While Peter and John were speaking to the people
Peter and John, two of Jesus' closest disciples, are actively engaging with the people in Jerusalem. This follows the healing of the lame man at the temple gate, which drew significant attention. Their speaking is a continuation of their witness to the resurrection of Jesus, a central theme in the early chapters of Acts. This public proclamation is a fulfillment of Jesus' command in Acts 1:8 to be His witnesses in Jerusalem. The setting is likely the temple courts, a common place for teaching and discussion.

the priests
The priests were influential religious leaders responsible for temple rituals and maintaining the spiritual life of Israel. They were part of the Levitical order, descendants of Aaron, and held significant authority in Jewish society. Their involvement here indicates the perceived threat Peter and John posed to the established religious order by preaching Jesus' resurrection, which challenged the Sadducees' beliefs and the temple's authority.

and the captain of the temple guard
The captain of the temple guard was a high-ranking official responsible for maintaining order in the temple precincts. This position was second only to the high priest in terms of authority within the temple hierarchy. The presence of the captain underscores the seriousness with which the temple authorities viewed the apostles' activities. The temple guard was tasked with preventing disturbances and ensuring that temple worship proceeded without interruption.

and the Sadducees
The Sadducees were a sect of Judaism known for their aristocratic status and control of the temple. They were distinct from the Pharisees in their denial of the resurrection, angels, and spirits, as noted in Acts 23:8. Their opposition to Peter and John is rooted in theological differences, as the apostles' message of Jesus' resurrection directly contradicted Sadducean doctrine. The Sadducees' involvement highlights the political and religious tensions of the time, as they sought to preserve their power and influence.

came up to them
The approach of these authorities signifies an impending confrontation. The Sadducees, priests, and temple guard were likely motivated by a desire to suppress what they saw as a dangerous and heretical movement. This encounter is part of a broader pattern of opposition faced by the early church, as seen throughout Acts. It foreshadows the persecution that the apostles and early Christians would endure for their faith, fulfilling Jesus' warnings about the cost of discipleship (John 15:18-20).

greatly disturbed
The religious leaders, particularly the Sadducees, were deeply troubled by the apostles' actions. This disturbance was not merely emotional but stemmed from a perceived threat to their authority and doctrinal beliefs. The Sadducees, who held significant power in the Sanhedrin, denied the resurrection and any form of afterlife, which was a core part of their theological stance. The apostles' message directly challenged their beliefs and threatened their influence over the people.

that they were teaching the people
The apostles were actively engaging with the public, spreading the teachings of Jesus. This was significant because teaching was traditionally the role of the rabbis and religious leaders. The apostles, considered uneducated by the standards of the time, were now assuming a role of authority, which undermined the established religious hierarchy. This teaching was not confined to the synagogues but was taking place in public spaces, making it accessible to all.

and proclaiming in Jesus
The central focus of the apostles' message was Jesus Christ. They were not merely teaching moral or ethical lessons but were proclaiming Jesus as the Messiah. This proclamation was a direct continuation of Jesus' own ministry and fulfilled Old Testament prophecies concerning the Messiah. The apostles' boldness in declaring Jesus as the risen Lord was a testament to their conviction and the transformative power of the Holy Spirit.

the resurrection of the dead
The doctrine of resurrection was a contentious issue, especially with the Sadducees, who rejected it. However, the Pharisees, another influential group, did believe in the resurrection. The apostles' teaching affirmed the resurrection as a cornerstone of Christian faith, emphasizing that Jesus' resurrection was the firstfruits of those who have died. This teaching connected to Old Testament prophecies, such as those found in Isaiah and Daniel, and was a fulfillment of Jesus' own predictions about His death and resurrection. The resurrection was not just a future hope but a present reality that validated Jesus' divinity and the truth of His message.

They seized Peter and John
This phrase indicates the arrest of Peter and John by the religious authorities. The context is the aftermath of Peter's sermon following the healing of a lame man at the temple gate called Beautiful. The Sadducees, who were part of the ruling class and did not believe in the resurrection, were particularly disturbed by the apostles' teaching about Jesus' resurrection. This act of seizing reflects the tension between the early Christian movement and the Jewish authorities. It also echoes the earlier arrest of Jesus, highlighting the continuity of opposition faced by His followers.

and because it was evening
The timing of the arrest is significant. Jewish law, based on the Mishnah, prohibited trials at night, which is why the authorities waited until the next day to deal with Peter and John. This detail underscores the legalistic adherence to Jewish customs, even as they sought to suppress the burgeoning Christian faith. The evening setting also parallels the arrest of Jesus, which took place at night, suggesting a pattern of opposition that the apostles would continue to face.

they put them in custody until the next day
This action demonstrates the authorities' intent to control the situation and prevent any further public disturbance. The custody likely took place in a holding area within the temple complex or nearby, as the Sanhedrin would convene there. This temporary imprisonment reflects the growing hostility towards the apostles and the message of Jesus Christ. It also sets the stage for the subsequent trial, where Peter and John would boldly testify to the power and authority of Jesus, fulfilling Jesus' prophecy that His followers would be brought before rulers and authorities for His name's sake (Luke 21:12-13).

But many who heard the message believed
This phrase highlights the power of the apostolic preaching and the work of the Holy Spirit in the early church. The message refers to the gospel of Jesus Christ, which Peter and John were proclaiming. The context is the aftermath of the healing of the lame man at the temple gate, which drew a large crowd and provided an opportunity for Peter to preach about Jesus' resurrection. The belief of many indicates a positive response to the gospel, showing the effectiveness of the apostles' witness and the fulfillment of Jesus' promise that the Holy Spirit would empower them to be His witnesses (Acts 1:8). This belief is not merely intellectual assent but a deep, transformative faith that leads to salvation.

and the number of men grew to about five thousand
This phrase provides a numerical account of the growth of the early church. The mention of "men" specifically may indicate that the count does not include women and children, suggesting that the total number of believers could be significantly higher. This growth is remarkable considering the opposition from religious authorities and the societal challenges faced by the early Christians. The increase from the initial 3,000 converts on the day of Pentecost (Acts 2:41) to 5,000 men shows the rapid expansion of the church. This growth fulfills Jesus' parable of the mustard seed (Matthew 13:31-32), illustrating how the kingdom of God starts small but grows large. It also reflects the early church's commitment to evangelism and the communal life described in Acts 2:42-47.

