The apostles and brothers throughout Judea
This phrase refers to the early Christian leaders and believers residing in Judea, the region surrounding Jerusalem. Judea was the heartland of Jewish culture and religion, and the early church was primarily composed of Jewish converts. The apostles were the original disciples of Jesus, entrusted with spreading His teachings. The "brothers" indicates the broader community of believers, emphasizing the familial bond among Christians. This community was deeply rooted in Jewish traditions, which influenced their initial understanding of the Gospel.

soon heard
The rapid dissemination of information highlights the close-knit nature of the early Christian community and the importance of communication in the spread of the Gospel. News traveled quickly despite the lack of modern communication methods, indicating the significance of the event. This also reflects the interconnectedness of the early church, where developments in one area were of interest to believers elsewhere.

that the Gentiles also had received the word of God
This marks a pivotal moment in the early church, as the inclusion of Gentiles (non-Jews) into the Christian faith was a significant shift from Jewish exclusivity. The "word of God" refers to the Gospel message of Jesus Christ. This event fulfills prophecies such as Isaiah 49:6, which speaks of salvation reaching the ends of the earth. It also aligns with Jesus' command in Acts 1:8 to be witnesses "to the ends of the earth." The acceptance of Gentiles was a fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham that all nations would be blessed through him (Genesis 12:3). This inclusion challenged existing cultural and religious boundaries, setting the stage for the universal nature of Christianity.

So when Peter went up to Jerusalem
Peter's journey to Jerusalem signifies a return to the center of early Christian leadership. Jerusalem was the heart of Jewish religious life and the location of the early church's leadership, including the apostles. This journey follows Peter's significant experience with Cornelius, a Gentile, in Caesarea, where he witnessed the Holy Spirit being given to non-Jews. The phrase "went up" is geographically accurate, as Jerusalem is situated on a hill, and travelers would ascend to reach it. This journey also reflects the importance of Jerusalem as a place of accountability and decision-making for the early church.

the circumcised believers took issue with him
The "circumcised believers" refers to Jewish Christians who adhered to the traditional Jewish law, including circumcision. Their taking issue with Peter highlights the tension within the early church regarding the inclusion of Gentiles. This group was concerned with maintaining Jewish customs and saw Peter's actions as a potential threat to their identity and religious practices. This moment is pivotal in the early church's struggle to understand the scope of the Gospel and the role of the Law of Moses. It foreshadows the later Jerusalem Council in Acts 15, where the church would formally address the issue of Gentile conversion and the requirements of the Law. This tension also reflects the broader cultural and religious challenges faced by the early church as it expanded beyond its Jewish roots.

and said,
This phrase introduces the response of the Jewish believers in Jerusalem to Peter's actions. It reflects the early church's struggle with integrating Gentile believers. The use of "said" indicates a verbal confrontation, highlighting the tension between Jewish customs and the new Christian faith.

“You visited uncircumcised men
The term "uncircumcised men" refers to Gentiles, who were not part of the Jewish covenant community. Circumcision was a sign of the Abrahamic covenant (Genesis 17:10-14), and Jews traditionally avoided close association with Gentiles to maintain ritual purity. This phrase underscores the cultural and religious barriers that existed between Jews and Gentiles, which the early church had to navigate.

and ate with them.”
Eating with Gentiles was considered a significant breach of Jewish law and tradition, as it implied fellowship and acceptance. In Jewish culture, meals were a sign of community and shared values. By eating with Gentiles, Peter was demonstrating the breaking down of barriers through Christ, as seen in Ephesians 2:14-16, where Paul speaks of Christ as our peace, who has made both groups one. This act prefigures the inclusion of Gentiles into the church, fulfilling the prophecy of Isaiah 49:6, which speaks of salvation reaching the ends of the earth.

But Peter began
Peter, one of the leading apostles, often took the initiative in the early church. His role as a spokesperson is consistent with his character throughout the Gospels and Acts. This moment follows the significant event of Cornelius's conversion, marking a pivotal shift in the early church's mission to include Gentiles. Peter's leadership is crucial in navigating this transition.

and explained to them
Peter's explanation is vital for the Jewish believers in Jerusalem who were skeptical about Gentile inclusion. His approach reflects the importance of clear communication and understanding within the early church. This act of explaining aligns with the biblical principle of providing a reasoned account of one's actions, as seen in 1 Peter 3:15, where believers are encouraged to give a reason for their hope.

the whole sequence of events:
Peter recounts the vision he received in Joppa, the visit from Cornelius's men, and the outpouring of the Holy Spirit on the Gentiles. This sequence underscores the divine orchestration of events, affirming God's plan for the Gentiles. The narrative parallels the structure of Old Testament storytelling, where events unfold according to God's sovereign will, as seen in the stories of Joseph and Moses. This sequence also highlights the fulfillment of Jesus' command in Acts 1:8 to be witnesses "to the ends of the earth."

