Then the LORD said to Moses,
This phrase indicates direct communication from God to Moses, a common occurrence in the Pentateuch, highlighting Moses' unique role as a prophet and leader of Israel. The phrase underscores the divine authority behind the instructions that follow, emphasizing that they are not merely human decisions but commands from God Himself. This communication method is consistent with other instances in the Torah where God provides guidance, laws, and instructions to Moses, such as in Exodus 3:4 at the burning bush and throughout the giving of the Law at Sinai. The use of "LORD" in all capitals signifies the translation of the Tetragrammaton, YHWH, the covenant name of God, which emphasizes His eternal and unchanging nature. This divine interaction sets the stage for the instructions that follow, which are part of maintaining the holiness and purity of the Israelite camp, reflecting God's holiness. Moses, as the mediator of the Old Covenant, prefigures Christ, the mediator of the New Covenant, who also communicated God's will to His people. Command the Israelites
This directive is given by God through Moses, emphasizing the authority and divine origin of the command. The Israelites, as God's chosen people, are to maintain holiness and purity, reflecting their covenant relationship with God. This command is part of the broader Levitical laws that govern the community's conduct and worship.

to send away from the camp
The camp represents the dwelling place of God's presence among His people. Sending individuals away is a measure to maintain the camp's purity, as God is holy and cannot dwell amidst impurity. This separation underscores the importance of holiness and the need for the community to be set apart from defilement.

anyone with a skin disease
Skin diseases, often translated as "leprosy," were considered ritually unclean. Leviticus 13-14 provides detailed laws on diagnosing and cleansing such diseases. The exclusion from the camp serves both a practical purpose, preventing the spread of disease, and a symbolic one, representing sin's defiling nature.

anyone who has a bodily discharge
Bodily discharges, as described in Leviticus 15, rendered a person ceremonially unclean. This includes both natural and pathological discharges. The laws surrounding these conditions highlight the need for ritual purity and the separation required to approach God in worship.

and anyone who is defiled by a dead body
Contact with a dead body made a person unclean, as death is the ultimate result of sin (Romans 6:23). Numbers 19 outlines the purification process for those who become defiled in this way. This regulation emphasizes the separation between life and death, purity and impurity, and the need for cleansing to restore fellowship with God.

Each of these conditions reflects the broader biblical theme of holiness and the separation required to maintain a relationship with a holy God. They also foreshadow the ultimate cleansing and restoration found in Jesus Christ, who heals, purifies, and conquers death, allowing believers to dwell in God's presence eternally.

You must send away male and female alike;
This directive emphasizes the impartiality of God's law, applying equally to both genders. In the context of ancient Israel, this command reflects the communal responsibility to maintain purity and holiness. The inclusion of both male and female underscores the comprehensive nature of the law, ensuring that no one is exempt from the requirements of ritual cleanliness. This principle of equality before the law is echoed in Galatians 3:28, where Paul speaks of the equal standing of all believers in Christ.

send them outside the camp
The camp of Israel was not just a physical dwelling place but a representation of the community's spiritual state. Being sent outside the camp symbolized separation from the holy presence of God and the community. This act of exclusion was necessary to maintain the sanctity of the camp, which was considered holy ground. The concept of being outside the camp is later seen in the New Testament, where Jesus suffered outside the city gates (Hebrews 13:12-13), symbolizing His bearing of sin and separation for humanity's sake.

so they will not defile their camp,
The concern for defilement highlights the importance of purity in the presence of God. In the ancient Near Eastern context, defilement was not just a physical state but a spiritual one that could affect the entire community. The Israelites were called to be a holy nation (Exodus 19:6), and maintaining purity was essential to fulfilling this calling. This principle of avoiding defilement is seen throughout the Levitical laws and is a precursor to the New Testament teaching on holiness and sanctification (1 Peter 1:15-16).

where I dwell among them.”
The presence of God among the Israelites was a defining feature of their identity as His chosen people. The tabernacle, located at the center of the camp, was the physical manifestation of God's dwelling among His people. This divine presence required a standard of holiness and purity, as God is holy (Leviticus 11:44-45). The concept of God dwelling among His people finds its ultimate fulfillment in the incarnation of Jesus Christ (John 1:14) and the indwelling of the Holy Spirit in believers (1 Corinthians 3:16), signifying God's continual presence with His people.

So the Israelites did this
The obedience of the Israelites in this passage reflects their commitment to following God's commands as delivered through Moses. This act of compliance is significant in the context of the covenant relationship between God and Israel, where obedience is a key component. The Israelites' actions demonstrate their recognition of God's holiness and the need to maintain purity within the camp. This obedience can be seen as a precursor to the New Testament call for believers to live in holiness and obedience to God's commands (1 Peter 1:14-16).

sending such people outside the camp
The act of sending individuals outside the camp was a measure to maintain the purity and holiness of the community. In the ancient Near Eastern context, the camp represented the dwelling place of God among His people, and any form of impurity, whether physical or moral, was not tolerated within it. This practice underscores the importance of holiness and separation from sin, which is a recurring theme throughout Scripture. It also foreshadows the concept of church discipline in the New Testament, where unrepentant sin is addressed to preserve the purity of the church (1 Corinthians 5:1-13).

They did just as the LORD had instructed Moses
This phrase highlights the role of Moses as the mediator between God and the Israelites. Moses' leadership and the people's adherence to his instructions emphasize the importance of divine authority and guidance. The Israelites' compliance with God's instructions through Moses is a testament to their faith and trust in God's plan. This obedience is mirrored in the New Testament, where Jesus, the greater Moses, instructs His followers to obey His teachings (John 14:15). The phrase also reflects the broader biblical theme of God's faithfulness in providing leaders to guide His people according to His will.

