Manasseh was twelve years old when he became king
Manasseh's ascension to the throne at such a young age suggests a period of vulnerability for the kingdom of Judah. His father, Hezekiah, was a righteous king who enacted religious reforms, but Manasseh's youth may have made him susceptible to negative influences from court officials or foreign powers. The age of twelve indicates a lack of maturity and experience, which could have contributed to his initial decisions as king. This early start in leadership is reminiscent of other young kings in the Bible, such as Josiah, who also began his reign at a young age but chose a path of righteousness.

and he reigned in Jerusalem fifty-five years
Manasseh's reign was the longest of any king in Judah or Israel, indicating a period of significant influence and impact on the nation's history. His lengthy rule allowed for the establishment of deep-seated idolatry and practices contrary to the worship of Yahweh, as detailed in the subsequent verses. The city of Jerusalem, the spiritual and political center of Judah, was profoundly affected by his policies. This extended reign also provided time for eventual repentance, as recorded later in his life, illustrating the possibility of redemption. The duration of his reign is a stark contrast to the often short and tumultuous reigns of other kings, highlighting the unique nature of his rule.

And he did evil in the sight of the LORD
This phrase refers to King Manasseh of Judah, who reigned after his father Hezekiah. The "evil" mentioned here is a direct violation of the covenant relationship between God and Israel. In the biblical context, "evil" often refers to idolatry and practices that go against God's commandments. The phrase "in the sight of the LORD" emphasizes that God's perspective is the ultimate measure of righteousness, highlighting His omniscience and moral authority.

by following the abominations of the nations
The "abominations" refer to detestable practices, often associated with idolatry and pagan worship, including child sacrifice, divination, and sorcery. These practices were common among the Canaanite nations that originally inhabited the Promised Land. The term "abominations" is used throughout the Old Testament to describe actions that are particularly offensive to God, underscoring the severity of Manasseh's actions.

that the LORD had driven out before the Israelites
This phrase recalls the conquest of Canaan under Joshua, where God commanded the Israelites to drive out the inhabitants of the land due to their wickedness. The historical context here is significant, as it highlights the cyclical nature of Israel's faithfulness and apostasy. The nations driven out were judged for their sins, and Israel was warned not to adopt their practices. This serves as a reminder of God's justice and the consequences of disobedience, as well as the importance of maintaining holiness and separation from pagan influences.

For he rebuilt the high places that his father Hezekiah had torn down
This phrase refers to Manasseh, the son of Hezekiah, who became king of Judah. The "high places" were sites of worship often located on elevated ground. Hezekiah, known for his religious reforms, had destroyed these sites to centralize worship in Jerusalem and eliminate idolatry (2 Kings 18:4). Manasseh's actions represent a reversal of his father's reforms, indicating a return to idolatrous practices. This reflects a broader pattern in Israel's history where kings alternated between faithfulness to Yahweh and idolatry, highlighting the struggle between covenant faithfulness and cultural assimilation.

and he raised up altars for the Baals and made Asherah poles
The Baals were Canaanite deities associated with fertility and storms, and worship of Baal was a persistent temptation for Israel (Judges 2:11-13). Asherah poles were wooden symbols representing the goddess Asherah, often placed near altars to Baal. These practices were explicitly forbidden in the Mosaic Law (Deuteronomy 16:21-22). Manasseh's actions indicate a syncretism, blending the worship of Yahweh with Canaanite religious practices, which was a direct violation of the first commandment (Exodus 20:3). This syncretism was a significant issue for Israel, leading to prophetic condemnation and eventual judgment.

And he worshiped and served all the host of heaven
This phrase indicates the worship of celestial bodies, such as the sun, moon, and stars, which was common in the ancient Near East. Such practices were condemned in the Law (Deuteronomy 4:19) and were seen as a form of idolatry that diverted worship from the Creator to the creation. This type of worship was prevalent in Assyrian and Babylonian cultures, suggesting that Manasseh was influenced by these foreign powers. Theologically, this represents a rejection of Yahweh's sovereignty and a turning to created things for guidance and blessing, which is a recurring theme in the prophetic literature as a cause for divine judgment (Jeremiah 8:2).

Manasseh also built altars in the house of the LORD
Manasseh's actions were a direct violation of the commandments given to the Israelites. The house of the LORD, referring to the temple in Jerusalem, was meant to be a place dedicated solely to the worship of Yahweh. By building altars for other gods within the temple, Manasseh desecrated the sacred space. This act reflects the syncretism and idolatry that plagued Judah during his reign. Historically, Manasseh's reign is noted for its apostasy, as he introduced foreign religious practices into the heart of Israelite worship, which was strictly forbidden in the Mosaic Law (Exodus 20:3-5).

of which the LORD had said, “My Name will remain in Jerusalem forever.”
This phrase underscores the significance of Jerusalem as the chosen city where God's presence was to dwell. The LORD's declaration that His Name would remain in Jerusalem forever is rooted in the Davidic Covenant, where God promised David that his lineage would have an everlasting kingdom (2 Samuel 7:16). The temple in Jerusalem was the physical manifestation of God's promise and presence among His people. Manasseh's actions were not only a breach of religious law but also a challenge to the divine promise and order established by God. This phrase also points to the eschatological hope found in the prophetic literature, where Jerusalem is often depicted as the center of God's future kingdom (Isaiah 2:2-4).

