personal gain. This act of service is a testament to his faithfulness and parallels the role of prophets who delivered God's messages despite potential risks.

and interpret it for him.
The ability to interpret the inscription is a gift from God, underscoring Daniel's role as a divinely appointed interpreter of mysteries. This mirrors Joseph's interpretation of dreams in Genesis, where God provides insight to His chosen servants. Daniel's interpretation foreshadows the ultimate revelation of God's will through Christ, who fully reveals God's plan of salvation.

As for you, O king
This phrase addresses Belshazzar, the king of Babylon at the time. It sets the stage for a direct and personal message. The use of "O king" is a formal address, showing respect for his position despite the impending judgment. This reflects the biblical principle of respecting authority, as seen in Romans 13:1-7.

the Most High God
This title emphasizes God's supreme authority over all earthly rulers. It is a recurring theme in the Book of Daniel, highlighting God's sovereignty over human kingdoms. The term "Most High" is used throughout the Old Testament to denote God's ultimate power and authority, as seen in Genesis 14:18-20 and Psalm 47:2.

gave your father Nebuchadnezzar
The reference to Nebuchadnezzar as Belshazzar's "father" is a common ancient Near Eastern practice of referring to predecessors or ancestors, not necessarily a direct paternal relationship. Historically, Nebuchadnezzar was a powerful Babylonian king known for his conquests and the construction of the Hanging Gardens. This phrase underscores the divine origin of Nebuchadnezzar's authority, aligning with Daniel 2:21, which states that God sets up and deposes kings.

sovereignty and greatness
These terms describe the extent of Nebuchadnezzar's rule and influence. Sovereignty indicates his absolute power over the Babylonian Empire, while greatness refers to his widespread fame and accomplishments. This echoes the biblical theme that all authority is granted by God, as seen in John 19:11, where Jesus tells Pilate that his power is given from above.

glory and honor
These attributes highlight the respect and admiration Nebuchadnezzar commanded. In biblical terms, glory often refers to the visible manifestation of God's presence, while honor denotes the esteem given by others. The glory and honor given to Nebuchadnezzar serve as a reminder of the temporary nature of human accolades compared to God's eternal glory, as reflected in 1 Peter 1:24-25.

Because of the greatness that He bestowed on him
This phrase highlights the divine sovereignty in bestowing power and authority. The "He" refers to God, who granted Nebuchadnezzar his greatness. This reflects the biblical theme that all authority is ultimately given by God (Romans 13:1). Nebuchadnezzar's greatness was not due to his own merit but was a part of God's plan, as seen in Daniel 2:37-38, where Daniel interprets Nebuchadnezzar's dream and acknowledges that God has given him dominion.

the people of every nation and language trembled in fear before him
This phrase underscores the vastness of Nebuchadnezzar's empire, which included diverse nations and languages. The Babylonian Empire was known for its extensive reach, encompassing much of the known world at the time. The fear and trembling indicate the absolute power and control he wielded, reminiscent of the fear of God described in other scriptures (e.g., Psalm 2:11). This also foreshadows the universal reign of Christ, where every knee will bow (Philippians 2:10).

He killed whom he wished and kept alive whom he wished
This phrase illustrates the absolute authority Nebuchadnezzar had over life and death, a power that was often abused by ancient monarchs. This mirrors the authority of God, who alone has the ultimate power over life and death (Deuteronomy 32:39). The king's power is a stark contrast to the righteous judgment of God, who is just and merciful.

he exalted whom he wished and humbled whom he wished
This phrase reflects the king's control over the social and political status of individuals within his realm. It parallels the biblical principle that God exalts the humble and humbles the proud (James 4:10, 1 Peter 5:6). Nebuchadnezzar's actions serve as a reminder of the temporary nature of human power and the ultimate authority of God, who alone determines the rise and fall of leaders (Daniel 2:21). This also prefigures the work of Christ, who humbles Himself to exalt humanity (Philippians 2:5-9).

