I will sing for my beloved a song of his vineyard:
This phrase introduces a poetic and prophetic allegory. The "beloved" refers to God, and the "vineyard" symbolizes the nation of Israel. The use of a song indicates a message delivered with emotion and artistry, often used by prophets to capture attention. The vineyard imagery is common in the Bible, representing God's care and expectations for His people (Psalm 80:8-16, Matthew 21:33-41). The song format suggests a lament or a love song, highlighting the deep relationship between God and Israel.

My beloved had a vineyard:
The vineyard is a metaphor for Israel, a nation chosen and cultivated by God. This imagery is rooted in the agricultural context of ancient Israel, where vineyards were valuable and required careful tending. The vineyard represents God's investment and care, as seen in other scriptures like Jeremiah 2:21 and Hosea 10:1. The possessive "my beloved" emphasizes God's personal and covenantal relationship with Israel, underscoring His role as both caretaker and judge.

on a very fertile hill:
The "fertile hill" signifies the ideal conditions provided by God for Israel to thrive. This geographical reference suggests a place of potential and blessing, akin to the Promised Land described in Deuteronomy 8:7-9. Fertility implies not just physical abundance but spiritual opportunity. The hill may also symbolize elevation, both literally and spiritually, indicating a place set apart for divine purposes. This setting underscores the expectation of fruitfulness and the disappointment of unfulfilled potential, as later verses reveal.

He dug it up and cleared the stones
This phrase reflects the careful preparation and effort God invested in Israel, symbolized by the vineyard. In ancient Palestine, vineyards required significant labor to remove stones and prepare the soil, indicating God's meticulous care and provision. The removal of stones can also symbolize the removal of obstacles or impurities, aligning with God's desire for Israel to be a holy nation. This imagery is reminiscent of God's covenant with Israel, where He promised to nurture and protect them if they remained faithful.

and planted the finest vines
The "finest vines" represent the people of Israel, chosen by God to be His special possession. This choice is echoed in Deuteronomy 7:6, where Israel is described as a holy people set apart by God. The use of "finest" suggests that God provided Israel with every advantage and blessing necessary to thrive spiritually and morally. This can also be seen as a foreshadowing of Jesus Christ, the true vine, as mentioned in John 15:1, where believers are called to abide in Him to bear fruit.

He built a watchtower in the middle
The watchtower signifies God's protection and vigilance over Israel. In ancient vineyards, a watchtower was used to guard against thieves and wild animals, symbolizing God's constant watchfulness and care. This imagery can be connected to Psalm 121:4, which assures that God neither slumbers nor sleeps in His guardianship over His people. The central location of the watchtower emphasizes God's presence among His people, a theme that resonates throughout the Old Testament.

and dug out a winepress as well
The winepress represents the expectation of a fruitful harvest, symbolizing the righteous deeds and spiritual fruit God anticipated from Israel. In biblical times, a winepress was essential for processing grapes into wine, a symbol of joy and blessing. This expectation is mirrored in the New Testament, where believers are called to produce the fruit of the Spirit (Galatians 5:22-23). The winepress also foreshadows the judgment that comes when God's people fail to produce the expected fruit, as seen in Revelation 14:19-20.

He waited for the vineyard to yield good grapes
This phrase highlights God's patience and long-suffering nature, as He gave Israel time to produce righteousness and justice. The expectation of "good grapes" reflects God's desire for His people to live according to His commandments and to be a light to the nations. This expectation is echoed in Micah 6:8, where God requires His people to act justly, love mercy, and walk humbly with Him. The waiting period signifies God's grace, allowing time for repentance and growth.

but the fruit it produced was sour!
The sour fruit symbolizes Israel's failure to live up to God's expectations, producing injustice and unrighteousness instead of the desired righteousness. This outcome is a lament over Israel's spiritual decline and moral corruption, as seen in the broader context of Isaiah 5. The sour fruit serves as a warning to all believers about the consequences of disobedience and unfaithfulness. This imagery is paralleled in the New Testament, where Jesus warns of the consequences of not bearing good fruit (Matthew 7:17-19). The sour fruit ultimately points to the need for redemption through Christ, who enables believers to produce the fruit of righteousness.

And now, O dwellers of Jerusalem and men of Judah
This phrase addresses the inhabitants of Jerusalem and the broader region of Judah, indicating a direct appeal to the people of God’s chosen nation. Jerusalem, as the capital city, represents the spiritual and political heart of Israel. The mention of both Jerusalem and Judah emphasizes the comprehensive nature of the message, targeting both urban and rural populations. Historically, this period was marked by social injustice and spiritual decline, which Isaiah frequently addressed. The call to the "dwellers" signifies a communal responsibility and awareness of the covenant relationship with God.

I exhort you to judge
The use of "exhort" implies a strong urging or appeal, suggesting that the people are being called to a serious and reflective decision-making process. The concept of judgment here is not merely legal but moral and spiritual, inviting the people to discern right from wrong. This reflects the biblical theme of God’s people being called to exercise discernment and justice, as seen in other scriptures like Micah 6:8, which emphasizes doing justice, loving kindness, and walking humbly with God. The call to judge also foreshadows the coming judgment upon Israel for their unfaithfulness.

between Me and My vineyard
The "vineyard" is a metaphor for Israel, a common biblical symbol representing God’s people (see Psalm 80:8-16 and Matthew 21:33-41). This imagery highlights the care and investment God has made in His people, expecting them to bear fruit in terms of righteousness and justice. The vineyard metaphor also connects to the idea of stewardship and accountability, as God expects His people to live according to His statutes. The phrase "between Me and My vineyard" suggests a legal dispute, where God presents His case against Israel for their failure to live up to their covenantal obligations. This sets the stage for the prophetic message of judgment and redemption that follows in Isaiah.

What more could have been done for My vineyard than I have done for it?
This phrase reflects God's lament over Israel, depicted as His vineyard. The vineyard metaphor is common in the Old Testament, symbolizing God's chosen people (Isaiah 5:1-7). The rhetorical question emphasizes God's exhaustive care and provision, highlighting His justice and righteousness. Historically, vineyards were vital in ancient Israel, requiring meticulous care, symbolizing God's attentive nurturing of Israel. This phrase echoes the covenant relationship, where God provided laws, prophets, and blessings, yet Israel failed to respond faithfully. It parallels Jesus' parable of the tenants (Matthew 21:33-41), where the vineyard represents Israel, and the tenants' failure to produce fruit signifies Israel's unfaithfulness.