In both courtyards of the house of the LORD
The "house of the LORD" refers to the temple in Jerusalem, which was the central place of worship for the Israelites. The temple had two main courtyards: the inner court, where the priests performed their duties, and the outer court, accessible to the general public. The significance of these courtyards lies in their sanctity and purpose, as they were meant for the worship of Yahweh alone. The act of building altars in these sacred spaces indicates a severe violation of the temple's intended use. This desecration reflects a broader pattern of apostasy during the reign of King Manasseh, who led Judah into idolatry. The temple, originally constructed by Solomon, was a symbol of God's presence among His people, and its defilement was a direct affront to the covenant relationship between God and Israel.

he built altars to all the host of heaven
The "host of heaven" refers to celestial bodies such as the sun, moon, and stars, which were often deified in ancient Near Eastern cultures. Building altars to these entities indicates the adoption of astral worship, a practice condemned in Deuteronomy 4:19 and 17:3. This idolatry was a direct violation of the first commandment, which prohibits the worship of any gods other than Yahweh. Manasseh's actions reflect the influence of surrounding pagan nations and their religious practices, which were often syncretized with Israelite worship during periods of spiritual decline. The construction of these altars within the temple courtyards signifies a profound spiritual corruption, as it represents the replacement of Yahweh's worship with that of created entities. This act of idolatry is a recurring theme in the history of Israel and Judah, often leading to divine judgment and calls for repentance by the prophets.

He sacrificed his sons in the fire in the Valley of Ben-hinnom.
This phrase refers to the practice of child sacrifice, which was strictly forbidden in Israelite law (Leviticus 18:21, Deuteronomy 18:10). The Valley of Ben-hinnom, located southwest of Jerusalem, became notorious for such abominable practices, often associated with the worship of the Canaanite god Molech. This valley later became synonymous with Gehenna, a term used in the New Testament to describe hell (Mark 9:43). The act of sacrificing children was a direct violation of God's commandments and demonstrated a severe departure from the faith of Israel. It highlights the extent of Manasseh's apostasy and the influence of surrounding pagan cultures on Judah.

He practiced sorcery, divination, and witchcraft, and consulted mediums and spiritists.
These practices were explicitly condemned in the Mosaic Law (Deuteronomy 18:10-12). Sorcery and divination were attempts to gain knowledge or power through supernatural means, often invoking demonic forces. Consulting mediums and spiritists involved seeking guidance from the dead, which was considered an abomination. These actions reflect a reliance on occult practices rather than trust in God. The presence of such practices in Judah under Manasseh's reign indicates a significant spiritual decline and a turning away from the covenant relationship with Yahweh. This behavior contrasts sharply with the biblical call to seek wisdom and guidance from God alone (Isaiah 8:19-20).

He did great evil in the sight of the LORD, provoking Him to anger.
The phrase underscores the severity of Manasseh's actions from a divine perspective. "In the sight of the LORD" emphasizes that God is the ultimate judge of human behavior, and His standards are the measure of righteousness. The evil committed by Manasseh was not just a breach of social or cultural norms but a direct affront to God's holiness and covenant. Provoking God to anger suggests that Manasseh's actions were not only sinful but also persistent and unrepentant, leading to divine judgment. This aligns with the broader biblical narrative where persistent disobedience leads to consequences, as seen in the eventual Babylonian exile (2 Kings 24:3-4). The phrase serves as a warning of the seriousness of sin and the importance of faithfulness to God.

Manasseh even took the carved image he had made
Manasseh, king of Judah, is noted for his idolatry, which was a direct violation of the first and second commandments (Exodus 20:3-4). The carved image likely represents an idol associated with Canaanite or Assyrian deities, reflecting the syncretism prevalent during his reign. This act signifies a deep spiritual decline, as Manasseh led Judah into practices that were abominable to God (2 Kings 21:11).

and set it up in the house of God
The house of God refers to the temple in Jerusalem, which was the central place of worship for the Israelites. By placing an idol in the temple, Manasseh desecrated the sacred space dedicated to Yahweh. This act of defilement is reminiscent of the abominations committed by the nations that God had driven out before Israel (2 Chronicles 28:3).

of which God had said to David and his son Solomon
God's promise to David and Solomon emphasized the temple's significance as a dwelling place for His Name (1 Kings 8:16-20). This covenantal promise underscored the temple's role as a symbol of God's presence and favor with Israel. Manasseh's actions directly contradicted the divine instructions given to his forefathers.

