Now a man named Ananias
Ananias is a common Jewish name, meaning "God is gracious." This name appears several times in the New Testament, indicating its popularity. The character of Ananias in this passage is significant as it contrasts with the meaning of his name, highlighting the theme of hypocrisy and deceit. The story of Ananias and Sapphira serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of lying to the Holy Spirit and the community of believers.

together with his wife Sapphira
Sapphira, whose name means "beautiful" or "sapphire," is introduced alongside her husband, indicating their joint involvement in the actions that follow. The mention of both husband and wife emphasizes the unity in their decision and the shared responsibility for their actions. This partnership in deceit contrasts with the ideal of a godly marriage, which should be based on truth and integrity.

also sold a piece of property
The act of selling property was common in the early church, as believers were encouraged to share their resources to support one another (Acts 4:32-37). This practice was voluntary, and the proceeds were often laid at the apostles' feet for distribution. The word "also" suggests that Ananias and Sapphira were following the example of others, such as Barnabas, who had sold land and donated the proceeds to the community. However, their subsequent actions reveal a lack of sincerity and a desire for personal gain or recognition, contrasting with the genuine generosity of others.

With his wife’s full knowledge
This phrase highlights the complicity of Sapphira in the deceitful act. In the cultural context of the early church, the unity and honesty among believers were paramount. The involvement of both Ananias and Sapphira indicates a deliberate and premeditated decision to deceive the apostles and the community. This act of collusion contrasts with the unity and transparency seen in Acts 4:32-37, where believers shared everything they had. The mention of Sapphira's knowledge underscores the seriousness of the sin, as it was not a momentary lapse but a calculated plan.

He kept back some of the proceeds for himself
The phrase "kept back" is significant, as it implies an act of embezzlement or misappropriation. The Greek word used here, "nosphizomai," suggests a secretive withholding, which is also used in the Septuagint in Joshua 7:1 regarding Achan's sin of keeping spoils from Jericho. This connection highlights the gravity of Ananias's sin, as both instances involve deceit and a breach of trust. The act of keeping back part of the proceeds was not sinful in itself, but the deceit about the total amount given was the issue, reflecting a heart not fully surrendered to God.

But brought a portion and laid it at the apostles’ feet
This action was meant to mimic the generosity of other believers, such as Barnabas, who sold land and gave the full amount to the apostles (Acts 4:36-37). Laying the money at the apostles' feet was a symbolic act of submission and trust, indicating that the funds were to be used for the community's needs. However, Ananias's act was hypocritical, as he sought the appearance of generosity without the genuine sacrifice. This deception threatened the integrity and unity of the early church, which was built on mutual trust and honesty. The apostles, as leaders, were responsible for maintaining the purity and sincerity of the community, making this act of deceit particularly egregious.

Then Peter said,
Peter, one of the leading apostles, often took a prominent role in the early church. His leadership is evident throughout the Book of Acts, where he frequently speaks on behalf of the apostles. This moment reflects his authority and discernment, given by the Holy Spirit, to address issues within the church.

“Ananias,
Ananias is a member of the early Christian community in Jerusalem. His name, meaning "God is gracious," contrasts with his actions in this narrative. This account is one of the few times he is mentioned in the Bible, highlighting the seriousness of his actions.

how is it that Satan has filled your heart
This phrase indicates the spiritual battle between good and evil, a theme prevalent throughout Scripture. Satan, the adversary, is depicted as influencing believers to act against God's will. This echoes the temptation of Judas Iscariot (Luke 22:3) and serves as a warning about the susceptibility of believers to spiritual deception.

to lie to the Holy Spirit
Lying to the Holy Spirit underscores the personhood and deity of the Holy Spirit, a core tenet of Christian doctrine. This act of deceit is not merely against human leaders but against God Himself, emphasizing the gravity of sin within the community of believers.

and withhold some of the proceeds from the land?
The early church practiced communal living, where believers shared their possessions (Acts 4:32-35). Ananias and his wife, Sapphira, sold a piece of property but deceitfully kept part of the money while pretending to donate the full amount. This act of withholding reflects a lack of integrity and trust in God's provision, contrasting with the generosity of Barnabas (Acts 4:36-37).

Did it not belong to you before it was sold?
This phrase highlights the principle of personal property and stewardship. In the early church, believers voluntarily shared their possessions (Acts 4:32-37), but there was no compulsion to do so. The land Ananias sold was his own, emphasizing the freedom and responsibility of ownership. This reflects the biblical principle of stewardship, where individuals are entrusted with resources by God and are accountable for their use (Genesis 1:28, Psalm 24:1).

And after it was sold, was it not at your disposal?
Even after the sale, Ananias had the freedom to decide what to do with the proceeds. This underscores the voluntary nature of giving in the early church. The issue was not the amount given but the deceit involved. This connects to the broader biblical theme of integrity and honesty in dealings (Proverbs 11:1, 2 Corinthians 9:7).

How could you conceive such a deed in your heart?
This question addresses the internal motivation and the heart's role in sin. The heart, in biblical terms, is the center of will and emotion (Jeremiah 17:9, Matthew 15:19). Ananias's sin was premeditated, showing a deliberate choice to deceive. This reflects the biblical teaching that sin originates in the heart and mind before manifesting in actions (James 1:14-15).

You have not lied to men, but to God!
This statement emphasizes the gravity of Ananias's sin. While the lie was outwardly to the apostles, it was ultimately against God, highlighting the divine presence and authority within the church. This connects to the biblical understanding that God is omniscient and sees the heart (1 Samuel 16:7, Hebrews 4:13). It also underscores the Holy Spirit's role in the church, equating lying to the Spirit with lying to God, affirming the deity of the Holy Spirit (John 14:16-17, Acts 5:3).

On hearing these words
This phrase refers to the words spoken by Peter, who confronted Ananias about his deceit. The context is the early church in Jerusalem, where believers were selling possessions and sharing the proceeds. Ananias, along with his wife Sapphira, sold a piece of property but kept back part of the money while pretending to donate the full amount. This act of deception was not just against the apostles but against the Holy Spirit, highlighting the seriousness of lying to God.

Ananias fell down and died
The sudden death of Ananias serves as a divine judgment and a warning to the early church about the holiness and purity required in the community of believers. This event underscores the seriousness of sin, particularly hypocrisy and deceit within the church. It parallels Old Testament instances where God's immediate judgment was executed, such as the deaths of Nadab and Abihu (Leviticus 10:1-2) and Uzzah (2 Samuel 6:6-7). It also foreshadows the final judgment where all will be held accountable for their actions.

And great fear came over all
The fear that spread among the people was a reverent awe and recognition of God's holiness and justice. This fear was not just terror but a profound respect for the power and presence of God within the church. It served to purify the community and deter others from similar deceitful actions. This fear is akin to the fear of the Lord, which is the beginning of wisdom (Proverbs 9:10).

who heard what had happened
The news of Ananias's death spread quickly among the believers and the wider community, serving as a powerful testimony to the reality and seriousness of God's presence among His people. This event would have reinforced the authority of the apostles and the divine nature of the church's mission. It also highlights the communal aspect of the early church, where news and events were shared and had a collective impact on the community's faith and conduct.

Then the young men stepped forward
In the early church, young men often took on roles of service and assistance. This reflects the communal and supportive nature of the early Christian community. The act of stepping forward indicates readiness and willingness to serve, a principle seen throughout the New Testament, such as in 1 Timothy 4:12, where young believers are encouraged to set an example.

wrapped up his body
The wrapping of the body was a customary practice in Jewish burial traditions, as seen in John 19:40 with the burial of Jesus. This act shows respect for the deceased and adherence to cultural norms. It also reflects the urgency and necessity of burial practices in Jewish law, which required prompt burial, often on the same day as death (Deuteronomy 21:23).

and carried him out
Carrying the body out of the community space signifies the removal of impurity, as death was considered a source of ceremonial uncleanness (Numbers 19:11-13). This act also symbolizes the separation of sin from the community, as Ananias's death was a result of deceit and sin against the Holy Spirit (Acts 5:3-4).

and buried him
Burial was an important aspect of Jewish customs, reflecting the belief in the dignity of the human body and the hope of resurrection. The immediate burial of Ananias underscores the seriousness of his sin and the swift judgment of God. This event parallels the burial of Jesus, who was also buried quickly, fulfilling the prophecy of Isaiah 53:9 about being with the rich in His death.