The next day
This phrase indicates a continuation from the events of the previous chapter, where Peter and John were arrested for preaching about Jesus and healing a lame man. The timing suggests a swift response from the Jewish authorities, emphasizing the urgency and seriousness with which they viewed the apostles' actions. It reflects the Jewish legal practice of addressing matters promptly, often the day after an incident.

the rulers, elders, and scribes
These groups represent the Sanhedrin, the highest Jewish council and court in Jerusalem. The "rulers" likely refer to the chief priests, including the high priest. The "elders" were respected leaders from among the people, often from influential families. The "scribes" were experts in the Law of Moses, responsible for teaching and interpreting the Scriptures. This assembly underscores the gravity of the situation, as it involved the most authoritative religious leaders in Judaism.

assembled in Jerusalem
Jerusalem was the religious and political center of Jewish life, home to the Temple and the Sanhedrin. The assembly in this city highlights the centrality of the events in the early Christian movement. Jerusalem is significant in biblical prophecy and history, being the city where Jesus was crucified and resurrected. The gathering of these leaders in Jerusalem also fulfills Jesus' prophecy that His followers would face persecution from religious authorities (Matthew 10:17-18).

along with Annas the high priest
Annas was a significant figure in the Jewish religious hierarchy, having served as high priest from AD 6 to 15. Although deposed by the Romans, he retained considerable influence, often referred to as "high priest" due to his continued authority and respect. His involvement in Jesus' trial (John 18:13) highlights his ongoing power. The high priest's role was central in Jewish worship, overseeing temple activities and sacrifices, and serving as a mediator between God and the people.

Caiaphas
Caiaphas, the son-in-law of Annas, was the acting high priest during the time of Jesus' crucifixion and the early church. He held the position from AD 18 to 36, appointed by the Roman prefect Valerius Gratus. Caiaphas played a crucial role in the plot to arrest and execute Jesus (John 11:49-53), demonstrating the political and religious tensions of the time. His presence in Acts 4:6 underscores the continuity of opposition faced by the early Christians from the same authorities who condemned Jesus.

John
The identity of "John" in this context is not explicitly clear, as the name was common. Some scholars suggest he could be a member of the high priestly family or a prominent figure in the Sanhedrin. His inclusion indicates the presence of influential leaders in the Jewish council, emphasizing the gravity of the situation faced by Peter and John.

Alexander
Like John, Alexander's specific identity is uncertain. He may have been a member of the high priestly family or a notable figure within the Jewish leadership. His mention alongside other prominent leaders suggests a gathering of significant authority figures, highlighting the serious nature of the inquiry into the apostles' activities.

and many others from the high priest’s family
The reference to "many others from the high priest’s family" indicates the dynastic nature of the high priesthood during this period. The high priestly office often remained within a few influential families, consolidating religious and political power. This assembly of leaders reflects the entrenched opposition to the early Christian movement, as the apostles' teachings challenged the established religious order. The presence of these figures underscores the continuity of resistance from the same authorities who had previously opposed Jesus.

They had Peter and John brought in
This phrase indicates that Peter and John were summoned before the Sanhedrin, the Jewish ruling council. The Sanhedrin was composed of chief priests, elders, and scribes, and it held significant religious and political authority in Jerusalem. This setting underscores the tension between the early Christian movement and Jewish religious leaders. The apostles' arrest followed the healing of a lame man at the temple gate, which drew public attention and concern from the authorities.

and began to question them:
The questioning by the Sanhedrin reflects the legal and religious scrutiny faced by the apostles. In Jewish tradition, questioning was a method to discern truth and maintain religious order. This interrogation is reminiscent of the trials Jesus faced, highlighting the continuity of opposition to the message of Jesus Christ. The apostles' boldness in the face of such questioning fulfills Jesus' prophecy that His followers would be brought before rulers and councils (Matthew 10:17-20).

“By what power or what name did you do this?”
The question posed by the Sanhedrin is significant in Jewish culture, where names and authority were deeply intertwined. In biblical times, a name represented a person's character and authority. The leaders were concerned about the source of the apostles' power, as performing miracles or teaching in a name other than God's could be considered blasphemous or heretical. This inquiry echoes the challenge to Jesus' authority during His ministry (Matthew 21:23). The apostles' response would affirm the divine authority of Jesus Christ and the power of the Holy Spirit working through them, fulfilling the promise of empowerment in Acts 1:8.

Then Peter, filled with the Holy Spirit,
Peter's boldness and authority in speaking come from being filled with the Holy Spirit, a fulfillment of Jesus' promise in Acts 1:8 that the disciples would receive power when the Holy Spirit came upon them. This filling is a repeated experience for believers, empowering them for specific tasks and witness. The Holy Spirit's role is crucial in the early church, guiding, teaching, and emboldening the apostles. This moment reflects the transformative power of the Spirit, as Peter, once fearful, now speaks with confidence.

said to them,
Peter addresses the Sanhedrin, the Jewish ruling council, which includes the high priest, elders, and scribes. This setting is significant as it mirrors the trial of Jesus, where Peter previously denied knowing Him. Now, empowered by the Spirit, Peter stands firm. The act of speaking before such a powerful group highlights the courage and conviction that comes from divine empowerment.

“Rulers and elders of the people!
Peter acknowledges the authority of the Sanhedrin, showing respect for their positions. This address is formal and respectful, yet it sets the stage for a bold proclamation of the gospel. The rulers and elders were responsible for maintaining religious order and interpreting the law, making them key figures in Jewish society. Peter's address to them is strategic, as it provides an opportunity to witness to those who hold significant influence over the people. This moment also fulfills Jesus' words in Luke 21:12-15, where He foretold that His followers would testify before rulers and authorities.

If we are being examined today
This phrase indicates a formal inquiry or trial, likely before the Sanhedrin, the Jewish ruling council. The apostles Peter and John are being questioned after healing a lame man, an event that drew significant public attention. The setting is Jerusalem, a city central to Jewish religious life and the early Christian movement. The examination reflects the tension between the early church and Jewish authorities, who were concerned about the growing influence of Jesus' followers.

about a kind service
The "kind service" refers to the miraculous healing of a man who had been lame from birth. This act of compassion aligns with Jesus' ministry, which often included healing and acts of mercy. The apostles' actions demonstrate the continuation of Jesus' work through the Holy Spirit. The term "kind service" underscores the benevolent nature of the miracle, emphasizing the apostles' intent to help rather than to incite controversy.

to a man who was lame
The man in question was well-known in Jerusalem, as he regularly begged at the temple gate called Beautiful. His healing was a public event, witnessed by many, which added credibility to the apostles' message. The healing of a lame man fulfills Old Testament prophecies, such as Isaiah 35:6, which speaks of the lame leaping like a deer, symbolizing the coming of God's kingdom.

to determine how he was healed
The focus of the examination is on the method and power behind the healing. The Jewish leaders are concerned about the source of the apostles' authority, as they had not sanctioned this miracle. This question sets the stage for Peter's bold proclamation of Jesus Christ as the source of healing, emphasizing the power of Jesus' name and the apostles' role as His witnesses. The inquiry reflects a broader theme in Acts: the validation of the apostles' message through signs and wonders.

then let this be known to all of you and to all the people of Israel:
This phrase emphasizes the public nature of the apostles' message. The apostles are addressing the Sanhedrin, the Jewish ruling council, and by extension, all of Israel. This reflects the early church's mission to witness to the Jewish people first, as seen in Acts 1:8. The phrase underscores the importance of the message being proclaimed openly and without fear, fulfilling the Great Commission to spread the gospel to all nations, starting with Israel.

