Jesus also said to His disciples
This phrase indicates that Jesus is addressing His followers, providing them with teachings that are meant to instruct and guide them in their spiritual journey. The context is important as it follows the parable of the lost son, suggesting a continued theme of stewardship and responsibility. Jesus often used parables to convey deeper spiritual truths, and His audience here is primarily those who are committed to learning from Him.

There was a rich man
The mention of a "rich man" sets the stage for a parable that deals with wealth and stewardship. In the cultural context of first-century Judea, wealth was often seen as a sign of God's blessing, but it also came with responsibilities. The rich man in this parable represents those who have been entrusted with resources and must manage them wisely. This character can be seen as a type of God, who entrusts His creation to humanity.

whose manager was accused
The manager, or steward, is a key figure in this parable. In ancient times, a steward was responsible for managing the household or business affairs of their master. The accusation against the manager suggests a breach of trust, which is a serious offense. This reflects the biblical theme of accountability, where individuals are held responsible for their actions, especially in positions of trust.

of wasting his possessions
The charge of wasting possessions highlights the theme of stewardship and the proper use of resources. In biblical terms, wastefulness is often associated with sin and poor judgment. This phrase connects to other scriptures that emphasize the importance of using one's gifts and resources wisely, such as the parable of the talents (Matthew 25:14-30). It also serves as a warning against complacency and negligence in spiritual and material matters.

So he called him in to ask
In this parable, the rich man represents God, and the manager symbolizes those entrusted with responsibilities in God's kingdom. The act of calling in the manager reflects the divine summons for accountability. This mirrors the biblical theme of stewardship, where individuals are called to account for their actions and management of God's resources (Romans 14:12).

‘What is this I hear about you?
This phrase indicates that the rich man has received reports or accusations about the manager's conduct. In biblical times, reputation and word-of-mouth were crucial, as they often determined one's standing in the community. This reflects the omniscience of God, who is aware of all actions and intentions (Hebrews 4:13).

Turn in an account of your management
The demand for an account signifies a time of judgment and evaluation. In the cultural context, stewards were expected to maintain detailed records of their transactions. This parallels the biblical teaching that believers will give an account of their lives and stewardship before God (2 Corinthians 5:10).

for you cannot be manager any longer.
The removal of the manager from his position signifies the consequences of mismanagement and unfaithfulness. This serves as a warning about the seriousness of stewardship and the potential loss of privilege and responsibility due to unfaithfulness. It echoes the biblical principle that those who are unfaithful with little will not be entrusted with more (Luke 16:10-12).

The manager said to himself
This phrase introduces the internal dialogue of the manager, highlighting his self-awareness and introspection. In the cultural context of the time, a manager or steward was responsible for overseeing the affairs of a wealthy landowner. This role required trust and competence. The manager's self-reflection indicates a moment of crisis, prompting him to consider his future actions. This introspection is a common biblical theme, seen in other parables where individuals must confront their circumstances and make decisions, such as the Prodigal Son in Luke 15:17.

‘What shall I do,
The question reflects a moment of desperation and uncertainty. In the biblical narrative, questions often precede significant decisions or divine intervention. This mirrors the human condition of seeking guidance when faced with difficult situations. The manager's question is reminiscent of other biblical figures who faced pivotal moments, such as the rich young ruler in Matthew 19:16, who asked Jesus what he must do to inherit eternal life.

now that my master is taking away my position?
The loss of position signifies a loss of identity and security. In the historical context, a steward's role was crucial for managing estates, and losing this position would mean losing social standing and livelihood. This reflects the broader biblical theme of stewardship and accountability, as seen in the Parable of the Talents (Matthew 25:14-30), where servants are held accountable for their management of the master's resources.

I am too weak to dig
This phrase indicates the manager's physical limitations and unsuitability for manual labor. In the cultural context, digging or manual labor was considered low-status work, often reserved for the poor or enslaved. The manager's acknowledgment of his inability to perform such work highlights his reliance on his current position and the skills associated with it. This can be contrasted with Paul's encouragement in 2 Thessalonians 3:10, where he emphasizes the importance of work and self-sufficiency.

and too ashamed to beg.
Begging was seen as a last resort and carried a social stigma. In the historical and cultural context, begging was associated with shame and loss of dignity. The manager's reluctance to beg underscores his desire to maintain some level of respectability and avoid public humiliation. This reflects the biblical theme of pride and humility, as seen in Proverbs 11:2, which warns that pride leads to disgrace, but humility brings wisdom.

I know what I will do
This phrase reflects a moment of realization and decision-making. In the context of the parable of the shrewd manager, it highlights the manager's cunning and resourcefulness. The manager's self-awareness and quick thinking are emphasized, which can be seen as a call for believers to be wise and discerning in their own lives. This moment of clarity is crucial, as it sets the stage for the actions that follow.

so that after my removal from management
The manager anticipates his dismissal, which reflects the precarious nature of employment and social status in the ancient world. This phrase underscores the theme of accountability and the consequences of mismanagement. It also serves as a reminder of the transient nature of earthly positions and possessions, echoing biblical teachings on stewardship and the importance of being faithful with what one has been given (Luke 16:10-12).

people will welcome me into their homes.
This phrase indicates the manager's plan to secure his future by ensuring he has a place in the community after losing his job. It highlights the cultural importance of hospitality and social networks in the ancient Near East. The manager's strategy involves creating goodwill and securing relationships, which can be seen as a metaphor for the eternal relationships and treasures that believers are encouraged to cultivate (Matthew 6:19-21). This also reflects the broader biblical theme of using worldly resources to invest in eternal outcomes.

And he called in each one of his master’s debtors.
This phrase introduces the actions of the dishonest manager in the parable. The context is a parable told by Jesus, highlighting themes of stewardship and accountability. The manager, facing dismissal, seeks to secure his future by reducing the debts owed to his master. This reflects the cultural practice of debt management in ancient times, where stewards had significant control over financial transactions. The calling in of debtors suggests a formal process, possibly involving written records, which was common in the economic practices of the time.