About three hours later
The time frame of "three hours" suggests a significant period during which the community would have been discussing the events that had just transpired with Ananias. In biblical times, the number three often symbolizes completeness or divine perfection, which may imply the completeness of the judgment that was about to occur. This period also allowed for the news of Ananias's death to spread among the believers, setting the stage for Sapphira's entrance.

his wife also came in
Sapphira's entrance into the scene is significant as it highlights the unity and shared responsibility between husband and wife in their actions. In the cultural context of the time, women were often seen as extensions of their husbands, yet the narrative here emphasizes individual accountability before God. This moment underscores the importance of personal integrity and the consequences of deceit within the early Christian community.

unaware of what had happened
Sapphira's ignorance of the events that had transpired with her husband suggests a lack of communication or perhaps a deliberate separation from the community's immediate response. This detail emphasizes the suddenness and severity of the judgment that fell upon Ananias, as well as the isolation that sin can create. It also sets the stage for the testing of Sapphira's own honesty and integrity, as she is given the opportunity to confess or continue in deceit.

“Tell me,” said Peter,
Peter, one of the leading apostles, is addressing Sapphira directly. This moment occurs in the early church, a time when the apostles were establishing the foundations of Christian community and doctrine. Peter's role as a leader is significant, as he is often seen as the spokesperson for the apostles (Matthew 16:18-19). His direct approach indicates the seriousness of the situation and his responsibility to maintain the integrity of the church.

“is this the price you and your husband got for the land?”
This question refers to the sale of property by Ananias and Sapphira, which they claimed to have donated entirely to the church. The early Christian community practiced a form of communal living, where believers shared their possessions (Acts 4:32-35). The issue at hand is not the amount of money but the deceit involved. The land sale and subsequent donation were voluntary, but lying about the proceeds was a grave sin against the Holy Spirit (Acts 5:3-4). This reflects the importance of honesty and integrity in the early church.

“Yes,” she answered,
Sapphira's response confirms her complicity in the deception. Her agreement with her husband Ananias to lie about the sale price demonstrates a willful act of deceit. This moment highlights the theme of personal responsibility and the consequences of sin. In the cultural context, women were often seen as subordinate to their husbands, but Sapphira's active participation shows her accountability in the matter.

“that is the price.”
By affirming the falsehood, Sapphira seals her fate. This statement is a direct lie, which leads to her immediate judgment. The severity of the punishment underscores the holiness and purity expected within the church. It serves as a warning to the early Christians about the seriousness of sin and the need for truthfulness. This incident parallels the story of Achan in Joshua 7, where deceit led to severe consequences for the community. The narrative emphasizes the importance of transparency and honesty in the life of believers.

How could you agree to test the Spirit of the Lord?
This phrase is a direct rebuke from Peter to Sapphira, highlighting the gravity of her and her husband Ananias's actions. In biblical context, "testing the Spirit" refers to challenging or doubting God's omniscience and authority. This echoes the sin of Israel in the wilderness, where they tested God despite witnessing His miracles (Exodus 17:2, Psalm 95:9). The Holy Spirit, as part of the Trinity, is fully God, and to test Him is to question His divine nature and power. This incident underscores the early church's emphasis on holiness and integrity, as deceit within the community was seen as a direct affront to God.

Peter replied.
Peter, one of Jesus' closest disciples and a leader in the early church, is the speaker. His role as an apostle gives him authority to address sin within the community. Historically, Peter's leadership is crucial in the formative years of the church, as seen in Acts 2 with the Pentecost sermon. His response here is not just personal but represents the church's stance on sin and truthfulness.

Look, the feet of the men who buried your husband are at the door,
This phrase serves as a prophetic declaration and a stark warning. The mention of "the feet of the men" indicates the immediacy and certainty of the judgment. In the cultural context of the time, burial was often swift, especially in the hot climate of the Middle East, to prevent decay. The quick succession of events emphasizes the seriousness of the sin and the swift justice of God. The imagery of the feet at the door suggests that God's judgment is imminent and unavoidable.

and they will carry you out also.
This final phrase confirms the impending judgment on Sapphira, mirroring the fate of her husband, Ananias. It serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of sin, particularly deceit against God. The early church was marked by a strong sense of community and accountability, and this incident reinforced the need for honesty and integrity. Theologically, it reflects the holiness of God and the seriousness with which He views sin, especially within His church. This event also serves as a type of divine judgment, foreshadowing the ultimate judgment that will come upon all humanity.

At that instant she fell down at his feet and died.
This phrase highlights the immediate judgment of God upon Sapphira, paralleling the earlier judgment on her husband, Ananias. The suddenness of her death underscores the seriousness of sin, particularly deceit against the Holy Spirit. This event occurs within the early church, emphasizing the importance of purity and honesty among believers. The phrase "at his feet" suggests a position of submission, yet ironically, it is in judgment rather than worship. This incident serves as a warning to the early Christian community about the consequences of hypocrisy and lying to God, echoing the Old Testament accounts of divine retribution, such as the deaths of Nadab and Abihu (Leviticus 10:1-2).

Then the young men came in and, finding her dead,
The "young men" mentioned here were likely members of the early church tasked with practical duties, including burial preparations. Their role signifies the communal responsibility within the church to maintain order and care for the deceased. The fact that they "found her dead" confirms the divine nature of the judgment, as there was no human intervention in her death. This mirrors the swift and decisive actions seen in other biblical narratives where God's judgment is executed without delay, such as the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah (Genesis 19).

carried her out and buried her beside her husband.
The act of burial "beside her husband" signifies the unity in both life and death of Ananias and Sapphira. In Jewish culture, burial was an important ritual, often done quickly, as seen here. The immediate burial reflects the customs of the time, where bodies were typically interred on the same day to prevent defilement. This also symbolizes the finality of their judgment and serves as a physical reminder to the community of the consequences of sin. The communal aspect of the burial process highlights the church's role in dealing with sin and maintaining holiness within the body of believers, as instructed in passages like 1 Corinthians 5:12-13.

And great fear came over the whole church
The phrase "great fear" indicates a profound reverence and awe, often associated with the recognition of God's holiness and justice. This fear is not merely terror but a deep respect for God's power and authority. In the context of Acts 5, this fear follows the divine judgment on Ananias and Sapphira, who lied to the Holy Spirit. The early church, still in its formative stage, witnesses firsthand the seriousness of sin and the importance of integrity within the community. This event underscores the holiness required of God's people, echoing the Old Testament instances where God's holiness was demonstrated, such as the deaths of Nadab and Abihu (Leviticus 10:1-3).

came over the whole church
The term "church" (Greek: ekklesia) refers to the assembly of believers, marking one of the earliest uses of the term in the New Testament to describe the Christian community. This indicates that the fear was not limited to individuals but was a collective experience, emphasizing the unity and shared responsibility within the body of Christ. The early church was characterized by communal living and shared resources, as seen in Acts 2:44-45, and this incident reinforced the need for honesty and transparency in such a community.

and all who heard about these events
The phrase "all who heard" suggests that the impact of the event extended beyond the immediate church community to the broader public. This widespread fear served as a testimony to the power and presence of God among His people, potentially drawing others to the faith or causing them to reconsider their actions. The events surrounding Ananias and Sapphira would have been a topic of significant discussion, highlighting the seriousness with which God views sin and the importance of truthfulness. This aligns with the broader biblical theme of God's desire for His people to be a light to the nations, as seen in Isaiah 49:6, and the call for the church to be a witness to the world, as Jesus instructed in Acts 1:8.