And the LORD said to Moses,
This phrase indicates direct divine communication, a common occurrence in the Pentateuch where God speaks to Moses as the leader and mediator for the Israelites. This establishes the authority of the message that follows. Moses, as a central figure, is often seen as a type of Christ, serving as a mediator between God and His people, similar to how Christ mediates the New Covenant. The phrase underscores the personal relationship and direct communication between God and Moses, which is a recurring theme in the narrative of the Exodus and the wilderness journey. This divine instruction is part of the broader context of the laws and regulations given to the Israelites, emphasizing God's desire for holiness and order among His people. Tell the Israelites
This directive is given to Moses, who serves as the mediator between God and the Israelites. The Israelites are the descendants of Jacob, also known as Israel, and are God's chosen people. This phrase emphasizes the covenant relationship between God and Israel, established through the patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and later formalized at Mount Sinai.

that when a man or woman
The inclusion of both genders highlights the universality of the law and the equal moral responsibility of men and women before God. This reflects the biblical principle that all people are accountable to God's standards, regardless of gender.

acts unfaithfully against the LORD
Unfaithfulness here refers to a breach of trust or covenant with God. In the Old Testament, Israel's relationship with God is often depicted as a marriage, with unfaithfulness equated to spiritual adultery. This concept is echoed in the prophetic books, such as Hosea, where Israel's idolatry is likened to infidelity.

by committing any sin against another
This phrase underscores the interconnectedness of sin against others and sin against God. In biblical teaching, offenses against fellow humans are also offenses against God, as seen in Psalm 51:4, where David acknowledges his sin against God in the context of his wrongdoing against Bathsheba and Uriah.

that person is guilty
Guilt in this context implies both moral and legal culpability. The Old Testament law provided a framework for addressing guilt through sacrifices and restitution, pointing to the need for atonement. This anticipates the New Testament revelation of Jesus Christ as the ultimate atonement for sin, fulfilling the sacrificial system and offering redemption for all who believe.

and must confess the sin he has committed.
Confession of sin is a fundamental principle in the biblical narrative, emphasizing personal accountability before God and others. In the Old Testament, confession was often a public acknowledgment of wrongdoing, as seen in Leviticus 5:5 and Joshua 7:19-20. This act of confession is not merely verbal but involves a genuine recognition of one's transgressions. The requirement for confession underscores the importance of transparency and humility in the community of Israel. It also foreshadows the New Testament teaching in 1 John 1:9, where confession is linked to forgiveness and cleansing through Christ.

He must make full restitution,
Restitution is a key aspect of justice in the Mosaic Law, reflecting God's concern for fairness and restoration. The principle of restitution is seen throughout the Pentateuch, such as in Exodus 22:1-14, where specific guidelines are given for compensating losses. This requirement ensures that the wronged party is made whole, highlighting the value of relationships and community integrity. Restitution also points to the broader biblical theme of reconciliation, which is ultimately fulfilled in Christ's atoning work, restoring humanity's relationship with God.

add a fifth to its value,
The addition of a fifth (20%) to the restitution amount serves as a deterrent against wrongdoing and an incentive for honesty. This extra payment acknowledges the inconvenience and potential loss suffered by the wronged party. The principle of adding a fifth is also found in Leviticus 6:5 and 27:13, 15, 19, 31, indicating its importance in the legal system of ancient Israel. This practice reflects God's justice and mercy, ensuring that the offender takes responsibility while providing for the victim's needs.

and give all this to the one he has wronged.
The directive to give restitution directly to the wronged party emphasizes personal responsibility and the restoration of relationships. This act of giving is not just a legal obligation but a step towards reconciliation and healing within the community. It reflects the biblical principle of loving one's neighbor, as seen in Leviticus 19:18. In the New Testament, Jesus expands on this idea in Matthew 5:23-24, teaching that reconciliation with others is essential for true worship. This principle is a precursor to the ultimate reconciliation offered through Christ, who restores believers to God and each other.

But if the man has no relative to whom restitution can be made for the wrong
In ancient Israel, the concept of restitution was integral to maintaining justice and community harmony. The law required that wrongs be righted by compensating the victim or their family. This phrase highlights a situation where the wronged party has no living relatives to receive restitution. This reflects the importance of family and kinship in Israelite society, where family lines were crucial for inheritance and social structure. The absence of a relative underscores the communal responsibility to uphold justice even when direct family ties are absent.

the restitution belongs to the LORD
In the absence of a human recipient, restitution is directed to God, signifying that all justice ultimately belongs to Him. This reflects the theocratic nature of Israelite society, where God was seen as the ultimate judge and authority. The restitution being directed to the LORD emphasizes the sacredness of justice and the belief that God is the protector of the vulnerable and the wronged. This principle is echoed in other parts of Scripture, such as Proverbs 19:17, which speaks of lending to the LORD by giving to the poor.

and must be given to the priest
The priests served as intermediaries between God and the people, and they were responsible for maintaining the spiritual and ritual purity of the community. By giving the restitution to the priest, the act becomes a sacred offering, acknowledging God's sovereignty and the priest's role in administering divine justice. This also provided for the sustenance of the priesthood, as they had no inheritance of land and relied on offerings for their livelihood, as outlined in Numbers 18:20-24.

along with the ram of atonement
The ram of atonement is a sacrificial offering that signifies the need for reconciliation with God. Sacrifices were central to the Israelite system of worship and atonement, symbolizing the seriousness of sin and the need for divine forgiveness. The inclusion of the ram highlights the dual aspect of restitution: addressing the wrong done to another person and the offense against God. This foreshadows the ultimate atonement through Jesus Christ, who is often typified as the sacrificial lamb in the New Testament (John 1:29).

by which the atonement is made for him
Atonement involves the removal of sin and the restoration of a right relationship with God. In the Old Testament, this was achieved through prescribed sacrifices and offerings. The phrase underscores the necessity of atonement for reconciliation with God, a theme that runs throughout Scripture. The sacrificial system points to the ultimate atonement made by Christ, whose death and resurrection provide the final and complete means of reconciliation for humanity (Hebrews 9:12-14). This connection emphasizes the continuity of God's plan for redemption from the Old Testament to the New Testament.