But when his heart became arrogant
This phrase refers to King Nebuchadnezzar, whose story is recounted in the Book of Daniel. Arrogance in the biblical context often signifies a turning away from God, as pride leads individuals to rely on their own strength rather than acknowledging God's sovereignty. Proverbs 16:18 warns, "Pride goes before destruction, a haughty spirit before a fall," which is exemplified in Nebuchadnezzar's life. His arrogance is a cautionary tale about the dangers of self-exaltation.

and his spirit was hardened with pride
A hardened spirit indicates a resistance to divine influence and correction. In the biblical narrative, a hardened heart often leads to judgment, as seen with Pharaoh in Exodus. Nebuchadnezzar's prideful spirit prevented him from recognizing God's authority, leading to his downfall. This hardening is a spiritual condition that blinds individuals to truth and righteousness, emphasizing the need for humility before God.

he was deposed from his royal throne
The deposition of Nebuchadnezzar from his throne is a direct consequence of his pride and serves as a fulfillment of divine prophecy. Daniel 4:31-32 records God's warning to Nebuchadnezzar that his kingdom would be taken from him until he acknowledged God's sovereignty. This event underscores the biblical principle that God is the ultimate authority over earthly rulers, as seen in Romans 13:1, which states that all authority is established by God.

and his glory was taken from him
The removal of Nebuchadnezzar's glory signifies the loss of his power, honor, and majesty. In biblical terms, glory often represents the visible manifestation of God's presence and favor. When Nebuchadnezzar's glory was taken, it symbolized God's judgment and the stripping away of what was not rightfully his. This serves as a reminder that human glory is temporary and ultimately subject to God's will, as echoed in Isaiah 42:8, where God declares He will not share His glory with another.

He was driven away from mankind
This phrase refers to King Nebuchadnezzar's punishment for his pride and arrogance, as described in Daniel 4. God humbled him by removing him from his royal position and isolating him from human society. This act of divine judgment serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty over earthly rulers. The historical context shows that Babylonian kings were seen as semi-divine figures, making Nebuchadnezzar's fall even more significant.

and his mind was like that of a beast
Nebuchadnezzar's mental state was altered to resemble that of an animal, symbolizing the loss of human reason and dignity. This transformation highlights the biblical theme that pride leads to downfall and madness. Theologically, it underscores the idea that human wisdom is nothing compared to divine wisdom, as seen in 1 Corinthians 1:25.

He lived with the wild donkeys
Living with wild donkeys emphasizes Nebuchadnezzar's complete separation from human civilization and his descent into a state of nature. Wild donkeys, known for their untamed nature, symbolize the king's loss of control and status. This imagery is consistent with the biblical portrayal of wilderness as a place of testing and transformation.

and ate grass like an ox
Eating grass like an ox illustrates Nebuchadnezzar's humiliation and reduction to a beastly existence. This act signifies the stripping away of royal luxury and human pride. It also serves as a metaphor for spiritual nourishment, contrasting earthly indulgence with the sustenance provided by God, as seen in Matthew 4:4.

and his body was drenched with the dew of heaven
The phrase indicates Nebuchadnezzar's exposure to the elements, further emphasizing his vulnerability and loss of royal protection. Dew is often used in the Bible as a symbol of divine blessing and renewal (Hosea 14:5), suggesting that even in judgment, God's grace is present.

until he acknowledged that the Most High God rules over the kingdom of mankind
This acknowledgment marks the turning point in Nebuchadnezzar's story, where he recognizes God's ultimate authority. It reflects the biblical principle that true wisdom begins with the fear of the Lord (Proverbs 9:10). This confession is a key theme in Daniel, illustrating God's power over earthly kingdoms.

setting over it whom He wishes
This phrase underscores the doctrine of divine sovereignty, where God appoints rulers according to His will. It echoes the biblical narrative that God raises and deposes kings (1 Samuel 2:7-8). This concept is a reminder of God's control over history and His ability to use even pagan rulers to fulfill His purposes, as seen in the stories of Cyrus and Pharaoh.