The apostles performed many signs and wonders among the people
This phrase highlights the continuation of miraculous works by the apostles, reminiscent of Jesus' own ministry. The "signs and wonders" serve as divine validation of the apostles' message and authority. In the Jewish context, such miracles were seen as evidence of God's presence and approval. This echoes the Old Testament, where prophets like Moses and Elijah performed miracles to confirm their divine mission (Exodus 7:3, 1 Kings 18:36-39). The apostles' ability to perform miracles also fulfills Jesus' promise in John 14:12 that His followers would do greater works.

and with one accord the believers gathered together
The phrase "with one accord" emphasizes the unity and harmony among the early Christians. This unity is a recurring theme in Acts (Acts 1:14, 2:46, 4:24), reflecting the communal life and shared purpose of the early church. Such unity was crucial for the church's growth and resilience in the face of external opposition. It also fulfills Jesus' prayer for unity among His followers in John 17:21. The gathering of believers signifies the importance of fellowship and collective worship in the early Christian community.

in Solomon’s Colonnade
Solomon's Colonnade, also known as Solomon's Porch, was a covered walkway on the eastern side of the Temple in Jerusalem. It was a significant location for teaching and gathering, as it provided shelter and space for large groups. This area is mentioned several times in the New Testament (John 10:23, Acts 3:11), indicating its importance as a meeting place for Jesus and the early church. The choice of this location underscores the continuity between Jewish tradition and the emerging Christian faith, as the apostles preached in a place deeply rooted in Jewish history and worship. Solomon's Colonnade symbolizes the transition from the old covenant to the new, with the apostles proclaiming the fulfillment of the Messianic prophecies in Jesus Christ.

Although the people regarded them highly
The apostles were held in high esteem by the general populace due to the miraculous signs and wonders they performed (Acts 5:12). This respect was rooted in the Jewish tradition of honoring those who demonstrated divine power, reminiscent of the prophets of the Old Testament. The apostles' ability to heal and perform miracles was seen as evidence of God's favor, similar to how Elijah and Elisha were regarded. This high regard also reflects the early church's reputation for integrity and compassion, as they cared for the needy and lived out the teachings of Jesus.

no one else dared to join them
Despite the respect the apostles commanded, there was a palpable fear among the people. This fear was likely due to the recent events involving Ananias and Sapphira (Acts 5:1-11), where deceit led to divine judgment. The community understood that joining the apostles was not merely a social or religious affiliation but a commitment to a life of holiness and truth. This fear can also be seen as a fulfillment of Jesus' words in Luke 12:1-3, where He warned of the hypocrisy of the Pharisees and the need for genuine faith. The reluctance to join the apostles highlights the seriousness with which the early church was viewed, as well as the cost of discipleship that Jesus spoke of in Luke 14:25-33.

Yet more and more believers were brought to the Lord
This phrase highlights the rapid growth of the early Christian church. The apostles' teachings and the signs and wonders performed among the people (Acts 5:12) contributed to this increase. The phrase "brought to the Lord" indicates a conversion experience, where individuals accepted Jesus Christ as their Savior. This growth fulfills Jesus' command in Acts 1:8 to be His witnesses "in Jerusalem, and in all Judea and Samaria, and to the ends of the earth." The early church's expansion is a testament to the power of the Holy Spirit working through the apostles.

large numbers of both men and women
The inclusion of both men and women signifies the breaking of social and cultural barriers in the early church. In a patriarchal society, the mention of women as part of the growing number of believers is significant. It reflects the inclusive nature of the Gospel, as seen in Galatians 3:28, where Paul states, "There is neither Jew nor Greek, slave nor free, male nor female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus." This growth also fulfills the prophecy of Joel 2:28-29, which Peter referenced in Acts 2:17-18, indicating that God's Spirit would be poured out on all people, regardless of gender. The large numbers suggest a movement that was gaining momentum and influence, setting the stage for the spread of Christianity beyond Jerusalem.

As a result
This phrase indicates a continuation from previous events. In the context of Acts 5, the apostles were performing many signs and wonders among the people, leading to increased faith and reverence for their message. The phrase suggests that the actions described are a direct consequence of the apostles' growing influence and the power of the Holy Spirit working through them.

people brought the sick into the streets
The act of bringing the sick into the streets reflects the desperation and hope of the people seeking healing. In the ancient world, illness was often seen as a result of sin or spiritual affliction, and public spaces were common venues for seeking healing from renowned figures. This also demonstrates the communal nature of early Christian society, where the well-being of individuals was a shared concern.

and laid them on cots and mats
Cots and mats were common items used by the poor and infirm, indicating the socio-economic status of those seeking healing. This detail highlights the inclusivity of the early Christian message, reaching out to the marginalized and needy. The use of such simple items underscores the humility and accessibility of the healing ministry of the apostles.

so that at least Peter’s shadow might fall on some of them as he passed by
The belief in the power of Peter's shadow reflects the extraordinary faith of the people in the apostolic authority and the presence of the Holy Spirit. Shadows were often associated with influence and presence in ancient cultures. This act parallels other biblical accounts where physical proximity to a holy person or object resulted in healing, such as the woman touching Jesus' garment in Matthew 9:20-22. It underscores the belief in the tangible manifestation of divine power through God's chosen servants.

Crowds also gathered from the towns around Jerusalem
This phrase highlights the growing influence and reach of the early Christian movement beyond the immediate confines of Jerusalem. The towns around Jerusalem likely included places like Bethany, Bethlehem, and Jericho, which were within a day's journey. This gathering of crowds signifies the widespread impact of the apostles' ministry and the magnetic draw of the miraculous works being performed. It reflects the fulfillment of Jesus' command in Acts 1:8, where He instructed the disciples to be His witnesses in Jerusalem and in all Judea.

bringing the sick and those tormented by unclean spirits
The mention of the sick and those tormented by unclean spirits underscores the physical and spiritual afflictions prevalent in the ancient world. Illnesses were often seen as a result of sin or demonic influence, and the presence of unclean spirits indicates a recognition of spiritual warfare. This aligns with Jesus' ministry, where He frequently healed the sick and cast out demons, as seen in passages like Matthew 4:24. The apostles, continuing Jesus' work, demonstrate the power of the Holy Spirit to bring healing and deliverance.

and all of them were healed
This phrase emphasizes the completeness and universality of the healing power at work through the apostles. It reflects the compassion and authority of God, as seen in the ministry of Jesus, who healed all who came to Him (Matthew 12:15). The healing of every individual, regardless of their ailment, serves as a testament to the divine power and authenticity of the apostolic message. It also prefigures the ultimate restoration and healing promised in the eschatological hope of the new creation, where there will be no more sickness or suffering (Revelation 21:4).

Then the high priest and all his associates
The high priest at this time was likely Caiaphas, who played a significant role in the trial and crucifixion of Jesus. His associates would include other leading members of the Sanhedrin, the Jewish ruling council. This group held significant religious and political power in Jerusalem. The high priest and his associates were responsible for maintaining the religious order and were often in conflict with the early Christian movement, which they saw as a threat to their authority.

who belonged to the party of the Sadducees
The Sadducees were a sect within Judaism known for their aristocratic status and control of the temple. They were distinct from the Pharisees, another Jewish sect, in their denial of the resurrection, angels, and spirits, as noted in Acts 23:8. Their theological beliefs were more conservative, adhering strictly to the written Torah and rejecting oral traditions. The Sadducees' collaboration with Roman authorities helped them maintain their power, but it also made them wary of any movements that could disrupt the status quo, such as the burgeoning Christian church.

were filled with jealousy
The jealousy of the Sadducees was likely fueled by the apostles' growing influence and the miracles being performed in Jesus' name, which attracted large crowds and followers. This jealousy is reminiscent of the envy that led to Jesus' crucifixion, as noted in Matthew 27:18. The apostles' success threatened the Sadducees' religious authority and their control over the people. This jealousy can be seen as a fulfillment of the opposition that Jesus predicted His followers would face, as recorded in John 15:18-21.