‘How much do you owe my master?’
The question posed by the manager is direct and reflects the urgency of his situation. In the historical context, debt was a common part of life, often leading to servitude if not managed properly. The manager's inquiry indicates a personal knowledge of each debtor's account, emphasizing his role and responsibility. This question also sets the stage for the manager's subsequent actions, which are aimed at currying favor with the debtors. Theologically, this can be seen as a reflection on the nature of sin and forgiveness, where the "debt" can symbolize sin, and the reduction of debt can symbolize grace.

he asked the first.
The phrase indicates the beginning of a series of interactions, suggesting a methodical approach by the manager. The "first" debtor represents the start of a pattern, highlighting the manager's intent to systematically reduce debts. This action can be seen as a type of Christ's redemptive work, where each individual is approached personally. Theologically, it underscores the importance of individual accountability and the personal nature of salvation. The manager's actions, though self-serving, inadvertently illustrate the concept of mercy and the transformative power of forgiveness.

A hundred measures of olive oil,
In the context of first-century Palestine, olive oil was a valuable commodity, often used for cooking, lighting, and religious rituals. A "measure" here refers to a "bath," which is approximately 8-9 gallons or about 35 liters. Thus, a hundred measures would be a substantial amount, indicating a significant debt. Olive oil production was a key part of the economy in the region, and such a debt suggests a business transaction or a lease agreement involving agricultural produce. This reflects the agrarian society of the time, where landowners and tenants often settled accounts with produce rather than currency.

he answered.
The debtor's response indicates his acknowledgment of the debt. In the parable, this interaction highlights the relationship between the debtor and the manager, who acts on behalf of the master. The debtor's willingness to comply suggests a level of trust or desperation, as the reduction of the debt would be highly beneficial to him. This interaction can be seen as a reflection of the social and economic dynamics of the time, where debt and credit were common aspects of life.

Take your bill,
The "bill" refers to a written record of the debt, which was a common practice in ancient business transactions. Such documents were essential for maintaining accountability and ensuring that agreements were honored. The instruction to "take your bill" implies a personal involvement in the transaction, emphasizing the debtor's responsibility in the process. This phrase underscores the importance of written agreements in maintaining order and trust in economic dealings.

said the manager,
The manager, or steward, is a key figure in the parable, representing someone entrusted with the master's resources. His actions are central to the story, as he seeks to secure his future by reducing the debts of his master's debtors. This reflects the broader biblical theme of stewardship, where individuals are accountable for managing what has been entrusted to them. The manager's role also highlights the tension between self-interest and responsibility, a common theme in Jesus' teachings.

sit down quickly,
The urgency in the manager's instruction suggests a need for swift action, possibly due to the impending loss of his position. This urgency may also reflect the cultural context, where quick resolution of debts could prevent further complications or disputes. The phrase emphasizes the immediacy of the situation and the manager's desire to secure favor with the debtors before his dismissal.

and write fifty.
The reduction of the debt from a hundred measures to fifty is significant, representing a 50% discount. This act of reducing the debt can be seen as an example of shrewdness, as the manager seeks to gain favor with the debtor. In the broader context of the parable, this action raises questions about justice, mercy, and the use of resources. Theologically, it can be seen as a reflection of the grace and forgiveness offered by God, where debts are forgiven and relationships restored. This act also connects to other scriptural themes of mercy and generosity, as seen in passages like Matthew 6:12, where forgiveness of debts is linked to spiritual forgiveness.

Then he asked another,
This phrase continues the parable of the dishonest manager, where the manager is addressing another debtor. The context is a series of interactions where the manager is attempting to secure his future by reducing the debts owed to his master. This reflects the cultural practice of debt negotiation in ancient times, where a steward had the authority to manage and adjust accounts.

‘And how much do you owe?’
The question highlights the manager's role in assessing and managing debts. In the historical context, debt was a common part of economic life, and large landowners often had many debtors. This question also emphasizes the personal responsibility of the debtor to acknowledge their debt, a theme that resonates with spiritual accountability.

‘A hundred measures of wheat,’ he replied.
A hundred measures of wheat is a significant amount, indicating a large debt. In ancient Palestine, wheat was a staple crop, and such a quantity would represent a substantial economic value. This reflects the agrarian society of the time and the importance of agricultural produce in the economy. The measure used here, likely a "kor," would be equivalent to about ten to twelve bushels, underscoring the magnitude of the debt.

‘Take your bill and write eighty,’ he told him.
The reduction of the debt from a hundred to eighty measures of wheat demonstrates the manager's shrewdness in securing favor with the debtor. This act of reducing the debt can be seen as a form of grace, mirroring the forgiveness of sins. Theologically, it can be connected to the concept of mercy and the reduction of spiritual debt through Christ's atonement. The manager's actions, while dishonest, are used by Jesus to illustrate the importance of using worldly resources wisely to secure eternal relationships.

The master commended the dishonest manager
In this parable, the master represents a figure of authority, possibly symbolizing God or a worldly authority figure. The commendation of the dishonest manager is unexpected, as it highlights the manager's shrewdness rather than his dishonesty. This reflects a cultural understanding of shrewdness as a valuable trait in ancient Near Eastern societies, where resourcefulness and cleverness were often necessary for survival. The parable challenges the listener to consider the importance of wisdom and prudence in managing resources, even when the methods are not entirely ethical.

because he had acted shrewdly.
The term "shrewdly" here implies a level of wisdom and foresight. In biblical context, shrewdness is often associated with practical wisdom, as seen in Proverbs 1:4, which speaks of giving prudence to the simple. The manager's actions, though dishonest, demonstrate an ability to navigate difficult situations effectively. This phrase encourages believers to be wise and discerning in their dealings, using their resources to secure a future, much like the manager secured his. It also serves as a reminder of the need for spiritual discernment, as seen in Matthew 10:16, where Jesus advises His disciples to be "shrewd as serpents and innocent as doves."