“In this temple and in Jerusalem, which I have chosen out of all the tribes of Israel
Jerusalem was chosen by God as the spiritual and political center of Israel (2 Chronicles 6:6). The selection of Jerusalem and the temple as His dwelling place highlights God's sovereign choice and the city's unique status among the tribes. This choice is reiterated throughout the Old Testament, emphasizing the city's importance in God's redemptive plan (Psalm 132:13-14).

I will establish My Name forever.”
The establishment of God's Name forever signifies His eternal covenant with Israel and His enduring presence among His people (2 Samuel 7:13). This promise points to the ultimate fulfillment in Jesus Christ, who embodies God's presence and reigns eternally (John 2:19-21). Manasseh's idolatry stands in stark contrast to this divine promise, highlighting the tension between human rebellion and God's faithfulness.

I will never again cause the feet of the Israelites to leave the land
This phrase reflects God's promise of stability and permanence in the Promised Land, contingent upon Israel's obedience. Historically, the Israelites had experienced exile and displacement, notably during the Babylonian captivity. This promise echoes the covenantal assurances given to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, emphasizing the land as a divine gift. The land of Israel holds significant geographical and theological importance, serving as the setting for God's unfolding plan of redemption.

that I assigned to your fathers
The reference to "your fathers" connects the current generation to the patriarchs—Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob—who were the original recipients of God's promise regarding the land. This continuity underscores the faithfulness of God across generations. The land assignment is a central theme in the Old Testament, symbolizing God's covenantal relationship with His people and His sovereign plan.

if only they are careful to do all that I have commanded them through Moses
This conditional clause highlights the importance of obedience to the Mosaic Law as a prerequisite for enjoying the blessings of the land. The Law, given at Sinai, includes the Ten Commandments and various civil, ceremonial, and moral statutes. Obedience to these commands was intended to set Israel apart as a holy nation and a kingdom of priests. The emphasis on careful observance suggests a comprehensive and heartfelt commitment to God's instructions.

all the laws, statutes, and judgments.
This phrase encompasses the entirety of the Mosaic Law, which includes various types of commandments. "Laws" refer to general principles, "statutes" to specific decrees, and "judgments" to legal decisions or ordinances. Together, they form a comprehensive legal and moral framework for the nation of Israel. The call to adhere to these reflects the covenantal relationship between God and His people, where blessings are contingent upon obedience. This framework also foreshadows the coming of Christ, who fulfills the Law and offers a new covenant based on grace.

So Manasseh led the people of Judah and Jerusalem astray
Manasseh, son of Hezekiah, became king of Judah and reigned for 55 years, the longest of any king in Judah's history. His leadership marked a significant departure from his father's reforms, as he reintroduced idolatry and pagan practices. The phrase "led the people astray" indicates a deliberate turning away from the worship of Yahweh to embrace the religious customs of surrounding nations. This apostasy included the worship of Baal, Asherah, and celestial bodies, as well as the practice of child sacrifice. Manasseh's influence was profound, as he not only engaged in these practices himself but also encouraged the people of Judah and Jerusalem to follow suit, leading them into spiritual and moral decline.

so that they did greater evil than the nations
The comparison to "the nations" refers to the Canaanite peoples whom God had driven out before the Israelites. These nations were known for their detestable practices, which included idolatry, child sacrifice, and various forms of immorality. The text suggests that Judah's sins under Manasseh's rule surpassed even these abominations. This highlights the severity of Judah's apostasy, as they had the Law and the prophets to guide them, yet chose to engage in practices that were explicitly condemned by God. The phrase underscores the depth of their rebellion and the extent to which they had abandoned their covenantal relationship with God.

that the LORD had destroyed before the Israelites
This refers to the divine judgment executed upon the Canaanite nations during the conquest of the Promised Land under Joshua. The destruction of these nations was a fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham and a demonstration of His holiness and justice. The Israelites were commanded to destroy these nations to prevent the corruption of their own worship and practices. The fact that Judah's actions under Manasseh were worse than those of the Canaanites serves as a stark warning of the consequences of forsaking God's commandments. It also foreshadows the impending judgment that would come upon Judah, as God would not tolerate such rebellion indefinitely. This phrase serves as a reminder of the seriousness of sin and the necessity of faithfulness to God's covenant.

And the LORD spoke to Manasseh and his people
This phrase indicates divine communication, emphasizing God's direct involvement with His people. Manasseh was the king of Judah, known for his idolatry and evil practices, which included rebuilding high places, erecting altars to Baal, and even sacrificing his own son. The LORD's speaking suggests prophetic intervention, likely through prophets like Isaiah, who were active during this period. This reflects God's patience and desire for repentance, consistent with His character throughout the Old Testament. The phrase also highlights the covenant relationship between God and Israel, where God continually reaches out to guide and correct His people.

but they did not listen
This phrase underscores the persistent disobedience and hard-heartedness of Manasseh and the people of Judah. Despite God's warnings, they continued in their sinful ways. This reflects a recurring theme in the history of Israel, where the people often turned away from God despite His repeated calls to repentance. The refusal to listen is a significant factor leading to Judah's eventual downfall and exile, as prophesied in earlier scriptures. This disobedience contrasts with the ideal response to God's word, which is obedience and faithfulness, as seen in the lives of faithful leaders like King David. The phrase serves as a warning about the consequences of ignoring God's voice, a theme echoed in the New Testament, where Jesus calls for ears to hear and hearts to understand.

