Then Joshua summoned
Joshua, the leader of Israel after Moses, is acting in his role as the commander and spiritual leader of the Israelites. His summoning indicates a formal gathering, likely for an important announcement or instruction. This reflects the hierarchical structure of Israelite society, where leaders like Joshua played a crucial role in guiding the people according to God's commands.

the Reubenites, the Gadites,
These tribes, along with the half-tribe of Manasseh, had chosen to settle on the east side of the Jordan River. Their decision was based on the suitability of the land for their livestock, as described in Numbers 32. This choice required a special agreement with Moses, where they promised to help the other tribes conquer the land west of the Jordan before returning to their own inheritance.

and the half-tribe of Manasseh
The half-tribe of Manasseh was unique in that it was split between territories on both sides of the Jordan River. This division is significant as it reflects the tribe's large size and the need for extensive land to accommodate its people. The presence of Manasseh on both sides of the Jordan also symbolizes a bridge between the eastern and western tribes, maintaining unity among the Israelites despite geographical separation.

and told them
This phrase indicates a direct communication from Joshua to the tribes of Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh. Joshua, as the leader of Israel after Moses, is addressing these tribes who had settled on the east side of the Jordan River. This moment is significant as it reflects the unity and cooperation among the tribes of Israel, despite geographical separation.

“You have done all that Moses the servant of the LORD commanded you
Moses, referred to as the "servant of the LORD," highlights his role as a faithful leader and prophet. The tribes had been given specific instructions by Moses to assist their fellow Israelites in conquering the land west of the Jordan before returning to their own inheritance. This obedience to Moses' command demonstrates their faithfulness to God's covenant and the importance of following divine leadership. It also reflects the continuity of leadership from Moses to Joshua, ensuring that God's plans are fulfilled.

and you have obeyed my voice in all that I commanded you
Joshua commends the tribes for their obedience to his leadership, which was a continuation of Moses' authority. This obedience is crucial for maintaining the unity and success of the Israelite nation. It underscores the importance of following God's appointed leaders and the blessings that come from such obedience. This phrase also connects to the broader biblical theme of obedience to God's commands as a pathway to blessing and prosperity, as seen throughout the books of Deuteronomy and Joshua.

All this time
This phrase refers to the period during which the tribes of Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh assisted the other Israelite tribes in conquering the Promised Land. This time frame spans from the initial crossing of the Jordan River to the completion of the military campaigns, which is estimated to be around seven years. This demonstrates their commitment and faithfulness over an extended period.

you have not deserted your brothers
The tribes of Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh had settled on the east side of the Jordan River but had promised to help their fellow Israelites in the conquest of Canaan. Their loyalty and unity with the other tribes are emphasized here, highlighting the importance of brotherhood and solidarity among God's people. This reflects the broader biblical theme of community and mutual support, as seen in passages like Ecclesiastes 4:9-12.

up to this very day
This phrase underscores the consistency and reliability of these tribes in fulfilling their commitment. It suggests a continuous and unwavering dedication, which is a model for faithfulness in fulfilling one's promises. The phrase also marks a transition point, as the conquest is now complete, and they are being released to return to their own lands.

but have kept the charge given you by the LORD your God
The charge refers to the command given by Moses in Numbers 32:20-22, where these tribes were instructed to assist in the conquest of Canaan before returning to their own inheritance. Their obedience to this divine command is a testament to their faith and reverence for God's authority. This obedience is a type of Christ, who perfectly fulfilled the will of the Father, as seen in John 6:38. The charge also reflects the covenantal relationship between God and His people, where blessings are contingent upon obedience, a theme prevalent throughout the Old Testament.

And now that the LORD your God has given your brothers rest
This phrase highlights the fulfillment of God's promise to the Israelites, providing them rest from their enemies. This rest is a significant theme in the Old Testament, symbolizing peace and security in the Promised Land. It echoes the rest God took on the seventh day of creation (Genesis 2:2) and foreshadows the spiritual rest found in Christ (Matthew 11:28-30, Hebrews 4:9-10). The rest given to the Israelites is a tangible sign of God's faithfulness and covenantal promises.

as He promised them
This refers to the covenantal promises made to the patriarchs, particularly Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, regarding the land of Canaan (Genesis 12:7, 15:18-21). The fulfillment of these promises is a testament to God's unwavering faithfulness and serves as a reminder of His sovereignty and power. It also underscores the importance of obedience and faith in receiving God's blessings.

you may return to your homes
The Reubenites, Gadites, and the half-tribe of Manasseh had fulfilled their commitment to help their fellow Israelites conquer the land west of the Jordan (Numbers 32:20-22). Their return signifies the completion of their duty and the unity among the tribes. It also reflects the importance of keeping one's word and the blessings that follow obedience to God's commands.

in the land that Moses the servant of the LORD gave you
This land east of the Jordan was allocated to these tribes by Moses as recorded in Numbers 32:33. Moses, as the servant of the LORD, acted under divine instruction, emphasizing the role of leadership in executing God's will. The land allocation was a strategic decision, providing these tribes with fertile land for their livestock and fulfilling God's plan for the distribution of the Promised Land.

across the Jordan
The Jordan River served as a significant geographical and symbolic boundary for the Israelites. Crossing the Jordan represented entering into the Promised Land, a transition from the wilderness wanderings to a settled life. It also symbolizes spiritual transitions, such as moving from death to life, and is often associated with baptism in the New Testament (Matthew 3:13-17). The land across the Jordan was part of God's provision and a testament to His promise-keeping nature.

But be very careful to observe the commandment and the law that Moses the servant of the LORD gave you:
This phrase emphasizes the importance of adherence to the Mosaic Law, which was central to the covenant relationship between God and Israel. The law given through Moses included moral, ceremonial, and civil instructions that were meant to set Israel apart as God's chosen people. The call to be "very careful" underscores the seriousness with which the Israelites were to approach their covenant obligations. This reflects the broader biblical theme of obedience as a demonstration of faith and commitment to God.

to love the LORD your God,
Loving God is a foundational commandment in the Hebrew Scriptures, encapsulated in the Shema (Deuteronomy 6:4-5), which Jesus later affirmed as the greatest commandment (Matthew 22:37-38). This love is not merely emotional but involves a deep commitment and loyalty to God, reflecting His covenantal love for His people. It is a call to prioritize God above all else, aligning one's heart and actions with His will.

to walk in all His ways,
Walking in God's ways implies living a life that reflects His character and commands. It suggests a daily, ongoing relationship with God, characterized by righteousness, justice, and mercy. This phrase echoes the call to holiness found throughout Scripture, where believers are urged to imitate God's attributes (Leviticus 19:2, 1 Peter 1:16). It also points to the journey of faith, where one's life path is directed by divine guidance.