For the sons of this age are more shrewd
"Sons of this age" refers to those who belong to the present world system, often characterized by a focus on material wealth and temporal concerns. This phrase contrasts with the "sons of light," who are associated with spiritual insight and eternal values. The observation that the sons of this age are more shrewd suggests that worldly people often exhibit greater practical wisdom in their affairs than believers do in spiritual matters. This serves as a call for Christians to be equally diligent and wise in their spiritual pursuits.

in dealing with their own kind
This phrase highlights the idea that people of the world are adept at navigating their own systems and relationships to achieve their goals. It underscores the importance of understanding and engaging effectively with the world while maintaining one's spiritual integrity. The cultural context of the time valued community and relationships, and this insight into human behavior remains relevant for believers today, urging them to be wise in their interactions with both believers and non-believers.

than are the sons of light.
"Sons of light" is a term used to describe those who follow Christ and live according to His teachings, as seen in Ephesians 5:8, which calls believers to "walk as children of light." This phrase serves as a critique of believers who may lack the same level of shrewdness in spiritual matters as worldly people do in secular affairs. It challenges Christians to be proactive and wise in their spiritual lives, using their resources and opportunities to further God's kingdom. The contrast between the two groups emphasizes the need for believers to be as committed and strategic in their spiritual endeavors as the world is in its pursuits.

I tell you
This phrase indicates a direct and authoritative statement from Jesus, emphasizing the importance of the teaching that follows. In the Gospels, Jesus often uses this phrase to introduce significant spiritual truths or principles. It underscores His role as a teacher and prophet, conveying divine wisdom.

use worldly wealth
Worldly wealth refers to material possessions and financial resources. In the context of first-century Judea, wealth was often seen as a sign of God's blessing, yet Jesus frequently taught about the dangers of relying on riches (Matthew 6:19-21). The term "worldly" suggests a temporary and earthly nature, contrasting with eternal values. Jesus is not condemning wealth itself but instructing on its proper use.

to make friends for yourselves
This phrase suggests using resources to build relationships that have lasting value. In the cultural context, hospitality and generosity were highly valued, and forming alliances through gifts was common. The idea is to invest in relationships that transcend earthly life, reflecting the principle of sowing and reaping (Galatians 6:7-10).

so that when it is gone
This acknowledges the transient nature of material wealth. Wealth can be lost or depleted, and ultimately, it cannot be taken beyond this life (1 Timothy 6:7). Jesus emphasizes the inevitability of wealth's end, urging a focus on what endures beyond temporal existence.

they will welcome you into eternal dwellings
"Eternal dwellings" refers to the heavenly realm, a place of everlasting life with God. The imagery of being welcomed suggests a community aspect of the afterlife, where relationships formed on earth have eternal significance. This aligns with the biblical theme of storing treasures in heaven (Matthew 6:20) and the parable of the rich man and Lazarus, which follows in Luke 16, illustrating the eternal consequences of earthly actions.

Whoever is faithful with very little
This phrase emphasizes the principle of stewardship, a recurring theme in Scripture. In biblical times, stewardship was a common concept, as many people worked as servants or managers of household affairs. Faithfulness in small matters is seen as a test of character and integrity. This principle is echoed in the Parable of the Talents (Matthew 25:14-30), where servants are rewarded based on their management of the master's resources. The "very little" can symbolize earthly possessions or responsibilities, suggesting that God values how we handle even the smallest tasks.

will also be faithful with much
This part of the verse highlights the reward for faithfulness. In the biblical context, being entrusted with "much" can refer to greater responsibilities or blessings, both in this life and in the eternal kingdom. The idea is that God observes our actions and entrusts us with more based on our proven reliability. This principle is seen in the lives of biblical figures like Joseph, who was faithful in Potiphar's house and later entrusted with the governance of Egypt (Genesis 39-41).

and whoever is dishonest with very little
Dishonesty, even in minor matters, reveals a lack of integrity. In the cultural context of the Bible, honesty was a highly valued trait, essential for maintaining trust within communities. The phrase warns that small acts of dishonesty can lead to larger moral failures. This is illustrated in the story of Ananias and Sapphira (Acts 5:1-11), where deceit in financial matters led to severe consequences.

will also be dishonest with much
This concluding phrase underscores the consistency of character. Just as faithfulness in small things leads to greater trust, dishonesty in small matters can lead to greater corruption. The Bible consistently teaches that one's character is revealed through actions, regardless of the scale. This principle is a warning against the dangers of allowing small sins to grow unchecked, as seen in the life of King Saul, whose initial disobedience led to his downfall (1 Samuel 15).

So if you have not been faithful with worldly wealth
This phrase emphasizes the importance of stewardship and responsibility in managing material possessions. In the biblical context, "worldly wealth" refers to the resources and money that one possesses in this life. The Bible consistently teaches that everything belongs to God (Psalm 24:1), and humans are merely stewards of His creation. The parable of the talents (Matthew 25:14-30) similarly underscores the expectation of faithful management of what God has entrusted to individuals. The cultural context of the time placed a high value on wealth as a sign of God's blessing, yet Jesus often challenged this notion by highlighting the spiritual dangers of wealth (Matthew 6:24, 1 Timothy 6:10).

who will entrust you with true riches?
"True riches" refers to spiritual blessings and responsibilities that have eternal significance. This phrase suggests a contrast between temporary, earthly wealth and the eternal, spiritual wealth that comes from God. The Bible often speaks of spiritual riches in terms of wisdom, knowledge, and the fruits of the Spirit (Ephesians 1:18, Colossians 2:2-3). The concept of being entrusted with greater responsibilities is echoed in other scriptures, such as Luke 12:48, which states that to whom much is given, much will be required. This phrase also points to the idea of heavenly rewards and the ultimate inheritance believers have in Christ (1 Peter 1:4). The faithful management of earthly resources is seen as a test or preparation for greater spiritual responsibilities in God's kingdom.