I was in the city of Joppa praying
Joppa, known today as Jaffa, is an ancient port city on the Mediterranean coast. It is historically significant as the place where Jonah attempted to flee from God's command (Jonah 1:3). In the New Testament, Joppa is where Peter raised Tabitha (Dorcas) from the dead (Acts 9:36-42). The act of praying indicates Peter's devotion and openness to divine guidance, a common practice among early Christians seeking God's will.

and in a trance I saw a vision
The trance state suggests a supernatural experience, often used by God to communicate important messages (Acts 10:10). Visions are a recurring method of divine revelation in Scripture, seen in the experiences of prophets like Daniel (Daniel 7:1) and apostles like Paul (Acts 16:9). This indicates the importance of the message Peter is about to receive.

of something like a large sheet being let down from heaven by its four corners
The sheet symbolizes the universality of God's message, with the four corners possibly representing the four corners of the earth, indicating the global scope of the Gospel. The descent from heaven signifies divine origin and authority. This imagery challenges Jewish dietary laws and foreshadows the inclusion of Gentiles into the faith, aligning with prophecies of a universal kingdom (Isaiah 49:6).

and it came right down to me
The personal nature of the vision emphasizes Peter's role in the unfolding plan of God. It signifies a direct and personal revelation, underscoring Peter's leadership in the early church and his pivotal role in the acceptance of Gentiles. This moment is a turning point, leading to the baptism of Cornelius and his household (Acts 10:44-48), fulfilling Jesus' command to make disciples of all nations (Matthew 28:19).

I looked at it closely
This phrase indicates a deliberate and careful examination, suggesting the importance of the vision Peter received. In biblical narratives, visions often require careful attention to discern their divine message. This reflects the need for spiritual discernment, as seen in other scriptural accounts such as Daniel's visions (Daniel 7) and John's Revelation (Revelation 1:10-11).

and saw four-footed animals of the earth
The mention of four-footed animals refers to creatures that were part of the dietary laws given to Israel in Leviticus 11. These laws distinguished between clean and unclean animals. The vision challenges Peter's understanding of these laws, symbolizing the inclusion of Gentiles into the faith, as the gospel transcends Jewish ceremonial boundaries.

wild beasts
Wild beasts often symbolize untamed and unclean elements in biblical literature. In this context, they represent the Gentiles, who were considered outside the covenant community of Israel. This vision signifies the breaking down of barriers between Jews and Gentiles, aligning with Paul's teaching in Ephesians 2:14-16 about Christ breaking down the dividing wall of hostility.

reptiles
Reptiles, like snakes and lizards, were considered unclean under Jewish law (Leviticus 11:29-30). Their inclusion in the vision emphasizes the radical nature of the new covenant, where traditional purity laws are reinterpreted in light of Christ's redemptive work. This echoes Jesus' teaching in Mark 7:18-19, where He declares all foods clean.

and birds of the air
Birds of the air, some of which were also deemed unclean (Leviticus 11:13-19), complete the vision's representation of all creation. This phrase underscores the comprehensive nature of God's redemptive plan, which includes all peoples and nations. It reflects the Great Commission (Matthew 28:19) and the prophecy of Isaiah 49:6, where salvation is extended to the ends of the earth.

Then I heard a voice saying to me
This phrase indicates a divine communication, often understood as a direct revelation from God. In biblical context, hearing a voice from heaven is a significant event, as seen in other instances such as the baptism of Jesus (Matthew 3:17) and the Transfiguration (Matthew 17:5). This emphasizes the importance of the message being delivered. The voice is authoritative and commands attention, suggesting that what follows is of divine origin and should be heeded.

‘Get up, Peter
The command to "get up" signifies urgency and action. Peter, one of Jesus' closest disciples, is specifically addressed, highlighting his role as a leader in the early church. This moment is pivotal for Peter, as it challenges his understanding of Jewish dietary laws and the inclusion of Gentiles in the Christian faith. The personal address underscores Peter's responsibility to respond to God's call and to lead others in this new direction.

kill and eat.’
This directive challenges Jewish dietary laws found in Leviticus 11 and Deuteronomy 14, which distinguish between clean and unclean animals. The command to "kill and eat" symbolizes a break from traditional Jewish customs, pointing to the broader acceptance of Gentiles into the Christian community. This moment foreshadows the inclusion of all nations in God's salvation plan, as prophesied in Isaiah 49:6. It also reflects Jesus' teaching in Mark 7:18-19, where He declares all foods clean, emphasizing the internal purity over external observance. This command is a type of Christ's fulfillment of the law, showing that the old covenant restrictions are lifted in the new covenant through Jesus.

‘No, Lord,’ I said,
This phrase reflects Peter's immediate response to the vision he received. It shows his initial resistance to the divine instruction, highlighting his adherence to Jewish dietary laws. This response is reminiscent of other biblical figures who initially resisted God's call, such as Moses in Exodus 3:11 and Jonah in Jonah 1:3. The use of "Lord" indicates Peter's recognition of divine authority, yet his "No" suggests a struggle between his traditional beliefs and the new revelation.