Every sacred contribution
In the context of ancient Israel, sacred contributions refer to offerings set apart for religious purposes. These could include tithes, firstfruits, and other offerings dedicated to God. The concept of sacred contributions is rooted in the idea of holiness and separation for divine use, as seen in Leviticus 27:30-33. This reflects the broader biblical principle that everything belongs to God, and what is given to Him is considered holy.

the Israelites bring
The Israelites, as God's chosen people, were commanded to bring offerings to the tabernacle or temple. This act of bringing offerings was a physical demonstration of their obedience and devotion to God. It also served as a reminder of their covenant relationship with Him, as outlined in Exodus 19:5-6. The act of bringing offerings was a communal activity, reinforcing the collective identity and responsibility of the Israelites as a nation set apart for God.

to the priest
The priesthood, established through Aaron and his descendants, served as mediators between God and the people. Priests were responsible for performing sacrifices, maintaining the sanctuary, and teaching the law. The role of the priest is significant in understanding the sacrificial system and the need for mediation between a holy God and sinful humanity. This foreshadows the ultimate High Priest, Jesus Christ, who mediates a new covenant (Hebrews 4:14-16).

shall belong to him
The provision that sacred contributions belong to the priest underscores the principle of supporting those who serve in ministry. In the ancient context, priests did not have a land inheritance like the other tribes (Numbers 18:20-21). Instead, they were sustained by the offerings of the people. This principle is echoed in the New Testament, where Paul speaks of those who preach the gospel living from the gospel (1 Corinthians 9:13-14). It highlights the importance of providing for spiritual leaders, ensuring they can dedicate themselves fully to their divine duties.

Each man’s sacred gifts are his own
This phrase emphasizes the personal responsibility and ownership of offerings made to God. In the context of ancient Israel, sacred gifts could include tithes, offerings, and sacrifices. These were acts of worship and devotion, reflecting the individual's relationship with God. The concept of sacred gifts being personal is rooted in the idea that worship is a personal act of faith and commitment. This aligns with the broader biblical principle that each person is accountable to God for their own actions (Romans 14:12).

but whatever he gives to the priest
The role of the priest in ancient Israel was to act as a mediator between the people and God. Priests were from the tribe of Levi, specifically the descendants of Aaron, and were responsible for performing sacrifices and maintaining the tabernacle or temple. The gifts given to the priest were part of the support system for the Levitical priesthood, as they did not have a land inheritance like the other tribes (Numbers 18:20-21). This system ensured that the priests could focus on their spiritual duties without the burden of providing for themselves through agriculture or other means.

will belong to the priest.
This phrase underscores the principle that once a gift is given to the priest, it becomes his property. This reflects the broader biblical theme of provision for those who serve in ministry. In the New Testament, this principle is echoed in passages like 1 Corinthians 9:13-14, where Paul discusses the right of those who preach the gospel to receive their living from the gospel. The idea is that those who dedicate their lives to spiritual service should be supported by the community they serve. This also prefigures the ultimate priesthood of Jesus Christ, who, as our High Priest, receives the offerings of our lives and devotion (Hebrews 4:14-16).

Then the LORD said to Moses,
This phrase introduces a direct communication from God to Moses, a common occurrence in the Pentateuch, where Moses serves as the primary mediator between God and the Israelites. This divine communication underscores the authority and sacredness of the instructions that follow. In the context of Numbers, God is providing specific laws and guidelines for the community of Israel as they journey through the wilderness. This reflects the covenant relationship established at Sinai, where God gave the Law to Moses for the people (Exodus 19-20). The phrase also highlights the prophetic role of Moses, who is often seen as a type of Christ, serving as a mediator and leader. In the New Testament, Jesus is described as a prophet like Moses (Deuteronomy 18:15; Acts 3:22), fulfilling and surpassing the role of Moses as the ultimate mediator between God and humanity. Speak to the Israelites
This phrase indicates a direct command from God to Moses, emphasizing the importance of the message. The Israelites, as God's chosen people, were to adhere to specific laws and regulations that set them apart from other nations. This command underscores the covenant relationship between God and Israel, where obedience to God's laws was paramount.

and tell them that if any man’s wife goes astray
The concept of a wife going astray refers to marital unfaithfulness, which was a serious offense in ancient Israelite society. Marriage was considered a sacred covenant, reflecting the relationship between God and His people. The use of "goes astray" suggests a deviation from the path of righteousness and fidelity, which was expected in a covenant relationship.

and is unfaithful to him
Unfaithfulness in marriage was not only a personal betrayal but also a violation of God's law. In the cultural and historical context of ancient Israel, adultery was seen as a grave sin with severe consequences. This phrase highlights the moral and spiritual implications of infidelity, which disrupted the social and religious fabric of the community. The law provided a means to address such issues, ensuring justice and maintaining the sanctity of marriage. Connections can be drawn to the New Testament, where Jesus speaks about the sanctity of marriage and the seriousness of adultery (Matthew 5:27-28).

by sleeping with another man
This phrase addresses the act of adultery, which is a violation of the seventh commandment (Exodus 20:14). In the ancient Israelite context, adultery was considered a serious offense against the marriage covenant, which was a reflection of God's covenant with His people. The act of adultery not only broke the trust between husband and wife but also disrupted the social and religious order. The law given in Numbers 5 is part of a broader legal and moral framework designed to maintain purity and holiness among the Israelites.

and it is concealed from her husband
The concealment of the act suggests deceit and a breach of trust within the marriage. In biblical times, the family unit was central to societal stability, and any threat to its integrity was taken seriously. The concealment also implies a lack of repentance and acknowledgment of wrongdoing, which is significant in a culture that valued confession and restitution (Leviticus 5:5).

and her impurity is undetected
The term "impurity" here refers to the state of being ceremonially unclean, which had both physical and spiritual implications. In the Old Testament, impurity often required ritual purification to restore one's standing within the community and before God (Leviticus 15). The undetected impurity suggests a hidden sin, which is a recurring theme in Scripture, emphasizing that God sees all, even what is hidden from human eyes (Psalm 139:1-4).