It is by the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth:
The mention of "Jesus Christ of Nazareth" highlights both His humanity and His divine mission. "Nazareth" identifies Jesus with a specific, humble origin, fulfilling prophecies such as Isaiah 53:2, which speaks of the Messiah's humble beginnings. The use of "name" signifies authority and power, as seen in Philippians 2:9-11, where every knee shall bow at the name of Jesus. This phrase asserts that the power to heal and perform miracles comes solely through Jesus, affirming His divine authority.

whom you crucified but whom God raised from the dead:
This statement directly confronts the Jewish leaders with their role in Jesus' crucifixion, as seen in the Gospels (e.g., Matthew 27:22-25). It also affirms the core Christian belief in the resurrection, a pivotal event that validates Jesus' claims and the apostles' preaching (1 Corinthians 15:14). The contrast between human actions ("you crucified") and divine intervention ("God raised") highlights God's sovereignty and the fulfillment of His redemptive plan, as prophesied in Psalm 16:10 and Isaiah 53:10-12.

that this man stands before you healed:
The healing of the lame man (Acts 3:1-10) serves as a tangible demonstration of Jesus' power and the truth of the apostles' message. This miracle fulfills Old Testament prophecies about the Messianic age, such as Isaiah 35:6, where the lame will leap like a deer. The healed man standing before the council is a living testimony to the transformative power of faith in Jesus, reinforcing the apostles' claim that Jesus is the source of life and restoration.

This Jesus
The reference to "This Jesus" emphasizes the specific identity of Jesus of Nazareth, who was crucified and resurrected. It highlights the personal and historical reality of Jesus, distinguishing Him from any other figure. This phrase underscores the centrality of Jesus in the Christian faith and His role as the Messiah.

is ‘the stone
The metaphor of a stone is significant in biblical literature, often symbolizing strength, stability, and permanence. In the Old Testament, stones were used in altars and memorials, signifying God's presence and covenant. Here, the stone represents Jesus as the foundation of faith and the church.

you builders rejected,
The "builders" refers to the Jewish leaders and authorities who rejected Jesus as the Messiah. This rejection fulfills the prophecy found in Psalm 118:22, where the stone rejected by the builders becomes the cornerstone. The rejection is a pivotal moment in the narrative of Jesus' ministry and crucifixion, highlighting the fulfillment of prophecy and the divine plan.

which has become the cornerstone.’
The cornerstone is the most important stone in a building, providing stability and alignment. In the context of the church, Jesus as the cornerstone signifies His foundational role in the establishment and growth of the Christian community. This imagery is echoed in Ephesians 2:20 and 1 Peter 2:6-7, where Jesus is described as the cornerstone of the spiritual house of God. The transformation from rejection to cornerstone illustrates the redemptive power of God’s plan through Jesus Christ.

Salvation exists in no one else
This phrase emphasizes the exclusivity of salvation through Jesus Christ. In the context of Acts 4, Peter and John are addressing the Sanhedrin, affirming that Jesus is the cornerstone rejected by the builders (Acts 4:11). This exclusivity is consistent with Jesus' own words in John 14:6, where He declares Himself the way, the truth, and the life. The early church faced significant opposition for this claim, as it contradicted the pluralistic religious environment of the Roman Empire, which was characterized by a pantheon of gods and religious tolerance.

for there is no other name under heaven
The phrase "no other name under heaven" underscores the universal scope of Christ's authority and the divine mandate of His name. In Jewish culture, a name was not merely an identifier but represented the essence and authority of a person. The name of Jesus, meaning "Yahweh is salvation," signifies His divine mission. This assertion challenges the prevailing religious systems of the time, including the Jewish leaders' reliance on the Law and the Roman practice of emperor worship.

given to men
The phrase "given to men" highlights the grace and initiative of God in providing salvation. It reflects the biblical theme of God's redemptive plan for humanity, as seen in John 3:16, where God gives His only Son for the salvation of the world. This gift is not earned by human effort but is a divine provision, aligning with the doctrine of grace found throughout the New Testament.

by which we must be saved.
The necessity of salvation "by which we must be saved" points to the urgency and essential nature of accepting Christ. The use of "must" indicates an imperative, leaving no alternative for salvation. This aligns with the apostolic preaching in the early church, as seen in Acts 2:38, where Peter calls for repentance and baptism in the name of Jesus Christ for the forgiveness of sins. The phrase also connects to the prophetic fulfillment of the Old Testament, where the Messiah is depicted as the sole source of deliverance for God's people (Isaiah 53).

When they saw the boldness of Peter and John
The boldness of Peter and John is significant because it contrasts with their previous behavior during Jesus' arrest and crucifixion, where they were fearful and in hiding. This transformation is attributed to the empowerment of the Holy Spirit, which they received at Pentecost (Acts 2:1-4). Boldness in the face of opposition is a recurring theme in Acts, demonstrating the apostles' commitment to their mission (Acts 4:29, 31). This boldness is also a fulfillment of Jesus' promise that the Holy Spirit would give them the words to speak when they faced persecution (Luke 12:11-12).

and realized that they were unschooled, ordinary men
The term "unschooled" indicates that Peter and John had not received formal rabbinical training, which was highly valued in Jewish society. This highlights the divine nature of their wisdom and understanding, as it was not derived from human education but from their relationship with Jesus and the Holy Spirit's guidance. The description of them as "ordinary" underscores the idea that God often chooses the humble and lowly to accomplish His purposes, as seen throughout Scripture (1 Corinthians 1:27-29).

they marveled
The reaction of marveling suggests that the religious leaders were astonished by the apostles' knowledge and authority, which seemed disproportionate to their background. This amazement is a recurring response to Jesus' own teachings and miracles (Mark 6:2, Luke 4:22), indicating that the apostles were continuing His work and ministry with similar impact.

and took note that these men had been with Jesus
This phrase emphasizes the transformative power of being in the presence of Jesus. The apostles' association with Jesus was evident in their speech, actions, and understanding of Scripture. It also serves as a testament to the authenticity of their message, as they were eyewitnesses to Jesus' life, death, and resurrection. This connection to Jesus is a key theme in Acts, as the apostles' authority and mission are directly linked to their relationship with Him (Acts 1:8, 2:32).

And seeing the man who had been healed
This phrase refers to the miraculous healing of a man who had been lame from birth, as described in Acts 3:1-10. The healing took place at the temple gate called Beautiful, where Peter and John encountered the man. This miracle is significant as it demonstrates the power of Jesus' name and the authority given to the apostles. The healing serves as a testament to the fulfillment of messianic prophecies, such as Isaiah 35:6, which speaks of the lame leaping like a deer. It also highlights the continuation of Jesus' ministry through His apostles.

standing there with them
The healed man standing with Peter and John is a powerful visual testimony to the miracle that had occurred. His presence is undeniable evidence of the apostles' divine authority and the truth of their message. In the cultural context of the time, physical healing was often seen as a sign of divine favor or intervention. The man's ability to stand, something he had never done before, underscores the completeness of his healing and the authenticity of the apostles' witness.

they had nothing to say in response
The religious leaders, who were questioning Peter and John, found themselves unable to refute the miracle. This silence indicates their inability to deny the power and authority of the apostles' message. It reflects the fulfillment of Jesus' promise in Luke 21:15, where He assures His followers that He will give them words and wisdom that their adversaries will not be able to resist or contradict. The leaders' silence also highlights the growing tension between the early Christian movement and the established religious authorities, setting the stage for further conflict and persecution.