‘for nothing impure or unclean has ever entered my mouth.’
Peter's statement underscores his strict observance of Jewish dietary laws as outlined in Leviticus 11 and Deuteronomy 14. These laws distinguished between clean and unclean animals, serving as a means of setting Israel apart from other nations. Peter's adherence to these laws reflects his identity as a faithful Jew. This moment is pivotal in the early church, as it signifies the transition from Jewish exclusivity to the inclusion of Gentiles, aligning with Jesus' teachings in Mark 7:18-19, where He declared all foods clean. This vision prepares Peter for his encounter with Cornelius, a Gentile, marking a significant step in the fulfillment of the Great Commission in Matthew 28:19.

But the voice spoke from heaven a second time
This phrase indicates divine communication, emphasizing the importance of the message. In biblical narratives, a voice from heaven often signifies God's direct intervention or revelation, as seen in the baptism of Jesus (Matthew 3:17). The repetition "a second time" underscores the necessity for Peter to understand and accept the message, highlighting the significance of divine patience and insistence.

‘Do not call anything impure
The term "impure" refers to the Jewish dietary laws outlined in Leviticus 11, which distinguished between clean and unclean animals. This distinction was central to Jewish identity and religious practice. The command challenges Peter's understanding of purity, which was deeply rooted in the Mosaic Law. This phrase signifies a shift from the old covenant to the new covenant, where external rituals are replaced by internal transformation.

that God has made clean.’
This statement reveals God's sovereign authority to redefine purity. It signifies the inclusion of Gentiles into the Christian faith, as God declares them clean through faith in Christ, not adherence to the Law. This echoes Jesus' teaching in Mark 7:18-19, where He declared all foods clean, foreshadowing the abolition of dietary restrictions. It also aligns with the prophecy in Isaiah 49:6, where salvation is extended to the ends of the earth, indicating the universal scope of the Gospel.

This happened three times
The repetition of the vision three times emphasizes its importance and certainty, a common biblical motif for establishing truth (Genesis 41:32). In Jewish culture, the number three often signifies completeness or divine perfection. This repetition underscores the significance of the message Peter is receiving, which is the acceptance of Gentiles into the Christian faith without the need for adherence to Jewish dietary laws. This aligns with the broader narrative of Acts, where the early church grapples with the inclusion of Gentiles (Acts 10:16, Acts 15:7-9).

and everything was drawn back up into heaven
The imagery of the sheet being drawn back into heaven signifies divine origin and authority. Heaven is often depicted as the realm of God, and the return of the sheet there indicates that the vision is a direct revelation from God. This aligns with the biblical theme of God revealing His will from heaven (Daniel 4:26, Matthew 3:16-17). The vision challenges Peter's understanding of purity and the law, pointing to the fulfillment of the law in Christ (Matthew 5:17) and the new covenant that includes all nations (Isaiah 49:6, Ephesians 2:14-16). The drawing back into heaven also symbolizes the completion of the vision, indicating that the message has been fully delivered and understood.

Just then
This phrase indicates a precise moment in time, suggesting divine timing and orchestration. It highlights the immediacy and urgency of the events unfolding, emphasizing God's active role in guiding the early church's mission.

three men
The number three often signifies completeness or divine perfection in biblical numerology. These men were Gentiles, which is significant as it underscores the expanding reach of the Gospel beyond Jewish boundaries, aligning with God's promise to Abraham that all nations would be blessed through him (Genesis 12:3).

sent to me
This indicates a purposeful mission. The men were sent by Cornelius, a Roman centurion, as part of a divine plan revealed through an angelic vision. This reflects the theme of divine guidance and the breaking down of barriers between Jews and Gentiles.

from Caesarea
Caesarea was a significant Roman city and the administrative center of Judea. It was a hub of political and military activity, symbolizing the intersection of Jewish and Gentile worlds. The city's role in this narrative highlights the Gospel's reach into influential and diverse areas.

stopped at the house
The act of stopping at a house signifies hospitality and the importance of personal encounters in the spread of the Gospel. In the early church, homes were central to worship and fellowship, reflecting the intimate and communal nature of early Christian gatherings.

where I was staying
This phrase indicates Peter's temporary residence, suggesting the itinerant nature of apostolic ministry. It also underscores the theme of divine appointments, as Peter's presence at that specific location was orchestrated by God to facilitate the meeting with Cornelius's men.

The Spirit told me to accompany them without hesitation.
This phrase highlights the direct guidance of the Holy Spirit, a recurring theme in Acts, emphasizing the Spirit's role in the early Church's expansion. The Holy Spirit's instruction to Peter reflects the divine initiative in breaking Jewish-Gentile barriers, aligning with the vision Peter received in Acts 10. The phrase "without hesitation" underscores the urgency and importance of obedience to God's command, reminiscent of Abraham's immediate response to God's call in Genesis 12:1-4. This divine direction is crucial in the narrative, as it leads to the inclusion of Gentiles in the Christian community, fulfilling the prophecy of Isaiah 49:6 about being a light to the nations.