But you his son, O Belshazzar
Belshazzar is identified as the son of Nebuchadnezzar, though historically he was the son of Nabonidus. In ancient Near Eastern texts, "son" can also mean "successor" or "descendant." This reflects the biblical practice of using familial terms to denote lineage or succession. Belshazzar was a co-regent with his father Nabonidus, ruling Babylon during his father's absence. This context is crucial for understanding the political and familial dynamics at play.

have not humbled your heart
The concept of humility is central to the biblical narrative, especially in relation to God’s sovereignty. Belshazzar's failure to humble himself is contrasted with Nebuchadnezzar's eventual humility after his period of madness (Daniel 4). Humility before God is a recurring theme in Scripture, seen in figures like Moses (Numbers 12:3) and Jesus (Philippians 2:8). Belshazzar's pride is a direct affront to God, echoing the pride of other biblical figures who faced divine judgment.

even though you knew all this
Belshazzar was aware of the events that transpired with Nebuchadnezzar, including his humbling experience and acknowledgment of God's sovereignty. This phrase underscores the theme of accountability and the importance of learning from the past. The biblical narrative often emphasizes the responsibility of leaders to heed divine warnings, as seen in the stories of Pharaoh (Exodus 7-11) and the kings of Israel and Judah. Belshazzar's knowledge of these events makes his actions more culpable, highlighting the biblical principle that greater knowledge brings greater responsibility (Luke 12:48).

Instead, you have exalted yourself against the Lord of heaven.
This phrase highlights the pride and arrogance of Belshazzar, the Babylonian king. In biblical context, pride is often condemned as it leads individuals to challenge God's authority. The "Lord of heaven" emphasizes God's sovereignty over all creation, contrasting with the earthly power of Babylon. This act of self-exaltation is reminiscent of Lucifer's fall (Isaiah 14:12-15) and the Tower of Babel (Genesis 11:1-9), where human pride led to divine judgment.

The vessels from His house were brought to you,
The vessels refer to the sacred items taken from the temple in Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar (Daniel 1:2). Their use in a pagan feast symbolizes the desecration of what is holy. This act of sacrilege is a direct affront to God, showing a lack of reverence for the sacred. Historically, the Babylonian conquest of Jerusalem and the looting of the temple were significant events, marking the beginning of the Jewish exile.

and as you drank wine from them with your nobles, wives, and concubines,
The inclusion of nobles, wives, and concubines in this scene underscores the communal nature of the blasphemy. It reflects the opulence and moral decay of the Babylonian court. In ancient Near Eastern culture, such feasts were common, but using sacred vessels for a pagan celebration was a grave offense. This mirrors the moral decline seen in other biblical narratives, such as Sodom and Gomorrah (Genesis 19).

you praised your gods of silver and gold, bronze and iron, wood and stone,
This phrase lists the materials of the idols worshiped by the Babylonians, highlighting their man-made nature. The futility of idol worship is a recurring theme in scripture (Isaiah 44:9-20). These materials, though valuable, are lifeless and powerless compared to the living God. The contrast between the true God and idols is stark, as seen in Elijah's challenge to the prophets of Baal (1 Kings 18:20-40).

which cannot see or hear or understand.
This critique of idols emphasizes their impotence and inability to interact with the world. Unlike the living God, who is omniscient and omnipotent, idols are depicted as deaf, blind, and senseless. This echoes Psalm 115:4-8, which mocks the inability of idols to act or save. The biblical narrative consistently portrays God as actively involved in human affairs, unlike the inert idols.