to keep His commandments,
Keeping God's commandments involves both knowing and doing what God has instructed. This obedience is a tangible expression of love for God (John 14:15). The commandments serve as a guide for living in a way that pleases God and benefits the community. This phrase highlights the continuity of God's moral expectations from the Old Testament to the New Testament, where Jesus fulfills and deepens the understanding of the law (Matthew 5:17-20).

to hold fast to Him,
Holding fast to God suggests a steadfast, unwavering commitment, especially in the face of challenges or temptations. It conveys the idea of clinging to God as one's source of strength and security. This phrase is reminiscent of the covenantal language used throughout the Bible, where God promises to be faithful to His people, and they are called to remain faithful to Him (Deuteronomy 10:20, Hebrews 10:23).

and to serve Him with all your heart and with all your soul.
Serving God with all one's heart and soul indicates total devotion and dedication. It involves not only external actions but also internal attitudes and motivations. This comprehensive service is a response to God's love and grace, reflecting the holistic nature of worship that encompasses every aspect of life. The call to serve God wholeheartedly is echoed in the New Testament, where believers are urged to offer themselves as living sacrifices (Romans 12:1).

So Joshua blessed them
Joshua, as the leader of Israel, performs a significant act of blessing, which is a common biblical practice for imparting divine favor and protection. This blessing signifies approval and a prayer for prosperity and success. In the context of the tribes of Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh, it acknowledges their faithful service in helping conquer the Promised Land. The act of blessing is reminiscent of patriarchal blessings seen in Genesis, such as those given by Jacob to his sons, and it underscores the continuity of God's covenantal promises.

and sent them on their way
This phrase indicates a formal dismissal, marking the completion of a mission. The tribes had fulfilled their commitment to assist their fellow Israelites in securing the land west of the Jordan River. This sending off is not just a physical departure but also a release from their military obligations, allowing them to return to their own inheritance east of the Jordan. It reflects the importance of keeping vows and the integrity of communal responsibility within the Israelite confederation.

and they went to their homes
The return to their homes signifies a restoration to normalcy and peace after a period of warfare. The "homes" refer to the lands allotted to them by Moses on the east side of the Jordan, as detailed in Numbers 32. This return is a fulfillment of God's promise to give rest to His people in the land He has provided. It also highlights the theme of rest and inheritance, which is a precursor to the ultimate rest found in Christ, as discussed in Hebrews 4. The journey back to their homes is both a physical and spiritual return to the place of God's provision and promise.

To the half-tribe of Manasseh Moses had given land in Bashan
Moses allocated land to the half-tribe of Manasseh in Bashan, a region east of the Jordan River. Bashan was known for its fertile land and strong cities, such as Ashtaroth and Edrei. This allocation fulfilled part of the promise to the descendants of Joseph, as Manasseh was one of his sons. The division of land east of the Jordan was significant because it demonstrated God's faithfulness in providing for all tribes, even those not settling in Canaan proper. This allocation also highlights the leadership of Moses in establishing the tribes before his death.

and to the other half Joshua gave land on the west side of the Jordan among their brothers
Joshua, as Moses' successor, continued the distribution of the Promised Land. The other half of the tribe of Manasseh received their inheritance west of the Jordan, integrating them with the other tribes in Canaan. This division ensured that the tribe of Manasseh had a presence on both sides of the Jordan, symbolizing unity and cooperation among the tribes. It also reflects the broader theme of God's provision and the fulfillment of His promises to the patriarchs, as seen in Genesis 48:19, where Jacob prophesied that Manasseh would become a great people.

When Joshua sent them to their homes he blessed them
Joshua's blessing upon sending the tribes to their homes signifies a formal and spiritual acknowledgment of their service and faithfulness. The act of blessing is a recurring biblical theme, often associated with imparting God's favor and protection. Joshua's leadership is marked by his adherence to God's commands and his role as a spiritual leader, similar to Moses. This blessing also serves as a reminder of the covenant relationship between God and Israel, emphasizing obedience and faithfulness as keys to receiving God's continued blessings.

saying, “Return to your homes with your great wealth,
This phrase marks the conclusion of a significant mission for the tribes of Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh. They had assisted the other tribes in conquering the Promised Land west of the Jordan River. The "great wealth" refers to the spoils of war, a common practice in ancient times where victors would take possessions from the defeated. This wealth is a tangible sign of God's blessing and fulfillment of His promises to Israel.

with immense herds of livestock,
Livestock was a primary measure of wealth and prosperity in ancient Near Eastern cultures. The mention of "immense herds" underscores the abundance that God provided. It also reflects the pastoral lifestyle of these tribes, who chose land east of the Jordan River because it was suitable for grazing.

with silver, gold, bronze, iron,
These metals were valuable commodities in the ancient world, used for trade, crafting tools, weapons, and ornaments. Their inclusion in the spoils indicates the comprehensive nature of the victory and the economic prosperity it brought. Silver and gold often symbolize purity and divinity in biblical literature, while bronze and iron represent strength and durability.

and very many clothes.
Clothing was a significant part of wealth in ancient times, often indicating status and identity. The mention of "very many clothes" suggests not only material wealth but also the cultural exchange that occurred through conquest. Garments could be used for personal use or traded, adding to the tribes' resources.

Divide with your brothers the spoil of your enemies.”
This directive emphasizes the importance of unity and shared blessing among the tribes of Israel. It reflects the communal nature of Israelite society, where the success of one part was to benefit the whole. This principle of sharing is echoed in the New Testament, where believers are encouraged to share with those in need (Acts 2:44-45). The "spoil of your enemies" signifies God's deliverance and provision, a recurring theme throughout the conquest narratives.

So the Reubenites, the Gadites, and the half-tribe of Manasseh
These tribes were part of the twelve tribes of Israel, descendants of Jacob's sons. Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh had chosen to settle on the east side of the Jordan River. This decision was made during the time of Moses, as recorded in Numbers 32, when they requested this land due to its suitability for their livestock. Their choice reflects a unique aspect of Israel's tribal allotments, as they were the only tribes to settle outside the traditional boundaries of Canaan.

left the Israelites at Shiloh in the land of Canaan
Shiloh was a significant religious center for the Israelites, serving as the location of the Tabernacle and the Ark of the Covenant during this period. It was here that the tribes gathered for worship and where the land was divided among them (Joshua 18:1). The departure from Shiloh marks a transition from a united military campaign to individual tribal settlements, highlighting the shift from conquest to inheritance.

to return to their own land of Gilead
Gilead refers to the region east of the Jordan River, known for its balm and rugged terrain. This area was part of the territory given to the Reubenites, Gadites, and the half-tribe of Manasseh. The return to Gilead signifies the fulfillment of their commitment to assist the other tribes in conquering Canaan before settling in their own land, as agreed upon with Moses (Numbers 32:20-22).

which they had acquired according to the command of the LORD through Moses
This phrase underscores the divine authority behind the allocation of the land. The command of the LORD through Moses is documented in Numbers 32, where God, through Moses, grants these tribes their request to settle in Gilead, provided they first help their fellow Israelites secure the land west of the Jordan. This reflects the importance of obedience to God's commands and the fulfillment of His promises, as well as the leadership role of Moses in guiding the Israelites according to God's will.