So the LORD brought against them the military commanders of the king of Assyria
This phrase indicates divine intervention where God uses foreign powers to execute judgment on His people. The Assyrian Empire was a dominant force during this period, known for its military prowess and expansionist policies. The Assyrians were often instruments of God's judgment, as seen in other scriptures like Isaiah 10:5-6, where Assyria is called the "rod of My anger." This reflects the biblical theme that God is sovereign over nations and uses them to fulfill His purposes.

who captured Manasseh
Manasseh was the king of Judah, known for his idolatry and leading the nation into sin (2 Kings 21:1-9). His capture signifies the consequences of turning away from God. Historically, Assyrian records mention vassal kings being taken captive, which aligns with the biblical account. This event underscores the biblical principle that sin leads to judgment, as seen in Deuteronomy 28:36, where disobedience results in being taken captive by foreign nations.

put a hook in his nose
This phrase describes a humiliating and painful method of captivity used by the Assyrians, as depicted in their reliefs and historical records. It symbolizes total subjugation and disgrace. The imagery of a hook in the nose is also found in Ezekiel 29:4, where God speaks of leading Egypt away with hooks. This act serves as a vivid reminder of the consequences of pride and rebellion against God.

bound him with bronze shackles
Bronze shackles indicate a secure and degrading form of imprisonment. Bronze, a strong metal, symbolizes the strength of the captors and the helplessness of the captive. This detail highlights the severity of Manasseh's punishment and the fulfillment of prophetic warnings about exile and bondage for disobedience, as seen in Leviticus 26:14-39.

and took him to Babylon
Although Assyria was the dominant power, Babylon was a significant city within the empire and later became the center of power. This foreshadows the Babylonian captivity of Judah, which occurs later in biblical history (2 Kings 24-25). Babylon often represents a place of exile and judgment in scripture, as seen in Revelation 17-18, where it symbolizes opposition to God. Manasseh's exile to Babylon prefigures the greater exile of Judah and serves as a call to repentance and reliance on God.

And in his distress
Manasseh, the king of Judah, found himself in a dire situation. Historically, this refers to the period when he was taken captive by the Assyrians, as recorded in 2 Chronicles 33:11. The Assyrian Empire was a dominant force during this time, known for its military prowess and harsh treatment of captives. Manasseh's distress likely included both physical suffering and a realization of his spiritual waywardness. This moment of crisis is a turning point, illustrating how God can use difficult circumstances to bring about repentance.

Manasseh sought the favor of the LORD his God
Despite his previous idolatry and rebellion against God, Manasseh turned back to the LORD, indicating a significant change of heart. This phrase highlights the personal relationship Manasseh had with God, as he sought divine favor. The act of seeking God's favor is a recurring theme in the Old Testament, often associated with prayer and repentance. It reflects a recognition of God's sovereignty and mercy, as seen in other biblical figures like David (Psalm 51) and Hezekiah (2 Kings 20:1-6).

and earnestly humbled himself
Humility is a key aspect of repentance in the biblical narrative. Manasseh's earnest humility suggests a deep, sincere acknowledgment of his sins and a desire to change. This humility is contrasted with his previous pride and idolatry, as he had led Judah into sin by erecting altars to foreign gods (2 Chronicles 33:3-7). The transformation in Manasseh's heart is a testament to the power of genuine repentance and God's willingness to forgive.

before the God of his fathers
This phrase connects Manasseh to the covenantal faith of his ancestors, such as Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and David. It underscores the continuity of God's promises and the importance of returning to the faith of one's forebears. The "God of his fathers" is a reminder of the enduring relationship between God and the people of Israel, despite their frequent disobedience. This return to the God of his fathers signifies a restoration of the covenant relationship, aligning Manasseh with the faith and practices of his righteous predecessors.

And when he prayed to Him
This phrase highlights the act of prayer as a turning point in Manasseh's life. Manasseh, known for his idolatry and evil practices, finally turns to God in humility. This reflects the biblical principle that God is always willing to listen to a repentant heart, as seen in other scriptures like 2 Chronicles 7:14, where God promises to hear from heaven if His people humble themselves and pray.

the LORD received his plea and heard his petition
This demonstrates God's mercy and readiness to forgive, even the most wayward individuals. The Hebrew word for "received" implies acceptance, showing that God does not hold grudges against those who genuinely repent. This is consistent with God's character throughout the Bible, as seen in the parable of the Prodigal Son (Luke 15:11-32), where the father eagerly receives his repentant son.

So He brought him back to Jerusalem and to his kingdom
This phrase indicates a physical and spiritual restoration. Historically, Manasseh was taken captive by the Assyrians, and his return to Jerusalem signifies God's power to restore not only individuals but also their circumstances. This mirrors the broader biblical theme of restoration, as seen in the return of the Israelites from Babylonian exile (Ezra 1:1-4).