(since there is no witness against her and she was not caught in the act)
The absence of witnesses or evidence highlights the difficulty in proving such cases, which is why the law in Numbers 5 provides a specific ritual to determine guilt or innocence. This reflects the legal principle found in Deuteronomy 19:15, which requires two or three witnesses to establish a matter. The lack of witnesses underscores the importance of divine intervention in revealing truth, as seen in the ritual of the bitter water test that follows in the passage. This also points to the ultimate judgment of God, who knows the hearts and actions of all individuals (Hebrews 4:13).

and if a feeling of jealousy comes over her husband
In the ancient Near Eastern context, jealousy within marriage was a significant issue, often linked to concerns about lineage and inheritance. The Hebrew term for jealousy here can also imply a sense of protective zeal. This reflects the cultural importance of marital fidelity and the husband's role as protector of the family unit. Jealousy in this context is not merely an emotional response but a legal and social concern that could affect the entire community.

and he suspects his wife who has defiled herself
The suspicion of defilement indicates a breach of the marital covenant, which was considered a serious offense in Israelite society. Adultery was not only a personal betrayal but also a violation of God's commandments, specifically the seventh commandment (Exodus 20:14). The term "defiled" suggests ritual impurity, which had implications for both religious and social standing. This suspicion required a formal process to address the potential sin, reflecting the community's commitment to holiness.

or if a feeling of jealousy comes over him
The repetition of the phrase emphasizes the seriousness of the husband's feelings and the potential for misunderstanding or false accusations. It acknowledges human emotions and the complexities of marital relationships. This provision in the law serves to protect both parties by providing a structured means of resolving such suspicions, highlighting the importance of justice and truth in the community.

and he suspects her even though she has not defiled herself
This clause introduces the possibility of false suspicion, recognizing that jealousy can arise without cause. It underscores the need for discernment and fairness in dealing with accusations. The law provided a ritual (Numbers 5:15-31) to determine the truth, ensuring that the innocent were protected and the guilty were held accountable. This reflects God's justice and mercy, as well as the value placed on truth and integrity in relationships. The process also foreshadows the ultimate judgment and discernment of Christ, who knows the hearts of all people (John 2:24-25).

then he is to bring his wife to the priest.
In ancient Israel, the priest served as a mediator between God and the people, often involved in resolving disputes and maintaining community purity. This directive reflects the theocratic nature of Israelite society, where religious and civil matters were intertwined. The priest's role here underscores the seriousness of the situation, as it involves potential sin and community integrity.

He must also bring for her an offering of a tenth of an ephah of barley flour.
The offering of barley flour, rather than the more common wheat, signifies a lower status or a more humble offering. Barley was often considered the grain of the poor. The specific measure, a tenth of an ephah, indicates a precise requirement, reflecting the order and structure of the sacrificial system. This offering is part of the ritual to determine the truth of the wife's faithfulness, emphasizing the importance of justice and truth in the community.

He is not to pour oil over it or put frankincense on it,
Oil and frankincense were typically added to offerings to make them more pleasing and fragrant, symbolizing joy and thanksgiving. Their absence here indicates the somber nature of this offering. It is not a celebration but a serious inquiry into potential sin. This lack of embellishment highlights the gravity of the situation and the focus on uncovering truth rather than offering praise.

because it is a grain offering for jealousy,
This specific type of offering is unique, designed to address suspicions of infidelity. Jealousy, in this context, is not merely an emotion but a potential breach of covenantal faithfulness, reflecting God's own jealousy for His people's faithfulness. The offering serves as a tangible expression of the husband's concern and the community's commitment to righteousness.

an offering of memorial as a reminder of iniquity.
The term "memorial" here suggests that the offering serves as a reminder or record of the situation, bringing the issue before God. It acknowledges the potential sin and seeks divine judgment. This reflects the broader biblical theme of remembrance, where offerings and rituals often serve to remind the people of their covenant with God and the consequences of sin. The focus on iniquity underscores the moral and spiritual dimensions of the law, pointing to the need for holiness and purity among God's people.

The priest is to bring the wife forward
In ancient Israel, the priest served as a mediator between God and the people, often facilitating rituals and judgments. This phrase indicates the priest's role in addressing issues of suspected infidelity, as outlined in the surrounding verses. The act of bringing the wife forward signifies a formal and public process, emphasizing the seriousness of the situation. This reflects the communal nature of Israelite society, where personal matters often had public implications.

and have her stand before the LORD.
Standing before the LORD implies being in the presence of God, often symbolized by the Tabernacle or later the Temple. This setting underscores the gravity of the situation, as it is not merely a human judgment but one that involves divine oversight. The phrase suggests a direct appeal to God's justice and truth, highlighting the belief that God is the ultimate judge of human hearts and actions. This concept is echoed in other scriptures, such as 1 Samuel 16:7, where God looks at the heart rather than outward appearances. The act of standing before the LORD also foreshadows the New Testament understanding of Christ as the ultimate mediator and judge, as seen in passages like 2 Corinthians 5:10.