So they ordered them to leave the Sanhedrin
The Sanhedrin was the highest Jewish council and court in Jerusalem, composed of chief priests, elders, and scribes. It held significant religious and political authority. The apostles Peter and John were brought before this council after healing a man in Jesus' name, which caused a stir among the people. The Sanhedrin's order for them to leave indicates a private deliberation, reflecting the council's concern over the growing influence of the apostles and the message of Jesus' resurrection. This setting underscores the tension between the early Christian movement and Jewish religious authorities.

and then conferred together.
The act of conferring together suggests a strategic discussion among the Sanhedrin members. They were likely debating how to handle the apostles without inciting public unrest, as the miracle performed was widely recognized and praised by the people. This moment highlights the Sanhedrin's struggle to maintain control and authority in the face of undeniable evidence of divine power. The council's deliberation reflects the broader theme of opposition to the gospel message, as seen throughout the book of Acts, and foreshadows the continued persecution of the early church.

“What shall we do with these men?” they asked.
This question is posed by the Sanhedrin, the Jewish ruling council, in response to the miraculous healing performed by Peter and John. The Sanhedrin, composed of Pharisees and Sadducees, was responsible for maintaining religious order and authority. Their question reflects their dilemma: they are confronted with undeniable evidence of divine power but are reluctant to accept the implications. This echoes the broader theme of resistance to Jesus' ministry and the early church, as seen in the Gospels and Acts. The question also highlights the tension between human authority and divine intervention, a recurring theme in Scripture.

“It is clear to everyone living in Jerusalem”
The miracle performed by Peter and John was not done in secret; it was witnessed by many in Jerusalem, the center of Jewish religious life. Jerusalem holds significant historical and theological importance as the city where God chose to place His name (1 Kings 11:36) and where the temple stood. The public nature of the miracle underscores the transparency and authenticity of the apostles' ministry, contrasting with the secretive and often deceptive practices of the religious leaders. This public acknowledgment also fulfills Jesus' promise that His followers would perform greater works (John 14:12).

“that a remarkable miracle has occurred through them”
The miracle in question is the healing of a man lame from birth, as described earlier in Acts 3. This act of healing serves as a sign of the apostles' authority and the power of the Holy Spirit working through them. Miracles in the New Testament often serve as a validation of the message being preached, pointing to the truth of the Gospel and the presence of God's kingdom. The term "remarkable" emphasizes the extraordinary nature of the event, which could not be explained by natural means and thus pointed to divine intervention.

“and we cannot deny it.”
The Sanhedrin's admission that they cannot deny the miracle highlights the undeniable evidence of God's work through the apostles. Despite their authority and desire to suppress the spread of Christianity, they are confronted with the reality of God's power. This acknowledgment parallels the Pharisees' reaction to Jesus' miracles, where they often could not refute the acts themselves but questioned the source (Matthew 12:24). The inability to deny the miracle serves as a testament to the truth of the apostles' message and the unstoppable nature of God's plan, as prophesied in Isaiah 55:11.

But to keep this message from spreading any further among the people
The religious leaders were concerned about the rapid spread of the apostles' teachings, which centered on the resurrection of Jesus Christ. This reflects the early church's explosive growth and the threat it posed to the established religious order. The message of Jesus' resurrection was revolutionary, challenging the authority and traditions of the Jewish leaders. Historically, the Sanhedrin, the ruling council, sought to maintain control and prevent any uprising that could attract Roman attention and jeopardize their power.

we must warn them
The use of the word "warn" indicates an attempt to exert authority and control over the apostles. This reflects the Sanhedrin's strategy of intimidation, a common practice to maintain religious and social order. The warning was not just a suggestion but a directive meant to silence the apostles. This mirrors other biblical instances where God's messengers faced opposition, such as the prophets in the Old Testament who were often warned or persecuted for speaking God's truth.

not to speak to anyone in this name.”
The phrase "in this name" refers to the name of Jesus, which holds significant power and authority in Christian theology. The name of Jesus is central to the apostles' message and mission, as seen in Acts 3:6 where Peter heals a man in Jesus' name. The leaders' insistence on not speaking in Jesus' name highlights their recognition of its power and their fear of its implications. This connects to the broader biblical theme of the power of God's name, as seen in Philippians 2:9-11, where every knee shall bow at the name of Jesus. The prohibition also underscores the early church's commitment to proclaiming Jesus despite opposition, a theme that resonates throughout Acts and the New Testament.

Then they called them in again
This phrase refers to the Sanhedrin, the Jewish ruling council, summoning Peter and John. The Sanhedrin was composed of chief priests, elders, and scribes, and it held significant authority in Jewish society. This was not the first time Peter and John were brought before them, indicating the council's persistent concern over the apostles' activities. The repeated summoning underscores the tension between the early Christian movement and Jewish religious authorities.

and commanded them
The Sanhedrin's command reflects their authoritative position and their attempt to exert control over religious teachings in Jerusalem. Commands from the Sanhedrin were expected to be obeyed, as they were seen as the guardians of Jewish law and tradition. This command is a direct challenge to the apostles' mission, highlighting the conflict between human authority and divine commission.

not to speak or teach
The prohibition against speaking or teaching is significant, as it targets the core activities of the apostles. Speaking and teaching were essential for spreading the message of Jesus and establishing the early church. This restriction is an attempt to suppress the growing influence of the apostles and the spread of Christianity. It also reflects the fear of the authorities that the new teachings could undermine their power and the established religious order.

at all
The phrase "at all" emphasizes the totality of the prohibition. The Sanhedrin sought to completely silence the apostles, indicating the seriousness with which they viewed the threat posed by the new movement. This absolute ban highlights the extent of the opposition faced by the early church and the determination of the authorities to maintain control.

in the name of Jesus
The name of Jesus is central to the apostles' message and mission. In Jewish culture, a name carried significant meaning and authority. The apostles performed miracles and preached in Jesus' name, signifying His power and presence. The Sanhedrin's specific prohibition against using Jesus' name underscores their recognition of its power and their desire to prevent its influence from spreading. This conflict over the name of Jesus is a recurring theme in Acts, illustrating the early church's commitment to proclaiming Jesus as the Messiah despite opposition.

But Peter and John replied
Peter and John, two of Jesus' closest disciples, are speaking here. They are addressing the Sanhedrin, the Jewish ruling council, after being arrested for preaching about Jesus and healing a man. This moment is significant as it shows the boldness and courage of the apostles, empowered by the Holy Spirit, to stand firm in their faith despite facing persecution. Their response is a testament to their unwavering commitment to the mission given by Christ.