Then Manasseh knew that the LORD is God
This marks a profound transformation in Manasseh's understanding and acknowledgment of God's sovereignty. It signifies a personal revelation and acceptance of God's authority, similar to Nebuchadnezzar's realization in Daniel 4:34-37. This acknowledgment is crucial in the biblical narrative, as it aligns with the first commandment to have no other gods before the LORD (Exodus 20:3).

After this, Manasseh rebuilt the outer wall of the City of David
Manasseh's actions here reflect a period of repentance and reform following his earlier idolatrous reign. The City of David refers to the ancient core of Jerusalem, emphasizing the historical and spiritual significance of this location. Rebuilding the wall signifies a restoration of protection and a return to the priorities of his forefathers, such as David and Solomon, who valued the security and sanctity of Jerusalem.

from west of Gihon in the valley
The Gihon Spring was a crucial water source for Jerusalem, located in the Kidron Valley. This geographical detail highlights the strategic importance of securing water access, which was vital for the city's survival, especially during sieges. The mention of the valley underscores the topographical challenges and the engineering feats required to fortify this area.

to the entrance of the Fish Gate
The Fish Gate was one of the gates of Jerusalem, likely named for its proximity to the fish market or its use by fishermen. This gate is mentioned in other biblical texts, such as Nehemiah 3:3, indicating its continued importance in the city's infrastructure. The rebuilding of this gate signifies economic revitalization and the restoration of trade routes.

and he brought it around the hill of Ophel
Ophel refers to a fortified hill in Jerusalem, situated between the City of David and the Temple Mount. This area was significant for its defensive position and its proximity to the temple, symbolizing a renewed focus on both physical and spiritual fortification. The mention of Ophel connects to the broader biblical theme of God as a fortress and protector.

and heightened it considerably
Heightening the wall considerably suggests a significant investment in the city's defense, reflecting a shift in Manasseh's priorities towards safeguarding his people. This action can be seen as a physical manifestation of his repentance and desire to align with God's will, reminiscent of the protective measures taken by other righteous kings in Judah's history.

He also stationed military commanders in all the fortified cities of Judah
This strategic move indicates a comprehensive approach to national security, extending beyond Jerusalem to the entire kingdom of Judah. By placing military commanders in fortified cities, Manasseh ensured a robust defense network, which was crucial for maintaining peace and stability. This action aligns with the biblical principle of wise leadership and stewardship over God's people, as seen in the reigns of other faithful kings.

He removed the foreign gods and the idol from the house of the LORD
This phrase highlights a significant act of repentance and reform by King Manasseh. The presence of foreign gods and idols in the temple was a direct violation of the first and second commandments (Exodus 20:3-4). Manasseh's earlier reign was marked by idolatry and apostasy, as he introduced pagan worship practices into Judah (2 Kings 21:1-9). His removal of these idols signifies a return to monotheistic worship and a rejection of syncretism. This act can be seen as a fulfillment of the prophetic calls to repentance found throughout the Old Testament, such as in the messages of Isaiah and Jeremiah.

along with all the altars he had built on the temple mount and in Jerusalem
The temple mount, also known as Mount Moriah, holds significant historical and religious importance as the site of Solomon's Temple. Manasseh's construction of altars for pagan worship on this sacred site was a grave offense, as it desecrated the place dedicated to the worship of Yahweh. The removal of these altars represents a cleansing and restoration of the temple's sanctity. This action echoes the reforms of other righteous kings, such as Hezekiah (2 Chronicles 29:3-5) and Josiah (2 Kings 23:4-14), who also sought to purify worship in Judah.

and he dumped them outside the city
The act of dumping the idols and altars outside the city symbolizes a complete rejection and renunciation of idolatry. By removing these objects from Jerusalem, Manasseh was not only purifying the city but also making a public statement of his commitment to the covenant with God. This action parallels the biblical principle of removing sin from the community, as seen in the practice of the scapegoat on the Day of Atonement (Leviticus 16:10). It also foreshadows the ultimate cleansing from sin through Jesus Christ, who was crucified outside the city (Hebrews 13:12), bearing the sins of the world.