But you have failed to glorify the God who holds in His hand your very breath and all your ways.
This statement underscores God's sovereignty and the dependence of all life on Him. The imagery of God holding one's breath signifies His control over life and death, reminiscent of Genesis 2:7, where God breathes life into Adam. The failure to glorify God is a central sin, as humanity's purpose is to honor and reflect God's glory (Isaiah 43:7). This phrase serves as a reminder of the ultimate accountability to God, who governs all aspects of existence.

Therefore He sent the hand
This phrase indicates divine intervention. The "He" refers to God, who is actively involved in the events of human history. The sending of the hand is a supernatural act, demonstrating God's power and authority over earthly kingdoms. This event occurs during the reign of Belshazzar, the last king of Babylon, highlighting the theme of God's sovereignty over nations. The hand is a visible manifestation of God's judgment, similar to other instances in Scripture where God uses physical signs to communicate His will, such as the burning bush in Exodus 3 or the pillar of cloud and fire in Exodus 13.

that wrote the inscription
The inscription is a message from God, written on the wall of the royal palace during Belshazzar's feast. This act of writing is significant, as it conveys a divine message that is both immediate and authoritative. The writing on the wall is a well-known idiom today, symbolizing an ominous warning or inevitable fate. In the biblical context, it serves as a direct communication from God, bypassing human intermediaries. The content of the inscription, revealed later in the chapter, is a prophecy of judgment against Babylon, foretelling its imminent fall to the Medes and Persians. This event fulfills earlier prophecies, such as those found in Isaiah 13 and Jeremiah 51, which predicted Babylon's downfall. The use of writing as a medium underscores the permanence and unchangeability of God's decrees, similar to the written law given to Moses on Mount Sinai.

Now this is the inscription that was written:
This phrase introduces the mysterious writing on the wall during King Belshazzar's feast. The context is a royal banquet in Babylon, where sacred vessels from the Jerusalem temple were profaned. This event occurs during the reign of Belshazzar, the last king of Babylon, highlighting the impending fall of the Babylonian Empire. The writing is a divine message, emphasizing God's sovereignty and judgment.

MENE, MENE:
The repetition of "MENE" underscores the certainty and urgency of the message. "MENE" means "numbered," indicating that God has numbered the days of Belshazzar's kingdom and brought it to an end. This reflects the biblical theme of divine judgment and the transient nature of earthly kingdoms. The repetition also serves as a literary device to emphasize the finality of God's decree.

TEKEL:
"TEKEL" means "weighed." This signifies that Belshazzar has been weighed on God's scales and found wanting. It echoes the biblical principle that God examines the hearts and actions of individuals and nations. The imagery of weighing suggests a moral and spiritual evaluation, aligning with other scriptures that speak of God's righteous judgment.

PARSIN:
"PARSIN" is the plural form of "PERES," meaning "divided." It indicates that the kingdom will be divided and given to the Medes and Persians. This prophecy is fulfilled when Babylon falls to the Medo-Persian Empire. The division of the kingdom symbolizes the end of Babylon's dominance and the rise of a new power, illustrating the shifting dynamics of world empires under God's control. The term also plays on the word "Persians," hinting at the conquerors' identity.

And this is the interpretation of the message:
This phrase introduces the divine revelation given to Daniel to interpret the mysterious writing on the wall. It highlights Daniel's role as a prophet and interpreter of God's messages, a role seen throughout the book of Daniel. This moment underscores the theme of divine sovereignty and the ability of God to reveal hidden truths, as seen in other instances such as Joseph interpreting dreams in Genesis 41.