Judge for yourselves
This phrase indicates an appeal to the conscience and reason of the Sanhedrin. Peter and John are challenging the council to consider the moral and spiritual implications of their demand. It reflects a common rhetorical strategy in Jewish teaching, where the audience is invited to reflect on the righteousness of an action. This approach is reminiscent of Jesus' own method of teaching, where He often posed questions to provoke thought and self-examination.

whether it is right in God’s sight
The apostles are emphasizing the importance of divine authority over human authority. This phrase underscores the biblical principle that God's commands take precedence over human laws when the two are in conflict. It reflects the early Christian understanding that obedience to God is paramount, a theme echoed throughout Scripture, such as in Daniel 3:16-18, where Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego refuse to bow to Nebuchadnezzar's idol.

to listen to you rather than God
Here, Peter and John are drawing a clear line between human authority and divine command. The apostles are asserting that their allegiance is to God, even if it means defying the Sanhedrin. This statement is a powerful declaration of faith and conviction, illustrating the early church's commitment to the Great Commission (Matthew 28:19-20). It also foreshadows the continued persecution the apostles and early Christians would face, as seen throughout the book of Acts and in the letters of Paul.

For we cannot stop speaking
This phrase reflects the apostles' unwavering commitment to proclaim the gospel despite opposition. The context is Peter and John before the Sanhedrin, where they are commanded not to speak in the name of Jesus. Their response highlights the divine compulsion to witness, echoing the prophetic tradition where God's messengers cannot remain silent (Jeremiah 20:9). This also aligns with the Great Commission (Matthew 28:19-20), where Jesus commands His followers to spread His teachings to all nations.

about what we have seen
The apostles were eyewitnesses to Jesus' life, death, and resurrection. This firsthand experience is crucial, as it provides the foundation for their testimony. The emphasis on "seen" underscores the tangible reality of Jesus' resurrection, countering any claims that it was merely a spiritual or metaphorical event. This aligns with 1 John 1:1, where the apostle John emphasizes the physical reality of Jesus, whom they have "seen with our eyes."

and heard.”
The apostles not only witnessed Jesus' actions but also heard His teachings. This dual aspect of seeing and hearing is significant in Jewish tradition, where a matter is established by the testimony of two or three witnesses (Deuteronomy 19:15). The apostles' testimony is thus both visual and auditory, providing a comprehensive witness to the truth of the gospel. This phrase also connects to Romans 10:17, where faith comes from hearing the message of Christ, emphasizing the importance of proclaiming the gospel so others may hear and believe.

After further threats they let them go.
The apostles Peter and John had been arrested by the Sanhedrin, the Jewish ruling council, for preaching about Jesus and performing a miracle. The "further threats" indicate the council's attempt to intimidate them into silence. This reflects the early church's persecution and the tension between the Jewish authorities and the new Christian movement. The decision to release them shows the council's inability to find a legal basis for punishment, highlighting the apostles' innocence and the divine protection over their mission.

They could not find a way to punish them,
The Sanhedrin was limited by the lack of evidence against Peter and John. This phrase underscores the legal and moral dilemma faced by the Jewish leaders, who were unable to deny the miracle performed. It also illustrates the fulfillment of Jesus' promise that His followers would face opposition but would be given wisdom to confound their accusers (Luke 21:15).

because all the people were glorifying God for what had happened.
The miracle of healing the lame man at the temple gate (Acts 3:1-10) was undeniable and had led to widespread praise of God among the people. This public reaction made it politically risky for the Sanhedrin to punish the apostles, as it could incite unrest. The people's response reflects the power of God working through the apostles and serves as a testament to the truth of their message. This event parallels other instances in the Gospels where Jesus' miracles led to glorification of God, reinforcing the continuity of His work through the apostles.

For the man who was miraculously healed
This phrase refers to the healing of the lame man at the temple gate called Beautiful, as described earlier in Acts 3:1-10. The miracle was performed by Peter and John, emphasizing the power of Jesus' name and the apostles' authority. Miraculous healings in the New Testament often served as signs to authenticate the message of the Gospel and the authority of the apostles. This healing also fulfilled the prophecy in Isaiah 35:6, which speaks of the lame leaping like a deer, pointing to the messianic age inaugurated by Jesus.

was over forty years old
The mention of the man's age highlights the chronic nature of his condition, underscoring the miraculous nature of his healing. In biblical times, reaching the age of forty was significant, often symbolizing a generation or a period of testing and trial, as seen in the Israelites' forty years in the wilderness (Numbers 14:33-34). The fact that the man was over forty emphasizes the long duration of his suffering and the undeniable power of the miracle, as he had been known to the community for many years as a beggar at the temple gate. This detail adds credibility to the miracle, as it was witnessed by many who could attest to the man's previous condition.

On their release
Peter and John had been detained by the Sanhedrin, the Jewish ruling council, after healing a man in Jesus' name and preaching about His resurrection. Their release signifies the temporary nature of their detention, highlighting the tension between the early Christian movement and Jewish authorities. This event occurs shortly after Pentecost, a time when the apostles were filled with the Holy Spirit, empowering them to boldly proclaim the gospel despite opposition.

Peter and John
These two apostles were prominent leaders in the early church. Peter, often seen as the spokesperson for the apostles, had a significant role in the early spread of Christianity. John, the beloved disciple, was known for his close relationship with Jesus. Their partnership in ministry reflects the communal and supportive nature of the early church's mission.

returned to their own people
This phrase indicates the close-knit community of believers in Jerusalem. "Their own people" refers to the early Christian community, which was characterized by unity and shared purpose. This community was likely gathered in a house church setting, a common practice in the early church due to the lack of formal church buildings.

and reported everything
The apostles' report would have included details of their arrest, the questioning by the Sanhedrin, and the command to cease preaching in Jesus' name. This sharing of experiences was crucial for the community's encouragement and collective prayer, fostering a sense of solidarity and shared mission.

that the chief priests and elders had said to them
The chief priests and elders were part of the Sanhedrin, the highest Jewish authority in religious and civil matters. Their opposition to the apostles was rooted in a desire to maintain religious control and prevent the spread of what they saw as a heretical movement. This opposition fulfilled Jesus' prophecy that His followers would face persecution (John 15:20). The apostles' experience here foreshadows the ongoing conflict between the early church and Jewish authorities, as well as the broader Roman persecution that would follow.

When the believers heard this
This phrase refers to the early Christian community's response to the report given by Peter and John after their release from the Sanhedrin. The context is the growing tension between the Jewish authorities and the nascent Christian movement. The believers' immediate reaction to turn to prayer highlights the importance of communal prayer in the early church, a practice rooted in Jewish tradition (Acts 1:14).

they lifted up their voices to God with one accord
The unity of the believers is emphasized here, reflecting the early church's commitment to communal life and shared faith (Acts 2:42-47). This unity is a fulfillment of Jesus' prayer for His followers to be one (John 17:21). The phrase "with one accord" suggests a deep spiritual harmony and collective purpose, which is a recurring theme in Acts (Acts 1:14, 2:46).

“Sovereign Lord,” they said
The term "Sovereign Lord" (Greek: Despotes) underscores God's absolute authority and control over all creation. This acknowledgment of God's sovereignty is a common theme in Jewish prayers and is reflected in the Psalms (Psalm 135:6). It sets the tone for the prayer, recognizing God's ultimate power over the events that have transpired.