Why, when I expected sweet grapes, did it bring forth sour fruit?
This phrase underscores the disappointment of unmet expectations. Sweet grapes symbolize righteousness and justice, the fruits God desired from Israel. Sour fruit represents Israel's moral and spiritual failures, including idolatry and injustice. The expectation of sweet grapes aligns with God's covenantal promises, where obedience would lead to blessings (Deuteronomy 28:1-14). The sour fruit reflects the curses for disobedience (Deuteronomy 28:15-68). This imagery is prophetic, foreshadowing Israel's exile due to their unfaithfulness. It also typifies Christ, the true vine (John 15:1-8), who produces the desired fruit of righteousness in believers, contrasting Israel's failure.

Now I will tell you what I am about to do to My vineyard:
This phrase introduces a divine declaration of judgment. The vineyard represents the house of Israel, as seen in Isaiah 5:7. The imagery of a vineyard is common in Scripture, symbolizing God's people and His care for them (Psalm 80:8-16; Matthew 21:33-41). The owner of the vineyard, God, is about to take action due to the unfruitfulness and rebellion of His people.

I will take away its hedge,
The hedge symbolizes protection and divine favor. In ancient times, vineyards were often surrounded by hedges or walls to protect them from animals and thieves. Removing the hedge indicates the withdrawal of God's protection, leaving the vineyard vulnerable. This reflects the consequences of Israel's disobedience and idolatry, as seen in Deuteronomy 28:15-68, where blessings and curses are outlined based on Israel's faithfulness.

and it will be consumed;
The consumption of the vineyard signifies destruction and desolation. This can be seen as a prophetic warning of the coming invasions and exiles that Israel would face, particularly by the Assyrians and Babylonians. The imagery of consumption also points to the spiritual decay and moral corruption that had overtaken the nation, leading to its downfall.

I will tear down its wall,
The wall, like the hedge, represents security and separation from external threats. Tearing down the wall indicates a complete exposure to danger and judgment. This act is reminiscent of the destruction of Jerusalem and its walls by the Babylonians in 586 BC, as recorded in 2 Kings 25:10. It serves as a metaphor for the removal of divine protection due to persistent sin.

and it will be trampled.
Trampling suggests utter devastation and humiliation. This imagery is consistent with the fate of a neglected vineyard, overrun and destroyed. It also foreshadows the trampling of Jerusalem by foreign powers, as prophesied in Daniel 8:13 and fulfilled in various historical invasions. The trampling is a consequence of Israel's failure to uphold their covenant with God, highlighting the seriousness of their spiritual apostasy.

I will make it a wasteland
This phrase signifies God's judgment and the removal of His protection and blessing. In the context of Isaiah 5, the vineyard represents Israel, and the wasteland symbolizes the consequences of their unfaithfulness. The imagery of a vineyard becoming a wasteland is a powerful metaphor for divine judgment, reflecting the covenant curses found in Deuteronomy 28:15-68. Historically, this foreshadows the destruction and exile that Israel would face due to their disobedience.

neither pruned nor cultivated
Pruning and cultivation are essential for a vineyard's health and productivity. The absence of these actions indicates neglect and abandonment. Spiritually, this suggests a withdrawal of God's nurturing care and guidance. In John 15:1-2, Jesus speaks of Himself as the true vine, and His followers as branches that require pruning to bear fruit. The lack of pruning here contrasts with the care God provides to those who remain in Him.

and thorns and briers will grow up
Thorns and briers are often associated with the curse of sin, as seen in Genesis 3:18, where the ground is cursed because of Adam's disobedience. In the prophetic context, these represent the consequences of Israel's sin and rebellion. The growth of thorns and briers signifies chaos and desolation, a reversal of the order and beauty God intended for His people.

I will command the clouds that rain shall not fall on it.
Rain is a symbol of God's blessing and provision, essential for the fertility of the land. The withholding of rain is a direct act of divine judgment, as seen in the covenant curses of Leviticus 26:19 and Deuteronomy 11:17. This phrase underscores God's sovereignty over creation and His ability to withhold blessings as a form of discipline. In a broader theological sense, it points to the spiritual drought that occurs when people turn away from God, as seen in Amos 8:11, where there is a famine of hearing the words of the Lord.

For the vineyard of the LORD of Hosts is the house of Israel
In biblical symbolism, a vineyard often represents God's people, and here it specifically refers to Israel. The imagery of a vineyard is used throughout Scripture to depict God's care and expectations for His people (e.g., Psalm 80:8-16, Matthew 21:33-41). The "LORD of Hosts" emphasizes God's sovereignty and power, suggesting His authority over Israel. Historically, vineyards were a significant part of the agrarian society in ancient Israel, symbolizing prosperity and divine blessing. This metaphor underscores God's investment in Israel, expecting them to produce spiritual fruit.

and the men of Judah are the plant of His delight
Judah, the southern kingdom, is highlighted as the "plant of His delight," indicating God's special favor and expectation. This phrase suggests a personal and intimate relationship between God and Judah, akin to a gardener's care for a cherished plant. The use of "delight" reflects God's initial pleasure in His people, reminiscent of His covenant promises. This also foreshadows the coming of the Messiah from the tribe of Judah, as prophesied in Genesis 49:10, linking the lineage of David to Jesus Christ.

He looked for justice, but saw bloodshed
God's expectation for justice among His people is a recurring theme in the prophetic books. Justice, in the biblical sense, involves fairness, equity, and the protection of the vulnerable. However, instead of justice, God finds "bloodshed," indicating violence and oppression. This reflects the moral and spiritual decline of Israel and Judah, as seen in the historical context of social injustice and idolatry during the time of the prophets. The Hebrew wordplay between "justice" (mishpat) and "bloodshed" (mispach) emphasizes the stark contrast between God's expectations and the people's actions.

for righteousness, but heard a cry of distress
Righteousness involves living in right relationship with God and others, characterized by integrity and ethical behavior. Instead of righteousness, God hears "a cry of distress," indicating the suffering and exploitation of the innocent. This cry echoes the plight of the oppressed, similar to the cries God heard from the Israelites in Egypt (Exodus 3:7). The failure to produce righteousness highlights the people's rebellion against God's covenant, leading to divine judgment. This theme of unmet expectations is echoed in the New Testament, where Jesus calls for true righteousness that exceeds mere legalism (Matthew 5:20).