These six brothers also went with me,
The mention of "six brothers" provides a legal and communal witness to the events that transpired, as Jewish law often required multiple witnesses to establish a matter (Deuteronomy 19:15). This detail underscores the importance of accountability and shared testimony in the early Church. The presence of these brothers also highlights the communal nature of the early Christian mission, where significant actions were taken with the support and verification of the community. This aligns with the practice seen in Acts 15, where the Jerusalem Council deliberates on Gentile inclusion with multiple witnesses and testimonies.

and we entered the man’s home.
Entering a Gentile's home was a significant cultural and religious boundary for Jews, as it could lead to ceremonial uncleanliness (Acts 10:28). This act symbolizes the breaking down of barriers between Jews and Gentiles, a central theme in the book of Acts. It reflects the fulfillment of Jesus' ministry, who often crossed social and cultural boundaries (John 4:9-10). This action by Peter and his companions signifies the new covenant in Christ, where all are welcome into the family of God, as echoed in Ephesians 2:14-16, which speaks of Christ breaking down the dividing wall of hostility.

He told us how he had seen an angel standing in his house
This phrase highlights the divine intervention in Cornelius's life, a Roman centurion. Angels often serve as messengers of God, as seen throughout Scripture (e.g., Genesis 19:1, Luke 1:26). The presence of an angel signifies the importance of the message and the divine approval of the Gentile mission. Cornelius's house, likely in Caesarea, was a place of significant spiritual activity, indicating God's willingness to reach beyond Jewish boundaries.

and saying, ‘Send to Joppa for Simon who is called Peter.
Joppa, a port city, is significant in biblical history, being the place where Jonah attempted to flee from God's command (Jonah 1:3). It symbolizes a point of transition and obedience to God's will. Simon Peter, a key apostle, represents the bridge between Jewish and Gentile believers. His involvement underscores the fulfillment of Jesus' command to be witnesses "to the ends of the earth" (Acts 1:8). This directive to send for Peter highlights the necessity of apostolic authority in the early church's expansion and the breaking down of ethnic barriers, fulfilling prophecies of Gentile inclusion (Isaiah 49:6).

He will convey to you a message
This phrase highlights the role of divine communication through human messengers. In the context of Acts 11, Peter is the one who conveys the message. This reflects the biblical pattern where God often uses chosen individuals to deliver His word, as seen with prophets in the Old Testament. The message is central to the Christian faith, emphasizing the importance of the Gospel as the means of salvation.

by which you and all your household
The inclusion of the household signifies the communal aspect of faith in the early church. In the ancient world, households often included extended family and servants, indicating that the message of salvation was intended for all, regardless of social status. This mirrors the promise in Genesis 12:3, where all families of the earth are to be blessed through Abraham. It also reflects the practice seen in Acts 16:31, where the Philippian jailer and his household are saved.

will be saved.
Salvation is a central theme in the New Testament, representing deliverance from sin and its consequences. This phrase underscores the transformative power of the Gospel, which is not just a message of moral improvement but of complete spiritual renewal. The concept of salvation is rooted in the work of Jesus Christ, fulfilling Old Testament prophecies such as Isaiah 53, where the suffering servant brings redemption. The assurance of salvation for the household also points to the covenantal nature of God's promises, reminiscent of the Passover in Exodus 12, where entire households were spared through the blood of the lamb.

As I began to speak
This phrase refers to Peter's recounting of his experience with Cornelius and his household. Peter, an apostle, was speaking to a group of Gentiles, which was significant because Jews traditionally did not associate with Gentiles. This moment marks a pivotal shift in the early church's mission, emphasizing the inclusivity of the Gospel. The act of speaking is central to the spread of the Gospel, as faith comes from hearing the message of Christ (Romans 10:17).

the Holy Spirit fell upon them
The falling of the Holy Spirit signifies divine approval and empowerment. This mirrors the events of Pentecost in Acts 2, where the Holy Spirit descended upon the apostles. The Holy Spirit's presence confirms God's acceptance of the Gentiles, breaking down the barriers between Jews and Gentiles. This event fulfills the prophecy of Joel 2:28-29, where God promises to pour out His Spirit on all people.

just as He had fallen upon us
Peter draws a parallel between the Gentiles' experience and the apostles' experience at Pentecost. This comparison underscores the equality of all believers in receiving the Holy Spirit, regardless of ethnic or cultural background. It highlights the unity of the church and the universality of the Gospel message. The apostles' experience serves as a benchmark for authenticating the work of the Holy Spirit.

at the beginning
This phrase refers to the day of Pentecost, which is considered the "beginning" of the church's mission in the power of the Holy Spirit. Pentecost is a fulfillment of Jesus' promise in Acts 1:8 that the disciples would receive power when the Holy Spirit came upon them. It marks the start of the church's expansion from Jerusalem to Judea, Samaria, and to the ends of the earth. This event is foundational for understanding the church's mission and the role of the Holy Spirit in empowering believers.

Then I remembered the word of the Lord
This phrase indicates a moment of divine recall, where Peter is reminded of Jesus' teachings. The act of remembering is significant in biblical narratives, often associated with the Holy Spirit's work in bringing to mind the teachings of Christ (John 14:26). This moment underscores the importance of Jesus' words as authoritative and foundational for the early church's understanding and practice.

how He said
This phrase emphasizes the direct speech of Jesus, highlighting the authority and reliability of His words. In the Gospels, Jesus often spoke prophetically and with authority, as seen in Matthew 7:29. The early church relied heavily on the teachings of Jesus as recorded by the apostles, which were considered divinely inspired and essential for doctrine and practice.