They went out
This phrase indicates the proactive steps taken by the high priest and his associates to confront the apostles. Their decision to act against the apostles reflects the urgency and seriousness with which they viewed the threat posed by the early Christian movement. This action sets the stage for the subsequent arrest and trial of the apostles, highlighting the ongoing conflict between the early church and the established religious authorities.

and arrested the apostles
The apostles, primarily Peter and John, were key leaders in the early Christian church. Their arrest signifies the growing tension between the Jewish religious authorities and the burgeoning Christian movement. This was not the first time the apostles faced opposition; earlier in Acts, Peter and John were arrested for preaching about Jesus (Acts 4:1-3). The religious leaders were threatened by the apostles' teachings, which challenged their authority and the status quo. The apostles' boldness in proclaiming the resurrection of Jesus was a direct challenge to the Sadducees, who denied the resurrection (Acts 4:2). This arrest highlights the fulfillment of Jesus' prophecy that His followers would face persecution (John 15:20).

and put them in the public jail
The public jail was a common holding place for those awaiting trial or punishment. It was likely located in Jerusalem, where the Sanhedrin, the Jewish ruling council, convened. This act of placing the apostles in a public jail was intended to shame and intimidate them, as well as to serve as a warning to others who might follow their teachings. The public nature of the jail underscores the authorities' desire to make an example of the apostles. However, this setting also sets the stage for a miraculous intervention by God, as later in the chapter, an angel of the Lord frees the apostles, demonstrating God's power and favor upon them (Acts 5:19). This event parallels other biblical accounts where God's servants are delivered from imprisonment, such as Daniel in the lions' den (Daniel 6) and Paul and Silas in Philippi (Acts 16:25-26).

But during the night
The timing of this event is significant. Nighttime in biblical narratives often symbolizes a period of trial or testing, as seen in other scriptures like John 3:2, where Nicodemus visits Jesus at night. The night can also represent a time when God works in unexpected ways, as in the Exodus when the Israelites were led out of Egypt at night (Exodus 12:29-31).

an angel of the Lord
Angels are messengers of God, often appearing in critical moments to deliver divine instructions or aid. In the Old Testament, angels frequently appear to guide or protect God's people, such as in Genesis 19 with Lot or in Daniel 6 with Daniel in the lions' den. The presence of an angel here underscores the divine intervention and approval of the apostles' mission.

opened the doors of the jail
This miraculous act demonstrates God's power over human institutions and His ability to liberate His servants. It echoes other biblical accounts of divine deliverance, such as Peter's later escape from prison in Acts 12:6-10. The opening of the jail doors symbolizes the breaking of spiritual and physical barriers, reminiscent of Jesus' resurrection, which opened the way to eternal life.

and brought them out
The act of bringing the apostles out signifies not only physical liberation but also a call to continue their mission. This mirrors the Exodus narrative, where God brought the Israelites out of Egypt to serve Him. It also reflects the theme of redemption and deliverance found throughout Scripture, pointing to Christ's ultimate deliverance of humanity from sin.

saying,
The angel's forthcoming message is crucial, as it provides divine guidance and reassurance. In biblical accounts, angelic messages often carry significant instructions or revelations, as seen in Luke 1:26-38 with the Annunciation to Mary. This emphasizes the importance of listening to and obeying God's directives, as they lead to the fulfillment of His purposes.

Go
The command to "go" is a directive from the angel of the Lord, emphasizing immediate action and obedience. This mirrors the Great Commission in Matthew 28:19, where Jesus instructs His disciples to "go and make disciples of all nations." The urgency and authority of the command highlight the divine mandate to spread the Gospel.

Stand in the temple courts
The temple courts were the central place of worship and teaching for the Jewish people in Jerusalem. By instructing the apostles to stand there, the angel is directing them to the heart of Jewish religious life, where they would encounter both devout worshippers and religious leaders. This location is significant because it was the same place where Jesus taught and where early Christians gathered (Acts 2:46). It symbolizes the continuity of God's work from the Old Covenant to the New Covenant.

And tell the people
The apostles are commanded to speak to "the people," indicating the inclusive nature of the Gospel message. This directive aligns with the prophetic vision of Isaiah 61:1, where the servant of the Lord is anointed to proclaim good news to the poor. The focus on "the people" underscores the accessibility of the Gospel to all, not just the religious elite.

The full message
The "full message" refers to the complete Gospel, encompassing the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. It contrasts with partial or distorted teachings and emphasizes the importance of conveying the entirety of God's redemptive plan. This echoes Paul's later emphasis on preaching "the whole counsel of God" (Acts 20:27).

Of this new life
The phrase "new life" signifies the transformative power of the Gospel, which brings spiritual rebirth and eternal life through Jesus Christ. This concept is central to Christian theology, as seen in John 3:3, where Jesus speaks of being "born again." The "new life" also reflects the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies about the renewal of God's people, such as Ezekiel 36:26-27, where God promises to give a new heart and spirit.

At daybreak
The timing of "daybreak" signifies the apostles' eagerness and commitment to their mission. In Jewish culture, the day begins at sunrise, and this early start reflects their dedication to spreading the Gospel. It also symbolizes the light of Christ breaking into the darkness, a theme consistent with the New Testament portrayal of Jesus as the "light of the world" (John 8:12).

the apostles entered the temple courts
The temple courts were a central place for teaching and worship in Jerusalem. The apostles' choice to teach here highlights their boldness and the public nature of their ministry. The temple was the heart of Jewish religious life, making it a strategic location for reaching a large audience. This act also fulfills Jesus' command to be His witnesses in Jerusalem (Acts 1:8).

as they had been told
This phrase indicates obedience to divine instruction. Earlier in Acts 5, an angel of the Lord had freed the apostles from prison and instructed them to "Go, stand in the temple courts and tell the people all about this new life" (Acts 5:20). Their compliance demonstrates their faith and trust in God's plan.

and began to teach the people
Teaching was a primary method of spreading the Gospel in the early church. The apostles' teaching would have included the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus, fulfilling the Great Commission (Matthew 28:19-20). This teaching was not just informational but transformational, calling people to repentance and faith in Christ.

When the high priest and his associates arrived
The high priest and his associates represent the religious authority of the time. Their arrival signifies the tension between the new Christian movement and the established Jewish leadership. The high priest, likely Caiaphas at this time, was a key figure in the opposition to Jesus and His followers.

they convened the Sanhedrin
The Sanhedrin was the highest Jewish council and court, consisting of 71 members, including the high priest, elders, and scribes. It held significant religious and political power. The convening of the Sanhedrin indicates the seriousness with which the Jewish leaders viewed the apostles' activities.

the full assembly of the elders of Israel
This phrase emphasizes the comprehensive nature of the gathering, involving all the influential leaders of the Jewish community. It underscores the gravity of the situation and the perceived threat the apostles posed to the religious status quo.

and sent to the jail for the apostles
The apostles had been imprisoned for preaching about Jesus, reflecting the growing persecution of the early church. The Sanhedrin's decision to send for them highlights the legal and religious challenges the apostles faced. This act sets the stage for the miraculous events that follow, demonstrating God's power and protection over His messengers.

But on arriving at the jail
The context here is the miraculous escape of the apostles from prison. The apostles had been arrested for preaching about Jesus and performing miracles, which angered the religious leaders. The "jail" refers to the public prison in Jerusalem, a place where the apostles were held under guard. This event highlights the tension between the early Christian movement and the Jewish authorities. The apostles' imprisonment and subsequent escape underscore the divine intervention that often accompanied the early church's mission.

the officers did not find them there
The "officers" were likely members of the temple guard, responsible for maintaining order in the temple precincts and executing the orders of the Sanhedrin, the Jewish ruling council. Their failure to find the apostles in the jail is a testament to the miraculous nature of their escape, as described earlier in the chapter, where an angel of the Lord opened the doors of the jail. This incident emphasizes the power of God to deliver His servants and the futility of human efforts to thwart His plans.