And when they came to Geliloth near the Jordan in the land of Canaan
Geliloth is a location near the Jordan River, which served as a significant boundary marker for the Israelites. The Jordan River itself is a critical geographical feature in biblical history, symbolizing the transition from the wilderness wanderings to the Promised Land. The land of Canaan represents the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, a land flowing with milk and honey. This setting underscores the importance of the events that follow, as they occur in a place of divine promise and covenant.

the Reubenites, the Gadites, and the half-tribe of Manasseh
These tribes were part of the Transjordan tribes who had requested to settle on the east side of the Jordan River, as recorded in Numbers 32. Their decision was based on the suitability of the land for their livestock. Moses granted their request on the condition that they assist the other tribes in conquering Canaan. This moment marks their return to their allotted inheritance after fulfilling their military obligations, highlighting themes of duty, unity, and the fulfillment of promises.

built an imposing altar there by the Jordan
The construction of an altar by these tribes was a significant act, as altars were central to worship and sacrifice in Israelite religion. This altar's imposing nature suggests it was meant to be a visible and lasting structure. The act of building an altar could be seen as a declaration of faith and a desire to maintain a connection with the rest of Israel, despite the physical separation by the Jordan River. This event foreshadows the potential for misunderstanding and conflict, as seen later in the chapter, and emphasizes the importance of communication and unity among God's people. The altar also serves as a type of Christ, who is the ultimate altar and mediator between God and humanity, bridging any divide.

Then the Israelites received the report:
This phrase indicates the beginning of a significant event that required the attention of the entire Israelite community. The Israelites, having settled in the Promised Land, were vigilant about maintaining the purity of their worship and adherence to God's commands. Reports and communication were crucial in maintaining unity among the tribes, especially given the geographical separation of the Transjordan tribes.

“Behold, the Reubenites, the Gadites, and the half-tribe of Manasseh
These tribes had chosen to settle on the eastern side of the Jordan River, as recorded in Numbers 32. Their decision was based on the suitability of the land for their livestock. This separation, however, posed potential challenges for unity and religious fidelity, as they were physically distant from the central place of worship at Shiloh.

have built an altar
The construction of an altar was a significant act, as altars were central to worship and sacrifice in Israelite religion. According to Deuteronomy 12:13-14, sacrifices were to be made only at the place God chose, which was initially the Tabernacle and later the Temple in Jerusalem. The building of another altar could be seen as a direct challenge to this command, raising concerns of idolatry or schism.

on the border of the land of Canaan,
This location is significant as it marks the boundary between the land of Canaan, where the majority of the Israelites settled, and the Transjordan area. The border was not just a physical demarcation but also a symbolic one, representing the division between the tribes and the potential for differing religious practices.

at Geliloth near the Jordan
Geliloth is a location near the Jordan River, which served as a natural boundary. The Jordan River was a significant geographical feature in Israel's history, symbolizing both a barrier and a point of transition, as seen in the crossing led by Joshua in Joshua 3-4. The proximity to the Jordan suggests the altar was strategically placed to be visible and accessible to both sides.

on the Israelite side.”
This detail emphasizes that the altar was built within the territory considered part of the Promised Land, which heightened the concern among the other tribes. It suggested an assertion of religious independence or a potential breach of covenant, which could lead to divine judgment, as seen in previous instances of disobedience (e.g., the sin of Achan in Joshua 7). The unity and purity of worship were paramount, and any deviation was taken seriously by the Israelite community.

And when they heard this
This phrase refers to the report received by the Israelites about the altar built by the tribes of Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh. The context is crucial as it highlights the importance of communication and the potential for misunderstanding among the tribes. The Israelites were concerned that this altar represented a rebellion against God, as it was not sanctioned by the central place of worship.

the whole congregation of Israel
This indicates the unity and collective action of the Israelite community. The term "congregation" often refers to the assembly of the people of Israel, emphasizing their identity as a covenant community. This reflects the seriousness with which they regarded the potential breach of covenant, as the entire nation was prepared to address the issue.

assembled at Shiloh
Shiloh was the religious and administrative center of Israel at this time, where the Tabernacle was located. It served as a gathering place for significant national decisions and religious observances. The choice of Shiloh underscores the centrality of worship and obedience to God in the life of Israel.

to go to war against them
This phrase reveals the gravity of the situation and the potential for conflict within the nation. The Israelites were prepared to take military action to prevent what they perceived as idolatry or a breach of covenant. This reflects the seriousness with which they viewed the purity of worship and adherence to God's commands. The readiness to go to war also echoes previous instances where Israel was commanded to maintain purity in worship, such as the incident with the sin of Achan in Joshua 7.

The Israelites sent Phinehas son of Eleazar the priest
Phinehas, known for his zealousness for God's holiness (Numbers 25:7-13), is a significant figure in Israel's history. As the son of Eleazar, the high priest, and grandson of Aaron, Phinehas represents the priestly authority and spiritual leadership of Israel. His involvement underscores the seriousness of the situation, as he previously played a crucial role in stopping a plague among the Israelites by taking decisive action against idolatry and immorality. This mission reflects the importance of maintaining unity and purity within the covenant community.

to the land of Gilead
Gilead is a region east of the Jordan River, known for its balm and rugged terrain. It was allocated to the tribes of Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh. The geographical separation from the rest of Israel could lead to misunderstandings or divisions, which is why the Israelites were concerned about the actions of these tribes. Gilead's location made it a frontier area, often exposed to external influences and conflicts, necessitating vigilance in maintaining faithfulness to God.

to the Reubenites, the Gadites, and the half-tribe of Manasseh
These tribes had chosen to settle east of the Jordan River, as recorded in Numbers 32, due to the land's suitability for their livestock. Their decision was initially met with suspicion, as it seemed to indicate a reluctance to fully participate in the conquest of Canaan. Moses granted their request on the condition that they assist in the conquest before returning to their land. This historical context is crucial, as their actions in building an altar (Joshua 22:10) raised concerns about potential rebellion or idolatry, prompting the delegation led by Phinehas. The unity of the tribes was essential for the fulfillment of God's promises to Israel, and any perceived breach could threaten the covenant relationship.