‘John baptized with water
John the Baptist's ministry was one of preparation, calling people to repentance and symbolized by water baptism (Mark 1:4). This act was a public declaration of repentance and a precursor to the greater baptism that Jesus would bring. John's baptism was significant in Jewish culture as it represented purification and readiness for the coming Messiah.

but you will be baptized with the Holy Spirit.’
This promise of baptism with the Holy Spirit was fulfilled at Pentecost (Acts 2:1-4), marking a new era in God's redemptive plan. The Holy Spirit's baptism signifies empowerment for service, the indwelling presence of God, and the initiation into the body of Christ (1 Corinthians 12:13). This event was prophesied in the Old Testament (Joel 2:28-29) and fulfilled in the New Testament, demonstrating the continuity of God's plan through Jesus Christ.

So if God gave them the same gift
This phrase refers to the gift of the Holy Spirit, which was first given to the Jewish believers at Pentecost (Acts 2). The context here is Peter's defense of his actions in sharing the Gospel with the Gentiles, specifically Cornelius and his household. The "same gift" emphasizes the equality of Jews and Gentiles in receiving the Holy Spirit, fulfilling the prophecy of Joel 2:28-29 that God's Spirit would be poured out on all people. This marks a significant shift in the early church's understanding of God's plan for salvation, breaking down ethnic and cultural barriers.

He gave us who believed in the Lord Jesus Christ
The phrase underscores the condition of faith in Jesus Christ as the basis for receiving the Holy Spirit. This aligns with the core message of the New Testament that salvation and the accompanying indwelling of the Spirit are available to all who believe in Jesus (John 3:16, Ephesians 2:8-9). The early church, primarily Jewish, is now witnessing the inclusion of Gentiles, which was a radical development. This reflects the fulfillment of the Abrahamic covenant that through Abraham's seed, all nations would be blessed (Genesis 12:3).

who was I to hinder the work of God?
Peter's rhetorical question highlights his recognition of God's sovereign will and the futility of opposing it. This echoes the theme of divine initiative seen throughout Acts, where God's purposes prevail despite human resistance (Acts 5:39). Peter's humility and submission to God's plan serve as a model for believers, emphasizing that God's work transcends human traditions and prejudices. This moment is pivotal in the early church, as it sets the stage for the Jerusalem Council in Acts 15, where the inclusion of Gentiles is formally acknowledged and affirmed.

When they heard this
This phrase refers to the Jewish believers in Jerusalem who were initially critical of Peter's actions in associating with Gentiles. The context is Peter's explanation of his vision and the subsequent conversion of Cornelius, a Gentile. This moment marks a significant turning point in the early church, as it begins to understand the inclusivity of the Gospel message.

they had no further objections
The Jewish believers' initial resistance was rooted in their cultural and religious traditions, which emphasized separation from Gentiles. However, upon hearing Peter's account, they recognized the work of the Holy Spirit and ceased their opposition. This reflects the transformative power of God's revelation and the unity it brings among believers.

and they glorified God
The response of glorifying God indicates their acceptance and joy in God's plan. It shows a shift from skepticism to worship, acknowledging God's sovereignty and grace. This act of glorification is a common response in Scripture when God's will is revealed and understood, as seen in Luke 2:20 and Acts 13:48.

saying, “So then, God has granted even the Gentiles repentance unto life.”
This statement highlights the theological breakthrough that salvation through Jesus Christ is available to all, not just the Jews. The phrase "repentance unto life" underscores the transformative nature of repentance, leading to eternal life. This aligns with prophecies such as Isaiah 49:6, which speaks of salvation reaching the ends of the earth, and fulfills the Great Commission in Matthew 28:19. The inclusion of Gentiles is a fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham that all nations would be blessed through him (Genesis 12:3).

Meanwhile those scattered by the persecution that began with Stephen
The persecution referenced here began with the martyrdom of Stephen, as recorded in Acts 7:54-60. This event marked a significant turning point for the early church, as it led to widespread persecution of Christians in Jerusalem. The scattering of believers fulfilled Jesus' command in Acts 1:8 to be His witnesses "in Jerusalem, and in all Judea and Samaria, and to the ends of the earth." This dispersion, though initially a result of persecution, was used by God to spread the Gospel beyond the confines of Jerusalem.

traveled as far as Phoenicia, Cyprus, and Antioch
Phoenicia was a coastal region north of Israel, known for its major cities like Tyre and Sidon. Cyprus is an island in the eastern Mediterranean, significant in early Christian missions, as seen in Acts 13:4-12. Antioch, located in modern-day Turkey, was a major city of the Roman Empire and became a central hub for early Christianity. The spread of the Gospel to these areas indicates the geographical expansion of the early church and the fulfillment of the Great Commission.

speaking the message only to Jews
Initially, the early Christians, who were predominantly Jewish, focused their evangelistic efforts on fellow Jews. This reflects the early church's understanding of the Gospel as a continuation of God's covenant with Israel. However, this approach would soon change, as seen later in Acts 11:20-21, where some began to preach to Gentiles. This shift was pivotal in the church's mission, aligning with prophecies such as Isaiah 49:6, which speaks of salvation reaching the ends of the earth.

