Introduction

Marriage customs in biblical times were deeply rooted in cultural, social, and religious practices. These customs are reflected throughout the Scriptures, providing insight into the values and norms of ancient societies. The Bible presents marriage as a covenantal relationship instituted by God, serving as a foundational element of human society.

Biblical Foundation

The concept of marriage is introduced in the early chapters of Genesis. In Genesis 2:24 , it is written, "For this reason a man will leave his father and mother and be united to his wife, and they will become one flesh." This verse establishes the divine origin of marriage, emphasizing the unity and permanence intended in the marital relationship.

Betrothal and Engagement

In biblical times, marriage often began with a betrothal period, which was a formal engagement that could only be broken by divorce. Betrothal was a binding agreement, often arranged by the families of the bride and groom. The account of Mary and Joseph illustrates this custom, as they were betrothed before the angel announced the miraculous conception of Jesus (Matthew 1:18-19).

Dowry and Bride Price

The practice of giving a dowry or bride price was common in biblical marriages. This payment, made by the groom or his family to the bride's family, served as compensation and a sign of commitment. In Genesis 24, Abraham's servant presents gifts to Rebekah's family as part of the marriage arrangement with Isaac (Genesis 24:53).

Wedding Celebrations

Weddings in biblical times were significant social events, often lasting several days. The wedding at Cana, where Jesus performed His first miracle by turning water into wine, exemplifies the celebratory nature of these occasions (John 2:1-11). Such celebrations included feasting, music, and dancing, reflecting the joy and communal aspect of marriage.

Roles and Responsibilities

The Bible outlines distinct roles and responsibilities for husbands and wives within marriage. Ephesians 5:22-33 describes the relationship between husband and wife as analogous to that of Christ and the Church. Wives are called to submit to their husbands, while husbands are instructed to love their wives sacrificially, as Christ loved the Church.

Polygamy and Monogamy

While monogamy is presented as the ideal in Scripture, instances of polygamy are recorded, particularly among patriarchs and kings. For example, Jacob had two wives, Leah and Rachel, as well as their maidservants (Genesis 29-30). However, the New Testament reaffirms the monogamous ideal, as seen in 1 Timothy 3:2 , where church leaders are instructed to be "the husband of but one wife."

Divorce and Remarriage

Divorce was permitted under certain circumstances in the Old Testament, as outlined in Deuteronomy 24:1-4 . However, Jesus emphasized the sanctity and permanence of marriage, teaching that divorce was allowed only due to the hardness of human hearts (Matthew 19:3-9). The Apostle Paul also addressed issues of divorce and remarriage, providing guidance for believers in 1 Corinthians 7 .

Conclusion

Marriage customs in the Bible reflect a complex interplay of cultural practices and divine principles. The Scriptures consistently uphold marriage as a sacred covenant, designed to reflect God's love and faithfulness. Through the study of these customs, believers gain a deeper understanding of the biblical vision for marriage and its enduring significance.