And if you have not been faithful with the belongings of another
This phrase emphasizes the importance of stewardship and responsibility. In biblical times, stewardship was a common practice, where servants were entrusted with managing their master's property. This concept is rooted in the Old Testament, where Joseph, for example, was a steward in Potiphar's house (Genesis 39:4-6). Faithfulness in small matters is a recurring theme in Scripture, as seen in the Parable of the Talents (Matthew 25:14-30), where servants are rewarded based on their management of their master's resources. The idea is that God entrusts individuals with resources, talents, and opportunities, and expects them to manage these wisely and faithfully.

who will give you belongings of your own?
This part of the verse suggests a future reward or responsibility that is contingent upon one's current faithfulness. In the cultural context of the time, inheritance and ownership were significant, often tied to one's ability to manage and grow what was given. The principle here is that those who prove trustworthy in handling what belongs to others will be entrusted with their own. This can be seen as a metaphor for spiritual truths, where faithfulness in earthly matters reflects one's readiness for greater spiritual responsibilities. The concept is echoed in Luke 19:17, where the faithful servant is given authority over cities. This also points to the eschatological promise of believers receiving their inheritance in the Kingdom of God, as mentioned in 1 Peter 1:4, where an imperishable inheritance is reserved for the faithful.

No servant can serve two masters.
This phrase highlights the impossibility of divided loyalty. In the cultural context of the first century, a servant or slave was wholly devoted to their master, with no room for dual allegiance. The concept of servitude in ancient times was one of complete submission and obedience, reflecting the total commitment expected in one's relationship with God. This principle is echoed in Matthew 6:24, emphasizing the singular devotion required in spiritual matters.

Either he will hate the one and love the other,
The language of "hate" and "love" here is a Semitic expression denoting preference and priority rather than emotional extremes. In biblical terms, to "hate" can mean to choose against or to reject in favor of something else. This phrase underscores the idea that one cannot equally prioritize two conflicting interests. The choice between God and worldly pursuits is a recurring theme in Scripture, as seen in Joshua 24:15, where the Israelites are urged to choose whom they will serve.

or he will be devoted to the one and despise the other.
Devotion implies a deep, unwavering commitment, while to "despise" suggests a disregard or devaluation. This reflects the biblical teaching that allegiance to God requires a renunciation of competing loyalties. The call to devotion is a central tenet of the Christian faith, as seen in Deuteronomy 6:5, which commands love for God with all one's heart, soul, and strength. The contrast between devotion and disdain illustrates the incompatibility of serving both God and worldly desires.

You cannot serve both God and money.”
The term "money" here is translated from the Aramaic word "mammon," which encompasses wealth and material possessions. This statement is a direct challenge to the idolatry of wealth, a common temptation throughout history. The Bible consistently warns against the dangers of materialism, as seen in 1 Timothy 6:10, which describes the love of money as a root of all kinds of evil. This teaching calls believers to prioritize their spiritual relationship with God over the pursuit of earthly riches, aligning with the broader biblical narrative that treasures in heaven are of greater value than those on earth (Matthew 6:19-21).

The Pharisees, who were lovers of money
The Pharisees were a prominent religious group in first-century Judaism known for their strict adherence to the Law and oral traditions. Their love of money is highlighted here, indicating a potential hypocrisy in their spiritual leadership. This love of money contrasts with the teachings of the Law, which emphasize justice, mercy, and faithfulness (Micah 6:8). The Pharisees' materialism is also condemned in other parts of Scripture, such as in Matthew 23:23, where Jesus criticizes their neglect of the weightier matters of the law.

heard all of this
The context of "all of this" refers to Jesus' teachings, particularly the parable of the shrewd manager (Luke 16:1-13), which emphasizes the proper use of wealth and the impossibility of serving both God and money. The Pharisees' reaction to Jesus' teachings reveals their inability to accept His message, which challenges their values and priorities. This moment is part of a larger narrative where Jesus consistently confronts the religious leaders' misunderstandings and misapplications of God's law.

and were scoffing at Jesus
The Pharisees' scoffing indicates their disdain and disbelief in Jesus' authority and message. This reaction is consistent with their general opposition to Jesus throughout the Gospels. Their scoffing can be seen as a fulfillment of prophecies about the Messiah being rejected by His own people (Isaiah 53:3). This rejection is a recurring theme in the New Testament, where Jesus is often met with skepticism and hostility by the religious elite, as seen in John 1:11. The Pharisees' attitude also serves as a warning against pride and the danger of valuing human traditions over divine truth.

So He said to them
Jesus is addressing the Pharisees, a group known for their strict adherence to the Law and traditions. This interaction occurs after the parable of the shrewd manager, highlighting the tension between Jesus and the religious leaders. The setting is likely in Judea, where Jesus often taught in parables to convey deeper spiritual truths.

You are the ones who justify yourselves before men
The Pharisees were known for their outward displays of piety and righteousness, seeking approval and admiration from others. This behavior is reminiscent of Isaiah 29:13, where God criticizes those who honor Him with their lips while their hearts are far from Him. The Pharisees' self-justification contrasts with the biblical teaching that true righteousness comes from God alone (Romans 3:22).

but God knows your hearts
This statement underscores God's omniscience and the biblical truth that He looks beyond outward appearances to the heart (1 Samuel 16:7). It serves as a warning that human judgment is limited and often flawed, while God's judgment is perfect and all-knowing. This theme is echoed in Jeremiah 17:10, where God searches the heart and examines the mind.