With him they sent ten chiefs—
This phrase refers to the delegation sent by the Israelites to address the concerns regarding the altar built by the tribes of Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh. The number ten is significant in biblical numerology, often symbolizing completeness or the entirety of a group. The sending of ten chiefs underscores the seriousness of the situation and the desire for a comprehensive representation of the Israelite community. This action reflects the communal decision-making process in ancient Israel, where leaders were chosen to represent the collective interests of the tribes.

one family leader from each tribe of Israel,
The selection of one leader from each tribe emphasizes the unity and equality among the tribes of Israel. Each tribe had its own distinct identity and leadership, yet they were all part of the larger covenant community. This structure of leadership is reminiscent of the organization seen in the wilderness journey, where tribal leaders played crucial roles in guiding and managing the people (Numbers 1:4-16). It also highlights the importance of family and tribal affiliations in ancient Israelite society, where leadership was often hereditary and based on lineage.

each the head of a family among the clans of Israel.
The term "head of a family" indicates a position of authority and respect within the clan structure. In ancient Israel, clans were sub-divisions of tribes, and family heads were responsible for the welfare and representation of their extended families. This hierarchical structure ensured that decisions were made with consideration for the needs and perspectives of all community members. The involvement of family heads in this delegation underscores the gravity of the situation and the need for a resolution that would maintain the unity and purity of worship among the Israelites. This structure also foreshadows the New Testament concept of the church as a family of believers, with Christ as the head (Ephesians 5:23).

They went to the Reubenites, the Gadites, and the half-tribe of Manasseh
This phrase refers to the delegation sent by the Israelites to address a potential conflict. The Reubenites, Gadites, and half-tribe of Manasseh were tribes that settled east of the Jordan River. Their decision to settle there was initially met with concern, as it separated them from the other tribes. This separation is significant in understanding the tensions and misunderstandings that could arise, as seen in this passage. The choice of these tribes to settle in Gilead was based on the suitability of the land for their livestock, as described in Numbers 32.

in the land of Gilead
Gilead is a region east of the Jordan River, known for its balm and fertile land. It is a significant area in biblical history, often associated with healing and refuge. The geographical separation of Gilead from the rest of Israel plays a crucial role in the narrative, as it symbolizes potential division within the nation. The land's strategic location also made it a point of contention and a place of refuge throughout Israel's history.

and said to them
This phrase introduces the dialogue that follows, highlighting the importance of communication and reconciliation in resolving conflicts. The approach of the Israelite delegation underscores the biblical principle of addressing issues directly and seeking understanding before jumping to conclusions. This method of conflict resolution is echoed in Matthew 18:15-17, where Jesus instructs believers to address grievances directly with one another.

This is what the whole congregation of the LORD says:
The phrase indicates a unified message from the Israelites, emphasizing the seriousness of the situation. The "whole congregation" refers to the collective tribes of Israel, highlighting the communal nature of their covenant with God. This reflects the importance of unity in worship and obedience, as seen in other instances where the community acts together, such as in the assembly at Mount Sinai (Exodus 19).

What is this breach of faith you have committed today against the God of Israel:
A "breach of faith" implies a serious violation of trust and covenant with God. The Israelites were bound by a covenant that required exclusive worship and obedience to Yahweh. This phrase echoes the concern for maintaining purity in worship, as seen in the warnings against idolatry in Deuteronomy 13. The historical context involves the Israelites' recent settlement in the Promised Land, where maintaining faithfulness was crucial for their continued blessing and protection.

by turning away from the LORD:
Turning away from the LORD signifies apostasy, a grave sin in the Israelite community. This phrase underscores the danger of deviating from God's commands, which often led to dire consequences, as illustrated in the stories of the judges and kings who turned to other gods. The call to remain steadfast is a recurring theme throughout the Old Testament, emphasizing the need for loyalty to God.

and building for yourselves an altar:
Building an altar outside of the designated place of worship was seen as an act of rebellion. The centralization of worship in one location, eventually the temple in Jerusalem, was crucial for maintaining religious unity and orthodoxy. This act could be perceived as setting up a rival place of worship, akin to the sin of Jeroboam who established alternative worship sites (1 Kings 12:28-30).

that you might rebel against the LORD this day?:
Rebellion against the LORD is a serious accusation, suggesting intentional defiance. This reflects the covenantal relationship where God is the sovereign ruler, and Israel is His chosen people. Rebellion is often equated with idolatry and disobedience, leading to judgment and exile, as seen in the prophetic warnings throughout the books of Isaiah and Jeremiah. The concern here is not just for the immediate act but for the potential long-term spiritual consequences for the nation.

Was not the sin of Peor enough for us
The sin of Peor refers to the incident recorded in Numbers 25, where the Israelites engaged in idolatry and immorality with the Moabite women, leading to God's wrath. This event highlights the dangers of syncretism and the temptation to adopt pagan practices. The rhetorical question emphasizes the severity of the sin and serves as a warning against repeating past mistakes. It underscores the importance of faithfulness to God and the consequences of disobedience.

from which we have not cleansed ourselves to this day?
This phrase suggests that the effects of the sin of Peor lingered among the Israelites, indicating a lasting impact on the community. It reflects the idea that sin can have enduring consequences, both spiritually and communally. The notion of cleansing implies a need for repentance and purification, which is a recurring theme in the Old Testament. This ongoing need for cleansing points to the insufficiency of human efforts and the ultimate need for divine intervention, foreshadowing the redemptive work of Christ.

It even brought a plague upon the congregation of the LORD.
The plague mentioned here is the one described in Numbers 25:9, where 24,000 Israelites died as a result of God's judgment. This serves as a stark reminder of the seriousness with which God views sin and the collective responsibility of the community. The term "congregation of the LORD" emphasizes the covenant relationship between God and His people, highlighting the expectation of holiness and obedience. The plague can be seen as a type of divine judgment that points to the ultimate judgment and the need for a savior, fulfilled in Jesus Christ.

And now, would you turn away from the LORD?
This phrase addresses the Israelites' potential apostasy, a recurring theme in the Old Testament. Turning away from the LORD signifies a breach of the covenant relationship established at Sinai (Exodus 19-24). The historical context involves the tribes of Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh, who settled east of the Jordan River. Their construction of an altar raised concerns of idolatry or unauthorized worship, reminiscent of the golden calf incident (Exodus 32). The question serves as a warning against repeating past mistakes and emphasizes the importance of faithfulness to God.