But some of them, men from Cyprus and Cyrene
This phrase highlights the diversity and reach of early Christian evangelism. Cyprus is an island in the eastern Mediterranean, known for its early Christian community, including Barnabas, a native of Cyprus. Cyrene was a city in North Africa, modern-day Libya, known for its Jewish population. The mention of these regions indicates the spread of Christianity beyond Judea, involving believers from different cultural backgrounds. This reflects the fulfillment of Jesus' command in Acts 1:8 to be witnesses "to the ends of the earth."

went to Antioch
Antioch was a major city in the Roman Empire, located in modern-day Turkey. It was a cultural and commercial hub, known for its diverse population and as a center of Hellenistic influence. The city's significance in early Christianity is underscored by its role as the location where believers were first called "Christians" (Acts 11:26). Antioch became a pivotal center for missionary activity, serving as a base for Paul's missionary journeys.

and began speaking to the Greeks as well
This phrase marks a significant development in the early church's mission, as it indicates the intentional outreach to Gentiles, not just Jews. The term "Greeks" here refers to non-Jews, highlighting the breaking down of ethnic and cultural barriers in the spread of the gospel. This aligns with the vision Peter received in Acts 10, where God showed him that the message of salvation was for all people, not just the Jewish nation.

proclaiming the good news about the Lord Jesus
The core message of the early church was the proclamation of the gospel, centered on the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. This proclamation is consistent with the apostolic teaching found throughout the New Testament, emphasizing Jesus as the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies and the Savior of the world. The title "Lord" affirms Jesus' divine authority and sovereignty, a central tenet of Christian belief. This message of salvation through Jesus was revolutionary, offering hope and redemption to all who believed, regardless of their background.

The hand of the Lord was with them
This phrase signifies divine favor and empowerment. In biblical context, "the hand of the Lord" often represents God's power and presence actively working in the lives of His people (Exodus 9:3, Isaiah 41:10). Here, it indicates that the success of the early Christians in spreading the Gospel was not due to human effort alone but was a result of God's intervention. This aligns with the broader narrative of Acts, where the Holy Spirit guides and empowers the apostles (Acts 1:8). The phrase also echoes Old Testament instances where God's hand led Israel to victory and deliverance, suggesting continuity in God's redemptive work through Jesus Christ.

and a great number of people believed
The phrase highlights the effectiveness of the Gospel message when accompanied by divine power. The term "believed" implies more than intellectual assent; it denotes a deep, personal trust in Jesus Christ as Savior. This belief is transformative, leading to a new identity in Christ (2 Corinthians 5:17). The "great number" suggests a significant movement, indicating that the Gospel was breaking cultural and religious barriers, fulfilling Jesus' command to make disciples of all nations (Matthew 28:19). This growth is a testament to the work of the Holy Spirit in convicting hearts and drawing people to faith.

and turned to the Lord
This phrase emphasizes repentance and conversion, a turning away from sin and a turning towards God. In the cultural context of the early church, this often meant leaving behind pagan practices and idolatry, as well as a reorientation of life priorities. Turning to the Lord involves a commitment to follow Jesus and live according to His teachings (Luke 9:23). This transformation is a fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies about the nations coming to know the Lord (Isaiah 2:2-3). It also reflects the early church's mission to spread the Gospel beyond Jewish communities, as seen in the conversion of Gentiles in Acts 10 and 11.

When news of this reached the ears of the church in Jerusalem
The early church in Jerusalem was the central hub for the Christian movement after Pentecost. The "news" refers to the spread of the Gospel and the conversion of Gentiles in Antioch, a significant development as the early church was predominantly Jewish. This phrase highlights the interconnectedness of the early Christian communities and their concern for the spread of the Gospel. Jerusalem, being the site of the temple and the center of Jewish worship, was also the birthplace of the church, making it a natural point of reference for news and decisions.

they sent Barnabas to Antioch
Barnabas, whose name means "son of encouragement," was a respected leader in the early church, known for his generosity and support of Saul (Paul) earlier in Acts. His selection to go to Antioch underscores the importance of the mission and the trust the Jerusalem church placed in him. Antioch was a major city in the Roman Empire, known for its cultural diversity and as a center of commerce. The decision to send Barnabas indicates the church's strategic approach to nurturing new believers and ensuring sound teaching. Barnabas's role as an encourager and mediator would have been crucial in bridging cultural divides between Jewish and Gentile believers, reflecting the inclusive nature of the Gospel.