So they returned with the report
The officers' return to the Sanhedrin with the report of the empty jail would have been both surprising and alarming to the religious leaders. This report signifies the inability of the Jewish authorities to control the spread of the Gospel and the growing influence of the apostles. It also sets the stage for the subsequent questioning of the apostles and the bold proclamation of their faith. This moment reflects the ongoing conflict between the nascent Christian church and the established religious order, a theme prevalent throughout the book of Acts.

We found the jail securely locked
The phrase indicates the physical security measures in place, reflecting the Roman and Jewish authorities' intent to prevent escape. This setting underscores the miraculous nature of the apostles' release, as it was not due to human intervention. The securely locked jail symbolizes the perceived power and control of the authorities, which is ultimately shown to be ineffective against God's will.

with the guards posted at the doors
The presence of guards highlights the seriousness with which the apostles were being detained. Guards were typically Roman soldiers or temple guards, trained to ensure prisoners did not escape. This detail emphasizes the miraculous nature of the apostles' disappearance, as it would have been impossible for them to leave without divine intervention. It also reflects the tension between the early Christian movement and the established religious authorities.

but when we opened them
The act of opening the doors suggests an official inspection or attempt to retrieve the prisoners. This moment of discovery is crucial, as it reveals the divine intervention that had taken place. The opening of the doors can be seen as a metaphor for the unveiling of God's power and the futility of human efforts to thwart His plans.

we found no one inside
The absence of the apostles inside the jail is a testament to the miraculous work of God. This event parallels other biblical accounts of divine deliverance, such as Peter's later escape from prison in Acts 12 and the deliverance of Daniel from the lions' den. It serves as a powerful reminder of God's sovereignty and His ability to protect and deliver His people, regardless of human opposition. This miraculous escape also foreshadows the ultimate victory of Christ over death and the grave, reinforcing the theme of resurrection and new life.

When the captain of the temple guard and the chief priests heard this account
The captain of the temple guard was a significant figure in the Jewish religious hierarchy, second only to the high priest in authority over the temple. This position was responsible for maintaining order within the temple precincts, which was a central place of worship and sacrifice in Jerusalem. The chief priests were part of the Sanhedrin, the ruling council of the Jews, which included Sadducees and Pharisees. This group was often in opposition to the early Christian movement, as seen in their previous interactions with Jesus and His followers. The account they heard likely referred to the miraculous escape of the apostles from prison, an event that challenged their authority and understanding of divine intervention.

they were perplexed
The perplexity of the temple authorities highlights their inability to comprehend the power and work of God through the apostles. This reaction is consistent with their previous encounters with Jesus, where they often failed to understand His teachings and miracles. Their confusion also underscores the spiritual blindness that Jesus often addressed, as they were unable to see the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies in the actions and teachings of the apostles.

as to what was happening
The events surrounding the apostles were unprecedented and challenged the established religious order. The miraculous escape from prison, without any human intervention, suggested divine involvement, which the religious leaders could not easily dismiss. This situation echoes the confusion and fear experienced by the guards at Jesus' tomb after His resurrection, as recorded in Matthew 28:4. The inability of the religious leaders to control or explain these events pointed to the growing influence and divine backing of the early Christian church, fulfilling Jesus' promise in Acts 1:8 that His followers would receive power from the Holy Spirit to be His witnesses.

Then someone came in and announced
This phrase indicates an interruption, suggesting urgency and surprise. The context is the aftermath of the apostles' miraculous release from prison by an angel. The announcement highlights the divine intervention that defied human authority. In biblical narratives, messengers often bring pivotal news, reminiscent of angelic announcements in the Gospels (e.g., Luke 2:10).

“Look, the men you put in jail
The phrase underscores the irony and power of God’s intervention. The apostles, imprisoned for preaching about Jesus, are now free, emphasizing the futility of human efforts against God's will. This echoes Psalm 2:4, where God laughs at the plans of earthly rulers. The apostles' imprisonment reflects the early church's persecution, a theme prevalent in Acts.

are standing in the temple courts
The temple courts were central to Jewish religious life, symbolizing God's presence among His people. The apostles' presence there signifies their boldness and commitment to proclaiming the Gospel in the heart of Judaism. This location is significant, as it was the same place where Jesus taught (John 7:14) and where early believers gathered (Acts 2:46).

teaching the people!”
Teaching was a primary function of the apostles, fulfilling Jesus' Great Commission (Matthew 28:19-20). Their teaching in the temple courts demonstrates their obedience to God over human authorities (Acts 5:29). This act of teaching also fulfills the prophecy of Isaiah 2:3, where the word of the Lord goes forth from Jerusalem, highlighting the spread of the Gospel from its Jewish roots to the wider world.

At that point
This phrase indicates a specific moment in the narrative, following the apostles' miraculous escape from prison. It highlights the urgency and immediacy of the situation as the religious leaders sought to reassert control over the apostles.

the captain went with the officers
The captain refers to the captain of the temple guard, a high-ranking official responsible for maintaining order in the temple precincts. The officers were likely Levites tasked with assisting in temple security. This reflects the organized structure of temple authority and the seriousness with which the Sanhedrin viewed the apostles' activities.

and brought the apostles
The apostles, primarily Peter and John, were central figures in the early church, boldly preaching the resurrection of Jesus. Their arrest and subsequent release by divine intervention underscored the tension between the nascent Christian movement and Jewish religious authorities.

but not by force
This phrase indicates a strategic decision by the temple authorities to avoid using violence. It reflects the delicate balance they had to maintain between enforcing their authority and avoiding public unrest.

for fear the people would stone them
The apostles had gained significant favor among the people due to their teachings and miracles. The fear of being stoned by the people suggests the high level of popular support for the apostles, which constrained the actions of the religious leaders. This mirrors other instances in scripture where leaders feared the reaction of the populace, such as in the case of John the Baptist (Matthew 14:5).

They brought them in
This phrase refers to the apostles being brought before the Jewish religious leaders. The apostles had been preaching about Jesus and performing miracles, which led to their arrest. This action was taken by the temple guards, who were responsible for maintaining order in the temple complex. The apostles' boldness in preaching despite previous warnings highlights their commitment to their mission and the power of the Holy Spirit working through them.

and made them stand before the Sanhedrin
The Sanhedrin was the highest Jewish council and court in Jerusalem, consisting of 71 members, including chief priests, elders, and scribes. It was the same body that had previously condemned Jesus to death. Standing before the Sanhedrin was a significant and intimidating experience, as it was the central authority for Jewish religious and legal matters. This setting underscores the gravity of the situation and the potential consequences the apostles faced for their actions.

where the high priest interrogated them
The high priest at this time was likely Caiaphas, who had also played a key role in the trial of Jesus. The high priest's interrogation was a formal process, seeking to understand the apostles' teachings and actions. This interrogation reflects the ongoing tension between the early Christian movement and the established Jewish religious authorities. The high priest's role as the chief religious authority in Judaism adds weight to the proceedings, as he sought to maintain religious order and authority in the face of the growing influence of the apostles' message.

We gave you strict orders not to teach in this name,
The Sanhedrin, the Jewish ruling council, had previously commanded the apostles not to speak or teach in the name of Jesus (Acts 4:18). This reflects the tension between the early Christian movement and Jewish authorities. The use of "this name" indicates the power and authority associated with Jesus, which the leaders sought to suppress. The prohibition highlights the conflict between divine commission and human authority, echoing Peter and John's earlier response that they must obey God rather than men (Acts 4:19-20).

he said.
The speaker is the high priest, representing the religious authority of the time. His role underscores the official opposition to the apostles' mission. The high priest's involvement signifies the seriousness with which the Jewish leaders viewed the apostles' actions, as they perceived a threat to their religious and social order.