“You made the heaven and the earth and the sea and everything in them
This phrase echoes the creation account in Genesis 1 and affirms God as the Creator of all things. It reflects a common Jewish understanding of God as the Creator, as seen in passages like Exodus 20:11 and Psalm 146:6. By acknowledging God's creative power, the believers are expressing their trust in His ability to intervene in their situation. This also connects to the broader biblical narrative of God's sovereignty over creation, as seen in Isaiah 45:12 and Jeremiah 32:17.

You spoke by the Holy Spirit
This phrase emphasizes the divine inspiration of Scripture, affirming that God communicates through the Holy Spirit. The Holy Spirit is seen as the third person of the Trinity, actively involved in guiding and revealing God's truth to humanity. This aligns with 2 Peter 1:21, which states that prophecy never had its origin in human will, but prophets spoke from God as they were carried along by the Holy Spirit.

through the mouth of Your servant,
The term "servant" reflects a position of humility and obedience to God. In biblical context, a servant of God is someone chosen to fulfill His purposes. This is consistent with the role of prophets and leaders in the Old Testament, who were often referred to as servants of God, such as Moses (Deuteronomy 34:5) and Isaiah (Isaiah 20:3).

our father David:
David is a central figure in the history of Israel, known as a king, warrior, and psalmist. He is considered a man after God's own heart (1 Samuel 13:14) and is a key ancestor in the lineage of Jesus Christ (Matthew 1:1). David's role as a prophet is highlighted here, as he is credited with writing many of the Psalms, which are seen as both worship and prophecy.

‘Why do the nations rage
This phrase is a direct quotation from Psalm 2:1, a messianic psalm that speaks of the futility of opposing God's anointed. The "nations" refers to the Gentile powers and rulers who resist God's authority. Historically, this reflects the political turmoil and opposition faced by Israel from surrounding nations, and prophetically, it points to the opposition against Christ and His kingdom.

and the peoples plot in vain?
The futility of human schemes against God's sovereign plan is underscored here. Despite the plotting and rebellion of the peoples, God's purposes will prevail. This is a recurring theme in Scripture, seen in stories like the Tower of Babel (Genesis 11:1-9) and the ultimate triumph of God's kingdom in Revelation 19:19-21. The phrase serves as a reminder of God's ultimate authority and the certainty of His promises.

The kings of the earth take their stand
This phrase reflects the opposition of earthly powers against divine authority. In biblical context, "kings of the earth" often symbolizes political leaders who resist God's will. Historically, this can be seen in the Roman and Jewish authorities' opposition to Jesus and the early church. Theologically, it highlights the recurring theme of human rebellion against God, as seen in Psalm 2, from which this verse is quoted. This opposition is not just historical but continues throughout history as earthly powers often resist divine authority.

and the rulers gather together
The gathering of rulers signifies a concerted effort to oppose God's plan. This can be seen in the collaboration between Herod and Pontius Pilate during Jesus' trial, as mentioned later in Acts 4. It also reflects the broader spiritual battle between God's kingdom and worldly powers. The phrase suggests a unity among diverse leaders against a common divine adversary, illustrating the pervasive nature of opposition to God's purposes.

against the Lord
"Against the Lord" indicates direct opposition to God Himself. In the context of Acts, this opposition is manifested in the persecution of Jesus and His followers. Theologically, it underscores the futility of resisting God's sovereign will, as God's plans ultimately prevail. This phrase also connects to the broader biblical narrative of humanity's rebellion against God, beginning with the fall in Genesis.

and against His Anointed One.
"His Anointed One" refers to the Messiah, Jesus Christ. The term "anointed" is significant in biblical tradition, denoting someone chosen and empowered by God for a specific purpose. In the Old Testament, kings, priests, and prophets were anointed, prefiguring the ultimate Anointed One, Jesus. This phrase highlights the fulfillment of messianic prophecies, such as those in Psalm 2, and emphasizes Jesus' divine mission. The opposition to Jesus by earthly rulers is seen as a fulfillment of these prophecies, demonstrating the continuity of God's redemptive plan through history.

In fact, this is the very city
The city referred to is Jerusalem, a central location in biblical history and prophecy. Jerusalem is significant as the site of the Temple and the center of Jewish worship. It is also where Jesus was crucified, fulfilling prophecies such as those found in Isaiah 53.

where Herod and Pontius Pilate
Herod Antipas and Pontius Pilate were key political figures during Jesus' time. Herod was a tetrarch of Galilee, known for his role in the trial of Jesus (Luke 23:7-12). Pilate was the Roman governor who ultimately authorized Jesus' crucifixion (John 19:16). Their involvement highlights the political tension and fulfillment of God's sovereign plan.

conspired with the Gentiles and the people of Israel
This phrase underscores the unity of diverse groups in opposition to Jesus. The Gentiles, represented by the Romans, and the people of Israel, represented by Jewish leaders, both played roles in Jesus' death. This fulfills Psalm 2:1-2, which speaks of nations and peoples plotting against the Lord's Anointed.

against Your holy servant Jesus
The term "holy servant" emphasizes Jesus' role as the Messiah and His sinless nature. It reflects the prophecy of the Suffering Servant in Isaiah 52:13-53:12. Jesus' holiness and servanthood are central to His mission and identity.

whom You anointed
Anointing signifies being chosen and empowered by God for a specific purpose. Jesus is the Anointed One, or Messiah, fulfilling Old Testament prophecies such as those in Daniel 9:25-26. His anointing is confirmed at His baptism (Matthew 3:16-17), marking the beginning of His public ministry.

They carried out
This phrase refers to the actions of the Jewish leaders and Roman authorities who were involved in the crucifixion of Jesus Christ. It highlights the human responsibility and involvement in the events leading to Jesus' death. The phrase underscores the fulfillment of God's sovereign plan through human actions, a theme consistent throughout Scripture, such as in Genesis 50:20, where Joseph acknowledges God's purpose in his brothers' actions.

what Your hand and will
The "hand" of God is a biblical metaphor for His power and authority. It signifies God's active involvement in the world and His ability to bring about His purposes. The "will" of God refers to His divine plan and purpose. This phrase emphasizes the belief in God's sovereignty and providence, suggesting that nothing happens outside of His control. This is echoed in Isaiah 46:10, where God declares the end from the beginning, and in Ephesians 1:11, which speaks of God working all things according to the counsel of His will.

had decided beforehand
This indicates the doctrine of predestination, where God, in His omniscience, has foreordained events before they occur. It reflects the belief that the crucifixion of Jesus was not an accident but a predetermined part of God's redemptive plan. This concept is supported by prophecies such as Isaiah 53, which foretells the suffering of the Messiah, and by Jesus' own predictions of His death and resurrection in the Gospels (e.g., Mark 8:31).

would happen
The phrase confirms the certainty and inevitability of God's plan being fulfilled. It reassures believers of the reliability of God's promises and the unfolding of His redemptive history. This is seen in the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies concerning the Messiah and in the New Testament's assurance of future events, such as the return of Christ (Revelation 22:20). The crucifixion, though carried out by human hands, was ultimately the fulfillment of God's salvific purpose, demonstrating His control over history and His commitment to redeem humanity through Jesus Christ.