Woe to you who add house to house
This phrase begins with a "woe," a term often used by prophets to pronounce judgment or lamentation. The context here is a condemnation of greed and the accumulation of wealth at the expense of others. In ancient Israel, land was a critical resource, and the Law of Moses emphasized the equitable distribution of land among the tribes and families (Leviticus 25:23-28). The practice of adding house to house suggests a violation of this principle, as wealthy landowners were buying up properties, displacing smaller landowners, and disrupting the intended social order. This behavior reflects a disregard for the covenantal laws and a focus on material gain.

and join field to field
The joining of field to field further illustrates the expansion of personal estates at the expense of community welfare. This accumulation of land would lead to the creation of large estates, reducing the availability of land for others and increasing economic disparity. The historical context of this practice can be seen in the agricultural society of ancient Israel, where land was the primary means of production and sustenance. This behavior is reminiscent of the actions of Ahab and Jezebel in 1 Kings 21, where Naboth's vineyard was unjustly seized, highlighting the abuse of power and disregard for divine law.

until no place is left
This phrase indicates the extent of the greed and the resulting desolation. The accumulation of land by a few leads to a lack of space and resources for the many, creating social and economic imbalance. This situation is contrary to the Jubilee laws, which were designed to prevent such monopolization and ensure that every family had access to their ancestral land. The prophetic warning here is that such actions will lead to judgment and desolation, as the land itself will suffer from the consequences of human greed.

and you live alone in the land
The result of this unchecked greed is isolation. The wealthy landowners, in their pursuit of expansion, end up living alone, having driven others away. This isolation is both physical and spiritual, as it reflects a separation from the community and from God's intended order. The prophetic implication is that such behavior leads to judgment, as seen in the Babylonian exile, where the land was left desolate and the people were removed. This phrase also serves as a warning against the dangers of materialism and the importance of community and stewardship.

I heard the LORD of Hosts declare:
This phrase emphasizes the authority and divine origin of the message. The title "LORD of Hosts" refers to God's sovereignty over the armies of heaven and earth, highlighting His power and authority. This is a common title for God in the Old Testament, underscoring His role as a divine warrior and protector of Israel. The prophet Isaiah is acting as a mouthpiece for God, indicating that the message is not his own but a direct revelation from God.

Surely many houses will become desolate:
This prophecy speaks to the impending judgment on the people of Judah and Jerusalem due to their disobedience and social injustices. The desolation of houses signifies the consequences of turning away from God's commandments. Historically, this can be linked to the Babylonian invasion and exile, where many homes were indeed left empty as the people were taken captive. The desolation also serves as a metaphor for spiritual barrenness, where the absence of God's presence leads to emptiness.

great mansions left unoccupied:
The mention of "great mansions" indicates that the judgment will affect not only the poor but also the wealthy and powerful. This reflects the biblical theme that God's justice is impartial and that wealth and status do not exempt one from accountability. In the cultural context of ancient Israel, large houses were symbols of prosperity and security, yet they would be abandoned, showing the futility of relying on material wealth. This can be connected to Jesus' teachings in the New Testament, where He warns against storing up treasures on earth (Matthew 6:19-21). The unoccupied mansions also foreshadow the ultimate desolation that comes from rejecting God's covenant.

For ten acres of vineyard will yield but a bath of wine
This phrase highlights the theme of divine judgment and the consequences of Israel's disobedience. In ancient Israel, vineyards were a symbol of prosperity and blessing. A "bath" is a small liquid measure, approximately 6 gallons or 22 liters, indicating a drastically reduced yield. This reflects the curse of unfruitfulness due to the people's sin, as seen in Deuteronomy 28:38-39, where disobedience leads to agricultural failure. The imagery of a vineyard is also used in Isaiah 5:1-7, where Israel is depicted as a vineyard that produces wild grapes instead of good fruit, symbolizing their moral and spiritual failure.

and a homer of seed only an ephah of grain.
A "homer" is a large measure of dry goods, about 220 liters or 6 bushels, while an "ephah" is much smaller, about 22 liters or 0.6 bushels. This drastic reduction in yield signifies the futility of labor without God's blessing. The disparity between the amount of seed sown and the harvest reaped underscores the theme of judgment and the reversal of expected blessings. This echoes the covenant curses in Leviticus 26:16 and Haggai 1:6, where disobedience leads to diminished returns. The imagery serves as a warning to the people of God to remain faithful and obedient to His commandments, as their prosperity is directly linked to their covenant relationship with Him.

Woe to those who rise early in the morning in pursuit of strong drink
The term "woe" is a prophetic declaration of judgment and lamentation, often used by prophets to signal impending doom or divine displeasure. In the context of Isaiah, it serves as a warning to the people of Judah who have turned away from God. Rising early in pursuit of strong drink indicates a lifestyle dominated by indulgence and addiction, suggesting a prioritization of pleasure over spiritual and moral responsibilities. This behavior reflects a deeper spiritual malaise, as seen in Proverbs 23:29-35, which warns against the dangers of excessive drinking. The pursuit of strong drink symbolizes a broader societal decay, where immediate gratification is sought over long-term faithfulness to God.

who linger into the evening
Lingering into the evening suggests a continuous, unbroken indulgence in alcohol, highlighting a life consumed by excess. This behavior is indicative of a lack of self-control and discipline, which are virtues extolled throughout Scripture (Galatians 5:22-23). The cultural context of ancient Israel placed significant value on moderation and self-restraint, as seen in the Nazarite vow (Numbers 6:1-4), which included abstaining from wine. The persistent indulgence from morning to evening underscores a rejection of these values and a descent into moral and spiritual apathy.

to be inflamed by wine
Being inflamed by wine suggests a loss of reason and self-control, leading to destructive behavior. This phrase captures the idea of being consumed or controlled by one's desires, a theme echoed in Ephesians 5:18, which contrasts being filled with the Spirit with being drunk on wine. The imagery of fire and inflammation can also be seen as a metaphor for judgment, as fire often represents God's purifying and consuming judgment in Scripture (Hebrews 12:29). The excessive consumption of wine, leading to a state of being inflamed, serves as a warning against allowing any substance or desire to take precedence over one's devotion to God.