If you rebel today against the LORD,
Rebellion against the LORD is equated with sin and disobedience, which has severe consequences. The historical context includes the Israelites' previous rebellions, such as the refusal to enter the Promised Land (Numbers 14) and the worship of Baal of Peor (Numbers 25). This phrase underscores the seriousness of rebellion, which is not just a personal failing but a communal threat. Theologically, rebellion is seen as a rejection of God's authority and provision, which can lead to divine judgment.

tomorrow He will be angry with the whole congregation of Israel.
This phrase highlights the communal nature of sin and its consequences. In the ancient Near Eastern context, the actions of individuals or groups could affect the entire community, as seen in the sin of Achan (Joshua 7). The concept of corporate responsibility is evident, where the sin of a few can bring God's wrath upon all. This reflects the covenantal relationship where blessings and curses are shared among the people (Deuteronomy 28). Theologically, it points to the need for communal holiness and accountability. The warning serves as a reminder of God's justice and the importance of maintaining purity and obedience within the community.

If indeed the land of your inheritance is unclean
This phrase addresses the concern that the land east of the Jordan, given to the tribes of Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh, might be considered ceremonially unclean. The Israelites were deeply concerned with ritual purity, and the land's perceived uncleanness could stem from its separation from the main body of Israel and the tabernacle. This reflects the importance of maintaining spiritual purity and unity within the covenant community.

then cross over to the land of the LORD’s possession
The "land of the LORD's possession" refers to the land west of the Jordan River, which was considered the heart of the Promised Land. This invitation underscores the unity and shared inheritance of the tribes of Israel. It also highlights the centrality of the land in God's covenant promises to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, emphasizing the importance of being in the place where God’s presence dwells.

where the LORD’s tabernacle stands
The tabernacle was the central place of worship and the dwelling place of God's presence among His people. At this time, it was located at Shiloh. The tabernacle's presence signified God's covenant relationship with Israel and was the focal point of religious life. This phrase emphasizes the importance of worshiping according to God's ordained means and the centrality of God's presence in the life of the nation.

and take possession of it among us
This invitation for the eastern tribes to settle among the western tribes reflects a desire for unity and shared identity as God's people. It underscores the communal nature of Israel's covenant relationship with God, where the well-being of one tribe affects the whole nation. This reflects the New Testament teaching of the body of Christ, where believers are interconnected and interdependent.

But do not rebel against the LORD or against us
Rebellion against the LORD in the Old Testament often involved idolatry or disobedience to God's commands. The concern here is that building an unauthorized altar could lead to idolatry or division. This phrase highlights the seriousness of maintaining fidelity to God's covenant and the dangers of actions that could lead to spiritual apostasy or communal discord.

by building for yourselves an altar other than the altar of the LORD our God
The altar of the LORD was the designated place for sacrifices and offerings, centralizing worship and ensuring it was conducted according to God's instructions. Building another altar could signify a break from God's commands and the unity of worship. This reflects the biblical principle of worshiping God as He has prescribed, pointing to the ultimate fulfillment in Christ, who is the true altar and high priest for believers.

Was not Achan son of Zerah unfaithful regarding what was set apart for destruction
Achan's story is found in Joshua 7, where he disobeyed God's command by taking items from Jericho that were devoted to destruction. This act of unfaithfulness highlights the seriousness of violating God's commands, especially concerning items devoted to Him. Achan's lineage, being a descendant of Zerah, connects him to the tribe of Judah, emphasizing that even those from prominent tribes were not exempt from judgment. The term "set apart for destruction" refers to the Hebrew concept of "herem," where certain things were devoted to God, often through destruction, to purify the community and maintain holiness.

bringing wrath upon the whole congregation of Israel
Achan's sin had communal consequences, illustrating the interconnectedness of the Israelite community. This reflects the biblical principle that sin can affect not just the individual but the entire community. The wrath of God manifested in Israel's initial defeat at Ai, showing that disobedience could hinder the nation's progress and success. This communal aspect of sin is echoed in other scriptures, such as 1 Corinthians 5:6, where Paul warns that a little leaven leavens the whole lump, indicating how sin can spread and impact the larger body.

Yet it was not only Achan who perished because of his sin!
The consequences of Achan's sin extended beyond himself, leading to the death of his family and the loss of Israelite soldiers at Ai. This serves as a sobering reminder of the far-reaching effects of sin. The communal punishment underscores the seriousness with which God views covenant faithfulness and the need for collective responsibility. This principle is seen throughout scripture, where the actions of one can bring consequences upon many, as in the case of Adam's sin affecting all humanity (Romans 5:12). The narrative also foreshadows the ultimate sacrifice of Jesus Christ, who bore the sins of many, reversing the curse of sin and death for those who believe.

Then the Reubenites, the Gadites, and the half-tribe of Manasseh
This phrase identifies the eastern tribes of Israel who settled on the east side of the Jordan River. These tribes were granted land by Moses before the Israelites crossed into the Promised Land (Numbers 32). Their decision to settle outside the main territory of Israel was significant, as it set them apart geographically and culturally. This separation sometimes led to misunderstandings, as seen in this passage. The tribes' location made them vulnerable to external influences and potential isolation from the rest of Israel, which is a recurring theme in their history.

answered the leaders of the clans of Israel:
The leaders of the eastern tribes are responding to an accusation from the rest of Israel. The context here is a misunderstanding regarding an altar built by these tribes, which the other Israelites feared was for idolatrous purposes (Joshua 22:10-20). This response is crucial as it demonstrates the importance of communication and unity among God's people. The leaders of the clans of Israel, representing the western tribes, were concerned about maintaining the purity of worship and the unity of the nation. This interaction highlights the need for discernment and dialogue within the community of faith to prevent division and maintain covenantal faithfulness.

The LORD, the Mighty One, is God!
This declaration emphasizes the sovereignty and power of God, affirming His supreme authority. The repetition underscores the seriousness and sincerity of the statement. This echoes the Shema in Deuteronomy 6:4, which declares the oneness and uniqueness of God. It also reflects the acknowledgment of God's might seen in the Psalms, such as Psalm 50:1, where God is called the "Mighty One."

The LORD, the Mighty One, is God!
The repetition serves as a solemn oath, reinforcing the truth of God's identity and the speaker's commitment to Him. In ancient Near Eastern culture, repetition was a common rhetorical device to emphasize important truths. This mirrors the structure of oaths and covenants, where repetition signifies the gravity of the commitment.

He knows, and may Israel also know.
This phrase acknowledges God's omniscience, affirming that nothing is hidden from Him. It is a call for transparency and truth, inviting the community of Israel to be aware of the situation. This reflects the biblical principle that God searches the heart and knows all intentions, as seen in 1 Samuel 16:7 and Jeremiah 17:10.