MENE
The term "MENE" is an Aramaic word meaning "numbered." It signifies God's precise control over time and events. The repetition of the word in the original text emphasizes the certainty and finality of God's judgment. This concept of divine numbering is echoed in Psalm 90:12, where believers are encouraged to "number our days" to gain wisdom.

means that God has numbered the days of your reign
This phrase indicates that God has set a limit to the reign of Belshazzar, the Babylonian king. It reflects the biblical theme that earthly kingdoms are temporary and subject to God's ultimate authority. Historically, this aligns with the fall of Babylon to the Medes and Persians, as prophesied in Isaiah 13 and Jeremiah 51. The idea that God numbers the days of rulers is also seen in Job 14:5, where it is stated that God determines the length of a person's life.

and brought it to an end.
The conclusion of this message is the impending end of Belshazzar's reign, which is fulfilled that very night (Daniel 5:30). This serves as a warning of the consequences of pride and idolatry, themes prevalent in the book of Daniel. The fall of Babylon is a type of the ultimate fall of all earthly powers before the kingdom of God, as depicted in Revelation 18. This phrase also points to the eschatological hope of God's eternal kingdom, which will replace all human kingdoms, as prophesied in Daniel 2:44.

TEKEL
This term is part of the mysterious writing on the wall during Belshazzar's feast. It is an Aramaic word meaning "weighed." In the context of ancient Near Eastern cultures, weights and measures were crucial for trade and justice, symbolizing fairness and integrity. The use of "TEKEL" signifies divine judgment, as God is portrayed as the ultimate judge who weighs the actions and hearts of individuals and nations.

means that you have been weighed
The imagery of weighing suggests a divine assessment of Belshazzar's reign. In biblical terms, God often evaluates the moral and spiritual weight of individuals and nations. This concept is echoed in Proverbs 16:2, where it states that the Lord weighs the spirit. The metaphor of scales is used to convey the idea of justice and righteousness, as seen in Job 31:6, where Job desires to be weighed in honest scales.

on the scales
Scales were a common tool in ancient commerce, symbolizing fairness and balance. In a spiritual sense, they represent God's standard of righteousness. The scales imply that there is an objective measure against which Belshazzar's actions are judged. This reflects the biblical principle that God is just and His judgments are true, as seen in Psalm 62:9, where people are weighed on a balance and found to be lighter than a breath.

and found deficient.
The verdict of being "deficient" indicates that Belshazzar has failed to meet God's standards. This deficiency is not merely in terms of political or military prowess but in moral and spiritual terms. The concept of being found wanting is a warning that echoes throughout scripture, such as in Romans 3:23, which states that all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God. This phrase underscores the theme of divine retribution and the need for repentance, pointing to the ultimate fulfillment of justice through Jesus Christ, who provides the means to be justified before God.

PERES
The term "PERES" is a form of the word "Parsin," which is part of the mysterious writing on the wall interpreted by Daniel. It is a play on words, as "Peres" sounds like the Aramaic word for "divided" and also resembles the name of the Persians. This dual meaning underscores the divine judgment and the impending division of the Babylonian Empire. The use of wordplay is common in biblical texts to convey deeper meanings and divine messages.

means that your kingdom has been divided
This phrase signifies the end of the Babylonian Empire's dominance. Historically, the Babylonian Empire was a powerful entity, but its fall was prophesied in earlier scriptures, such as Isaiah 13 and Jeremiah 51. The division of the kingdom is a fulfillment of these prophecies, demonstrating the sovereignty of God over nations. The division also reflects the internal corruption and moral decay within Babylon, as seen in the narrative of Belshazzar's feast.

and given over to the Medes and Persians.
The Medes and Persians, led by Cyrus the Great, were the rising powers destined to conquer Babylon. This transfer of power was not only a historical event but also a fulfillment of prophecy, as seen in Isaiah 45:1, where Cyrus is mentioned by name as God's chosen instrument. The Medo-Persian Empire would later play a significant role in the return of the Jewish exiles to Jerusalem, as decreed by Cyrus. This transition of power also prefigures the ultimate sovereignty of Christ, who will establish an eternal kingdom, as prophesied in Daniel 2:44.