At their feasts are the lyre and harp, tambourines and flutes and wine.
This phrase describes the indulgent and hedonistic lifestyle of the people Isaiah is addressing. The use of musical instruments like the lyre, harp, tambourines, and flutes indicates a setting of celebration and revelry. In ancient Israel, music was often associated with worship and celebration, but here it is used to highlight the people's focus on pleasure rather than spiritual matters. The inclusion of wine suggests excess and a lack of self-control, which is often condemned in Scripture (Proverbs 20:1, Ephesians 5:18). This behavior reflects a society that prioritizes earthly pleasures over spiritual devotion, reminiscent of the warnings in Amos 6:4-6 about complacency and indulgence.

They disregard the actions of the LORD
This phrase indicates a willful ignorance or neglect of God's deeds and interventions in history. The people are so consumed by their own pleasures that they fail to recognize or acknowledge God's sovereignty and the ways He has acted on their behalf. This disregard is a recurring theme in the prophetic literature, where the prophets call the people to remember God's mighty works (Deuteronomy 6:12, Psalm 78:11). The actions of the LORD could refer to His creation, His deliverance of Israel from Egypt, or His ongoing providence and judgment. This neglect is a form of spiritual blindness and rebellion, which leads to judgment (Isaiah 1:3, Jeremiah 5:21).

and fail to see the work of His hands.
This phrase emphasizes the people's spiritual blindness and lack of discernment. The "work of His hands" can refer to both creation and God's ongoing involvement in the world. In the biblical context, recognizing God's handiwork is essential for understanding His power and authority (Psalm 19:1, Romans 1:20). The failure to see God's work is indicative of a hardened heart and a refusal to acknowledge His lordship. This blindness is not just a lack of physical sight but a deeper spiritual condition that prevents the people from understanding their dependence on God and the consequences of their actions. This theme is echoed in the New Testament, where Jesus criticizes those who have eyes but do not see (Mark 8:18).

Therefore My people will go into exile for their lack of understanding;
This phrase highlights the consequence of Israel's spiritual ignorance and disobedience. The term "exile" refers to the Babylonian captivity, a significant event in Jewish history where the Israelites were taken from their homeland due to their persistent idolatry and failure to heed God's commands. The "lack of understanding" indicates a failure to recognize and follow God's laws and prophets. This theme of exile as a result of disobedience is echoed in other scriptures, such as 2 Kings 17:7-23, where the reasons for Israel's downfall are detailed. The exile serves as both a punishment and a means of purification, preparing the way for eventual restoration, a theme that is also seen in the New Testament with the concept of spiritual exile and redemption through Christ.

their dignitaries are starving
The "dignitaries" or leaders of the people, who were expected to guide and protect the nation, are depicted as starving. This can be understood both literally and metaphorically. Literally, the siege and subsequent exile would lead to physical deprivation. Metaphorically, it reflects a spiritual starvation due to the leaders' failure to seek and impart God's wisdom. This mirrors the warnings given in Hosea 4:6, where a lack of knowledge leads to destruction. The leaders' failure to provide spiritual nourishment results in their own downfall, emphasizing the responsibility of leadership in maintaining faithfulness to God.

and their masses are parched with thirst.
The "masses" or common people suffer from thirst, symbolizing a deep spiritual need that is unmet due to the nation's collective disobedience. This thirst can be seen as a longing for truth and righteousness, which is not satisfied because of the people's estrangement from God. In a broader biblical context, thirst is often used to describe a yearning for God, as seen in Psalm 42:1-2. The imagery of thirst also points forward to the New Testament, where Jesus offers Himself as the living water (John 4:14), providing eternal satisfaction to those who believe in Him. This connection underscores the ultimate fulfillment of spiritual needs through Christ.

Therefore Sheol enlarges its throat
The term "Sheol" in Hebrew refers to the realm of the dead, often depicted as a place of darkness and silence. In the context of Isaiah, Sheol's "enlarging" suggests an increase in the number of those who will face judgment and death due to their sins. This imagery emphasizes the consequences of Israel's disobedience and moral decay. The concept of Sheol is echoed in other scriptures, such as Psalm 9:17 and Proverbs 27:20, where it is portrayed as insatiable.

and opens wide its enormous jaws
The imagery of Sheol's "enormous jaws" conveys a sense of impending doom and the inevitability of divine judgment. This metaphor highlights the seriousness of God's wrath against sin. The depiction of Sheol as a devouring entity is consistent with other biblical passages, such as Habakkuk 2:5, where death is described as never satisfied.

and down go Zion’s nobles and masses
"Zion" refers to Jerusalem, the spiritual and political center of Israel. The mention of "nobles and masses" indicates that both the leaders and the common people are subject to judgment. This reflects the comprehensive nature of God's justice, as seen in other prophetic writings like Jeremiah 25:29, where judgment begins with God's own people.

her revelers and carousers!
The "revelers and carousers" symbolize those indulging in excessive and immoral behavior, often associated with idolatry and neglect of God's commandments. This phrase underscores the moral corruption prevalent in society, which is a recurring theme in the prophetic books. Similar warnings against such behavior are found in Amos 6:4-7 and Isaiah 22:12-14, where indulgence leads to downfall.

So mankind will be brought low
This phrase reflects the theme of divine judgment and humility. In the context of Isaiah, the prophet often speaks against the pride and self-sufficiency of Israel and the surrounding nations. The imagery of being "brought low" is consistent with the biblical principle that God opposes the proud but gives grace to the humble (James 4:6). Historically, this can be seen in the downfall of powerful empires like Assyria and Babylon, which were brought low despite their might. Theologically, it underscores the need for humanity to recognize its dependence on God.

and each man humbled
The individual aspect of this phrase emphasizes personal accountability before God. In the ancient Near Eastern context, societal structures were often hierarchical, with kings and leaders wielding significant power. However, Isaiah's message is that every person, regardless of status, will face God's judgment. This humbling is not just a physical lowering but a spiritual awakening to one's true position before the Creator. It echoes the New Testament teaching that every knee will bow and every tongue confess that Jesus Christ is Lord (Philippians 2:10-11).

the arrogant will lower their eyes
This phrase highlights the specific target of God's judgment: the arrogant. In biblical literature, the eyes are often symbolic of one's attitude and perspective. Lowering the eyes signifies a recognition of one's own limitations and the futility of pride. This is a common theme throughout Scripture, where the proud are warned of their impending downfall (Proverbs 16:18). Theologically, it points to the ultimate humbling of all who exalt themselves against God, a theme that finds its fulfillment in the eschatological judgment when Christ returns to establish His kingdom.