And now, Lord,
This phrase indicates a direct appeal to God, showing the early Christians' reliance on divine intervention. It reflects a pattern of prayer seen throughout Scripture, where believers turn to God in times of need (e.g., Psalm 5:1-3). The use of "Lord" emphasizes God's sovereignty and authority over all situations.

consider their threats,
The threats refer to the warnings and opposition from the Jewish leaders, as seen earlier in Acts 4:18-21. This reflects the tension between the early church and the religious authorities. The believers are not asking for the removal of threats but for God to be aware and act according to His will, similar to the imprecatory psalms where David asks God to take note of his enemies (e.g., Psalm 10:15).

and enable Your servants
The term "servants" highlights the believers' role as humble followers and workers for God's kingdom. This echoes the Old Testament concept of servanthood, as seen in figures like Moses and David, who were called "servants of the Lord" (e.g., Joshua 1:1, 2 Samuel 7:5). It underscores their commitment to God's mission.

to speak Your word
The focus on "Your word" emphasizes the divine message they are tasked to proclaim. This aligns with the Great Commission (Matthew 28:19-20) and the apostles' dedication to teaching and spreading the gospel. The "word" is central to Christian faith, as seen in John 1:1, where Jesus is described as the Word.

with complete boldness,
Boldness is a recurring theme in Acts, highlighting the courage needed to proclaim the gospel amidst persecution (Acts 4:13, 31). This boldness is not natural but empowered by the Holy Spirit, as seen at Pentecost (Acts 2:4). It reflects the fulfillment of Jesus' promise that the Spirit would give them words and courage (Luke 12:11-12).

as You stretch out Your hand to heal
This phrase emphasizes God's active involvement in the healing process, symbolizing divine power and authority. In biblical context, the "hand of God" often represents His intervention and might (Exodus 15:6, Isaiah 41:10). Healing was a significant aspect of Jesus' ministry (Matthew 4:23), and the apostles continued this work, demonstrating the ongoing presence of God's power through them. The act of healing serves as a testament to God's compassion and the fulfillment of His promises to restore and redeem.

and perform signs and wonders
Signs and wonders are miraculous events that serve as evidence of divine authority and the truth of the gospel message. In the early church, these acts validated the apostles' teachings and attracted many to the faith (Acts 2:43, Hebrews 2:4). Historically, such miracles were seen as a continuation of the works of Jesus, who performed numerous signs to reveal His identity as the Messiah (John 20:30-31). These acts also fulfilled Old Testament prophecies about the coming of God's kingdom with power (Joel 2:28-30).

through the name of Your holy servant Jesus.
The name of Jesus holds significant power and authority, as seen throughout the New Testament (Philippians 2:9-11). In Jewish culture, a name was more than a label; it represented the essence and authority of a person. The apostles invoked Jesus' name to perform miracles, emphasizing their reliance on His power rather than their own (Acts 3:6). Referring to Jesus as "Your holy servant" highlights His role as the obedient and chosen one of God, fulfilling the prophecies of the suffering servant in Isaiah 53. This title also underscores His sanctity and dedication to God's will, setting an example for believers to follow.

After they had prayed
Prayer is a central theme in the early church, reflecting dependence on God for guidance and strength. The apostles and early believers often gathered for prayer, as seen in Acts 1:14 and Acts 2:42. This communal prayer underscores the unity and faith of the early Christians, who sought divine intervention in the face of persecution. The act of praying together also reflects Jewish traditions of communal prayer, which were integral to worship and community life.

their meeting place was shaken
The physical shaking of the meeting place is reminiscent of God's presence in the Old Testament, such as at Mount Sinai (Exodus 19:18). It signifies divine approval and the power of God manifesting in response to prayer. This event parallels the shaking of the earth at Jesus' crucifixion (Matthew 27:51) and resurrection (Matthew 28:2), symbolizing God's active involvement in the unfolding of salvation history.

and they were all filled with the Holy Spirit
The filling of the Holy Spirit is a recurring event in Acts, first occurring at Pentecost (Acts 2:4). This filling empowers believers for ministry and bold proclamation of the gospel. It fulfills Jesus' promise in Acts 1:8 that the disciples would receive power when the Holy Spirit comes upon them. The Holy Spirit's role is central in the book of Acts, guiding, empowering, and sustaining the early church.

and spoke the word of God boldly
Boldness in speaking the word of God is a hallmark of the apostles' ministry, as seen in Acts 4:13 and Acts 9:27-28. This boldness is a direct result of the Holy Spirit's empowerment, enabling the apostles to preach despite threats and opposition. The phrase emphasizes the transformative power of the Holy Spirit, turning ordinary men into fearless witnesses of Christ. This bold proclamation fulfills the Great Commission (Matthew 28:19-20) and is a testament to the truth and urgency of the gospel message.

The multitude of believers was one in heart and soul.
This phrase highlights the unity among the early Christians, reflecting the fulfillment of Jesus' prayer for unity in John 17:21. The "heart and soul" indicates a deep, spiritual connection, transcending mere agreement or cooperation. This unity was essential for the early church's growth and mission, as it demonstrated the transformative power of the Holy Spirit. The phrase also echoes the communal aspects of Jewish life, where community and shared identity were central. The early church's unity served as a powerful witness to the surrounding culture, which was often divided by class, ethnicity, and religion.

No one claimed that any of his possessions was his own,
This reflects the radical generosity and selflessness that characterized the early Christian community. It is reminiscent of the communal living described in Acts 2:44-45, where believers sold their possessions to meet each other's needs. This attitude contrasts sharply with the prevailing Greco-Roman culture, which valued personal wealth and status. The believers' willingness to relinquish personal ownership underscores their commitment to the teachings of Jesus, who emphasized storing up treasures in heaven rather than on earth (Matthew 6:19-21). This practice also foreshadows the ultimate sacrifice of Christ, who gave up His divine privileges for humanity's sake (Philippians 2:6-8).

but they shared everything they owned.
The sharing of possessions among the believers is a practical expression of their unity and love for one another. This communal lifestyle is not mandated as a requirement for all Christians but is presented as an example of the Spirit-led generosity that should characterize the church. It reflects the early church's understanding of stewardship, where material goods are seen as resources to be used for the common good and the advancement of God's kingdom. This practice also fulfills the Old Testament principle of caring for the poor and needy, as seen in Deuteronomy 15:7-11. The sharing of possessions is a tangible demonstration of the believers' faith and trust in God's provision, as well as their commitment to living out the teachings of Jesus in a countercultural way.

With great power
The apostles' ability to perform miracles and speak with authority was a testament to the Holy Spirit's work within them. This power was not of human origin but was a divine enablement, as seen in Acts 1:8, where Jesus promised the Holy Spirit would empower His followers. The Greek word for "power" here is "dynamis," which is also used in Acts 2:22 to describe the miracles of Jesus, indicating a continuation of His ministry through the apostles.

the apostles continued to give their testimony
The apostles were eyewitnesses to Jesus' life, death, and resurrection, and their testimony was foundational to the early church's growth. This testimony was not a one-time event but an ongoing proclamation, as seen in Acts 2:32 and 3:15. The Greek word for "testimony" is "martyria," which later came to mean "martyrdom," reflecting the cost of their witness.

about the resurrection of the Lord Jesus
The resurrection was central to the apostles' message, as it validated Jesus' claims and demonstrated His victory over sin and death. This event fulfilled Old Testament prophecies such as Psalm 16:10 and Isaiah 53:10-12. The resurrection was a cornerstone of apostolic preaching, as emphasized in 1 Corinthians 15:14-17, where Paul argues that without it, faith is futile.