Then he is to take some holy water in a clay jar
Holy water in this context refers to water that has been set apart for a sacred purpose, likely drawn from the laver in the tabernacle courtyard. The use of a clay jar is significant, as clay vessels were common in ancient Israel and often used for sacred purposes. Clay, being a humble and earthen material, symbolizes humanity and the fragility of life, reminding us of the creation of man from the dust of the earth (Genesis 2:7). The use of holy water in this ritual underscores the importance of purity and sanctification in the presence of God.

and put some of the dust from the tabernacle floor into the water.
The dust from the tabernacle floor holds symbolic meaning, as the tabernacle was the dwelling place of God among His people. The dust represents the holiness and presence of God, as well as the humility and lowliness of humanity. This act of mixing dust with water creates a tangible connection between the divine and the earthly. In the broader biblical narrative, dust often symbolizes mortality and repentance (Genesis 3:19, Job 42:6). The inclusion of dust in this ritual may also serve as a reminder of the covenant relationship between God and Israel, emphasizing the need for faithfulness and purity.

After the priest has the woman stand before the LORD
This phrase indicates a formal and solemn setting, as standing before the LORD signifies being in the presence of God, often at the entrance of the Tabernacle. This reflects the seriousness of the ritual and the direct appeal to divine judgment. The priest acts as a mediator between the woman and God, highlighting the priestly role in ancient Israelite society.

he is to let down her hair
Letting down the hair was a sign of mourning or humiliation in ancient Israelite culture. It symbolizes the woman's vulnerability and the gravity of the situation. This act may also signify the uncovering of truth, as the ritual seeks to reveal hidden sin.

and place in her hands the grain offering of memorial
The grain offering of memorial serves as a reminder of the covenant between God and Israel. It is a tangible representation of the woman's faithfulness or unfaithfulness. Grain offerings were typically associated with thanksgiving and dedication, but here it is used in a context of potential judgment.

which is the grain offering for jealousy
This specific grain offering is linked to the suspicion of infidelity. It underscores the theme of jealousy, which is a powerful and destructive force. The offering serves as a test to determine the truth of the accusation, reflecting the importance of marital fidelity in the covenant community.

The priest is to hold the bitter water that brings a curse
The bitter water is a mixture of holy water and dust from the Tabernacle floor, symbolizing the presence and judgment of God. The water's bitterness represents the potential curse that could befall the woman if she is guilty. This ritual underscores the belief in divine justice and the seriousness of breaking covenantal laws. The concept of a curse is prevalent in Deuteronomy and other parts of the Old Testament, where blessings and curses are tied to obedience and disobedience to God's commands.

And he is to put the woman under oath and say to her
In ancient Israel, oaths were solemn declarations made before God, often involving a curse if the oath was broken. This reflects the seriousness of the situation and the belief that God is the ultimate judge of truth. The priest's role in administering the oath underscores the religious and communal nature of the proceedings, as the priest acts as an intermediary between God and the people.

‘If no other man has slept with you
This phrase addresses the specific accusation of adultery, which was a grave offense in Israelite society, threatening the sanctity of marriage and family lineage. The emphasis on "no other man" highlights the exclusivity expected in marriage. Adultery was not only a personal sin but also a violation of the covenant community's moral standards.

and you have not gone astray and become defiled
"Going astray" implies a willful departure from the path of righteousness, while "defiled" suggests a state of impurity that affects one's relationship with God and the community. This language reflects the broader biblical theme of faithfulness to God and His commandments, with physical adultery often serving as a metaphor for spiritual unfaithfulness.

while under your husband’s authority
This reflects the patriarchal structure of ancient Israelite society, where the husband was the head of the household. The phrase underscores the cultural and legal expectations of a wife's fidelity within the marriage covenant. It also highlights the husband's role in initiating the ritual, as his suspicions trigger the process.

may you be immune to this bitter water that brings a curse
The "bitter water" refers to a ritualistic drink used in the test for adultery, believed to reveal guilt or innocence. The curse associated with the water underscores the seriousness of the oath and the belief in divine justice. This ritual reflects the ancient understanding of God's direct involvement in human affairs, where physical manifestations were seen as evidence of spiritual truths. The concept of a curse also ties into the broader biblical theme of blessings and curses as consequences of obedience or disobedience to God's law.

But if you have gone astray
This phrase addresses the possibility of a wife being unfaithful, which was a serious accusation in ancient Israelite society. The concept of "going astray" is often used in the Bible to describe unfaithfulness to God, as seen in Hosea 4:12, where Israel is described as a wife who has gone astray from her husband, God. This reflects the covenant relationship between God and His people, paralleling the marriage covenant.

while under your husband’s authority
In the cultural and historical context of ancient Israel, the husband was considered the head of the household, and the wife was under his authority. This reflects the patriarchal structure of society at the time, as seen in Genesis 3:16, where God tells Eve that her husband will rule over her. This authority was not only social but also legal, as the husband had certain rights and responsibilities over his wife.

and have defiled yourself
Defilement in this context refers to ritual and moral impurity. In Leviticus 18:20, adultery is explicitly mentioned as an act that defiles a person. The concept of defilement is significant in the Old Testament, as it often required purification rituals to restore a person to a state of cleanliness before God. This reflects the holiness code that governed Israelite life, emphasizing the need for purity in the community.

and lain carnally with a man other than your husband
This phrase specifies the act of adultery, which is condemned in the Ten Commandments (Exodus 20:14). Adultery was not only a personal sin but also a social one, as it threatened the stability of the family unit and, by extension, the community. The act of lying carnally with another man is a direct violation of the marriage covenant, which is a type of the covenant between God and His people. In the New Testament, Jesus expands on the concept of adultery, teaching that even lustful thoughts are equivalent to the act itself (Matthew 5:28), thus emphasizing the importance of inner purity.

and the priest shall have the woman swear under the oath of the curse—
In ancient Israel, the priest played a crucial role in mediating between God and the people. This phrase indicates a formal and solemn procedure, where the woman is required to take an oath. The context is a ritual for determining the guilt or innocence of a woman suspected of adultery, known as the "ordeal of jealousy." The oath of the curse is a serious invocation, reflecting the gravity of the situation. Oaths were binding and sacred, often invoking divine judgment if broken. This reflects the cultural and religious importance of truth and fidelity in marriage, as well as the community's reliance on divine justice.