But the LORD of Hosts
This title emphasizes God's supreme command over the heavenly armies, underscoring His sovereignty and power. The term "LORD of Hosts" is frequently used in the Old Testament to highlight God's authority and might, especially in the context of judgment and deliverance (1 Samuel 17:45). It reflects His role as a divine warrior who leads His people to victory and enforces His will.

will be exalted by His justice
God's justice is a central theme throughout the Bible, reflecting His moral perfection and fairness. In the context of Isaiah, this justice often involves judgment against sin and the vindication of the righteous. The exaltation of God through justice indicates that His righteous judgments reveal His glory and holiness. This is consistent with the biblical narrative where God's justice is both a cause for fear and a reason for worship (Psalm 99:4).

and the holy God
The holiness of God is a foundational attribute, signifying His absolute purity and separation from sin. In Isaiah, God's holiness is a recurring theme, emphasizing His distinctness from His creation and His moral perfection (Isaiah 6:3). This holiness demands reverence and awe, and it is the standard by which all are judged.

will show Himself holy in righteousness
God's righteousness is His commitment to act in accordance with His nature and promises. It is through His righteous acts that His holiness is demonstrated to the world. This phrase suggests that God's actions, particularly His judgments, are a reflection of His holy character. The righteousness of God is also a theme that points forward to the New Testament, where it is fulfilled in Jesus Christ, who embodies God's righteousness and offers it to believers (Romans 3:21-22).

Lambs will graze as in their own pastures
This phrase suggests a return to peace and normalcy, where lambs, often symbolizing innocence and purity, can graze safely. In biblical times, lambs grazing freely indicated a time of peace and prosperity. The imagery of lambs is also significant in the Bible, often representing God's people or the followers of Christ, as seen in John 10:14-15 where Jesus refers to Himself as the Good Shepherd. The mention of "their own pastures" implies a restoration of rightful ownership and divine provision, echoing Psalm 23:1-2, where the Lord is depicted as a shepherd who provides for His flock.

and strangers will feed in the ruins of the wealthy
This part of the verse highlights a reversal of fortunes, where the once-wealthy are no longer present, and outsiders benefit from what remains. Historically, this can be seen as a consequence of divine judgment, where the prideful and unjust are brought low, as prophesied in Isaiah 2:12. The term "strangers" may refer to foreigners or those not originally part of the community, indicating a shift in social order. This imagery is consistent with the biblical theme of God humbling the proud and exalting the humble, as seen in Luke 1:52. The "ruins of the wealthy" serve as a stark reminder of the temporal nature of earthly riches and the ultimate sovereignty of God over all nations and peoples.

Woe to those who draw iniquity with cords of deceit
This phrase begins with a "woe," a term often used by prophets to pronounce judgment or lamentation. The imagery of "drawing iniquity with cords of deceit" suggests a deliberate and persistent effort to engage in sinful behavior. In the cultural context of ancient Israel, cords and ropes were common tools for labor, symbolizing the intentional and laborious nature of their sin. The deceit mentioned here indicates a willful manipulation of truth, reminiscent of the serpent's deception in Genesis 3. This phrase warns against the entanglement in sin that is self-imposed and self-deceptive, echoing the themes of self-deception found in Jeremiah 17:9, where the heart is described as deceitful above all things.

and pull sin along with cart ropes
The use of "cart ropes" intensifies the imagery, suggesting a heavy burden of sin being dragged along. This reflects the idea that sin, once embraced, becomes a weighty and consuming force in one's life. In the historical context, carts were used for transporting goods, indicating that the people are not only engaging in sin but are also transporting it, spreading its influence. This can be connected to the New Testament teaching in Hebrews 12:1, which advises believers to lay aside every weight and sin that clings so closely. The phrase underscores the seriousness of sin and the effort required to maintain it, contrasting with the freedom offered through repentance and faith in Christ.

to those who say,
This phrase addresses a specific group of people, likely the scoffers and skeptics among the Israelites. In the context of Isaiah, these individuals are often characterized by their disbelief and mockery of God's prophets. This reflects a broader biblical theme where God's people are warned against hard-heartedness and unbelief, as seen in passages like Psalm 14:1 and Hebrews 3:12.

“Let Him hurry and hasten His work so that we may see it!
The demand for God to act quickly reveals a lack of faith and understanding of God's timing. This impatience is reminiscent of the Israelites' behavior in the wilderness, where they frequently doubted God's provision and timing (Exodus 16:2-3). Theologically, it underscores the human tendency to challenge God's sovereignty and timing, contrasting with the biblical call to trust in God's perfect plan (Ecclesiastes 3:11).

Let the plan of the Holy One of Israel come
The title "Holy One of Israel" emphasizes God's distinctiveness and purity, a recurring theme in Isaiah. This phrase highlights the people's desire to see God's plan, yet it is spoken with a tone of skepticism. Theologically, it points to the tension between God's holiness and human sinfulness, as well as the prophetic assurance that God's plans are ultimately for the good of His people (Jeremiah 29:11).

so that we may know it!”
The desire to "know" God's plan can be seen as a challenge rather than a genuine pursuit of understanding. This reflects a broader biblical narrative where knowledge of God is linked to obedience and faith (Proverbs 1:7). The phrase also foreshadows the New Testament revelation of God's plan through Jesus Christ, who is the ultimate fulfillment of God's promises and the embodiment of divine wisdom (Colossians 2:2-3).

