He who dwells in the shelter of the Most High
This phrase emphasizes the importance of residing or living in a place of divine protection. The term "dwells" suggests a continuous, habitual action, indicating a lifestyle of remaining in God's presence. The "shelter" implies a place of refuge and safety, reminiscent of the cities of refuge in ancient Israel where individuals could find protection. The "Most High" is a title for God, El Elyon, emphasizing His supreme authority and sovereignty over all creation. This title is used in Genesis 14:18-20, where Melchizedek, king of Salem, blesses Abram, highlighting God's supreme power and blessing.

will abide in the shadow of the Almighty
"Abide" suggests a settled, enduring presence, indicating a promise of ongoing protection and care. The "shadow" symbolizes protection and comfort, much like the shade provided by a large tree or rock in a desert landscape, offering relief from the harsh sun. The "Almighty" is translated from the Hebrew "Shaddai," a name for God that conveys His omnipotence and sufficiency. This name is used in Genesis 17:1 when God appears to Abram, reinforcing His power and ability to fulfill His promises. The imagery of a shadow also connects to the protective wings of God mentioned in Psalm 91:4, where He is described as a refuge and fortress. This phrase can be seen as a type of Christ, who offers ultimate protection and rest for believers, as seen in Matthew 11:28-30, where Jesus invites the weary to find rest in Him.

I will say to the LORD
This phrase indicates a personal declaration of faith and trust in God. The use of "LORD" refers to Yahweh, the covenant name of God, emphasizing a personal relationship. This declaration is an act of worship and acknowledgment of God's sovereignty and faithfulness. In biblical context, speaking to the LORD is an act of prayer and communication, reflecting the psalmist's confidence in God's presence and protection.

You are my refuge and my fortress
The imagery of "refuge" and "fortress" conveys a sense of safety and protection. In ancient times, a refuge was a place of shelter from danger, while a fortress was a stronghold that provided defense against enemies. This metaphor highlights God's role as a protector and defender. The use of these terms suggests a deep trust in God's ability to provide security and safety, much like a fortified city or a safe haven. This imagery is consistent with other biblical passages that describe God as a shield and protector, such as in Psalm 18:2.

my God
The phrase "my God" signifies a personal relationship and ownership, indicating that the psalmist has a personal connection with the divine. This expression of faith is rooted in the covenant relationship between God and His people, as seen throughout the Old Testament. It reflects the psalmist's acknowledgment of God's authority and power, as well as a personal commitment to Him.

in whom I trust
Trust in God is a central theme throughout the Bible, and this phrase underscores the psalmist's reliance on God's faithfulness and promises. Trust implies confidence and reliance, suggesting that the psalmist has experienced God's protection and provision in the past. This trust is not blind but is based on the knowledge of God's character and past acts of deliverance. The concept of trust is echoed in other scriptures, such as Proverbs 3:5-6, which encourages believers to trust in the LORD with all their heart.

Surely He will deliver you
This phrase emphasizes the certainty of God's protection and deliverance. The use of "surely" conveys a strong assurance, reflecting the psalmist's confidence in God's ability to save. This assurance is rooted in the covenant relationship between God and His people, as seen throughout the Old Testament. The concept of deliverance is a recurring theme in the Bible, with God often portrayed as a deliverer of His people from various forms of danger and oppression, such as the Israelites' exodus from Egypt (Exodus 14:30).

from the snare of the fowler
The "snare of the fowler" is a metaphor for hidden dangers and traps set by enemies. In ancient times, a fowler was someone who trapped birds, often using cunning and deceit. This imagery suggests the subtle and deceptive nature of certain threats. Biblically, snares are often used to describe the schemes of the wicked (Psalm 140:5). Spiritually, this can be seen as a representation of the devil's attempts to ensnare believers, as mentioned in 1 Peter 5:8, where Satan is described as a prowling lion seeking to devour.

and from the deadly plague
The "deadly plague" refers to severe and life-threatening diseases. In the historical context of ancient Israel, plagues were common and often seen as a form of divine judgment or a test of faith. The mention of plagues can be linked to the plagues of Egypt (Exodus 7-11), where God demonstrated His power and protection over His people. In a broader spiritual sense, this phrase can symbolize any overwhelming calamity or trial that threatens life and well-being. The promise of deliverance from such plagues underscores God's sovereignty and His role as a protector and healer, as seen in passages like Exodus 15:26, where God declares Himself as the healer of His people.