And abundant grace was upon them all
The phrase indicates the favor and blessing of God resting on the apostles and the early church community. This grace enabled them to endure persecution and continue their mission. The concept of grace is central to the New Testament, as seen in Ephesians 2:8-9, where salvation is described as a gift of grace. The communal aspect of grace here suggests a shared experience of God's favor, fostering unity and generosity among believers, as described in Acts 4:32-35.

There were no needy ones among them
This phrase highlights the early Christian community's commitment to mutual support and care. The absence of need among the believers reflects the fulfillment of Old Testament ideals, such as Deuteronomy 15:4, which speaks of a time when there would be no poor among the people if they obeyed God's commands. This communal sharing is a practical expression of love and unity, embodying the teachings of Jesus in John 13:34-35 about loving one another.

because those who owned lands or houses
The mention of land and houses indicates that some members of the early church were relatively wealthy, possessing significant assets. In the first-century Jewish context, land ownership was a sign of wealth and stability. This detail underscores the diversity within the early church, which included both affluent and less affluent members, united by their faith in Christ.

would sell their property
The act of selling property demonstrates a radical commitment to the community and the mission of the church. This voluntary act of generosity is reminiscent of the teachings of Jesus in Matthew 19:21, where He advises the rich young ruler to sell his possessions and give to the poor. It reflects a detachment from material wealth and a focus on spiritual riches.

bring the proceeds from the sales
Bringing the proceeds to the apostles signifies trust and accountability within the community. This practice ensured that resources were distributed fairly and according to need, as seen in Acts 4:35. It also highlights the role of the apostles as leaders and stewards of the community's resources, emphasizing the importance of wise and just leadership in the church.

and lay them at the apostles’ feet
This phrase indicates a practice of the early Christian community where believers would sell their possessions and bring the proceeds to the apostles. The act of laying the money at the apostles' feet symbolizes submission and trust in their leadership. In the cultural context of the time, feet were often associated with authority and respect, as seen in other biblical instances such as Mary anointing Jesus' feet (John 12:3). This practice reflects the communal lifestyle of the early church, emphasizing unity and mutual support. It also highlights the apostles' role as stewards of the community's resources, entrusted with the responsibility to manage and distribute them wisely.

for distribution to anyone
The early church's approach to resource distribution was radical for its time, reflecting the teachings of Jesus on caring for the poor and needy (Matthew 25:35-40). This communal sharing is reminiscent of the Old Testament principles of Jubilee and gleaning, where provisions were made for the less fortunate (Leviticus 25, Deuteronomy 24:19-21). The apostles acted as administrators, ensuring that the resources were allocated fairly and according to need. This practice underscores the church's commitment to social justice and equality, aligning with the prophetic calls for justice found throughout the Old Testament (Isaiah 1:17, Micah 6:8).

as he had need
This phrase emphasizes the principle of need-based distribution, contrasting with the accumulation of wealth for personal gain. It reflects the early church's commitment to living out the teachings of Jesus, who instructed His followers to care for one another and prioritize the needs of others (Philippians 2:3-4). This approach is a practical application of the love commandment, where believers are called to love their neighbors as themselves (Mark 12:31). The focus on need rather than want or status challenges societal norms and reflects the kingdom values that Jesus preached, where the last shall be first and the first shall be last (Matthew 20:16).

Joseph
Joseph is a common Jewish name, and in this context, it refers to a specific individual who played a significant role in the early Christian church. He is later known as Barnabas, a key figure in the Acts of the Apostles. His Hebrew name, Joseph, connects him to the Jewish heritage and the tribe of Levi.

a Levite
As a Levite, Joseph belonged to the tribe of Levi, which was traditionally set apart for religious duties and service in the temple. This background may have influenced his later role in the church, as Levites were often involved in teaching and leadership. The Levites did not have a territorial inheritance like other tribes, which may have contributed to Joseph's mobility and missionary work.

from Cyprus
Cyprus is an island in the eastern Mediterranean, known for its strategic location and diverse population. Being from Cyprus suggests that Joseph was part of the Jewish diaspora, living outside of Israel. This background may have given him a broader perspective and ability to connect with both Jewish and Gentile communities, which was crucial in the early spread of Christianity.

whom the apostles called Barnabas
The apostles gave Joseph the name Barnabas, indicating their recognition of his character and contributions. This renaming is reminiscent of other biblical figures who received new names to signify a change in role or identity, such as Abram to Abraham or Simon to Peter. It highlights the apostles' authority and the transformative nature of following Christ.

(meaning Son of Encouragement)
The name Barnabas means "Son of Encouragement," reflecting his role in the early church as a source of support and motivation. Barnabas is known for his generosity, as seen in Acts 4:37, where he sells a field and donates the proceeds. His encouragement is further demonstrated in his mentorship of Paul and his involvement in missionary journeys. This characteristic aligns with the Christian call to build up and edify the body of Christ, as seen in passages like 1 Thessalonians 5:11.

sold a field he owned
This phrase highlights the sacrificial nature of early Christian giving. In the context of Acts, the early church was characterized by a spirit of generosity and communal living, as seen in Acts 2:44-45. Selling property was a significant act, indicating a deep commitment to the community and the mission of the church. The act of selling a field, which was a valuable asset, underscores the priority of spiritual over material wealth. This mirrors the teachings of Jesus in passages like Matthew 6:19-21, where believers are encouraged to store up treasures in heaven rather than on earth. The field could also symbolize the believer's willingness to give up personal security and inheritance for the sake of the gospel.

brought the money
This action demonstrates transparency and accountability in the handling of resources within the early church. The act of bringing the money signifies a public declaration of support and trust in the leadership of the apostles. It reflects the communal ethos of the early Christian community, where resources were shared to meet the needs of all members, as described in Acts 4:32-35. This practice is rooted in the Old Testament principles of tithing and offerings, where the faithful were expected to bring their contributions to the temple (Malachi 3:10). The act of bringing money also symbolizes the transformation of material wealth into spiritual service, aligning with the teachings of stewardship found throughout scripture.

and laid it at the apostles’ feet
Laying the money at the apostles' feet is a gesture of submission and respect, acknowledging the authority of the apostles as leaders of the early church. This act signifies the trust placed in the apostles to distribute resources wisely and equitably. It also reflects the practice of offering gifts at the feet of a ruler or leader, a common cultural expression of honor and deference in the ancient world. The apostles, as witnesses of Christ's resurrection and recipients of the Holy Spirit, were seen as stewards of the church's mission. This act of laying money at their feet is reminiscent of the submission to Christ's authority, as seen in Philippians 2:10, where every knee bows at the name of Jesus. It also prefigures the ultimate submission of all things under Christ's feet, as prophesied in Psalm 110:1 and affirmed in 1 Corinthians 15:27.