Woe to those who call evil good and good evil
This phrase is a strong denunciation of moral relativism and the distortion of truth. In the biblical context, "woe" is a pronouncement of judgment and lamentation. The prophet Isaiah is addressing the leaders and people of Judah who have strayed from God's commandments. This reversal of moral values is a direct violation of God's law, which clearly defines good and evil. The cultural context of Isaiah's time was one where idolatry and injustice were prevalent, leading to a society where moral standards were compromised. This warning is echoed in other scriptures, such as Proverbs 17:15, which condemns justifying the wicked and condemning the righteous. The New Testament also addresses this theme, as seen in Romans 1:18-32, where Paul speaks of those who suppress the truth in unrighteousness.

who turn darkness to light and light to darkness
This phrase highlights the confusion and deception that occurs when truth is obscured. In biblical symbolism, light often represents truth, righteousness, and the presence of God, while darkness symbolizes sin, ignorance, and evil. Isaiah's use of this imagery underscores the gravity of misleading others by presenting falsehoods as truth. This concept is further explored in the New Testament, where Jesus is described as the "light of the world" (John 8:12), and believers are called to walk in the light (1 John 1:7). The deliberate inversion of light and darkness is a tactic of the enemy, as seen in 2 Corinthians 11:14, where Satan masquerades as an angel of light.

who replace bitter with sweet and sweet with bitter
This phrase continues the theme of moral inversion, using the metaphor of taste to illustrate the perversion of values. In the ancient Near Eastern culture, taste was a common metaphor for experience and discernment. The replacement of bitter with sweet and vice versa signifies a distortion of reality and an inability to discern what is truly beneficial or harmful. This imagery is reminiscent of the deception in the Garden of Eden, where the serpent presented the forbidden fruit as desirable (Genesis 3:1-6). The prophet Amos also speaks against those who pervert justice and righteousness (Amos 5:7). In the New Testament, Hebrews 5:14 emphasizes the importance of mature discernment to distinguish good from evil.

Woe to those
The term "woe" is a strong expression of lament or judgment. In the context of Isaiah, it is often used to pronounce divine judgment upon the people of Israel for their sins. This particular "woe" is part of a series of six woes in Isaiah 5, which highlight various sins of the nation. The use of "woe" indicates the seriousness of the offense and the impending consequences.

who are wise in their own eyes
This phrase addresses the sin of pride and self-reliance. In the biblical context, wisdom is highly valued, but true wisdom comes from God (Proverbs 2:6). The people being addressed here are those who rely on their own understanding rather than seeking divine guidance. This self-reliance is condemned because it leads to moral and spiritual blindness. The phrase echoes Proverbs 3:7, "Do not be wise in your own eyes; fear the LORD and shun evil."

and clever in their own sight.
The term "clever" here is synonymous with being shrewd or cunning, often with a negative connotation. It suggests a reliance on human intellect and craftiness rather than on God's wisdom. This attitude is reminiscent of the serpent's cunning in Genesis 3, where human wisdom led to the fall. The phrase warns against the arrogance of thinking one can navigate life successfully without God's guidance. It also connects to the New Testament, where Paul warns against being "wise in your own sight" (Romans 12:16), emphasizing humility and dependence on God.

Woe to those who are heroes in drinking wine
The term "woe" is a pronouncement of judgment and lament, often used by prophets to signal divine displeasure. In the context of Isaiah, it serves as a warning to the people of Judah who have strayed from God's commandments. The phrase "heroes in drinking wine" uses irony, as the term "heroes" typically denotes valor and strength, yet here it is applied to those who excel in indulgence and excess. This reflects a cultural context where social gatherings and feasting were common, but the excessive consumption of wine was seen as a moral failing. The Bible frequently warns against drunkenness (Proverbs 20:1, Ephesians 5:18), highlighting the loss of self-control and the potential for moral decay.

and champions in mixing strong drink
The word "champions" further emphasizes the irony, as it suggests mastery and skill, yet it is applied to those who take pride in their ability to mix and consume strong drink. This phrase indicates not just consumption but also the preparation and celebration of intoxicating beverages, which were prevalent in ancient Near Eastern cultures. The mixing of strong drink could refer to the practice of diluting wine with spices or other substances to enhance its potency. This behavior is condemned as it leads to moral and spiritual decline, distracting individuals from their responsibilities and relationship with God. The Bible consistently associates sobriety with wisdom and righteousness (1 Peter 5:8, Titus 2:2), contrasting it with the folly of drunkenness.

who acquit the guilty for a bribe
This phrase highlights the corruption and moral decay present in the society Isaiah addresses. The act of acquitting the guilty for a bribe indicates a judicial system that has been compromised by greed and dishonesty. In ancient Israel, judges were expected to uphold God's law and maintain justice (Deuteronomy 16:18-20). The acceptance of bribes was strictly forbidden (Exodus 23:8), as it perverts justice and blinds the eyes of the wise. This corruption is a direct violation of the covenantal laws given to Israel, reflecting a broader societal departure from God's standards. The prophets frequently condemned such practices, as they undermined the very foundation of a just society (Micah 3:11). This phrase also foreshadows the ultimate justice that will be established by Jesus Christ, who will judge the world in righteousness (Acts 17:31).

and deprive the innocent of justice
The deprivation of justice for the innocent further illustrates the societal injustice prevalent during Isaiah's time. The innocent, often the poor and marginalized, were denied their rightful protection and fairness under the law. This reflects a society where the powerful exploit the vulnerable, contrary to the biblical mandate to defend the rights of the poor and needy (Proverbs 31:8-9). The prophets, including Isaiah, consistently called out such injustices, urging a return to righteousness and equity (Isaiah 1:17). This phrase also connects to the broader biblical theme of God's concern for justice and His promise to vindicate the oppressed (Psalm 103:6). In the New Testament, Jesus embodies perfect justice and mercy, offering hope to those who have been wronged and establishing a kingdom where true justice prevails (Matthew 12:18-21).