He will cover you with His feathers;
This phrase evokes the imagery of a bird protecting its young, a common metaphor in ancient Near Eastern cultures. The use of "feathers" suggests a tender, nurturing protection, emphasizing God's care and intimacy with His people. This imagery is also seen in Deuteronomy 32:11, where God is likened to an eagle caring for its young. The metaphor highlights God's protective nature, offering comfort and security to those who trust in Him.

under His wings you will find refuge;
The concept of finding refuge under God's wings is a powerful image of safety and security. In ancient Israel, the idea of seeking refuge was significant, as cities of refuge provided safety for those in danger. This phrase suggests a personal and intimate protection, akin to a mother bird shielding her chicks. It also connects to Ruth 2:12, where Boaz speaks of Ruth seeking refuge under the wings of the God of Israel, indicating trust and faith in God's protection.

His faithfulness is a shield and rampart.
The terms "shield" and "rampart" convey strong military imagery, suggesting defense and protection against enemies. In the historical context of ancient Israel, shields were essential for soldiers, and ramparts were defensive walls around cities. God's faithfulness is depicted as a reliable defense, emphasizing His unwavering commitment to His people. This connects to Ephesians 6:16, where faith is described as a shield, highlighting the protective power of trust in God. The imagery also points to the steadfast nature of God's promises, offering assurance and security to believers.

You will not fear the terror of the night
This phrase emphasizes divine protection and assurance. In biblical times, night was often associated with danger and uncertainty, as it was a time when enemies could attack under the cover of darkness. The "terror of the night" could refer to any unseen threats or fears that arise when visibility is low and vulnerability is high. This assurance of protection is reminiscent of God's promise to be a shield and refuge, as seen in Psalm 23:4, where the psalmist declares, "Even though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil, for You are with me." The imagery of night also connects to spiritual darkness, where believers are assured that God's presence dispels fear and provides peace.

nor the arrow that flies by day
The "arrow" symbolizes direct and visible threats, such as warfare or conflict, which were common in ancient times. Arrows were a primary weapon in battles, representing danger that is both seen and immediate. This phrase assures believers of God's protection against such threats, echoing the promise found in Ephesians 6:16, where faith is described as a shield that can extinguish all the flaming arrows of the evil one. The mention of "day" contrasts with "night," suggesting that God's protection is comprehensive, covering both hidden and overt dangers. This reflects the broader biblical theme of God's sovereignty and care over all aspects of life, as seen in passages like Isaiah 54:17, which promises that no weapon formed against God's people will prosper.

nor the pestilence that stalks in the darkness
This phrase refers to deadly diseases or plagues that are unseen and often strike without warning. In biblical times, pestilence was a common threat, often seen as a judgment from God (Exodus 9:3, 2 Samuel 24:15). The imagery of "stalking in the darkness" suggests an unseen, lurking danger, emphasizing the fear and uncertainty associated with such threats. This can be connected to the spiritual realm, where unseen forces of evil operate (Ephesians 6:12). The promise here is of divine protection against these hidden dangers, reflecting God's sovereignty over all creation, including disease and death. This assurance is echoed in the New Testament, where believers are encouraged to trust in God's protection and care (Matthew 6:25-34).

nor the calamity that destroys at noon
Calamity here refers to sudden disaster or destruction, often associated with warfare or natural disasters. The mention of "noon" highlights the unexpected nature of such events, as they occur in broad daylight when people are least prepared. In ancient Near Eastern culture, noon was a time of rest and safety, making the idea of destruction at this time particularly alarming. This phrase underscores the comprehensive nature of God's protection, covering both the hidden dangers of the night and the overt threats of the day. Theologically, it points to God's omnipresence and omnipotence, assuring believers that no harm can befall them outside of His will. This protection is a recurring theme in scripture, as seen in passages like Isaiah 43:2 and Romans 8:28, which affirm God's ability to safeguard His people through all circumstances.