‘then may the LORD make you an attested curse among your people
The invocation of the LORD's name signifies the seriousness of the curse. In ancient Israel, being a curse among one's people meant being publicly shamed and ostracized. This reflects the communal nature of Israelite society, where individual actions affected the entire community. The phrase "attested curse" implies a visible and undeniable sign of divine judgment, serving as a warning to others. This concept is echoed in Deuteronomy 28, where blessings and curses are pronounced based on obedience to God's law. The communal aspect underscores the importance of maintaining purity and faithfulness within the covenant community.

by making your thigh shrivel and your belly swell.
The physical symptoms described are symbolic of divine judgment. The "thigh" and "belly" are euphemistic references to reproductive organs, indicating a curse on fertility and the ability to bear children. In the cultural context, fertility was highly valued, and barrenness was seen as a sign of divine disfavor. The specific symptoms serve as a tangible sign of guilt, contrasting with the blessings of health and prosperity promised to the obedient. This reflects the broader biblical theme of blessings and curses tied to covenant faithfulness, as seen in Leviticus 26 and Deuteronomy 28. The physical manifestation of the curse also serves as a type of divine justice, prefiguring the ultimate judgment and redemption through Jesus Christ, who bore the curse of sin on behalf of humanity.

May this water that brings a curse
This phrase refers to the ritual of the "bitter water" described in Numbers 5, which was part of the test for a woman accused of adultery. The water was mixed with dust from the tabernacle floor, symbolizing the holiness and judgment of God. The concept of a curse in the Bible often signifies divine judgment or punishment for sin, as seen in Deuteronomy 28. This ritual underscores the seriousness of marital fidelity and the sanctity of marriage in Israelite society.

enter your stomach
The act of drinking the water signifies internalization of the judgment. In biblical symbolism, the stomach or belly often represents the innermost being or the seat of emotions and desires. This reflects the idea that sin affects the whole person, not just outward actions. The internalization of the curse highlights the personal nature of sin and its consequences.

and cause your belly to swell
The swelling of the belly is a physical manifestation of the curse, serving as a visible sign of guilt. In the ancient Near East, physical symptoms were often seen as direct results of spiritual or moral failings. This reflects the biblical principle that sin has tangible consequences, as seen in the curses of Deuteronomy 28:15-68.

and your thigh to shrivel
The shriveling of the thigh is another physical sign of the curse, possibly indicating infertility or a loss of strength. In biblical times, fertility was highly valued, and barrenness was often seen as a curse or divine disfavor, as in the stories of Sarah and Hannah. This aspect of the curse underscores the social and personal ramifications of sin.

Then the woman is to say, ‘Amen, Amen.’
The repetition of "Amen" signifies agreement and acceptance of the terms of the test. "Amen" is a Hebrew word meaning "truly" or "so be it," used throughout the Bible to express assent to God's will, as seen in Deuteronomy 27:15-26. This response indicates the woman's submission to the divine judgment and her acknowledgment of God's authority.

And the priest shall write these curses on a scroll
In ancient Israel, the role of the priest was central to religious and communal life. The act of writing curses on a scroll signifies the formal and serious nature of the ritual. Writing was a significant skill in ancient times, often associated with authority and permanence. The curses refer to the specific consequences outlined in the preceding verses for a woman suspected of infidelity. This practice underscores the importance of written records in legal and religious matters, as seen in other parts of the Bible, such as Deuteronomy 27:3, where the law is written on stones.

and wash them off into the bitter water.
The washing off of the curses into the bitter water is a symbolic act. The bitter water, a mixture of holy water and dust from the tabernacle floor, represents divine judgment and truth. This ritual reflects the belief in God's direct involvement in revealing truth and administering justice. The concept of bitter water can be connected to other biblical instances where water is used as a means of testing or purification, such as in Exodus 15:23-25, where bitter water is made sweet. The use of water in this context also prefigures the cleansing and purifying work of Jesus Christ, who offers living water (John 4:10) that cleanses from sin.

He is to have the woman drink the bitter water that brings a curse
This phrase refers to the ritual described in Numbers 5, known as the "ordeal of jealousy." In ancient Israel, this was a test for a woman suspected of adultery. The priest would prepare a mixture of holy water and dust from the tabernacle floor, which the woman would drink. The "bitter water" symbolizes the potential consequences of sin and the seriousness with which God views marital fidelity. The concept of a curse in the Old Testament often involves divine judgment or consequences for disobedience, as seen in Deuteronomy 28. This ritual underscores the importance of purity and faithfulness in marriage, reflecting God's covenant relationship with Israel.

and it will enter her
The act of drinking the water signifies the internalization of the test. In biblical terms, what enters a person often symbolizes spiritual or moral influence, as seen in Jesus' teachings in Matthew 15:11 about what defiles a person. The physical act of drinking represents the spiritual reality of God's judgment entering the woman's life. This phrase highlights the belief that God is intimately involved in the lives of His people, discerning truth and administering justice.

and may cause her bitter suffering
The potential for "bitter suffering" serves as a deterrent against infidelity and a reminder of the consequences of sin. In the cultural context of ancient Israel, communal and familial harmony was paramount, and this ritual aimed to protect these values. The suffering mentioned here is both physical and social, as a guilty verdict would lead to shame and ostracism. This phrase also echoes the broader biblical theme of sin leading to suffering, as seen in Genesis 3 with the fall of humanity. The ordeal can be seen as a type of Christ's redemptive work, where He takes upon Himself the curse and suffering due to sin, offering believers forgiveness and reconciliation with God.