For what is prized among men
Worldly values often prioritize wealth, status, and power, which the Pharisees sought. This reflects the broader cultural context of the time, where social standing and public honor were highly esteemed. The pursuit of these values can lead to idolatry, as seen in the rich young ruler's story (Matthew 19:16-22).

is detestable before God
God's values are often the opposite of human values, emphasizing humility, love, and obedience. This statement aligns with the teachings of the Beatitudes (Matthew 5:3-12), where Jesus blesses the poor in spirit and the meek. It also reflects the prophetic tradition, where God calls for justice and mercy over ritualistic observance (Micah 6:8).

The Law and the Prophets were proclaimed until John.
This phrase refers to the period of the Old Testament, where the Law (Torah) and the Prophets were the primary means through which God communicated His will to Israel. The "Law" includes the first five books of the Bible, traditionally attributed to Moses, while the "Prophets" encompass the historical and prophetic books. This era lasted until John the Baptist, who is considered the last of the Old Testament prophets. John’s role was to prepare the way for Jesus, marking a transition from the old covenant to the new. His ministry signaled the end of the prophetic anticipation of the Messiah and the beginning of the fulfillment of those prophecies.

Since that time, the gospel of the kingdom of God is being preached,
With the arrival of John the Baptist and subsequently Jesus, the message shifted from the Law and the Prophets to the gospel of the kingdom of God. This gospel, or "good news," centers on the arrival of God's kingdom through Jesus Christ. It emphasizes repentance, faith, and the coming of God's reign on earth. Jesus' ministry was characterized by preaching this gospel, performing miracles, and teaching about the kingdom. This marked a new era in God's redemptive plan, where the focus was on the fulfillment of the Law and the Prophets through Christ (Matthew 5:17).

and everyone is forcing his way into it.
This phrase suggests the intense desire and effort people were making to enter the kingdom of God. The imagery of "forcing" implies a sense of urgency and determination. In the cultural context, this could reflect the fervent response to Jesus' message, as people from all walks of life sought to be part of this new kingdom. It also highlights the contrast between the religious leaders, who often resisted Jesus, and the common people, who eagerly embraced His teachings. This urgency is echoed in other scriptures, such as Matthew 11:12, where the kingdom of heaven is described as being taken by force, indicating the passionate pursuit of those who recognize its value.

But it is easier for heaven and earth to pass away
This phrase emphasizes the permanence and unchangeability of God's creation and His Word. In biblical context, heaven and earth are often used to signify the entirety of creation (Genesis 1:1). The imagery suggests something seemingly impossible, as heaven and earth are seen as enduring and stable. This reflects the Jewish understanding of the cosmos as a divinely ordered structure. The statement underscores the authority and eternal nature of God's decrees, aligning with passages like Isaiah 40:8, which states that the word of God stands forever.

than for a single stroke of a pen to drop out of the Law.
The "single stroke of a pen" refers to the smallest letter or part of a letter in the Hebrew alphabet, often interpreted as a "jot" or "tittle" (Matthew 5:18). This highlights the meticulous nature of the Law and its divine origin, suggesting that even the smallest detail is significant and divinely inspired. The Law, or Torah, was central to Jewish life and religious practice, and Jesus affirms its enduring validity. This phrase connects to the broader biblical theme of the fulfillment of the Law through Christ (Matthew 5:17), who embodies its ultimate purpose and meaning. The statement serves as a reminder of the precision and care with which God's Word is to be regarded, reflecting the belief in its complete and unalterable truth.

Anyone who divorces his wife and marries another woman commits adultery
This phrase addresses the sanctity of marriage as instituted by God. In the biblical context, marriage is a covenant relationship, reflecting the union between Christ and the Church (Ephesians 5:31-32). The cultural context of first-century Judaism allowed for divorce, but Jesus emphasizes the original intent of marriage as a lifelong commitment (Genesis 2:24). The Mosaic Law permitted divorce (Deuteronomy 24:1-4), but Jesus clarifies that this was due to the hardness of human hearts (Matthew 19:8). The act of marrying another after divorce is equated with adultery, highlighting the seriousness of breaking the marital bond. This teaching aligns with the prophetic call for faithfulness found throughout the Old Testament, where Israel's unfaithfulness to God is often depicted as spiritual adultery (Jeremiah 3:8-9).

and he who marries a divorced woman commits adultery
This phrase further underscores the permanence of marriage. In the historical context, women often faced significant social and economic challenges after divorce. By stating that marrying a divorced woman results in adultery, Jesus elevates the status of marriage and protects the dignity of women, who were often marginalized. This teaching challenges the prevailing cultural norms of the time, where men could easily divorce their wives. It also connects to the broader biblical theme of covenant faithfulness, as seen in God's unwavering commitment to His people despite their unfaithfulness (Hosea 2:19-20). The emphasis on adultery serves as a warning against undermining the divine institution of marriage, which is meant to reflect God's unchanging love and faithfulness.

Now there was a rich man
This phrase introduces a parable told by Jesus, often referred to as "The Rich Man and Lazarus." The rich man is not named, which may suggest a focus on his character rather than his identity. In biblical times, wealth was often seen as a sign of God's favor, yet Jesus frequently challenged this notion, emphasizing spiritual wealth over material wealth (Matthew 6:19-21).

dressed in purple and fine linen
Purple dye was extremely expensive in ancient times, often associated with royalty and the elite due to its costliness. Fine linen was also a luxury, indicating the man's high social status and wealth. This attire signifies opulence and a life of indulgence, contrasting with the humility and poverty of Lazarus, the other character in the parable.

who lived each day in joyous splendor
The phrase suggests a lifestyle of continuous celebration and self-indulgence. The rich man's daily life was marked by excess and pleasure, highlighting a focus on earthly comforts. This lifestyle contrasts with biblical teachings that warn against the dangers of wealth and the neglect of spiritual responsibilities (1 Timothy 6:9-10). The parable serves as a critique of those who prioritize worldly pleasures over compassion and righteousness.