Therefore, as a tongue of fire consumes the straw
This phrase uses vivid imagery to depict the swift and complete destruction that comes upon those who oppose God. Fire consuming straw is a common biblical metaphor for judgment (e.g., Malachi 4:1). Straw, being lightweight and easily flammable, represents the frailty and vulnerability of those who stand against divine will. This imagery underscores the inevitability and thoroughness of God's judgment.

and as dry grass shrivels in the flame
The comparison to dry grass emphasizes the speed and intensity of the destruction. In the arid climate of the ancient Near East, dry grass would quickly ignite and be consumed by fire. This reflects the cultural understanding of fire as a purifying and consuming force. The imagery serves as a warning to the Israelites of the consequences of their disobedience.

so their roots will decay and their blossoms will blow away like dust
Roots symbolize stability and life, while blossoms represent beauty and potential. The decay of roots and the scattering of blossoms indicate total ruin and loss of future hope. This can be seen as a metaphor for the spiritual and moral decay of Israel, leading to their eventual exile. The imagery of dust recalls Genesis 3:19, where humanity's mortality is highlighted, reinforcing the theme of judgment.

for they have rejected the instruction of the LORD of Hosts
The rejection of divine instruction is a central theme in the prophetic literature. The "LORD of Hosts" emphasizes God's sovereignty and power, often used in contexts of divine judgment and warfare. This phrase highlights the Israelites' willful disobedience and the serious nature of their rebellion against God's covenant, as seen throughout the history of Israel (e.g., 2 Kings 17:13-15).

and despised the word of the Holy One of Israel
The title "Holy One of Israel" underscores God's unique and set-apart nature, emphasizing His moral purity and the call for His people to reflect His holiness. Despising God's word indicates a deep-seated contempt and rebellion, which is a recurring issue in Israel's history (e.g., Isaiah 1:4). This rejection is not just of the law but of the relationship and covenant with God, pointing to the need for repentance and foreshadowing the ultimate redemption through Christ, who perfectly fulfills the law and prophets.

Therefore the anger of the LORD burns against His people;
This phrase indicates a divine response to the persistent disobedience and sin of the Israelites. The "anger of the LORD" is a recurring theme in the Old Testament, often associated with covenant violations. God's anger is not arbitrary but is a reaction to the people's failure to uphold their part of the covenant. This reflects the holiness and justice of God, who cannot tolerate sin. The phrase also echoes the warnings given through the prophets, such as in Deuteronomy 28, where blessings and curses are outlined based on Israel's obedience or disobedience.

His hand is raised against them to strike them down.
The imagery of God's "hand" being raised is a metaphor for impending judgment and action. In ancient Near Eastern culture, the hand was often a symbol of power and authority. This phrase suggests that God is actively involved in the judgment process, not as a passive observer but as an active participant. The raising of the hand signifies readiness to execute judgment, similar to a warrior preparing to strike. This can be connected to other instances in scripture where God's hand is mentioned in the context of deliverance or judgment, such as in Exodus 7:5 during the plagues of Egypt.

The mountains quake,
The quaking of mountains is a powerful image of divine intervention and is often associated with theophany, where God reveals Himself in a dramatic way. This imagery is reminiscent of the giving of the Law at Mount Sinai (Exodus 19:18), where the mountain trembled at God's presence. It signifies the magnitude of God's power and the seriousness of His judgment. In a broader biblical context, earthquakes are often used as signs of God's presence and action, as seen in Revelation 6:12.

and the corpses lie like refuse in the streets.
This graphic depiction underscores the severity of the judgment. The image of corpses lying like refuse indicates a complete and devastating defeat, often associated with the aftermath of a battle or siege. In the historical context, this could refer to the Assyrian or Babylonian invasions, where cities were left in ruins and bodies were left unburied, a sign of utter desolation and disgrace. This serves as a stark warning of the consequences of turning away from God.

Despite all this, His anger is not turned away;
This phrase highlights the persistence of God's anger due to the continued unrepentance of the people. It suggests that the judgment experienced is not the end but a call to repentance. The idea that God's anger is not turned away despite the calamity reflects the depth of the people's rebellion and the seriousness of their sin. This is consistent with other prophetic writings, such as Amos 4:6-11, where repeated judgments are described as opportunities for repentance that go unheeded.

His hand is still upraised.
The repetition of the imagery of God's hand being upraised emphasizes the ongoing nature of the judgment. It indicates that the opportunity for repentance remains, but the threat of further judgment is imminent. This serves as a warning and a call to return to God. Theologically, it reflects God's patience and desire for His people to return to Him, as seen in 2 Peter 3:9, where God is described as patient, not wanting anyone to perish but everyone to come to repentance.

He lifts a banner for the distant nations
In ancient times, a banner was a signal used to gather people together, often for battle or assembly. Here, God is depicted as raising a banner to summon foreign nations. This imagery suggests divine sovereignty and control over all nations, not just Israel. The "distant nations" implies that God’s reach and authority extend beyond the immediate neighbors of Israel, indicating a global scope. This can be seen as a foreshadowing of the inclusion of Gentiles in God's plan, as later emphasized in the New Testament (e.g., Romans 15:9-12).

and whistles for those at the ends of the earth.
The act of whistling is a metaphor for God's ability to command and summon nations with ease. This reflects His supreme authority and the immediacy of His call. The "ends of the earth" emphasizes the vastness of God's dominion, suggesting that no place is beyond His influence. Historically, this could refer to the Assyrian or Babylonian empires, which were used as instruments of judgment against Israel. This also prefigures the gathering of people from all nations to Christ, as seen in the Great Commission (Matthew 28:19).

Behold—how speedily and swiftly they come!
The rapid response of the nations to God's call highlights the urgency and inevitability of His plans. This swift movement can be seen as a warning to Israel of impending judgment due to their disobedience. It underscores the theme of divine retribution that runs throughout the prophetic books. In a broader sense, it points to the certainty and promptness of God's purposes being fulfilled, which is echoed in the New Testament with the return of Christ (Revelation 22:12). The speed of their coming also serves as a reminder of the need for readiness and vigilance in the face of divine action.

None of them grows weary or stumbles;
This phrase emphasizes the supernatural strength and endurance of the army described. In the context of Isaiah 5, this army is an instrument of God's judgment. The imagery of not growing weary or stumbling suggests divine empowerment, reminiscent of Isaiah 40:31, where those who wait on the Lord renew their strength. The idea of an unstoppable force can also be seen in the context of God's sovereignty and His ability to execute His plans without hindrance.

no one slumbers or sleeps.
The vigilance and alertness of the army are highlighted here. In ancient warfare, staying awake and alert was crucial for success, as surprise attacks were common. This phrase underscores the readiness and discipline of the troops, reflecting a divine mandate. It can be compared to the watchfulness encouraged in the New Testament, such as in 1 Thessalonians 5:6, where believers are urged to be awake and sober.