The priest shall take from her hand the grain offering for jealousy
This phrase refers to the ritual described in Numbers 5, where a husband suspects his wife of infidelity. The grain offering, made of barley, is unique because it lacks oil and frankincense, symbolizing the gravity and solemnity of the situation. Barley, often considered a lesser grain, reflects the humbling nature of the offering. The priest's role as mediator underscores the importance of priestly intercession in resolving disputes and maintaining community purity. This ritual highlights the seriousness of marital fidelity in Israelite society and the need for divine intervention in matters of jealousy.

wave it before the LORD
Waving the offering before the LORD signifies presenting it to God, acknowledging His sovereignty and seeking His judgment. This act of waving is a form of consecration, setting the offering apart for divine purposes. It symbolizes the transfer of the matter from human hands to divine jurisdiction. The waving ritual is seen in other offerings, such as peace offerings, indicating a broader practice of dedicating offerings to God. This act underscores the belief that God is the ultimate judge and arbiter of truth.

and bring it to the altar
Bringing the offering to the altar signifies its dedication to God and the seriousness of the vow or judgment being sought. The altar, central to Israelite worship, represents God's presence and the place where sacrifices and offerings are made. This action connects the ritual to the broader sacrificial system, where offerings are made to atone for sin or seek divine favor. The altar's role in this ritual emphasizes the need for divine justice and the community's reliance on God's guidance in resolving disputes.

Then the priest is to take a handful of the grain offering as a memorial portion
In the context of Numbers 5, this grain offering is part of the ritual for determining the faithfulness of a wife accused of adultery. The grain offering, typically made of barley, is significant as it represents the fruits of the earth and the labor of the people. The priest taking a handful as a memorial portion signifies a reminder before God, invoking His attention and judgment. This act of remembrance is a common theme in offerings, as seen in Leviticus 2:2, where the memorial portion is burned on the altar as a pleasing aroma to the Lord. The use of barley, a less expensive grain, may symbolize humility and the seriousness of the situation.

and burn it on the altar;
Burning the offering on the altar is a symbolic act of presenting it to God, seeking His divine judgment and intervention. The altar, central to Israelite worship, represents a place of sacrifice and communication with God. This act of burning signifies purification and the seeking of divine truth. The altar's role in sacrifices is seen throughout the Old Testament, such as in Exodus 29:18, where offerings are burned as a pleasing aroma to the Lord. The burning of the grain offering in this context underscores the gravity of the situation and the need for divine insight.

after that he is to have the woman drink the water.
The water, mixed with dust from the tabernacle floor and ink from the written curses, is a crucial part of the ritual. This act is unique to the trial of jealousy described in Numbers 5. The drinking of the water serves as a test of innocence or guilt, with the belief that God will reveal the truth through physical manifestations. This reflects the cultural and historical context of ancient Israel, where divine intervention was sought in legal matters. The ritual underscores the seriousness of marital fidelity and the community's reliance on God's justice. The concept of water as a means of revealing truth can be seen in other biblical narratives, such as the bitter waters of Marah in Exodus 15:23-25, where God transforms the water to reveal His provision and care.

When he has made her drink the water
This phrase refers to the ritual of the "water of bitterness" or "bitter water" described in Numbers 5, a test for a woman suspected of adultery. The priest would prepare this water as part of a ceremonial process. The ritual underscores the seriousness of marital fidelity in ancient Israelite society and the lengths to which the community would go to maintain purity and justice. The water itself, mixed with dust from the tabernacle floor, symbolizes divine judgment.

if she has defiled herself and been unfaithful to her husband
This condition highlights the central issue of the ritual: the potential infidelity of a wife. In the patriarchal context of ancient Israel, marital faithfulness was crucial for family lineage and inheritance. The law provided a means to address suspicions of adultery, reflecting the cultural and legal importance of sexual purity. This also underscores the covenantal nature of marriage, which is a recurring theme throughout Scripture, symbolizing the relationship between God and His people.

then the water that brings a curse will enter her and cause bitter suffering
The "water that brings a curse" is a physical manifestation of divine judgment. If the woman is guilty, the water is believed to cause physical symptoms as a sign of her sin. This reflects the belief in direct divine intervention in human affairs, a common theme in the Old Testament. The concept of a curse is significant in biblical theology, often associated with disobedience to God's commands.

her belly will swell, her thigh will shrivel
These physical symptoms are described as evidence of guilt. The swelling of the belly and the shriveling of the thigh are specific signs that would be visible to the community, serving as a public declaration of the woman's sin. This reflects the communal nature of sin and its consequences in Israelite society, where personal actions had public ramifications.

and she will become accursed among her people
Being "accursed" signifies a state of being set apart for destruction or divine disfavor. In the context of Israel, this would mean social ostracism and a loss of standing within the community. This phrase emphasizes the severe social and spiritual consequences of sin, reinforcing the importance of holiness and obedience to God's laws. The concept of being accursed is echoed in the New Testament, where Christ becomes a curse for us (Galatians 3:13), highlighting the redemptive work of Jesus in taking on the curse of sin for humanity.