Yet you have filled Jerusalem with your teaching
The apostles' success in spreading the message of Jesus is evident here. Despite opposition, their teaching had permeated Jerusalem, fulfilling Jesus' command to be His witnesses in Jerusalem (Acts 1:8). This phrase indicates the rapid growth and influence of the early church, as well as the effectiveness of the apostles' ministry. It also reflects the fulfillment of prophecy, as the message of the Messiah was to begin in Jerusalem and spread outward.

and are determined to make us responsible for this man’s blood.
The Jewish leaders were concerned about being held accountable for Jesus' death. The phrase "this man’s blood" refers to the crucifixion of Jesus, for which the apostles held the Jewish leaders responsible (Acts 2:23, 3:15). This accusation echoes the earlier cry of the crowd, "His blood be on us and on our children" (Matthew 27:25). The leaders' fear of being blamed highlights their awareness of the injustice of Jesus' execution and their desire to distance themselves from it. This also points to the broader theme of guilt and repentance, central to the apostles' message.

But Peter and the other apostles replied
This phrase highlights the collective response of the apostles, led by Peter, to the Sanhedrin. The apostles were unified in their mission and message, demonstrating the early church's commitment to the teachings of Jesus. Peter, often seen as the spokesperson, reflects his leadership role among the apostles. This moment occurs in Jerusalem, the center of Jewish religious authority, where the apostles were brought before the Sanhedrin, the Jewish ruling council, for preaching about Jesus.

We must obey God
This statement underscores the apostles' unwavering commitment to divine authority over human authority. It reflects a fundamental principle in Christian theology: God's commands take precedence over human laws when the two are in conflict. This echoes the teachings of Jesus, who emphasized the importance of following God's will (Matthew 6:10). The apostles' conviction is rooted in their direct experiences with Jesus and the Holy Spirit, which empowered them to prioritize God's directives.

rather than men
The apostles' declaration sets a clear boundary between divine and human authority. This phrase is significant in the context of the early church's persecution, as it highlights the tension between the nascent Christian movement and established religious authorities. The apostles' choice to obey God over men is a recurring theme in Scripture, seen in the lives of figures like Daniel (Daniel 6) and the Hebrew midwives (Exodus 1:17), who also chose to follow God's commands despite human opposition. This principle continues to resonate with believers facing similar dilemmas throughout history.

The God of our fathers
This phrase emphasizes continuity with the Jewish faith, highlighting that the God who acted in the past is the same God at work in the present. It connects to the patriarchs—Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob—underscoring the fulfillment of God's promises. This continuity is crucial for understanding the early Christian message as a fulfillment of Jewish prophecy and tradition.

raised up Jesus
"Raised up" refers to the resurrection, a central tenet of Christian faith. The resurrection is seen as God's vindication of Jesus, affirming His divine nature and mission. This act fulfills Old Testament prophecies, such as Psalm 16:10, which speaks of God not allowing His Holy One to see decay. The resurrection is also a cornerstone for the apostolic preaching in Acts.

whom you had killed
This phrase directly addresses the responsibility of the Jewish leaders and people in the death of Jesus. It reflects the tension between the early Christians and the Jewish authorities. This accusation is consistent with the narrative in the Gospels, where the religious leaders conspired to have Jesus crucified. It also serves as a call to repentance for those who were complicit.

by hanging Him on a tree
"Hanging on a tree" is a reference to crucifixion, which was a Roman method of execution. The phrase echoes Deuteronomy 21:22-23, where being hanged on a tree is associated with being cursed by God. This connection is significant in understanding the theological implications of Jesus' death, as Paul later explains in Galatians 3:13, stating that Christ redeemed us from the curse of the law by becoming a curse for us. This highlights the redemptive nature of Jesus' sacrifice.

God exalted Him to His right hand
This phrase emphasizes the divine authority and honor bestowed upon Jesus. In biblical context, the "right hand" is a position of power and favor (Psalm 110:1). The exaltation of Jesus is a fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies, such as Isaiah 52:13, which speaks of the servant being exalted. This exaltation signifies Jesus' victory over death and His ascension into heaven (Acts 1:9-11). It also reflects the early Christian belief in Jesus' divine nature and His role in the heavenly realm, as seen in Philippians 2:9-11.

as Prince and Savior
The term "Prince" (Greek: "archēgos") can also be translated as "leader" or "author," indicating Jesus as the originator and guide of salvation (Hebrews 2:10). "Savior" highlights His role in delivering humanity from sin, a central theme in Christian theology. This dual title underscores Jesus' authority and His mission to bring salvation, aligning with Old Testament expectations of a messianic figure who would lead and save (Isaiah 9:6). The combination of these titles affirms Jesus' unique role in God's redemptive plan.

in order to grant repentance and forgiveness of sins
This phrase outlines the purpose of Jesus' exaltation. Repentance and forgiveness are core components of the gospel message. Repentance involves a change of mind and heart, turning away from sin and towards God (Luke 24:47). Forgiveness of sins is a key aspect of the New Covenant, prophesied in Jeremiah 31:34, where God promises to remember sins no more. This reflects the transformative power of Jesus' sacrifice, enabling believers to be reconciled with God.

to Israel
The initial focus on Israel highlights the fulfillment of God's promises to His chosen people. Jesus' ministry was primarily directed towards the Jews (Matthew 15:24), and the early church began in Jerusalem, spreading the message of salvation first to the Jewish people (Acts 1:8). This phrase also connects to the broader biblical narrative of Israel's role in God's plan, as seen in Romans 1:16, where the gospel is for the Jew first and then the Gentile. It underscores the continuity of God's covenantal faithfulness to Israel while also foreshadowing the inclusion of the Gentiles in the salvation plan.

We are witnesses of these things
The apostles, including Peter who is speaking here, are testifying to the events they have personally experienced, particularly the resurrection of Jesus Christ. This phrase emphasizes the firsthand nature of their testimony, which is a key element in the early church's proclamation of the gospel. The concept of being a "witness" is rooted in the Jewish legal system, where the testimony of witnesses was crucial for establishing truth (Deuteronomy 19:15). The apostles' role as witnesses fulfills Jesus' command in Acts 1:8, where He instructs them to be His witnesses in Jerusalem and beyond.

and so is the Holy Spirit
The Holy Spirit is presented as a co-witness with the apostles, affirming the truth of their message. This highlights the divine endorsement of their testimony. The Holy Spirit's role as a witness is consistent with Jesus' promise in John 15:26, where He says the Spirit of truth will testify about Him. The presence of the Holy Spirit in the early church is a fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies, such as Joel 2:28-29, which speak of God's Spirit being poured out on all people.

whom God has given to those who obey Him.
This phrase underscores the conditional aspect of receiving the Holy Spirit, which is linked to obedience to God. In the context of Acts, obedience involves accepting the message of Jesus Christ and following His teachings. The giving of the Holy Spirit is a sign of the new covenant, as prophesied in Ezekiel 36:26-27, where God promises to put His Spirit within His people to enable them to follow His decrees. This also reflects the transformative power of the Holy Spirit in the lives of believers, empowering them to live in accordance with God's will.

When the Council members heard this
The Council refers to the Sanhedrin, the highest Jewish court in Jerusalem, composed of Pharisees and Sadducees. This body held significant religious and political power. The apostles had just testified about Jesus' resurrection and accused the Council of being responsible for His death. This bold proclamation challenged the authority and beliefs of the Council, particularly the Sadducees, who denied the resurrection.

they were enraged
The Greek term used here conveys a deep, visceral anger. The apostles' message not only accused the Council of wrongdoing but also threatened their authority and theological positions. This reaction is consistent with the Council's previous responses to challenges, as seen in their dealings with Jesus and Stephen. The anger also reflects the spiritual blindness and hardness of heart that often accompanies rejection of the gospel.

and they resolved to put the apostles to death
This resolution mirrors the Council's earlier decision regarding Jesus, highlighting a pattern of violent opposition to perceived threats. The apostles' unwavering testimony and miraculous signs were seen as a direct challenge to the Council's power. This decision also fulfills Jesus' prophecy that His followers would face persecution and even death for His name (Matthew 10:17-22). The apostles' experience here foreshadows the martyrdom that many early Christians would face, emphasizing the cost of discipleship.