When he arrived
This refers to Barnabas, who was sent by the church in Jerusalem to Antioch. Antioch was a significant city in early Christianity, being one of the first places where the followers of Jesus were called Christians. The journey from Jerusalem to Antioch would have been a significant undertaking, indicating the importance of the mission.

and saw the grace of God
Barnabas observed the evidence of God's grace in the lives of the believers in Antioch. This grace was manifested in their faith, unity, and the growth of the church. The grace of God is a recurring theme in the New Testament, emphasizing God's unmerited favor and the transformative power of the Holy Spirit.

he rejoiced
Barnabas's reaction of joy highlights the importance of recognizing and celebrating the work of God in the lives of others. His joy reflects the fruit of the Spirit (Galatians 5:22) and aligns with the biblical principle of rejoicing with those who rejoice (Romans 12:15).

and encouraged them all
Barnabas, known as the "son of encouragement" (Acts 4:36), fulfilled his role by strengthening the believers. Encouragement is a vital ministry in the church, as seen in Hebrews 10:24-25, where believers are urged to spur one another on toward love and good deeds.

to abide in the Lord
Abiding in the Lord involves remaining steadfast in faith and maintaining a close relationship with Jesus. This concept is central to Jesus' teaching in John 15:4-5, where He describes Himself as the vine and His followers as the branches, emphasizing the necessity of remaining in Him to bear fruit.

with all their hearts
This phrase underscores the call to wholehearted devotion to God, echoing the greatest commandment to love the Lord with all one's heart, soul, and mind (Matthew 22:37). It reflects the biblical theme of sincerity and total commitment in one's relationship with God.

Barnabas was a good man
Barnabas, originally named Joseph, was a Levite from Cyprus. His nickname, meaning "Son of Encouragement," reflects his character and role in the early church. His goodness is demonstrated through his generosity (Acts 4:36-37) and his role as a mediator between Paul and the apostles (Acts 9:27). The term "good" in biblical context often implies moral integrity and a life aligned with God's will, as seen in other scriptural references like Proverbs 12:2 and Luke 6:45.

full of the Holy Spirit and faith
Being "full of the Holy Spirit" indicates that Barnabas was guided and empowered by the Spirit in his ministry, a characteristic shared by other early church leaders (Acts 6:3, 7:55). This fullness is essential for effective ministry and is a fulfillment of Jesus' promise in Acts 1:8. His faith, a deep trust in God, is evident in his actions and decisions, such as supporting Saul (Paul) and encouraging the church in Antioch. This faith aligns with Hebrews 11:1, which describes faith as confidence in what we hope for and assurance about what we do not see.

and a great number of people were brought to the Lord
Barnabas's ministry in Antioch was fruitful, leading many to faith in Christ. This growth reflects the fulfillment of the Great Commission (Matthew 28:19-20) and the spread of the gospel beyond Jewish communities, as seen in Acts 11:19-21. The phrase "brought to the Lord" emphasizes conversion and discipleship, indicating a transformative relationship with Jesus. This aligns with the early church's mission and the work of the Holy Spirit in drawing people to salvation (John 6:44).

Then Barnabas went to Tarsus
Barnabas, whose name means "son of encouragement," was a key figure in the early church, known for his role in supporting and mentoring new believers. His journey to Tarsus indicates a proactive approach in seeking out Saul, who would later be known as Paul. Tarsus was a significant city in Cilicia, a region in modern-day Turkey. It was a center of learning and culture, known for its university, which rivaled those in Athens and Alexandria. This background highlights the strategic importance of Saul's education and upbringing in Tarsus, preparing him for his future role as a missionary and theologian.

to look for Saul
Saul, who had previously been a zealous persecutor of Christians, experienced a dramatic conversion on the road to Damascus (Acts 9:1-19). After his conversion, Saul spent time in Arabia and then returned to Damascus before eventually going to Jerusalem (Galatians 1:17-18). His return to Tarsus likely involved a period of preparation and growth in his understanding of the Gospel. Barnabas's decision to seek out Saul underscores the importance of mentorship and community in the early church. This act of seeking Saul also reflects the fulfillment of God's plan, as Saul was chosen to be a "chosen instrument" to carry the name of Jesus to the Gentiles (Acts 9:15). Barnabas's role in bringing Saul to Antioch (Acts 11:26) would be pivotal in the spread of Christianity beyond Jewish communities, marking a significant shift in the early church's mission.

and when he found him, he brought him back to Antioch.
Barnabas, a key figure in the early church, sought out Saul (later known as Paul) in Tarsus. This action highlights the importance of mentorship and collaboration in ministry. Antioch, located in modern-day Turkey, was a major city of commerce and culture, making it a strategic location for spreading the Gospel. The city's diverse population provided a fertile ground for the message of Christ to reach both Jews and Gentiles.

So for a full year they met together with the church and taught large numbers of people.
Barnabas and Saul's year-long ministry in Antioch underscores the importance of discipleship and teaching in the early church. This period of instruction helped establish a strong foundation for the believers, equipping them to live out their faith in a challenging environment. The large numbers indicate the rapid growth of the church, a testament to the power of the Holy Spirit working through dedicated leaders.

The disciples were first called Christians at Antioch.
The term "Christian" was initially used by outsiders to describe the followers of Christ, possibly as a term of derision. However, it became a badge of honor for believers, signifying their identity in Christ. This designation marked a significant moment in church history, as it distinguished the followers of Jesus from other Jewish sects. The use of the term in Antioch, a city known for its cultural diversity, highlights the universal nature of the Gospel message.