Then he restored the altar of the LORD
This phrase refers to King Manasseh's actions after his repentance. The altar of the LORD was central to Israelite worship, symbolizing God's presence and the place where sacrifices were made. Manasseh's restoration of the altar indicates a return to proper worship practices, contrasting with his earlier idolatry. The altar's restoration signifies a renewal of the covenant relationship with God, similar to other biblical instances where leaders like Elijah (1 Kings 18:30) repaired altars to restore true worship.

and sacrificed peace offerings and thank offerings on it
Peace offerings and thank offerings were part of the Levitical sacrificial system (Leviticus 3, 7:11-15). Peace offerings symbolized fellowship and reconciliation with God, while thank offerings expressed gratitude. Manasseh's sacrifices demonstrate his desire to restore peace with God and express thankfulness for his mercy. These offerings foreshadow the ultimate sacrifice of Jesus Christ, who reconciles humanity to God and embodies the perfect peace offering (Ephesians 2:14-16).

and he told Judah to serve the LORD, the God of Israel
Manasseh's command to Judah reflects his leadership role in guiding the nation back to covenant faithfulness. This directive contrasts with his earlier promotion of idolatry (2 Chronicles 33:3-9). It echoes the biblical theme of national repentance and renewal, as seen in the reforms of other kings like Hezekiah (2 Chronicles 29:10-11). The phrase emphasizes the importance of communal worship and obedience to God, reinforcing the identity of the LORD as the God of Israel, who demands exclusive devotion (Deuteronomy 6:4-5).

Nevertheless, the people still sacrificed at the high places
This phrase indicates a continuation of practices that were common in ancient Israel and Judah, where high places were often used for worship. Despite reforms by kings like Hezekiah and Josiah, who sought to centralize worship in Jerusalem, the people persisted in using these sites. High places were typically elevated sites or hilltops where altars were built, often associated with Canaanite religious practices. The persistence of this practice reflects the deep-rooted cultural and religious traditions that were difficult to eradicate, even when they conflicted with the centralized worship of Yahweh in the temple.

but only to the LORD their God
This part of the verse highlights a significant shift in the religious practices of the people. While they continued to use high places, their worship was directed solely to Yahweh, the God of Israel, rather than to foreign deities. This suggests a partial reform or compromise, where the people maintained traditional worship sites but redirected their devotion to the God of their ancestors. This reflects the ongoing struggle in Israel's history to maintain pure worship amidst surrounding pagan influences. It also underscores the importance of intention in worship, as the people sought to honor God, albeit in a manner not fully aligned with the prescribed temple worship. This can be seen as a step towards the monotheistic worship that characterized later Jewish practice.

As for the rest of the acts of Manasseh
Manasseh was one of the longest-reigning kings of Judah, ruling for 55 years. His reign is noted for its initial period of idolatry and apostasy, as he led Judah into practices that were abominable in the sight of God, such as idol worship and child sacrifice. This phrase suggests that there were many other deeds and events during his reign that are not detailed in this particular account, indicating a complex and multifaceted rule.

along with his prayer to his God
This refers to Manasseh's prayer of repentance, which is a significant turning point in his life. After being taken captive by the Assyrians, Manasseh humbled himself and sought the Lord, demonstrating the power of genuine repentance and God's willingness to forgive. This prayer is recorded in the apocryphal "Prayer of Manasseh," which, while not included in the canonical Bible, provides insight into his contrition and plea for mercy.

and the words of the seers who spoke to him in the name of the LORD, the God of Israel
Seers, or prophets, played a crucial role in delivering God's messages to the kings of Israel and Judah. These prophets warned Manasseh of the consequences of his actions and called him to repentance. The reference to "the God of Israel" emphasizes the covenant relationship between God and His people, highlighting the seriousness of Manasseh's initial rebellion and the divine authority of the prophetic messages.

they are indeed written in the Chronicles of the Kings of Israel
This phrase indicates that there were other historical records, now lost, that documented the reigns of the kings of Israel and Judah. These records would have provided additional details about Manasseh's reign, his repentance, and the prophetic messages he received. The mention of these chronicles underscores the historical nature of the biblical narrative and the importance of written records in preserving the history of God's people.

His prayer and how God received his plea
This phrase highlights the transformative power of repentance and prayer. Manasseh, known for his idolatry and evil practices, turned to God in genuine repentance. His prayer signifies a turning point, demonstrating that God is merciful and willing to forgive even the gravest sins when approached with a contrite heart. This aligns with the biblical theme of God's readiness to forgive, as seen in passages like 1 John 1:9 and Psalm 51. The reception of his plea by God underscores the importance of humility and repentance in restoring one's relationship with God.

as well as all his sin and unfaithfulness
Manasseh's reign was marked by significant sin and apostasy, including idol worship and the shedding of innocent blood (2 Kings 21:16). His actions led Judah into spiritual decline, violating the covenant relationship with God. This phrase serves as a reminder of the consequences of turning away from God and the impact of leadership on a nation's spiritual health. It also reflects the biblical principle that sin has consequences, but repentance can lead to restoration.

and the sites where he built high places and set up Asherah poles and idols
The high places and Asherah poles were central to Canaanite worship and were strictly forbidden in Israel (Deuteronomy 12:2-3). Manasseh's establishment of these sites indicates a deep-seated rebellion against God's commandments. Archaeological findings have uncovered similar sites, providing historical context to the biblical narrative. This phrase highlights the struggle between the worship of Yahweh and the pervasive influence of surrounding pagan cultures.

before he humbled himself
Humility is a key theme in Scripture, often associated with repentance and restoration (James 4:10, 2 Chronicles 7:14). Manasseh's eventual humility before God marks a significant shift from his previous pride and rebellion. This transformation illustrates the biblical truth that God opposes the proud but gives grace to the humble. It serves as an example of how true humility can lead to divine forgiveness and a renewed relationship with God.

they are indeed written in the Records of the Seers
The mention of the "Records of the Seers" suggests that there were additional historical documents or prophetic writings that chronicled the events of Manasseh's reign. This indicates the importance of recording and remembering both the failures and redemptions of leaders. It also points to the broader biblical practice of documenting God's dealings with His people, as seen in other historical books of the Bible. This phrase underscores the reliability and thoroughness of biblical history.