Though a thousand may fall at your side
This phrase emphasizes the magnitude of destruction and danger that can occur around the believer. In biblical times, warfare and plagues were common, and the imagery of thousands falling highlights the severity of such events. The psalmist uses hyperbolic language to stress God's protection. This echoes the protection seen in Exodus 12:23, where the Israelites were spared during the Passover. It also reflects the broader biblical theme of God as a refuge and fortress, as seen in Psalm 46:1.

and ten thousand at your right hand
The right hand is often symbolic of power and strength in biblical literature. The mention of ten thousand falling at the right hand underscores the overwhelming odds and the potential for devastation. This phrase can be connected to Deuteronomy 32:30, where one man can chase a thousand, and two can put ten thousand to flight, illustrating God's power in battle. It also points to the divine protection that surpasses human strength and capability.

no harm will come near you
This assurance of safety is central to the message of Psalm 91, which is often seen as a psalm of protection. The promise of no harm coming near the believer is reminiscent of God's covenantal faithfulness, as seen in passages like Isaiah 54:17, where it is declared that no weapon formed against God's people will prosper. This phrase can also be seen as a type of Christ, who provides ultimate protection and salvation for believers, as seen in John 10:28, where Jesus promises that no one will snatch His sheep out of His hand.

You will only see it with your eyes
This phrase emphasizes the role of the believer as an observer rather than a participant in the judgment of the wicked. In biblical context, this reflects the protection and deliverance promised to those who trust in God. The imagery of seeing with one's eyes suggests a firsthand experience of God's justice, reminiscent of the Israelites witnessing the plagues in Egypt while being spared themselves (Exodus 7-12). This also aligns with the theme of divine retribution found throughout the Psalms, where the righteous are assured of God's ultimate justice.

and witness the punishment of the wicked.
The punishment of the wicked is a recurring theme in Scripture, highlighting God's justice and righteousness. This phrase reassures believers that God's judgment is certain and that the wicked will not escape His justice. Historically, this reflects the understanding of divine retribution present in the Old Testament, where God's intervention often resulted in the downfall of the unrighteous (e.g., the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah in Genesis 19). Theologically, it points to the eschatological hope found in the New Testament, where ultimate justice is fulfilled in the return of Christ (Revelation 20:11-15). This also serves as a type of Christ, who embodies both the mercy and justice of God, offering salvation to the repentant while ensuring judgment for the unrepentant.

Because you have made the LORD your dwelling—
This phrase emphasizes the personal choice and commitment to make the LORD one's dwelling place. In biblical terms, dwelling implies a place of safety, rest, and permanence. The concept of God as a dwelling place is echoed in Psalm 90:1, where Moses declares, "Lord, You have been our dwelling place throughout all generations." This suggests a deep, abiding relationship with God, where He is not just a temporary refuge but a permanent home. The idea of God as a dwelling also connects to the New Testament, where believers are described as temples of the Holy Spirit (1 Corinthians 6:19), indicating that God resides within them.

my refuge,
The term "refuge" conveys a sense of protection and safety. In ancient times, cities of refuge were established in Israel as places where individuals could seek asylum (Numbers 35:9-15). This imagery is powerful, suggesting that God Himself is a place of sanctuary and protection from danger. The psalmist's use of "my refuge" indicates a personal relationship and trust in God's ability to protect and provide. This is a recurring theme in the Psalms, as seen in Psalm 46:1, "God is our refuge and strength, an ever-present help in trouble."

the Most High—
The title "Most High" is a translation of the Hebrew name "El Elyon," which signifies God's supreme authority and sovereignty over all creation. This name is first used in Genesis 14:18-20, where Melchizedek, king of Salem, blesses Abram in the name of "God Most High." It underscores God's exalted position above all other powers and deities. In the context of Psalm 91, it reassures the believer that their refuge is not in a lesser being but in the highest authority in the universe. This title also points to the New Testament revelation of Jesus Christ, who is seated at the right hand of the Father, far above all rule and authority (Ephesians 1:20-21).

no evil will befall you
This phrase emphasizes divine protection and assurance of safety for those who trust in God. In the biblical context, "evil" often refers to harm or calamity. The promise here is not necessarily the absence of challenges but the assurance that such challenges will not ultimately harm the believer's soul or eternal standing with God. This echoes the covenantal promises found throughout the Old Testament, where God assures His people of His protection if they remain faithful (Deuteronomy 31:6). Theologically, this can be seen as a foreshadowing of the ultimate protection found in Christ, who delivers believers from the power of sin and death (Romans 8:38-39).

no plague will approach your tent
In ancient times, a "tent" symbolized one's dwelling or household. The reference to "plague" would have been particularly poignant to the original audience, who were familiar with the plagues of Egypt (Exodus 7-12) and other pestilences that could devastate communities. This promise of protection from plagues can be seen as a continuation of God's covenantal faithfulness, as He protected the Israelites during the Passover (Exodus 12:13). In a broader spiritual sense, this can be interpreted as God's protection over the believer's life and family, ensuring that spiritual harm does not come near. This assurance is mirrored in the New Testament, where believers are promised peace and protection through faith in Christ (Philippians 4:7).