If this was in rebellion or breach of faith against the LORD,
The speaker is addressing a potential accusation of apostasy or unfaithfulness. In the historical context, the tribes east of the Jordan were accused of building an altar in rebellion against God. This reflects the covenantal relationship between God and Israel, where faithfulness was paramount, as seen in Deuteronomy 28.

do not spare us today.
This is an appeal for divine justice, showing the seriousness of covenant violations. The speaker is willing to accept the consequences if found guilty, reflecting the biblical principle of accountability before God. This echoes the sentiment in Numbers 32:23, where sin is expected to be confronted and dealt with.

If we have built for ourselves an altar
In the context of Joshua 22, the tribes of Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh built an altar by the Jordan River. This act raised concerns among the other Israelite tribes, as it seemed to suggest a division in worship practices. In ancient Israel, the construction of altars was significant, as altars were central to worship and sacrifice. The Israelites were commanded to worship at the tabernacle, and later the temple, as the central place of worship (Deuteronomy 12:5-14). Building a separate altar could imply a break from the unified worship of Yahweh.

to turn away from Him
Turning away from God in the Old Testament often refers to idolatry or apostasy. The Israelites were repeatedly warned against turning to other gods (Exodus 20:3-5). The concern here is that the altar might symbolize a departure from the covenant relationship with Yahweh, which was central to Israel's identity and survival as a nation. This phrase underscores the seriousness of maintaining fidelity to God.

and to offer burnt offerings and grain offerings on it
Burnt offerings and grain offerings were integral parts of the sacrificial system established in Leviticus. Burnt offerings symbolized atonement and dedication to God (Leviticus 1), while grain offerings represented thanksgiving and devotion (Leviticus 2). Offering these sacrifices on an unauthorized altar would contravene the law and suggest a rival worship system, which was strictly forbidden (Leviticus 17:8-9).

or to sacrifice peace offerings on it
Peace offerings, described in Leviticus 3, were meant to symbolize fellowship and reconciliation with God. They were communal meals shared between the offerer, the priests, and God. Offering peace offerings on a separate altar could imply a breach in the communal worship and unity of Israel, which was meant to be centered around the tabernacle.

may the LORD Himself hold us accountable
This phrase reflects the seriousness with which the tribes viewed their covenant with God. They invoke God's judgment upon themselves if they have acted in rebellion. This reflects a deep understanding of God's sovereignty and justice, as well as a commitment to accountability before Him. It echoes the covenant curses found in Deuteronomy 28, where disobedience would lead to divine retribution. This accountability is a theme throughout Scripture, emphasizing that God is the ultimate judge of human actions (Romans 14:12).

But in fact we have done this for fear
This phrase indicates a proactive measure taken by the tribes of Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh. Their actions were motivated by a concern for future generations, highlighting the importance of foresight and the preservation of faith. This reflects a common biblical theme where actions are taken to ensure the continuity of worship and adherence to God's commandments, as seen in Deuteronomy 6:6-9, where the Israelites are instructed to teach God's laws to their children.

that in the future your descendants might say to ours
The concern here is intergenerational communication and the potential for division among the tribes of Israel. This reflects the historical context of the Israelites, who were a confederation of tribes with distinct territories. The fear of future misunderstanding underscores the importance of unity and shared identity among God's people, as emphasized in Psalm 133:1, which speaks of the goodness of brethren dwelling together in unity.

‘What have you to do with the LORD,
This question anticipates a challenge to the legitimacy of the eastern tribes' relationship with God. It highlights the centrality of the LORD in the identity of the Israelites and the potential for geographical separation to lead to spiritual estrangement. The phrase echoes the concern for maintaining a covenant relationship with God, as seen in the warnings against idolatry and apostasy in Deuteronomy 13:1-4.

the God of Israel?’
This title for God emphasizes His covenant relationship with the entire nation of Israel. It serves as a reminder of the collective identity of the tribes as God's chosen people, bound by the covenant made with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. The use of this title reinforces the idea that despite physical separation, all tribes are united under the worship of the one true God, as seen in the Shema, Deuteronomy 6:4, which declares the LORD as the one God of Israel.

For the LORD has made the Jordan a border between us and you Reubenites and Gadites.
This phrase highlights the geographical division established by the Jordan River, which served as a natural boundary between the tribes settling on the east and west sides. The Reubenites and Gadites, along with the half-tribe of Manasseh, chose to settle east of the Jordan (Numbers 32:1-5). This decision was made with Moses' approval, provided they assisted in the conquest of Canaan. The Jordan River, therefore, became a significant marker of tribal territories. Theologically, this boundary was seen as divinely ordained, emphasizing God's sovereignty in the allocation of the Promised Land. The division also foreshadows later tensions between the tribes, as seen in this passage, where concerns about unity and shared worship arise.

You have no share in the LORD!’
This statement reflects a deep concern about the potential spiritual and communal separation between the tribes. The fear was that the physical boundary might lead to a spiritual one, where the eastern tribes might be excluded from the central worship practices at the Tabernacle, located in Shiloh at the time (Joshua 18:1). This concern is rooted in the covenantal relationship Israel had with God, where worship and obedience were central. The phrase echoes the importance of unity in worship and the dangers of division, which could lead to idolatry or apostasy, as warned in Deuteronomy 12:5-14. Theologically, it underscores the necessity of communal worship and the shared inheritance of God's promises.

So your descendants could cause ours to stop fearing the LORD.
This phrase expresses the fear of future generations losing their reverence and obedience to God due to separation. The "fear of the LORD" is a recurring biblical theme, signifying a relationship of reverence, awe, and obedience (Proverbs 1:7). The concern here is that physical separation might lead to a spiritual drift, where the eastern tribes might develop different religious practices or neglect the central worship at the Tabernacle. Historically, this reflects the importance of communal identity and shared religious practices in maintaining covenant faithfulness. The phrase serves as a warning about the potential consequences of division and the importance of teaching future generations to remain faithful to God's covenant, as emphasized in Deuteronomy 6:4-9.

That is why we said,
This phrase indicates a decision-making process among the tribes of Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh. It reflects a moment of reflection and reasoning, suggesting a response to a perceived need or potential misunderstanding. The context is the return of these tribes to their land east of the Jordan River after assisting the other tribes in conquering Canaan.

‘Let us take action
The phrase implies a proactive approach. The tribes are not waiting for a problem to arise but are instead taking steps to prevent future conflict. This reflects a cultural emphasis on community and foresight, as well as a desire to maintain unity among the tribes of Israel.

and build an altar for ourselves,
Building an altar was a significant act in ancient Israel, often associated with worship and sacrifice. However, the intention here is not for traditional worship but as a witness or memorial. This reflects the importance of physical symbols in maintaining cultural and religious identity, especially given the geographical separation from the main body of Israel.

but not for burnt offerings or sacrifices.
This clarification is crucial, as it distinguishes the altar from the central altar at the Tabernacle, where sacrifices were to be made according to the Law of Moses. The tribes are careful to avoid idolatry or unauthorized worship, which was a serious concern in Israel's history. This distinction underscores their commitment to the covenant and the centralization of worship in the place God had chosen, which would later be Jerusalem.