And Manasseh rested with his fathers
This phrase indicates the death of King Manasseh, who was one of the longest-reigning monarchs in Judah, ruling for 55 years. The expression "rested with his fathers" is a common biblical euphemism for death, suggesting that he joined his ancestors in the afterlife. Manasseh's reign was marked by significant idolatry and evil practices, as detailed earlier in 2 Chronicles 33, but he also experienced a late repentance. His death marks the end of a tumultuous period in Judah's history. The phrase also implies a return to the covenant community, as he is counted among his forefathers despite his earlier sins.

and was buried at his palace.
Unlike many kings who were buried in the City of David, Manasseh was buried at his palace. This could suggest a deviation from tradition, possibly due to his controversial reign or personal choice. The location of his burial might reflect his status or the influence he wielded during his lifetime. Archaeologically, the exact location of his palace is not definitively known, but it would have been in Jerusalem, the capital of Judah. This burial site choice might also indicate a desire for a more private or personal resting place.

And his son Amon reigned in his place.
Amon succeeded Manasseh as king, continuing the Davidic line. His reign was short, lasting only two years, and he followed in the early footsteps of his father by committing evil in the sight of the Lord, as described in 2 Chronicles 33:21-23. Amon's reign is a reminder of the cyclical nature of sin and repentance in the history of Judah's kings. His ascension to the throne signifies the continuation of the royal lineage, which is crucial for the fulfillment of God's promises to David regarding an everlasting dynasty, ultimately realized in Jesus Christ, the descendant of David.

Amon was twenty-two years old when he became king
Amon, the son of Manasseh, ascended to the throne of Judah at a young age, following the long and tumultuous reign of his father. The age of twenty-two suggests a period of transition and potential vulnerability for the kingdom, as young rulers often faced challenges in establishing authority. This age also indicates that Amon was born during the earlier years of Manasseh's reign, a time marked by idolatry and apostasy, which likely influenced Amon's own spiritual and political inclinations. The youth of Amon at his ascension is reminiscent of other young kings in Judah's history, such as Josiah, who became king at eight years old, highlighting the recurring theme of youthful leadership in the biblical narrative.

and he reigned in Jerusalem
Jerusalem, the capital of Judah, served as the political and spiritual center of the kingdom. Amon's reign in this city underscores the continuity of the Davidic line, as Jerusalem was the city chosen by God for His temple and the seat of David's dynasty. The mention of Jerusalem also emphasizes the city's significance in biblical prophecy and its role as a type of the heavenly Jerusalem, a theme explored in the New Testament. Amon's rule in Jerusalem connects him to the legacy of his forefathers, including David and Solomon, who established the city as a central place of worship and governance.

two years
Amon's brief reign of two years is indicative of instability and potential divine judgment. His short tenure contrasts sharply with the long reign of his father, Manasseh, and suggests a period of turmoil and dissatisfaction among the people or the ruling elite. The brevity of his reign may also reflect the consequences of his actions, as Amon continued in the idolatrous practices of his father, which ultimately led to his assassination by his own officials. This short reign serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of departing from God's commandments and the fleeting nature of earthly power.

And he did evil in the sight of the LORD
This phrase indicates a moral and spiritual evaluation from God's perspective, emphasizing that Amon's actions were contrary to God's commandments. The "sight of the LORD" suggests that God's omniscience allows Him to see and judge human actions. This phrase is often used in the Old Testament to describe the actions of kings who led Israel or Judah away from worshiping Yahweh. The standard for what is considered "evil" is based on the covenantal laws given to Israel, particularly those found in the Torah.

as his father Manasseh had done
Manasseh, Amon's father, was one of the most notorious kings of Judah, known for his idolatry and leading the nation into sin. His reign is detailed in 2 Kings 21 and 2 Chronicles 33, where he is described as having rebuilt high places, erected altars to Baal, and even practiced child sacrifice. This comparison highlights a generational pattern of sin, suggesting that Amon followed in the footsteps of his father's earlier, unrepentant years. However, it is important to note that Manasseh eventually repented, as recorded later in 2 Chronicles 33, but Amon did not follow this path of repentance.