For He will command His angels
This phrase highlights God's sovereign authority over the heavenly hosts. Throughout Scripture, angels are depicted as messengers and servants of God, carrying out His will (Hebrews 1:14). The command of angels signifies divine intervention and protection, emphasizing God's active role in the lives of His people. In the biblical context, angels often appear to deliver messages or provide protection, as seen in the stories of Daniel in the lion's den (Daniel 6:22) and Peter's release from prison (Acts 12:7-10).

concerning you
This personalizes the promise, indicating that God's care and protection are directed specifically towards the believer. The individual focus underscores the intimate relationship between God and His followers. This assurance is echoed in other scriptures, such as Matthew 10:30, where Jesus speaks of God's detailed knowledge and care for each person.

to guard you
The concept of guarding implies a vigilant and protective watch. In ancient times, guards were responsible for the safety and security of a city or person, often standing watch to prevent harm. This imagery conveys the idea of constant divine protection, akin to a shepherd watching over his flock (Psalm 23:1-4). The guarding role of angels is also seen in the story of Elisha, where an army of angels surrounds and protects him (2 Kings 6:17).

in all your ways
This phrase suggests comprehensive protection, covering every aspect of life. It implies that God's guardianship is not limited to specific situations but extends to all paths and decisions. The idea of "ways" can be understood as one's journey or life path, resonating with Proverbs 3:6, which encourages acknowledging God in all ways to receive His guidance. This assurance of protection in all circumstances reflects the holistic care God provides to those who trust in Him.

They will lift you up in their hands
This phrase refers to the protection and care provided by angels, as mentioned earlier in Psalm 91. Angels are often depicted in Scripture as messengers and protectors of God's people (Hebrews 1:14). The imagery of being lifted up suggests a divine intervention that prevents harm. In the context of ancient Near Eastern culture, the idea of being carried or lifted by a superior being was a sign of favor and protection. This phrase also connects to the temptation of Jesus in the wilderness, where Satan quotes this verse to challenge Jesus to test God's protection (Matthew 4:6). Jesus' response highlights the importance of trusting God without putting Him to the test.

so that you will not strike your foot against a stone
This part of the verse emphasizes the completeness of God's protection. In the historical context, walking on rocky paths was common, and stumbling was a frequent danger. The assurance that one will not even strike their foot against a stone signifies a promise of safety from even the smallest harm. This imagery can be seen as a metaphor for avoiding spiritual pitfalls and temptations. Theologically, it points to the care God provides to ensure His people are not led astray or harmed by the trials of life. This protection is ultimately fulfilled in Jesus Christ, who, though tempted, did not fall into sin, exemplifying perfect reliance on God's provision and care.

You will tread on the lion and cobra;
This phrase signifies victory and dominion over dangerous and powerful adversaries. In biblical symbolism, the lion often represents strength and ferocity, while the cobra (or adder) symbolizes hidden dangers and deceit. The imagery of treading upon these creatures suggests triumph over both overt and covert threats. In the ancient Near East, lions were common in the wilderness and were feared predators, while cobras were known for their deadly venom. This promise of protection and victory is consistent with God's assurances to His people throughout Scripture, such as in Genesis 3:15, where the seed of the woman is prophesied to crush the serpent's head, symbolizing ultimate victory over evil.

you will trample the young lion and serpent.
The repetition of the imagery with "young lion" and "serpent" emphasizes the certainty and completeness of the victory. The young lion, being in its prime, represents a formidable challenge, yet the promise is that it will be trampled underfoot. The serpent, often associated with Satan (as seen in Revelation 12:9), further underscores the theme of overcoming spiritual adversaries. This phrase can be seen as a type of Christ, who, through His death and resurrection, defeated Satan and all powers of darkness. Believers, through their union with Christ, share in this victory, as reflected in passages like Luke 10:19, where Jesus gives His disciples authority to "tread on serpents and scorpions, and over all the power of the enemy."

Because he loves Me
This phrase emphasizes the importance of a personal relationship with God, characterized by love and devotion. In the Hebrew context, love is not merely an emotion but involves loyalty and commitment. This reflects the Shema in Deuteronomy 6:5, where loving God with all one's heart, soul, and strength is commanded. The love here is covenantal, suggesting a deep, abiding connection that mirrors the love God has for His people.