And a beggar named Lazarus
The name "Lazarus" is derived from the Hebrew name Eleazar, meaning "God has helped." This is significant as it reflects the divine assistance and hope that Lazarus receives in the afterlife, contrasting his earthly suffering. The use of a named character in a parable is unique to this story, suggesting a deeper personal connection and emphasizing the reality of the narrative. Lazarus represents the marginalized and destitute, highlighting the biblical theme of God's concern for the poor and oppressed, as seen in passages like Psalm 41:1 and Proverbs 19:17.

lay at his gate
The "gate" refers to the entrance of a wealthy man's home, indicating a place of potential charity and assistance. In ancient times, city gates were places of judgment and commerce, but here it symbolizes the boundary between wealth and poverty. The placement of Lazarus at the gate underscores the proximity of the rich man's opportunity to show compassion, yet his failure to do so. This setting reflects the cultural norms of hospitality and almsgiving in Jewish society, where the expectation was to care for the needy, as instructed in Deuteronomy 15:7-11.

covered with sores
The description of Lazarus being "covered with sores" emphasizes his physical suffering and social ostracism. In biblical times, skin diseases often led to ritual impurity and exclusion from community life, as outlined in Leviticus 13. This imagery evokes the plight of Job, who also suffered from sores and was marginalized (Job 2:7-8). The sores symbolize not only physical affliction but also the spiritual and social neglect experienced by the poor. This condition contrasts with the rich man's opulence, highlighting the reversal of fortunes that will occur in the afterlife, as seen in the Beatitudes (Luke 6:20-21).

and longing to be fed with the crumbs that fell from the rich man’s table.
This phrase highlights the extreme poverty and desperation of Lazarus, contrasting sharply with the opulence of the rich man. In the cultural context of the time, sharing meals was a sign of fellowship and community, yet Lazarus was excluded from even the smallest portion. The imagery of "crumbs" suggests a lack of compassion and generosity from the rich man, who had more than enough to share. This echoes the broader biblical theme of God's concern for the poor and marginalized, as seen in passages like Proverbs 19:17, which emphasizes kindness to the needy. The mention of "crumbs" also recalls the story of the Syrophoenician woman in Mark 7:28, where even the smallest act of mercy is significant. This phrase challenges readers to consider their own attitudes towards wealth and generosity.

Even the dogs came and licked his sores.
In the ancient Near East, dogs were often seen as unclean animals, scavengers that roamed the streets. The presence of dogs licking Lazarus's sores adds to the picture of his destitution and neglect. This act, however, can also be seen as a form of unintended compassion, as the licking of wounds by animals was believed to have healing properties. Theologically, this detail underscores the theme of reversal found throughout Luke's Gospel, where the last will be first and the first will be last (Luke 13:30). The dogs, considered lowly and impure, show more care for Lazarus than the rich man does. This phrase invites reflection on the nature of true compassion and the ways God can use unexpected means to provide comfort. It also serves as a foreshadowing of the ultimate reversal of fortunes that occurs in the afterlife, as described later in the parable.

One day the beggar died
The phrase indicates the inevitability of death, regardless of one's earthly status. In biblical context, death is often seen as a transition rather than an end. The beggar, likely representing those who are poor in spirit, finds his earthly suffering concluded. This aligns with the Beatitudes, where Jesus blesses the poor and those who mourn (Matthew 5:3-4).

and was carried by the angels
This imagery suggests a divine escort, emphasizing the care God provides for His faithful even in death. Angels are often depicted as messengers and servants of God, playing roles in significant biblical events (e.g., Genesis 28:12, Matthew 4:11). The presence of angels here underscores the beggar's righteousness and God's approval.

to Abraham’s side
Abraham is a patriarchal figure, representing the covenant and promises of God to His people (Genesis 12:1-3). Being at Abraham's side implies a place of honor and comfort, often interpreted as a metaphor for paradise or heaven. This reflects the Jewish understanding of the afterlife during Jesus' time, where the righteous would be gathered with the patriarchs.

And the rich man also died and was buried
The rich man's death is noted without the mention of angels, highlighting a stark contrast in their eternal destinies. Burial was a significant cultural practice, often elaborate for the wealthy, yet it underscores that earthly riches do not influence one's standing before God. This echoes Jesus' teachings on the dangers of wealth and the need for spiritual richness (Matthew 6:19-21, Luke 12:15-21).

In Hades
Hades is often understood as the realm of the dead, a temporary place where souls await final judgment. In Jewish thought, it is similar to Sheol, a place of the departed spirits. The New Testament uses "Hades" to describe a place of torment for the unrighteous, distinct from "Gehenna," which refers to the final place of punishment. This setting underscores the reality of an afterlife and the consequences of one's earthly life.

where he was in torment
The rich man experiences conscious suffering, indicating that Hades is not merely a state of non-existence or sleep. This torment reflects the justice of God, as the rich man had lived a life of luxury without regard for others, particularly Lazarus. The concept of torment here aligns with other biblical teachings on divine retribution and the moral order established by God.

he looked up and saw Abraham from afar
Abraham is a central figure in Jewish history, representing the covenant and promises of God. Seeing Abraham from afar suggests a separation between the righteous and the unrighteous in the afterlife. This imagery reinforces the idea of a great chasm fixed between those who are saved and those who are not, as further explained in the passage.

with Lazarus by his side
Lazarus, once a poor and suffering beggar, is now comforted in the presence of Abraham. This reversal of fortunes highlights the theme of divine justice and the hope of redemption for the oppressed. Lazarus's presence with Abraham signifies his inclusion in the covenantal promises, despite his earthly poverty, reflecting the biblical principle that God exalts the humble and brings down the proud.

So he cried out
This phrase indicates a desperate plea, highlighting the rich man's awareness of his dire situation. In biblical narratives, crying out often signifies a deep need or distress, as seen in the Psalms and the cries of the Israelites in Egypt.

