Then we turned and went up the road to Bashan
This phrase indicates a change in direction and purpose for the Israelites. Bashan was a fertile region east of the Jordan River, known for its rich pastures and strong cities. The Israelites' journey to Bashan signifies their continued conquest of the Promised Land. This movement is part of God's directive to take possession of the land He promised to their ancestors. The road to Bashan would have been a well-traveled route, indicating strategic military planning.

and Og king of Bashan and his whole army came out to meet us in battle at Edrei
Og, the king of Bashan, is a significant figure due to his reputation as one of the last of the Rephaim, a race of giants. His coming out to battle with his entire army shows the seriousness of the threat he posed. Edrei was one of the major cities of Bashan, strategically located and fortified. The confrontation at Edrei highlights the Israelites' reliance on God's promise and power, as they faced formidable opponents. This battle is a continuation of the theme of divine assistance in overcoming seemingly insurmountable obstacles, as seen in previous victories over Sihon, king of the Amorites. The defeat of Og is later referenced in Psalms and other scriptures as a testament to God's faithfulness and might.

But the LORD said to me
This phrase indicates direct communication from God to Moses, emphasizing the divine authority behind the instructions. In the context of Deuteronomy, Moses often recounts God's commands to the Israelites, reinforcing his role as a prophet and leader. This communication underscores the personal relationship between God and Moses, a theme prevalent throughout the Pentateuch.

Do not fear him
God's command to not fear Og, king of Bashan, reassures the Israelites of divine protection and victory. Fear is a common human response to formidable enemies, but God consistently instructs His people to trust in His power rather than their own strength. This echoes similar commands given to Joshua (Joshua 1:9) and reflects the broader biblical theme of faith over fear.

for I have delivered him into your hand
This phrase signifies God's sovereignty and control over the outcome of battles. The use of the past tense "have delivered" indicates the certainty of victory, even before the battle begins. This assurance is a recurring motif in the conquest narratives, where God promises victory to His people as long as they remain faithful.

along with all his people and his land
The inclusion of Og's people and land highlights the comprehensive nature of God's promise. It is not just the king who will be defeated, but his entire domain. This reflects the ancient Near Eastern practice of total conquest and the transfer of land, which was a sign of divine favor and fulfillment of the promise to Abraham regarding the land (Genesis 15:18-21).

Do to him as you did to Sihon king of the Amorites
This reference to Sihon serves as a reminder of past victories granted by God, reinforcing the Israelites' confidence. The defeat of Sihon is recounted in Numbers 21:21-31, where God delivered the Amorite king into Israel's hands. This historical precedent serves as a tangible example of God's faithfulness and power.

who lived in Heshbon
Heshbon was the capital city of Sihon, king of the Amorites. Its mention here situates the narrative in a specific geographical and historical context. Archaeological evidence suggests Heshbon was a significant city during this period, and its conquest would have been a notable achievement for the Israelites. This detail underscores the reality of the biblical narrative and God's intervention in history.

So the LORD our God also delivered
This phrase emphasizes the divine intervention and sovereignty of God in the battles of Israel. It reflects the recurring theme in Deuteronomy of God as the deliverer of His people, fulfilling His promises to the patriarchs. This divine deliverance is a reminder of God's faithfulness and power, as seen in other instances such as the Exodus (Exodus 14:30) and the conquest of Jericho (Joshua 6:2).

Og king of Bashan
Og was one of the last of the Rephaim, a group of ancient giants mentioned in the Bible. Bashan was a fertile region east of the Jordan River, known for its strong cities and mighty warriors. The defeat of Og, a formidable opponent, demonstrated God's ability to overcome seemingly insurmountable obstacles. This victory is also referenced in Psalm 135:11 and Psalm 136:20, highlighting its significance in Israel's history.

and his whole army into our hands.
The phrase underscores the totality of the victory granted by God. The complete defeat of Og's forces signifies the comprehensive nature of God's deliverance. This mirrors other biblical accounts where God grants His people victory over their enemies, such as the defeat of the Midianites by Gideon (Judges 7:22).

We struck them down until no survivor was left.
This reflects the ancient Near Eastern practice of herem, or the devotion of enemies to destruction, which was often commanded by God to prevent the influence of pagan practices on Israel (Deuteronomy 7:2). The complete annihilation of Og's forces ensured the security of Israel and the purity of their worship. This act also prefigures the ultimate victory over sin and death through Jesus Christ, who conquers all spiritual enemies (1 Corinthians 15:25-26).