Rather, let it be a witness between us and you and the generations to come
This phrase highlights the importance of establishing a lasting testimony or memorial. In the context of Joshua 22, the tribes of Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh built an altar as a witness to their shared faith with the other tribes of Israel. This act was meant to prevent future disputes about their allegiance to the LORD. Biblically, the concept of a "witness" is significant, as seen in Genesis 31:44-48, where Jacob and Laban set up a stone pillar as a witness to their covenant. The idea of a generational witness underscores the importance of passing down faith and traditions, as emphasized in Deuteronomy 6:6-7.

that we will worship the LORD in His presence with our burnt offerings, sacrifices, and peace offerings.
Worship in the Old Testament often involved specific offerings, each with distinct purposes. Burnt offerings symbolized atonement and dedication to God (Leviticus 1), sacrifices were acts of worship and thanksgiving (Leviticus 3), and peace offerings represented fellowship with God. The phrase "in His presence" indicates the centrality of worshiping where God has chosen to dwell, which at that time was the tabernacle in Shiloh. This reflects the broader biblical theme of God's presence among His people, a precursor to the New Testament revelation of God dwelling among us through Jesus Christ (John 1:14).

Then in the future, your descendants cannot say to ours, ‘You have no share in the LORD!’
This phrase addresses the concern of future alienation or division among the tribes. The altar served as a physical reminder of their shared heritage and covenant with God. The fear of being told "You have no share in the LORD" reflects the deep desire for unity and inclusion within the covenant community. This concern for unity is echoed in the New Testament, where believers are reminded of their unity in Christ (Ephesians 4:4-6). The altar as a witness is a type of Christ, who is the ultimate mediator and unifier of God's people, ensuring that all who believe have a share in the promises of God (Galatians 3:28-29).

Therefore we said,
This phrase indicates a decision or conclusion reached by the speakers, reflecting a collective agreement or understanding. It suggests a response to a potential future challenge or accusation, emphasizing foresight and planning.

‘If they ever say this to us or to our descendants,
The concern for future generations highlights the importance of legacy and continuity in faith. It reflects the biblical principle of teaching and preserving God's commandments for descendants, as seen in Deuteronomy 6:6-7.

we will answer: Look at the replica of the altar of the LORD
The use of a replica signifies a symbolic representation rather than a functional altar for sacrifices. This mirrors the importance of symbols in Israelite worship, such as the Ark of the Covenant, which served as a tangible reminder of God's presence and covenant.

that our fathers made,
This phrase connects the current generation to their ancestors, emphasizing the continuity of faith and tradition. It underscores the respect for the patriarchs and their role in establishing the covenant relationship with God, as seen throughout the Old Testament.

not for burnt offerings or sacrifices,
This clarifies the purpose of the altar, distinguishing it from the central altar at the Tabernacle where sacrifices were made. It reflects the centralization of worship in Israel, as prescribed in Deuteronomy 12:5-14, and the prohibition against unauthorized altars.

but as a witness between us and you.’
The altar serves as a testimony to the unity and shared faith of the tribes, despite geographical separation. This concept of a witness is echoed in other biblical covenants, such as the stones set up by Joshua in Joshua 4:20-24, serving as a reminder of God's faithfulness and the people's commitment.

Far be it from us to rebel against the LORD
This phrase emphasizes the seriousness of rebellion against God, which is a central theme throughout the Old Testament. Rebellion against God is seen as a grave sin, often leading to severe consequences, as seen in the stories of Adam and Eve (Genesis 3) and the Israelites in the wilderness (Numbers 14). The phrase reflects a deep commitment to faithfulness and obedience to God's commands.

and turn away from Him today
Turning away from God is synonymous with apostasy, a recurring issue for the Israelites. The historical context here involves the tribes of Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh, who settled east of the Jordan River. Their geographical separation from the rest of Israel raised concerns about their potential spiritual separation. This phrase underscores the importance of remaining steadfast in faith and the dangers of spiritual complacency.

by building an altar for burnt offerings, grain offerings, or sacrifices
The construction of altars was a significant aspect of worship in ancient Israel. However, unauthorized altars were forbidden, as they could lead to idolatry or false worship. The Law of Moses specified that sacrifices should be made only at the designated place of worship (Deuteronomy 12:13-14). This phrase highlights the importance of adhering to God's prescribed methods of worship and the potential for altars to become a source of division or false worship.

other than the altar of the LORD our God
This refers to the central altar located at the tabernacle, which was the only legitimate place for sacrifices. The tabernacle, and later the temple, was the focal point of Israelite worship, symbolizing God's presence among His people. This phrase reinforces the unity of worship and the centralization of religious practices as commanded by God.

which stands before His tabernacle.
The tabernacle was the portable dwelling place for the divine presence during the Israelites' journey through the wilderness and their early years in the Promised Land. It was a type of Christ, foreshadowing Jesus as the ultimate meeting place between God and humanity (John 1:14). This phrase emphasizes the importance of the tabernacle as the legitimate center of worship and the place where God chose to reveal His presence to His people.

When Phinehas the priest and the chiefs of the congregation
Phinehas, the grandson of Aaron, is a significant figure known for his zeal for God's holiness (Numbers 25:7-13). His presence here underscores the importance of priestly authority and mediation in resolving disputes. The chiefs of the congregation represent the leadership structure established by Moses (Exodus 18:25-26), emphasizing collective decision-making and accountability.

the heads of Israel’s clans who were with him
The heads of the clans signify the tribal leadership, ensuring that all tribes are represented in important matters. This reflects the tribal organization of Israel, where each tribe had its own leaders, yet they were united under a common covenant with God (Numbers 1:4-16).

heard what the descendants of Reuben, Gad, and Manasseh had to say
The tribes of Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh had settled east of the Jordan River (Numbers 32:33). Their actions were initially misunderstood as rebellion against God, but their explanation revealed their intention to remain faithful. This highlights the importance of communication and understanding within the community of faith.

they were satisfied
The resolution of this potential conflict demonstrates the effectiveness of dialogue and the pursuit of peace. It reflects the biblical principle of seeking reconciliation and unity among God's people (Matthew 5:9). The satisfaction of Phinehas and the leaders indicates that the tribes' intentions aligned with the covenantal faithfulness expected by God.