But a Pharisee named Gamaliel
Gamaliel was a highly respected Pharisee and a member of the Sanhedrin, the Jewish ruling council. He is historically recognized as a leading authority in the Jewish community and is mentioned in the Mishnah as a prominent teacher. Gamaliel was the grandson of Hillel the Elder, a renowned Jewish scholar, and he played a significant role in shaping Jewish thought. His influence extended to his students, one of whom was Saul of Tarsus, later known as the Apostle Paul (Acts 22:3).

a teacher of the law
As a teacher of the law, Gamaliel was an expert in the Torah and Jewish traditions. His role involved interpreting the Scriptures and providing guidance on religious and legal matters. This position required extensive knowledge and wisdom, which contributed to his esteemed reputation. His teaching would have been rooted in the Pharisaic tradition, emphasizing adherence to the law and oral traditions.

who was honored by all the people
Gamaliel's honor among the people indicates his widespread respect and authority within the Jewish community. This respect was not only due to his knowledge but also his character and leadership. His ability to command such respect suggests that he was seen as a fair and wise leader, capable of making balanced judgments.

stood up in the Sanhedrin
The Sanhedrin was the highest Jewish court and governing body, consisting of 71 members, including chief priests, elders, and scribes. Gamaliel's action of standing up signifies his intention to address the council with authority. His position within the Sanhedrin allowed him to influence decisions and guide discussions, particularly in matters concerning religious and legal issues.

and ordered that the men be put outside for a short time
Gamaliel's order to have the apostles put outside indicates a strategic move to deliberate privately with the council. This action reflects his desire to discuss the situation without the influence or presence of the accused, allowing for a more candid and focused discussion. It also demonstrates his leadership and ability to control the proceedings within the Sanhedrin. This moment of pause provided an opportunity for Gamaliel to offer his counsel, which ultimately advocated for a cautious approach regarding the apostles.

Men of Israel,
This phrase addresses the Jewish leaders and people, emphasizing their identity as descendants of Israel, the patriarch Jacob. It highlights their shared heritage and covenant relationship with God. The term "Men of Israel" is often used in the Old Testament to call attention to the collective responsibility and identity of the Jewish people (e.g., 1 Samuel 17:2). It serves as a reminder of their history and the law given to them through Moses.

he said,
The speaker here is Gamaliel, a respected Pharisee and teacher of the law. He is known for his wisdom and moderate stance, as seen in Acts 5:34. Gamaliel was a member of the Sanhedrin, the Jewish ruling council, and is historically recognized as a mentor to Saul of Tarsus, who later became the Apostle Paul (Acts 22:3). His authority and influence lend weight to his words.

consider carefully
This phrase is a call to deliberate thought and reflection. It suggests a pause for wisdom and discernment before taking action. In the biblical context, it echoes the wisdom literature of the Old Testament, such as Proverbs, which often advises careful consideration and seeking God's guidance before making decisions (Proverbs 3:5-6).

what you are about to do
Gamaliel urges the council to think about the consequences of their actions. This reflects a principle found throughout Scripture: the importance of understanding the potential outcomes of one's decisions. It also aligns with the biblical theme of justice and mercy, encouraging leaders to act with fairness and compassion (Micah 6:8).

to these men.
The "men" referred to are the apostles, who were preaching about Jesus Christ and performing miracles in His name. The apostles were seen as a threat to the religious establishment, yet Gamaliel's advice suggests a more measured approach. This moment is pivotal in the early church's history, as it underscores the tension between the new Christian movement and traditional Jewish authority. Gamaliel's counsel ultimately leads to the apostles' release, allowing the spread of the Gospel to continue.

Some time ago Theudas rose up
The mention of Theudas refers to a historical figure who led a revolt. This event is not detailed in other biblical texts but is noted by the Jewish historian Josephus, who describes a Theudas leading a failed uprising. The timing of this event is debated, but it serves as a backdrop to illustrate the futility of movements not ordained by God.

claiming to be somebody
Theudas claimed a significant status, possibly as a messianic figure or a prophet. This reflects a common occurrence in first-century Judea, where various leaders arose, claiming divine authority or messianic roles, often leading to conflict with Roman authorities and Jewish leaders.

and about four hundred men joined him
The number of followers indicates a substantial, though not overwhelming, support. This reflects the socio-political unrest of the time, where many were eager for liberation from Roman rule and were willing to follow charismatic leaders promising change.

He was killed
Theudas's death signifies the typical end for many such leaders who opposed Roman authority. Execution or assassination was a common fate for those who led revolts, underscoring the perilous nature of such endeavors.

all his followers were dispersed
The dispersal of Theudas's followers highlights the lack of lasting impact of his movement. Without a central figure, the group quickly disbanded, illustrating the transient nature of human-led initiatives without divine backing.

and it all came to nothing
This phrase emphasizes the ultimate failure of Theudas's revolt. It serves as a cautionary example within the narrative of Acts, contrasting human efforts with the enduring and divinely supported mission of the apostles. This aligns with the broader biblical theme that only what is rooted in God's will endures, as seen in passages like Psalm 127:1.

After him, Judas the Galilean appeared
Judas the Galilean is a historical figure mentioned in the context of Jewish resistance against Roman rule. He emerged after Theudas, another insurrectionist, as noted in the preceding verse. Judas is known for leading a revolt against the Roman census, which was seen as a symbol of subjugation and taxation. His appearance marks a period of heightened Jewish nationalism and unrest. This reflects the broader socio-political climate of first-century Judea, where messianic expectations and anti-Roman sentiments were prevalent.

in the days of the census
The census referred to here is likely the one conducted under Quirinius, the Roman governor of Syria, around 6 AD. This census was for the purpose of taxation and was deeply resented by the Jewish population, as it symbolized Roman oppression and control. The census is also mentioned in Luke 2:1-3, which provides context for the birth of Jesus. The resistance to the census by Judas the Galilean highlights the tension between Jewish autonomy and Roman authority.

and drew away people after him
Judas the Galilean's ability to draw followers indicates his influence and the appeal of his message, which likely centered on Jewish independence and opposition to Roman rule. This phrase underscores the recurring theme of charismatic leaders in Jewish history who sought to rally the people against foreign domination. It also serves as a cautionary example of how such movements, not ordained by God, ultimately fail.

He too perished
The demise of Judas the Galilean serves as a reminder of the futility of human-led insurrections against divinely permitted authorities. His death signifies the end of his movement and the temporary nature of earthly power. This echoes the biblical principle found in Proverbs 16:18, which warns of the downfall that follows pride and rebellion against God's established order.

and all his followers were scattered
The scattering of Judas's followers illustrates the disintegration of movements not founded on God's truth. This dispersion is reminiscent of the fate of other rebellious groups throughout biblical history, such as the followers of Korah in Numbers 16. It also foreshadows the scattering of the Jewish people after the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 AD. This scattering serves as a contrast to the enduring and unifying power of the Gospel, which gathers believers from all nations into one body in Christ.

So in the present case I advise you:
This phrase is spoken by Gamaliel, a respected Pharisee and teacher of the law, who was a member of the Sanhedrin. His advice is given during a critical moment when the apostles are being persecuted for preaching about Jesus. Gamaliel's counsel reflects a cautious and pragmatic approach, emphasizing discernment and patience. His role as a Pharisee is significant, as Pharisees were known for their strict adherence to the law and often opposed the early Christian movement. Gamaliel's wisdom is acknowledged in Jewish tradition, and he is mentioned in Acts 22:3 as the teacher of Paul.

Leave these men alone. Let them go!
Gamaliel's recommendation to release the apostles without punishment is a strategic move to avoid unnecessary conflict. This reflects a broader principle found in Proverbs 21:30, which states that no wisdom, understanding, or counsel can prevail against the Lord. By suggesting that the apostles be left alone, Gamaliel implies that if their mission is not from God, it will naturally come to nothing. This approach also aligns with the Jewish legal principle of not punishing without clear evidence of wrongdoing.