But if the woman has not defiled herself and is clean
In the context of Numbers 5, this phrase refers to the ritual of the "ordeal of jealousy," a test for a woman accused of adultery. The law provided a way to determine her innocence or guilt. The term "defiled" indicates a breach of marital fidelity, which was a serious offense in ancient Israelite society. The concept of being "clean" is significant in the Levitical laws, often associated with ritual purity and moral integrity. This reflects the importance of holiness and purity in the covenant relationship between God and His people. The process underscores the seriousness of marital vows and the sanctity of marriage, which is a recurring theme throughout Scripture (e.g., Malachi 2:14-16).

she will be unaffected
This phrase indicates that if the woman is innocent, the ritual will have no harmful effects on her. The ordeal was designed to reveal the truth without human intervention, relying on divine judgment. The absence of any adverse effects would serve as a public vindication of her character. This reflects the biblical principle that God is a just judge who protects the innocent (Psalm 7:11). It also highlights the theme of divine justice, where God Himself intervenes to uphold righteousness.

and able to conceive children
In ancient Israel, childbearing was considered a blessing and a sign of God's favor (Genesis 1:28, Psalm 127:3-5). Infertility, on the other hand, was often seen as a curse or a sign of divine displeasure. The ability to conceive after the ordeal would not only vindicate the woman but also restore her honor and status within the community. This promise of fertility can be seen as a type of restoration and blessing, akin to the restoration offered through Christ, who brings spiritual fruitfulness to those who are in Him (John 15:5). The emphasis on childbearing also connects to the broader biblical narrative of God's promise to Abraham to make his descendants numerous (Genesis 12:2).

This is the law of jealousy
This phrase introduces a specific legal procedure within the Mosaic Law, addressing suspicions of marital infidelity. The "law of jealousy" is a divine ordinance given to maintain marital fidelity and social order within the Israelite community. It reflects the seriousness with which God views the covenant of marriage, emphasizing the need for trust and faithfulness. This law is unique to the Israelites and underscores the importance of purity and holiness in relationships, as seen in other parts of the Torah.

when a wife goes astray
The phrase "goes astray" implies a deviation from the expected path of marital faithfulness. In the cultural and historical context of ancient Israel, marriage was a covenantal relationship with significant social and religious implications. The act of going astray not only threatened the family unit but also the community's moral fabric. This concept is echoed in the prophetic literature, where Israel's unfaithfulness to God is often depicted as spiritual adultery (e.g., Hosea 1-3).

and defiles herself
Defilement here refers to the act of adultery, which was considered a serious sin under the Mosaic Law. It not only affected the individual but also had communal repercussions, as purity was a central theme in Israelite worship and daily life. The idea of defilement is linked to the broader biblical theme of holiness, where God calls His people to be set apart and pure (Leviticus 11:44-45).

while under her husband’s authority
This phrase reflects the patriarchal structure of ancient Israelite society, where the husband held a position of authority within the family. The husband's role was to protect and provide for his wife, and her faithfulness was integral to the household's stability. This authority is not merely social but also spiritual, as the husband is seen as the head of the family, a concept that is further developed in the New Testament (Ephesians 5:23). The law of jealousy thus serves to uphold the sanctity of marriage and the proper order within the family as ordained by God.

or when a feeling of jealousy comes over a husband
In ancient Israel, marriage was a covenant relationship with significant social and religious implications. Jealousy in this context refers to a husband's suspicion of his wife's infidelity, which could disrupt the family unit and community harmony. The feeling of jealousy is acknowledged as a natural human emotion, but it is also seen as a potential threat to marital fidelity and social order. This provision in the law reflects the importance of maintaining trust and purity within the marriage covenant, which is a reflection of God's covenant with His people.

and he suspects his wife.
The suspicion of infidelity was a serious matter in the cultural and historical context of ancient Israel. Adultery was not only a personal betrayal but also a violation of the covenant community's standards. The suspicion needed to be addressed to prevent false accusations and ensure justice. This reflects the broader biblical theme of truth and justice, as seen in other scriptures like Deuteronomy 19:15-21, which emphasizes the need for evidence and fair treatment in legal matters.

He is to have the woman stand before the LORD,
Standing before the LORD indicates bringing the matter into the divine presence, acknowledging that God is the ultimate judge of truth and righteousness. This act underscores the belief that God is intimately involved in the lives of His people and that His presence is central to resolving disputes. The tabernacle, where this would take place, was the physical representation of God's dwelling among His people, emphasizing the seriousness and sacredness of the proceedings.

and the priest is to apply to her this entire law.
The priest acted as an intermediary between God and the people, administering the law and ensuring that the process was conducted according to divine instructions. This reflects the role of the priesthood in maintaining the holiness and order of the community. The "entire law" refers to the specific ritual outlined in Numbers 5:11-31, which was designed to reveal the truth of the situation. This ritual underscores the importance of divine justice and the need for a process that both protects the innocent and convicts the guilty. The involvement of the priest also points to the need for spiritual discernment and guidance in resolving complex personal and communal issues.

The husband will be free from guilt
In the context of Numbers 5, this phrase refers to the ritual of the "ordeal of jealousy," where a husband suspects his wife of infidelity. The husband brings his wife to the priest, and a specific ritual is performed to determine her guilt or innocence. If the wife is found innocent, the husband is free from guilt regarding any false accusation. This reflects the patriarchal structure of ancient Israelite society, where the husband's role as head of the household is emphasized. The ritual underscores the importance of maintaining purity and trust within the marriage covenant, which is a reflection of the covenant relationship between God and Israel. The husband's freedom from guilt also highlights the legal and religious systems in place to address issues of marital fidelity.

but the woman shall bear her iniquity.
If the woman is found guilty through the ritual, she bears the consequences of her sin. This reflects the biblical principle that each person is responsible for their own actions, as seen in Ezekiel 18:20, which states that "the soul who sins shall die." The phrase underscores the seriousness of adultery in the biblical context, where it is not only a breach of marital trust but also a violation of God's commandments. The consequences for the woman serve as a deterrent against infidelity and emphasize the need for holiness and faithfulness in relationships. This can also be seen as a type of Christ, where Jesus bears the iniquity of humanity, taking upon Himself the consequences of sin, as prophesied in Isaiah 53:5-6.