Phinehas son of Eleazar the priest
Phinehas was the grandson of Aaron, the first high priest, and son of Eleazar. His zeal for God's holiness was previously demonstrated in Numbers 25 when he stopped a plague by taking decisive action against idolatry. His role as a priest underscores the importance of spiritual leadership and discernment in maintaining the covenant relationship between God and Israel.

said to the descendants of Reuben, Gad, and Manasseh
These tribes had settled on the eastern side of the Jordan River, separate from the other tribes of Israel. Their geographical separation often led to misunderstandings, as seen in this chapter. The unity of the tribes was crucial for the strength and identity of Israel as God's chosen people.

“Today we know that the LORD is among us
This acknowledgment reflects the belief that God's presence was contingent upon the faithfulness and obedience of His people. The assurance of God's presence was a central theme in Israel's history, as seen in the Ark of the Covenant and the Tabernacle, which symbolized God's dwelling among His people.

because you have not committed this breach of faith against Him
The potential breach of faith refers to the misunderstanding regarding the altar built by the eastern tribes. Initially perceived as an act of rebellion, it was clarified to be a witness to their shared faith with the western tribes. This highlights the importance of communication and understanding in preventing division within the community of believers.

Consequently, you have delivered the Israelites from the hand of the LORD.”
The "hand of the LORD" often signifies divine judgment or discipline. By clarifying their intentions, the eastern tribes averted potential divine wrath that could have resulted from perceived idolatry or rebellion. This incident underscores the theme of collective responsibility and the impact of individual actions on the community's relationship with God.

Then Phinehas son of Eleazar the priest
Phinehas, a significant figure in Israel's history, was known for his zealousness for God's holiness, as seen in Numbers 25:7-13. He was the grandson of Aaron, the first high priest, and his actions often reflected a deep commitment to maintaining the purity of Israel's worship. His involvement in this situation underscores the importance of priestly leadership in resolving potential conflicts within the Israelite community.

together with the other leaders
The inclusion of other leaders indicates a collective decision-making process, emphasizing the importance of unity and shared responsibility among the tribes of Israel. This reflects the structure of Israelite society, where tribal leaders played crucial roles in governance and maintaining order, as seen in Exodus 18:21-26.

returned to the Israelites in the land of Canaan
Canaan, the Promised Land, was the inheritance given to the Israelites by God. The return of Phinehas and the leaders to Canaan signifies the centrality of this land in God's covenant with Israel. It also highlights the geographical separation between the tribes on either side of the Jordan River, which could lead to misunderstandings and conflicts, as seen in this narrative.

and brought back a report
The act of bringing back a report is reminiscent of the spies sent by Moses in Numbers 13, though with a more positive outcome. This report was crucial in preventing a civil war among the tribes, demonstrating the power of communication and understanding in resolving disputes.

regarding the Reubenites and Gadites in the land of Gilead
The Reubenites and Gadites, along with the half-tribe of Manasseh, had chosen to settle in Gilead, east of the Jordan River, as described in Numbers 32. This decision, while initially contentious, was permitted by Moses with the condition that they assist in the conquest of Canaan. The land of Gilead, known for its balm and fertile pastures, was a significant region in biblical history, often associated with healing and prosperity (Jeremiah 8:22). The report concerning these tribes was crucial in maintaining the unity and integrity of the nation of Israel.

The Israelites were satisfied with the report
The Israelites' satisfaction with the report reflects a resolution of potential conflict. This moment highlights the importance of communication and understanding within the community of God's people. The report in question was delivered by Phinehas and the leaders, who were sent to investigate the altar built by the Reubenites, Gadites, and the half-tribe of Manasseh. Their satisfaction indicates that the tribes east of the Jordan were not in rebellion against God, but rather had built the altar as a witness to their shared faith. This incident underscores the value of seeking clarity and truth before taking action, aligning with biblical principles of wisdom and discernment (Proverbs 18:13).

and they blessed God
Blessing God in this context signifies gratitude and recognition of His sovereignty and guidance. The Israelites' response shows their acknowledgment of God's hand in maintaining unity among the tribes. This act of blessing God is a form of worship and thanksgiving, which is a recurring theme throughout Scripture (Psalm 103:1-2). It reflects a heart posture that recognizes God's provision and intervention in human affairs, encouraging believers to maintain a spirit of thankfulness in all circumstances (1 Thessalonians 5:18).

and spoke no more about going to war against them
The decision to refrain from war demonstrates the power of reconciliation and peace over conflict. This outcome is significant in the historical context of Israel, where tribal unity was crucial for survival and fulfillment of God's promises. The potential for civil war was averted through dialogue and understanding, illustrating the biblical principle of peacemaking (Matthew 5:9). This moment serves as a reminder of the importance of resolving disputes within the body of believers, as emphasized in the New Testament (Ephesians 4:3).

to destroy the land where the Reubenites and Gadites lived
The mention of destroying the land highlights the severity of the potential conflict. The land east of the Jordan, given to the Reubenites and Gadites, was part of the inheritance promised by God (Numbers 32:33). Destroying it would have meant not only loss of life but also a breach of God's covenant. This phrase underscores the gravity of internal strife and the importance of preserving the unity and integrity of God's people. It also reflects the broader biblical narrative of God's desire for His people to live in harmony and faithfulness to His commands (Psalm 133:1).

So the Reubenites and Gadites named the altar Witness
The Reubenites and Gadites, along with the half-tribe of Manasseh, had settled on the eastern side of the Jordan River. This altar, named "Witness," was built as a symbol of unity and shared faith with the tribes on the western side. The naming of the altar reflects a common biblical practice where names are given to places or objects to signify their purpose or commemorate an event (e.g., Genesis 28:19, where Jacob names Bethel). The altar was not for sacrifices but served as a reminder of their shared worship of Yahweh, despite geographical separation.

for they said, “It is a witness between us
The altar served as a testimony to the unity of the tribes of Israel, despite the physical barrier of the Jordan River. This phrase emphasizes the importance of maintaining spiritual unity and accountability among God's people. The concept of a "witness" is significant in biblical law and covenant-making, where witnesses serve to confirm agreements and ensure faithfulness (Deuteronomy 19:15). The altar was a tangible reminder of their commitment to the covenant with God and each other.

that the LORD is God.”
This declaration affirms the central tenet of Israel's faith: the acknowledgment of Yahweh as the one true God. It echoes the Shema, a foundational statement of faith in Deuteronomy 6:4, "Hear, O Israel: The LORD our God, the LORD is one." The altar as a witness underscores the tribes' dedication to worshiping Yahweh alone, rejecting idolatry, and maintaining their identity as His chosen people. This statement also prefigures the New Testament emphasis on unity in Christ, where believers are called to be one in faith and purpose (John 17:21).