I will deliver him
Deliverance in the biblical sense often refers to salvation or rescue from danger. This promise of deliverance can be seen throughout the Old Testament, such as in the Exodus narrative where God delivers Israel from Egypt. It also foreshadows the ultimate deliverance through Jesus Christ, who provides salvation from sin and death. The deliverance promised here is both physical and spiritual, indicating God's comprehensive protection.

because he knows My name
Knowing God's name implies an intimate understanding of His character and attributes. In ancient Near Eastern culture, a name was more than a label; it represented the essence of a person. God's name, revealed as Yahweh, signifies His eternal presence and faithfulness. This knowledge is not merely intellectual but relational, as seen in Exodus 3:14-15, where God reveals His name to Moses. It suggests trust and reliance on God's nature and promises.

I will protect him
Protection here is a divine assurance of safety and security. This promise is consistent with God's role as a refuge and fortress, as seen in the earlier verses of Psalm 91. The protection is not just from physical harm but also from spiritual threats. This echoes the New Testament assurance in passages like John 10:28-29, where Jesus speaks of His followers being secure in His hand. The protection is comprehensive, covering all aspects of life for those who trust in God.

When he calls out to Me
This phrase emphasizes the importance of prayer and communication with God. Throughout the Bible, calling out to God is a recurring theme, seen in the lives of figures like David, Daniel, and Elijah. It reflects a relationship where the believer actively seeks God's presence and intervention. The act of calling out signifies faith and dependence on God, acknowledging His sovereignty and willingness to listen. In the cultural context of ancient Israel, calling upon the name of the Lord was a common practice during times of distress, as seen in Psalms and the prophetic books.

I will answer him
God's promise to answer is a reassurance of His attentiveness and responsiveness to the prayers of the faithful. This reflects the covenant relationship between God and His people, where He commits to being their protector and guide. The assurance of an answer is echoed in other scriptures, such as Jeremiah 33:3, where God invites His people to call upon Him with the promise of revealing great and unsearchable things. This promise is not just about receiving what is asked for but about God’s presence and wisdom being imparted.

I will be with him in trouble
This phrase highlights God's promise of presence during difficult times. It is reminiscent of God's assurance to Joshua in Joshua 1:9, where He promises to be with him wherever he goes. The presence of God in times of trouble is a central theme in the Bible, providing comfort and strength to believers. Historically, this reflects the understanding that God is not distant but actively involved in the lives of His people, offering support and guidance through trials.

I will deliver him
Deliverance is a key theme in the Bible, often associated with salvation and rescue from danger or oppression. This promise of deliverance can be seen in the Exodus narrative, where God delivers the Israelites from slavery in Egypt. It also points to the ultimate deliverance through Jesus Christ, who delivers believers from sin and death. The concept of deliverance is both physical and spiritual, encompassing God's intervention in various aspects of life.

and honor him
The promise of honor signifies God's recognition and reward for faithfulness. In biblical times, honor was a significant aspect of social and religious life, often associated with reputation, respect, and divine favor. This promise can be connected to the Beatitudes in Matthew 5, where Jesus speaks of the blessings and honor bestowed upon those who are faithful and righteous. It reflects the biblical principle that God exalts the humble and honors those who trust in Him.

With long life
This phrase suggests a promise of longevity, which in biblical times was often seen as a sign of God's blessing and favor. In the context of ancient Israel, a long life was associated with wisdom, prosperity, and the fulfillment of God's covenant promises. The patriarchs, such as Abraham and Moses, are examples of individuals who lived long lives, symbolizing their close relationship with God. This promise can also be seen as a metaphor for eternal life, pointing to the ultimate fulfillment of God's promises in the life to come.

I will satisfy him
Satisfaction here implies a sense of fulfillment and contentment that comes from God's provision and care. In the biblical context, satisfaction is not merely about physical needs but encompasses spiritual and emotional well-being. This reflects the idea that true satisfaction is found in a relationship with God, as seen in Psalm 23:1, "The LORD is my shepherd; I shall not want." The satisfaction promised by God is complete and holistic, addressing every aspect of life.

and show him My salvation.”
Salvation in this context refers to deliverance and protection, themes prevalent throughout Psalm 91. This salvation is both temporal, involving protection from physical harm and danger, and eternal, pointing to the ultimate salvation through Jesus Christ. The concept of salvation is central to the biblical narrative, culminating in the New Testament with the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus. This phrase can be seen as a prophetic foreshadowing of the salvation offered through Christ, who is the fulfillment of God's promise to save His people.