For if their purpose or endeavor is of human origin,
Gamaliel distinguishes between human and divine origins, a theme prevalent throughout scripture. Human endeavors, when not aligned with God's will, are often depicted as fleeting and ultimately unsuccessful. This echoes the sentiment found in Psalm 127:1, which states that unless the Lord builds the house, the builders labor in vain. The early Christian movement faced skepticism, and Gamaliel's words suggest that time will reveal the true nature of their mission.

it will fail.
The assertion that human-originated plans will fail underscores the biblical principle of divine sovereignty. Throughout the Bible, God is portrayed as the ultimate authority whose plans cannot be thwarted (Job 42:2). This phrase also serves as a prophetic insight into the enduring nature of the Christian faith, which, despite human opposition, has persisted and grown over centuries. Gamaliel's statement is a reminder of the futility of opposing God's purposes, as seen in the eventual spread of Christianity despite early persecution.

But if it is from God
This phrase introduces the possibility that the apostles' work and message are divinely inspired. In the context of Acts 5, the apostles are spreading the message of Jesus Christ, which has caused concern among the Jewish leaders. The speaker, Gamaliel, a respected Pharisee and teacher of the law, suggests that if the apostles' mission is truly from God, it will succeed regardless of human opposition. This reflects a broader biblical theme that God's purposes cannot be thwarted by human efforts, as seen in Isaiah 14:27, where it states that God's plans will stand.

you will not be able to stop them.
Here, the inevitability of God's will is emphasized. The apostles, empowered by the Holy Spirit, are carrying out the Great Commission (Matthew 28:19-20), and their success is assured if their mission is divinely ordained. This echoes the unstoppable nature of God's plans, as seen in the story of Joseph in Genesis 50:20, where what was meant for harm, God used for good. The early church's growth, despite persecution, is a testament to this principle.

You may even find yourselves fighting against God.”
This warning highlights the danger of opposing God's work. Gamaliel cautions the Sanhedrin that resisting the apostles could mean opposing God Himself. This reflects the biblical understanding that God is sovereign and His purposes will prevail, as seen in Proverbs 21:30, which states that no wisdom, understanding, or counsel can prevail against the Lord. The phrase also serves as a reminder of the futility of resisting God's will, as illustrated in the story of Jonah, who initially fled from God's command but ultimately fulfilled it.

At this, they yielded to Gamaliel.
Gamaliel was a respected Pharisee and a member of the Sanhedrin, the Jewish ruling council. His influence is evident as the council heeded his advice. Gamaliel's counsel to leave the apostles alone was based on the principle that if their movement was of human origin, it would fail, but if it was from God, it could not be stopped. This reflects a cautious and pragmatic approach, showing the tension between the Pharisees and the Sadducees, who were more aggressive in their opposition to the apostles. Gamaliel's role highlights the diversity of thought within the Jewish leadership and provides a backdrop for understanding the early church's challenges.

They called the apostles in and had them flogged.
Flogging was a common form of punishment in the ancient world, often used to maintain order and discipline. The apostles' flogging was likely the traditional Jewish punishment of 39 lashes, as prescribed by the Law of Moses (Deuteronomy 25:3). This act was intended to serve as a deterrent and a warning to the apostles. Despite the physical pain and public humiliation, the apostles' willingness to endure such suffering underscores their commitment to their mission and their faith in Jesus Christ. This event foreshadows the persecution that the early church would face and echoes the suffering of Christ, who was also flogged before His crucifixion.

Then they ordered them not to speak in the name of Jesus,
The prohibition against speaking in the name of Jesus highlights the central conflict between the early church and the Jewish authorities. The name of Jesus represents His authority and power, and the apostles' preaching in His name was seen as a direct challenge to the religious establishment. This command reflects the authorities' fear of losing control and the growing influence of the Christian message. The apostles' defiance of this order, as seen in subsequent passages, demonstrates their unwavering dedication to their divine commission and their belief in the necessity of proclaiming the gospel.

and released them.
The release of the apostles, despite the flogging and the order to cease preaching, indicates the limited power of the Sanhedrin to suppress the burgeoning Christian movement. This release can be seen as a temporary reprieve, allowing the apostles to continue their mission. It also illustrates the providence of God in protecting His messengers and ensuring the spread of the gospel. The apostles' subsequent actions, as recorded in the Book of Acts, show their resilience and determination to fulfill the Great Commission, regardless of the opposition they faced.

The apostles left the Sanhedrin
The Sanhedrin was the highest Jewish council and court in Jerusalem, composed of religious leaders such as the Pharisees and Sadducees. The apostles had been brought before this council for preaching about Jesus Christ. This setting highlights the tension between the early Christian movement and the established Jewish authority. The apostles' departure signifies their release after being flogged, a common punishment intended to deter further preaching.

rejoicing that they had been counted worthy
The apostles' reaction of joy is significant, as it reflects their deep commitment to their faith and mission. In the context of first-century Judaism, suffering for one's beliefs was often seen as a sign of divine favor and alignment with God's purposes. This joy is rooted in the teachings of Jesus, who in the Beatitudes (Matthew 5:10-12) spoke of the blessedness of those persecuted for righteousness.

of suffering disgrace
Suffering disgrace refers to the public humiliation and physical punishment the apostles endured. In the cultural context of the time, honor and shame were pivotal social values. To suffer disgrace was to be publicly shamed, yet the apostles embraced this as a badge of honor, aligning themselves with Christ, who also suffered disgrace (Hebrews 12:2).

for the Name
The "Name" refers to Jesus Christ. In Jewish tradition, the name of God was held in the highest reverence, and here, the apostles equate the name of Jesus with divine authority and power. This reflects the early Christian belief in the divinity of Christ and their willingness to endure persecution for His sake. This phrase also connects to the broader biblical theme of suffering for God's name, as seen in the experiences of the prophets and in the teachings of Jesus (John 15:21).

Every day
The early church demonstrated a daily commitment to their mission, reflecting the continuous nature of their faith and dedication. This daily activity underscores the urgency and importance of spreading the gospel, as seen in other scriptures like Acts 2:46, where believers met daily with one accord.

in the temple courts
The temple courts were a central place for Jewish worship and teaching in Jerusalem, providing a strategic location for the apostles to reach a large audience. This setting highlights the apostles' boldness in proclaiming Jesus as the Messiah in a place deeply rooted in Jewish tradition and law, as seen in Acts 3:11 and Acts 4:1-2.

and from house to house
The early Christians also met in private homes, indicating the intimate and personal nature of their fellowship and teaching. This practice reflects the communal aspect of the early church, as described in Acts 2:46-47, and foreshadows the house church movement that would become essential in the spread of Christianity.

they did not stop
The apostles' perseverance in the face of persecution and opposition is a testament to their unwavering faith and commitment. This phrase emphasizes their resilience and determination, as seen in Acts 4:18-20, where they boldly declare their intention to continue speaking about Jesus despite threats.

teaching and proclaiming
The dual focus on teaching and proclaiming indicates a comprehensive approach to spreading the gospel. Teaching involves instructing believers in the faith, while proclaiming refers to the public declaration of the gospel message. This mirrors Jesus' own ministry, as seen in Matthew 4:23, where He taught in synagogues and proclaimed the good news.

the good news
The "good news" refers to the gospel message of salvation through Jesus Christ. This message is central to the Christian faith and is rooted in the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies, such as Isaiah 61:1, which speaks of bringing good news to the poor.

that Jesus is the Christ
Proclaiming Jesus as the Christ affirms His role as the promised Messiah, fulfilling prophecies such as those found in Isaiah 53 and Psalm 22. This declaration is foundational to Christian belief, as it acknowledges Jesus' divine nature and His fulfillment of God's redemptive plan, as seen in Peter's confession in Matthew 16:16.