No belt is loose
The belt in ancient times was a critical part of a soldier's attire, holding weapons and armor in place. A loose belt would signify unpreparedness or vulnerability. This phrase indicates that the army is fully prepared and equipped for battle. In Ephesians 6:14, the belt of truth is part of the armor of God, symbolizing readiness and integrity. The imagery here suggests that the army is not only physically but also morally and spiritually prepared.

and no sandal strap is broken.
Sandals were essential for mobility and endurance in the harsh terrains of the ancient Near East. A broken sandal strap would hinder a soldier's ability to march and fight effectively. This detail signifies that the army is perfectly equipped and unhindered in its mission. It reflects the meticulous care and provision of God for His purposes, similar to how the Israelites' sandals did not wear out during their 40 years in the wilderness (Deuteronomy 29:5). This phrase underscores the completeness and perfection of God's judgment through this army.

Their arrows are sharpened
This phrase indicates readiness and precision in battle. In ancient warfare, sharpened arrows were essential for effective combat, symbolizing preparedness and the ability to strike with accuracy. The imagery of sharpened arrows can be connected to other biblical passages that speak of God's judgment or the readiness of His people, such as Psalm 7:13, where God prepares His instruments of judgment. The sharpening of arrows also reflects the meticulous preparation of the invading forces, emphasizing the imminent threat they pose.

and all their bows are strung
The strung bows signify that the army is fully prepared for immediate action. In the ancient Near East, bows were a primary weapon of war, and having them strung meant the soldiers were ready to engage at a moment's notice. This readiness can be seen as a metaphor for the swift and decisive nature of God's judgment. The imagery of strung bows is also found in other scriptures, such as Jeremiah 50:14, where it describes the readiness of Babylon's enemies.

The hooves of their horses are like flint
Flint is a hard, durable stone, and comparing the horses' hooves to flint suggests strength and resilience. Horses were a symbol of military power and speed in ancient times, and this description emphasizes the unstoppable force of the approaching army. The comparison to flint also implies that the army's advance is relentless and unyielding. This imagery can be linked to other biblical passages that describe the power and might of invading forces, such as in Joel 2:4, where the appearance of horses is likened to the sound of chariots.

their chariot wheels are like a whirlwind
The whirlwind imagery conveys speed, chaos, and overwhelming power. Chariots were a formidable component of ancient military forces, and their rapid movement could cause panic and destruction. The comparison to a whirlwind suggests not only the speed but also the destructive capability of the army. This imagery is reminiscent of other biblical descriptions of divine judgment, such as in Nahum 1:3, where the Lord's way is in the whirlwind and the storm. The whirlwind also symbolizes the swift execution of God's purposes, reflecting His sovereign control over the events of history.

Their roaring is like that of a lion;
The imagery of a lion's roar is often used in Scripture to convey power, authority, and fear. In the ancient Near East, lions were symbols of strength and dominance. The roaring here signifies the impending judgment and the overwhelming power of the invading forces. This metaphor is consistent with other biblical passages where God uses nations as instruments of His judgment (e.g., Jeremiah 4:7). The lion's roar can also be seen as a type of Christ, who is referred to as the "Lion of the tribe of Judah" in Revelation 5:5, symbolizing His ultimate authority and power.

they roar like young lions.
Young lions are known for their vigor and ferocity, emphasizing the aggressiveness and relentless nature of the invaders. This phrase highlights the youthful energy and determination of the attackers, suggesting that they are not only powerful but also eager and capable. The comparison to young lions can also imply a sense of pride and confidence in their strength, which is often seen in the youthful. This can be contrasted with the humility and meekness of Christ, who, though powerful, chose to lay down His life.

They growl and seize their prey;
The growling and seizing of prey depict the methodical and predatory nature of the invaders. This action suggests a calculated and inevitable capture, reflecting the certainty of God's judgment. The imagery of seizing prey is reminiscent of other biblical descriptions of judgment, such as in Amos 3:4, where the lion's roar is linked to the certainty of its catch. This can also be seen as a warning to the people of Israel to repent and turn back to God to avoid such a fate.

they carry it away,
The act of carrying away the prey indicates the complete and total victory of the invaders. Historically, this reflects the Assyrian and Babylonian practices of deporting conquered peoples, which was a common tactic to prevent rebellion and assimilate them into the empire. This phrase underscores the totality of the judgment and the helplessness of those being judged. It serves as a reminder of the consequences of turning away from God and the loss of His protection.

and no one can rescue it.
This final phrase emphasizes the hopelessness and inevitability of the situation. It underscores the idea that once God's judgment is decreed, no human power can intervene or reverse it. This is a sobering reminder of God's sovereignty and the futility of relying on human strength or alliances for deliverance. The inability to rescue is echoed in other scriptures, such as Psalm 50:22, where God warns of the consequences of forgetting Him. It also points to the ultimate rescue that only Christ can provide, as He is the only one who can save humanity from the judgment of sin.

In that day they will roar over it, like the roaring of the sea.
This phrase refers to a time of judgment and calamity. "In that day" is a prophetic term often used in the Old Testament to denote a future time of divine intervention or judgment. The imagery of roaring like the sea suggests overwhelming power and chaos, reminiscent of the Assyrian and Babylonian invasions that brought destruction to Israel and Judah. The sea is often used in Scripture to symbolize chaos and uncontrollable forces (e.g., Psalm 46:2-3). This can also be seen as a type of the final judgment, where nations will face God's wrath.

If one looks over the land, he will see darkness and distress;
Darkness and distress are common symbols of God's judgment and the absence of His favor. In the biblical context, darkness often represents confusion, evil, and divine judgment (e.g., Exodus 10:21-23, Amos 5:18-20). The distress indicates the suffering and turmoil that accompany such judgment. Historically, this reflects the devastation brought by foreign armies, leading to a loss of hope and security. This imagery is also echoed in the New Testament, where darkness is associated with spiritual blindness and separation from God (e.g., John 3:19-21).

even the light will be obscured by clouds.
Light is typically a symbol of God's presence, truth, and salvation (e.g., Psalm 27:1, John 8:12). The obscuring of light by clouds signifies a withdrawal of divine favor and guidance, leading to spiritual and moral confusion. This can be seen as a foreshadowing of the spiritual darkness that would envelop the world before the coming of Christ, the true Light (John 1:9). The clouds may also symbolize the impending judgment that looms over the people, as seen in other prophetic writings (e.g., Joel 2:2, Zephaniah 1:15).