Then Belshazzar gave the command
Belshazzar, the co-regent of Babylon, is acting with authority, though his power is limited compared to his father, Nabonidus. This command reflects the urgency and desperation of the moment, as the writing on the wall has just been interpreted by Daniel, foretelling the imminent fall of Babylon.

and they clothed Daniel in purple
Purple was a color associated with royalty and high status in ancient times, due to the expense of the dye. This act signifies Daniel's elevation to a position of honor and authority, despite the impending doom of the Babylonian empire. It also echoes Joseph's rise to power in Egypt (Genesis 41:42).

placed a gold chain around his neck
The gold chain is a symbol of authority and distinction, often given to those who are granted significant power or favor. This parallels the honor given to Joseph by Pharaoh, further highlighting Daniel's role as a wise and divinely favored advisor.

and proclaimed him the third highest ruler in the kingdom
Daniel's position as the third ruler is due to Belshazzar being the second, under his father Nabonidus. This title, though prestigious, is short-lived due to the imminent conquest by the Medes and Persians. The elevation of Daniel here underscores God's sovereignty and the fulfillment of His purposes, as Daniel remains faithful amidst a pagan empire.

That very night
The phrase "that very night" indicates the immediacy and suddenness of the event. This highlights the fulfillment of the prophecy given earlier in the chapter, where Daniel interprets the writing on the wall. The timing underscores the certainty and swiftness of God's judgment. In biblical context, this reflects the theme of divine retribution and the idea that God's decrees are executed without delay when the time is appointed.

Belshazzar
Belshazzar was the co-regent of Babylon, ruling alongside his father Nabonidus. Historically, Belshazzar is known for his impious actions, such as using the sacred vessels from the Jerusalem temple for a feast, which led to the divine judgment. His reign is marked by arrogance and disregard for the God of Israel, contrasting with the humility shown by his predecessor, Nebuchadnezzar, after his own humbling experience. Belshazzar's story serves as a warning against pride and sacrilege.

king of the Chaldeans
The term "Chaldeans" refers to the people of Babylon, a dominant empire known for its wealth, power, and influence in the ancient Near East. The Chaldeans were renowned for their advancements in astronomy, mathematics, and architecture. However, their empire was also characterized by idolatry and opposition to the God of Israel. The fall of their king symbolizes the decline of a once-great empire and serves as a reminder of the transient nature of earthly power.

was slain
The slaying of Belshazzar marks the end of the Neo-Babylonian Empire and the beginning of the Medo-Persian dominance, as prophesied in Daniel 2 with the transition from the head of gold to the chest and arms of silver. This event is historically corroborated by the accounts of the Persian conquest of Babylon under Cyrus the Great. Theologically, Belshazzar's death represents the ultimate consequence of defying God and serves as a type of final judgment, prefiguring the ultimate defeat of all earthly kingdoms opposed to God's rule.

and Darius the Mede
Darius the Mede is a figure mentioned in the Book of Daniel, and his identity has been the subject of much debate. Some scholars suggest he may be a title for Gubaru, a governor under Cyrus the Great, or possibly another name for Cyrus himself. The Medes were an ancient Iranian people who, along with the Persians, formed the Medo-Persian Empire. This transition of power from Babylon to the Medes and Persians fulfills the prophecy in Daniel 2:39, where a kingdom inferior to Babylon would arise.

received the kingdom
The phrase indicates a transfer of power, marking the end of the Babylonian Empire and the beginning of the Medo-Persian rule. This event is historically significant as it represents the fulfillment of God's judgment against Babylon, as prophesied in Isaiah 13 and Jeremiah 51. The fall of Babylon is also a demonstration of God's sovereignty over nations, as He raises and deposes kings according to His will (Daniel 2:21).

at the age of sixty-two
The specific mention of Darius's age underscores the historical nature of the account, providing a detail that situates the narrative in a real-world context. This detail may also highlight the wisdom and experience of Darius as a ruler, suggesting that he was well-prepared to govern the newly acquired kingdom. The age of sixty-two could also symbolize a mature and established leadership, contrasting with the youthful arrogance of Belshazzar, the last king of Babylon.