‘Father Abraham
Addressing Abraham as "Father" reflects the rich man's Jewish heritage, acknowledging Abraham as the patriarch of the Jewish people. This connection emphasizes the rich man's reliance on his lineage for favor, a common belief among Jews of the time, as seen in John 8:39.

have mercy on me
The request for mercy underscores the rich man's recognition of his helplessness and need for compassion. Mercy is a recurring theme in Scripture, often associated with God's character, as in Psalm 103:8.

and send Lazarus
The mention of Lazarus, the poor man, highlights a reversal of roles. In life, the rich man ignored Lazarus, but now he seeks his help. This reflects the theme of reversal found in Jesus' teachings, such as in the Beatitudes (Matthew 5:3-12).

to dip the tip of his finger in water
This request for a minimal relief underscores the severity of the rich man's suffering. Water is often symbolic of life and refreshment in the Bible, as seen in John 4:14, where Jesus speaks of living water.

and cool my tongue
The focus on the tongue suggests intense physical torment. In biblical literature, the tongue can symbolize speech and desire, as seen in James 3:5-6, where it is described as a powerful force.

For I am in agony in this fire
The imagery of fire represents judgment and suffering, consistent with biblical depictions of hell, such as in Matthew 13:42. This phrase emphasizes the reality of eternal consequences and the seriousness of divine judgment.

But Abraham answered
In the context of the parable of the rich man and Lazarus, Abraham represents the patriarchal figure of faith and the father of the Jewish nation. His presence in the narrative underscores the importance of faith and righteousness. Abraham's role as a speaker highlights the authority and wisdom attributed to him, as he is often seen as a mediator between God and humanity in Jewish tradition.

Child, remember that during your lifetime you received your good things
The term "child" indicates a familial relationship, suggesting a sense of belonging or kinship. This phrase emphasizes the temporal nature of earthly wealth and comfort. The rich man, who lived a life of luxury, is reminded of the opportunities he had to use his resources for good. This reflects the biblical principle that material blessings come with the responsibility to help others, as seen in passages like 1 Timothy 6:17-19.

while Lazarus received bad things
Lazarus, whose name means "God has helped," represents those who suffer in this life but maintain faith and righteousness. His suffering contrasts with the rich man's comfort, highlighting the theme of divine justice and reversal of fortunes. This aligns with the Beatitudes in Matthew 5:3-12, where Jesus blesses the poor and those who mourn, promising them future comfort and reward.

But now he is comforted here
The comfort Lazarus receives in the afterlife signifies the fulfillment of God's promise to those who endure suffering with faith. This reflects the eschatological hope found throughout Scripture, where the faithful are ultimately rewarded. Revelation 21:4 speaks of a time when God will wipe away every tear, and there will be no more pain or suffering.

while you are in agony
The rich man's agony serves as a warning about the consequences of a life focused solely on self-indulgence and neglect of others. This phrase underscores the reality of divine judgment and the eternal consequences of one's earthly choices. It echoes the teachings of Jesus in Matthew 25:31-46, where the separation of the righteous and the wicked is based on their treatment of the "least of these."

And besides all this
This phrase indicates a continuation of a previous argument or explanation. In the context of Luke 16, Jesus is recounting the parable of the rich man and Lazarus. The rich man, now in Hades, is in torment and seeks relief. The phrase suggests that the following statement is an additional reason why his request cannot be granted. It emphasizes the finality and seriousness of the situation.

a great chasm has been fixed
The "great chasm" symbolizes an unbridgeable divide between the righteous and the unrighteous after death. This imagery reflects the Jewish understanding of Sheol, where the dead reside, and the separation between the faithful and the wicked. The term "fixed" implies permanence, indicating that the state of one's soul after death is irreversible. This concept is consistent with the biblical theme of final judgment and eternal separation from God for those who reject Him.

between us and you
The "us" refers to Abraham and Lazarus, representing the faithful who are in a place of comfort, often interpreted as "Abraham's bosom" or paradise. The "you" refers to the rich man, symbolizing those who are in torment due to their rejection of God's ways. This separation underscores the moral and spiritual divide between those who follow God and those who do not, a theme prevalent throughout Scripture.

so that even those who wish cannot cross from here to you
This part of the verse highlights the impossibility of altering one's eternal destiny after death. The desire to cross indicates a recognition of the better state of the righteous, yet it is too late for change. This aligns with the biblical teaching that the time for repentance and faith is during one's earthly life, as seen in Hebrews 9:27, which speaks of judgment following death.

nor can anyone cross from there to us
This phrase reinforces the idea of a fixed and eternal separation. It serves as a warning to the living about the consequences of their choices. The inability to cross from torment to comfort emphasizes the urgency of repentance and faith in Christ during one's lifetime. It also reflects the justice of God, who honors the decisions made by individuals regarding their relationship with Him.

Then I beg you, father,
This phrase reflects the rich man's desperation and recognition of authority. The term "father" is a respectful address, acknowledging Abraham's role as the patriarch of the Jewish faith. This highlights the rich man's understanding of his heritage and the respect due to Abraham. The plea indicates a shift from self-concern to concern for others, albeit too late. It underscores the importance of repentance and intercession while still alive, as echoed in Hebrews 9:27, which states that after death comes judgment.

he said,
The rich man is speaking from Hades, a place of torment, which contrasts with Lazarus's comfort in Abraham's bosom. This setting illustrates the reversal of fortunes in the afterlife, a common theme in Jesus' teachings. The narrative emphasizes the finality of one's earthly choices and their eternal consequences, aligning with the parable's broader message about wealth, compassion, and the afterlife.

send Lazarus
The request to send Lazarus indicates the rich man's continued misunderstanding of his situation and the nature of repentance. He still views Lazarus as a servant, reflecting his unchanged heart and failure to grasp the equality of all souls before God. This mirrors the societal norms of the time, where class distinctions were pronounced. Theologically, it highlights the need for humility and the recognition of others' worth, as taught in Philippians 2:3-4.