Amon served and sacrificed to all the idols
The act of serving and sacrificing to idols indicates a complete departure from the worship of Yahweh, violating the first two commandments given to Moses. This behavior reflects the syncretism that plagued Israel and Judah, where foreign deities were worshiped alongside or instead of Yahweh. The mention of "all the idols" suggests a comprehensive embrace of pagan practices, which would have included Canaanite, Assyrian, and possibly Egyptian deities, reflecting the political and cultural influences of surrounding nations.

that his father Manasseh had made
This phrase underscores the lasting impact of Manasseh's idolatry, as the idols he created continued to be a snare for his son and the nation. It highlights the tangible legacy of sin, where physical objects of idolatry remained in the land, leading subsequent generations astray. The reference to Manasseh's idols also serves as a reminder of the importance of removing sources of temptation and sin, as seen in the reforms of kings like Hezekiah and Josiah, who actively destroyed such idols to restore true worship.

but he did not humble himself before the LORD
This phrase highlights Amon's failure to repent and submit to God, contrasting with the biblical principle that humility before God is essential for forgiveness and restoration (James 4:10). Humility is a recurring theme in Scripture, often associated with God's favor (Proverbs 3:34). Amon's lack of humility is significant because it demonstrates a willful rejection of God's authority, which is a central issue in the narrative of the kings of Judah and Israel.

as his father Manasseh had done
Manasseh, Amon's father, is known for his initial idolatry and evil practices, but he eventually repented and humbled himself before God (2 Chronicles 33:12-13). This repentance led to his restoration and a return to the worship of Yahweh. The mention of Manasseh serves as a reminder of God's mercy and willingness to forgive those who turn back to Him, regardless of their past sins. It also underscores the importance of personal choice in spiritual matters, as Amon had the example of his father's repentance but chose a different path.

instead, Amon increased his guilt
Amon's actions are described as increasing his guilt, indicating a deliberate continuation and escalation of sinful behavior. This phrase suggests a conscious decision to persist in wrongdoing, which is a theme seen throughout the Bible where individuals or nations face consequences for their unrepentant sin (Romans 1:21-32). Amon's reign was marked by idolatry and a return to the practices that Manasseh had abandoned after his repentance. This increase in guilt can be seen as a rejection of the opportunity for redemption and a deeper entrenchment in sin, leading to his eventual downfall and assassination (2 Chronicles 33:24-25).

Then the servants of Amon
Amon was the son of Manasseh and became king of Judah after his father's death. His reign was marked by a continuation of the idolatrous practices that his father had initially embraced before his repentance. The term "servants" likely refers to officials or members of his court, indicating internal strife and dissatisfaction with his rule. This reflects the instability and moral decline in Judah during this period, as seen in 2 Kings 21:19-23, where Amon's reign is described as evil in the sight of the Lord.

conspired against him
The conspiracy against Amon suggests a significant level of discontent among those closest to him. This act of treachery may have been motivated by political ambition, personal grievances, or a reaction to his idolatrous practices. Conspiracies were not uncommon in the ancient Near East, where palace intrigue often led to violent power shifts. This mirrors other biblical accounts of conspiracies, such as the one against King Joash in 2 Kings 12:20.

and killed him
Amon's assassination was a violent end to a short reign of only two years. His death highlights the consequences of his failure to follow the ways of the Lord, as his father eventually did. The act of killing a king was a serious offense, often leading to further instability and retribution. This event underscores the biblical theme of divine justice and the consequences of sin, as seen in the broader narrative of the kings of Israel and Judah.

in his palace
The palace was not only the king's residence but also the center of political power. Amon's murder within the palace walls indicates a breach of security and trust, emphasizing the depth of betrayal by those who were supposed to protect him. The palace setting also symbolizes the corruption and moral decay that had infiltrated the highest levels of leadership in Judah. This setting is reminiscent of other biblical accounts where significant events occur within royal palaces, such as the murder of King Joash in 2 Kings 12:20.

But the people of the land
This phrase refers to the common people or inhabitants of Judah, distinct from the royal court or officials. Historically, the "people of the land" often played a significant role in political events, as seen in 2 Kings 11:14 when they supported Joash against Athaliah. Their involvement indicates a collective action or consensus among the populace, reflecting their dissatisfaction with the conspirators' actions.

killed all those who had conspired against King Amon
King Amon was assassinated by his own servants, as detailed in 2 Chronicles 33:24. The killing of the conspirators by the people suggests a rejection of the coup and a desire to restore order and legitimacy. This act of retribution aligns with the principle of justice found in Genesis 9:6, where the shedding of blood requires accountability. It also reflects the cultural and legal norms of the time, where blood vengeance was a common practice.

and they made his son Josiah king in his place
Josiah, Amon's son, was made king by the people, indicating their support for the Davidic line and legitimate succession. Josiah's reign is significant in biblical history, as he became one of Judah's most righteous kings, initiating major religious reforms and restoring the worship of Yahweh (2 Kings 22-23). His ascension fulfills the promise of a Davidic ruler, as seen in 2 Samuel 7:16, and foreshadows the ultimate fulfillment in Jesus Christ, the eternal King from David's line. Josiah's reign also connects to prophecies such as those in Jeremiah 31:31-34, which speak of a renewed covenant and spiritual revival.