In those days
This phrase situates the events within the early years of the Christian church, a time of rapid growth and expansion following the resurrection and ascension of Jesus Christ. It reflects a period when the Holy Spirit was actively guiding the apostles and early believers in spreading the Gospel.

some prophets
Prophets in the early church were individuals endowed with the gift of prophecy, a spiritual gift mentioned in 1 Corinthians 12:10. They played a crucial role in guiding and edifying the church, often providing divine insight and revelation. The presence of prophets indicates the active work of the Holy Spirit in the early church, as seen in Ephesians 4:11, where prophets are listed among the gifts given to the church.

came down from Jerusalem
Jerusalem was the center of the early Christian church and the location of the first church council (Acts 15). The phrase "came down" reflects the geographical reality that Jerusalem is situated on a hill, and travel from there to other locations was often described as "going down." Jerusalem held significant spiritual and historical importance as the city where Jesus was crucified and resurrected, and where the Holy Spirit descended at Pentecost (Acts 2).

to Antioch
Antioch was a major city in ancient Syria and became a significant center for early Christianity. It was here that believers were first called "Christians" (Acts 11:26). The church in Antioch was known for its diversity and missionary zeal, serving as a launching point for Paul's missionary journeys. The city's strategic location and diverse population made it an ideal place for the spread of the Gospel to both Jews and Gentiles.

One of them named Agabus
Agabus is identified as a prophet in the early Christian church. He is mentioned here and later in Acts 21:10, where he predicts Paul's imprisonment. Prophets in the early church were individuals who received direct revelation from God, often to provide guidance or warnings to the church. Agabus's role highlights the continuation of prophetic ministry in the New Testament era, similar to Old Testament prophets.

stood up and predicted through the Spirit
The act of standing up signifies the importance and authority of the message being delivered. The phrase "through the Spirit" indicates that Agabus's prediction was not based on human insight but was a revelation from the Holy Spirit. This underscores the belief in divine inspiration and guidance in the early church, as seen in other instances such as Acts 13:2, where the Holy Spirit directs the church in Antioch.

that a great famine would sweep across the whole world
The term "whole world" in this context likely refers to the Roman Empire, which was the known world to the early Christians. Historical records, including those by Roman historians like Suetonius and Tacitus, confirm that several famines occurred during the reign of Emperor Claudius. This prediction aligns with the biblical theme of God using prophets to warn of impending judgment or hardship, as seen in the Old Testament with figures like Joseph in Genesis 41.

(This happened under Claudius.)
Claudius was the Roman Emperor from AD 41 to 54. His reign was marked by several natural disasters, including famines. The mention of Claudius provides a historical anchor for the events described, affirming the accuracy of the biblical narrative. This historical context also highlights the early church's response to such crises, as seen in Acts 11:29-30, where the disciples decide to provide aid to the affected regions, demonstrating the practical outworking of their faith.

So the disciples
The term "disciples" refers to the followers of Jesus Christ, particularly those who were part of the early Christian community. This group included both the original apostles and other believers who had embraced the teachings of Jesus. The use of "disciples" here emphasizes their role as learners and followers of Christ's example.

each according to his ability
This phrase highlights the principle of giving based on one's capacity, a concept rooted in the teachings of Jesus and the early church. It reflects the idea of proportional giving, where contributions are made in accordance with one's resources. This principle is echoed in 2 Corinthians 8:12, where Paul speaks about the willingness to give being more important than the amount.

decided to send relief
The decision to send relief indicates a collective and deliberate action taken by the disciples. This reflects the communal nature of the early church, where decisions were often made together under the guidance of the Holy Spirit. The relief was likely in the form of financial aid or food supplies, intended to support those in need.

to the brothers living in Judea
"Brothers" refers to fellow believers, emphasizing the familial bond among Christians. Judea was a region in the Roman province of Palestine, where the church in Jerusalem was located. This area was experiencing a famine, as prophesied by Agabus earlier in Acts 11:28. The decision to send aid underscores the unity and mutual support within the early Christian community, transcending geographical boundaries.

This they did
The early church in Antioch responded to the prophecy of a coming famine by taking action. This reflects the practical outworking of faith, as seen in James 2:17, where faith without works is dead. The believers in Antioch demonstrated their commitment to the unity of the church by providing for their brothers and sisters in Judea.

sending their gifts
The act of sending gifts highlights the principle of generosity and support within the early Christian community. This is reminiscent of the communal sharing described in Acts 2:44-45. The gifts were likely financial or material aid intended to alleviate the anticipated hardship due to the famine. This act of charity underscores the interconnectedness of the early church, transcending geographical and cultural boundaries.

to the elders
The elders were the leaders of the church in Jerusalem, responsible for spiritual oversight and administration. This reflects the early church's structure, where elders played a crucial role in governance, as seen in passages like 1 Timothy 5:17. The decision to send the gifts to the elders indicates a recognition of their authority and responsibility in distributing aid.

with Barnabas and Saul
Barnabas and Saul (later known as Paul) were trusted leaders and missionaries in the early church. Their involvement in delivering the gifts underscores their role as bridge-builders between the Gentile and Jewish believers. Barnabas, known for his encouragement and generosity (Acts 4:36-37), and Saul, a former persecutor turned apostle, exemplify the transformative power of the Gospel. Their mission to deliver the gifts also foreshadows their future missionary journeys, as recorded in Acts 13 and beyond.