to my father’s house,
The mention of "my father's house" suggests a familial concern, indicating the rich man's desire to warn his brothers. This reflects the Jewish cultural emphasis on family and the responsibility to guide one's household in righteousness, as seen in Deuteronomy 6:6-7. It also underscores the urgency of repentance and the importance of heeding God's word, as the rich man realizes too late the necessity of living a life aligned with divine principles.

for I have five brothers.
The mention of "five brothers" provides a personal and familial context to the parable of the rich man and Lazarus. In the cultural setting of first-century Judea, family ties were significant, and the responsibility to care for one's family was paramount. The rich man's concern for his brothers highlights the importance of familial duty and the desire to protect loved ones from harm. This phrase also emphasizes the personal nature of the parable, as it reflects the rich man's awareness of his family's spiritual state. The number five may not have specific symbolic significance but serves to illustrate the reality and urgency of the rich man's plea.

Let him warn them,
The rich man requests that Lazarus be sent to warn his brothers, indicating his belief in the possibility of repentance and change if they receive a direct message from the afterlife. This reflects the Jewish understanding of the time that the dead could communicate with the living, a belief that is also seen in other ancient cultures. The request for a warning underscores the theme of repentance and the opportunity to turn away from sin before it is too late. It also highlights the rich man's realization of his own failure to heed warnings during his lifetime, serving as a cautionary tale for the living.

so that they will not also end up in this place of torment.’
The phrase "place of torment" refers to the afterlife destination of the unrighteous, often understood as Hades or Gehenna in Jewish eschatology. This reflects the belief in a post-mortem judgment and the existence of a place of suffering for those who have not lived righteously. The rich man's concern for his brothers' fate emphasizes the reality and severity of divine judgment. This aligns with other scriptural teachings on the consequences of sin and the importance of living a life in accordance with God's will. The plea serves as a stark reminder of the eternal implications of one's earthly choices and the urgency of repentance.

But Abraham replied
In the context of the parable of the rich man and Lazarus, Abraham's role is significant as he is considered the father of faith (Genesis 12:1-3). His presence in the narrative underscores the importance of faith and the covenant promises given to Israel. Abraham's response highlights the authority and sufficiency of the Scriptures.

They have Moses and the Prophets
"Moses and the Prophets" refers to the Hebrew Scriptures, known as the Tanakh, which includes the Torah (the first five books attributed to Moses) and the writings of the prophets. This phrase emphasizes the sufficiency of the Old Testament as a guide to understanding God's will and the path to salvation. It underscores the continuity of God's revelation from the Old Testament to the New Testament. The Law and the Prophets are often mentioned together in the New Testament as a shorthand for the entire Old Testament (Matthew 5:17, Luke 24:27).

let your brothers listen to them
This phrase emphasizes the responsibility of individuals to heed the teachings of Scripture. It suggests that the Scriptures are clear and accessible enough to guide people to repentance and faith. The call to "listen" is a recurring biblical theme, urging obedience and responsiveness to God's word (Deuteronomy 6:4, James 1:22). The implication is that the Scriptures are sufficient for salvation and that miraculous signs are not necessary for belief, aligning with the broader biblical teaching that faith comes by hearing the word of God (Romans 10:17).

‘No, father Abraham,’ he said,
This phrase is part of the parable of the rich man and Lazarus, where the rich man, now in Hades, is speaking to Abraham. The use of "father Abraham" reflects the Jewish understanding of Abraham as the patriarch and spiritual father of the Jewish people (John 8:39). The rich man's address to Abraham indicates a recognition of Abraham's authority and a plea for mercy. This reflects the cultural and religious respect for ancestors and patriarchs in Jewish tradition.

‘but if someone is sent to them from the dead,
The rich man believes that a miraculous event, such as someone rising from the dead, would be more convincing to his brothers than the Scriptures. This reflects a common human tendency to seek signs and wonders as proof of divine truth (1 Corinthians 1:22). The phrase foreshadows the resurrection of Jesus Christ, who indeed rose from the dead, yet many still did not believe (John 11:43-53). It highlights the hardness of human hearts and the insufficiency of miracles alone to produce genuine faith.

they will repent.’
Repentance is a central theme in the teachings of Jesus, emphasizing a turning away from sin and a turning towards God (Mark 1:15). The rich man assumes that his brothers would change their ways if confronted with undeniable evidence of the afterlife. This reflects a misunderstanding of the nature of true repentance, which is a work of the Holy Spirit in the heart, not merely a response to external signs (Romans 2:4). The parable underscores the sufficiency of Scripture for leading people to repentance and faith (Luke 16:29).

Then Abraham said to him
In the context of the parable of the rich man and Lazarus, Abraham represents the patriarchal figure of faith and the father of the Jewish nation. His role in this narrative underscores the importance of faith and obedience to God's word. Abraham's presence in the parable highlights the continuity of God's covenant from the Old Testament to the New Testament.

‘If they do not listen to Moses and the Prophets’
"Moses and the Prophets" refers to the Hebrew Scriptures, which include the Law (Torah) and the writings of the prophets. This phrase emphasizes the sufficiency and authority of the Scriptures as the means through which God reveals His will and truth. The Jewish audience of Jesus' time would have understood this as a call to heed the teachings and warnings found in their sacred texts. This also connects to the broader biblical theme that faith comes from hearing the word of God (Romans 10:17).

they will not be persuaded even if someone rises from the dead.’”
This statement foreshadows the resurrection of Jesus Christ and the unbelief that many would still hold despite this miraculous event. It highlights the hardness of heart and the spiritual blindness that can prevent people from accepting the truth, even when faced with undeniable evidence. This phrase also serves as a prophetic insight into the rejection of Jesus by many of the religious leaders and people of His time, despite His resurrection. It underscores the necessity of faith and the work of the Holy Spirit in opening hearts to the truth of the Gospel.