At that time we captured all sixty of his cities.
This phrase refers to the conquest of the region under King Og of Bashan. The Israelites, led by Moses, were divinely empowered to capture all sixty cities, demonstrating God's promise to give them victory over their enemies. The number sixty signifies completeness and totality, emphasizing the thoroughness of the conquest. This event is a fulfillment of God's covenant with Abraham, promising his descendants a land of their own (Genesis 15:18-21).

There was not a single city we failed to take—
The complete success in capturing every city highlights the divine assistance provided to the Israelites. It underscores the theme of God's faithfulness and power in fulfilling His promises. This phrase also serves as a reminder of the importance of obedience and trust in God's plan, as seen in other biblical victories such as the fall of Jericho (Joshua 6).

the entire region of Argob,
Argob was a fertile and strategic area in Bashan, known for its fortified cities and strong defenses. The successful capture of Argob signifies the Israelites' ability to overcome formidable obstacles with God's help. The region's mention highlights the significance of the victory, as Argob was a key area in the Transjordan, rich in resources and strategically important for controlling trade routes.

the kingdom of Og in Bashan.
Og was one of the last remaining Rephaim, a group of giants mentioned in the Old Testament. His defeat symbolizes the overcoming of seemingly insurmountable challenges through divine intervention. Bashan, known for its fertile land and strong cities, represents the abundance and prosperity that God promised to His people. The conquest of Og's kingdom is a testament to God's sovereignty and the fulfillment of His promises to Israel, as well as a foreshadowing of the ultimate victory over evil through Jesus Christ.

All these cities were fortified with high walls
The phrase refers to the cities in the region of Bashan, which were part of the territory conquered by the Israelites under Moses' leadership. Fortified cities with high walls were common in ancient Near Eastern cultures as a means of defense against invaders. The presence of such fortifications indicates the strength and advanced state of the societies that inhabited these areas. This detail underscores the miraculous nature of Israel's victories, as they were able to conquer well-defended cities despite being a nomadic people without a standing army. The high walls symbolize human strength and security, which are ultimately overcome by God's power, as seen in the fall of Jericho (Joshua 6).

and gates and bars
Gates and bars were essential components of ancient city defenses, controlling access and providing security. The mention of these features highlights the completeness of the fortifications, suggesting that these cities were well-prepared for siege warfare. In biblical symbolism, gates often represent authority and power, as seen in passages like Matthew 16:18, where Jesus speaks of the "gates of Hades." The overcoming of these gates by the Israelites can be seen as a foreshadowing of Christ's ultimate victory over the powers of darkness.

and there were many more unwalled villages
The unwalled villages contrast with the fortified cities, indicating a diversity of settlement types within the region. These villages were likely more vulnerable to attack and less politically significant than the fortified cities. The mention of unwalled villages suggests the comprehensive nature of Israel's conquest, as they did not only target major urban centers but also smaller, less defended communities. This detail reflects the thoroughness of God's judgment on the Canaanite nations, as prophesied in Genesis 15:16, and the fulfillment of His promise to give the land to the descendants of Abraham.

We devoted them to destruction
This phrase refers to the practice of "herem," a term meaning to devote something to God by completely destroying it. This was a common practice in ancient warfare, especially in the context of the Israelites' conquest of Canaan. It was seen as a way to purify the land from idolatry and pagan practices, ensuring that the Israelites would not be led astray by the customs of the conquered peoples. This act was also a form of divine judgment against the Canaanites for their sins, as described in Genesis 15:16.

as we had done to Sihon king of Heshbon
Sihon was the king of the Amorites, and his defeat is recounted in Numbers 21:21-31. The Israelites' victory over Sihon was significant because it marked the beginning of their conquest of the Transjordan region. This victory demonstrated God's power and faithfulness in fulfilling His promises to Israel. The defeat of Sihon served as a precedent for the conquest of other territories, showing that God was with Israel in their battles.

utterly destroying the men, women, and children of every city
The complete destruction of the inhabitants of these cities was commanded by God as part of the herem. This was intended to prevent the Israelites from being influenced by the idolatrous practices of the Canaanites. While this command is difficult to understand from a modern perspective, it reflects the seriousness with which God viewed the threat of idolatry and the need for Israel to remain a holy people. This act also prefigures the final judgment, where sin and rebellion against God will be completely eradicated.

But all the livestock
In the context of ancient Near Eastern warfare, livestock was a valuable asset. It provided food, clothing, and labor. The Israelites, as a nomadic people transitioning to a settled life in the Promised Land, would have found livestock essential for their survival and economic stability. This phrase highlights the practical needs of the Israelites and God's provision for them through the conquest.

and plunder of the cities
The term "plunder" refers to the goods and valuables taken from the defeated cities. In the ancient world, plundering was a common practice after a military victory. It served as a reward for the victors and a means to sustain the community. This action was part of God's judgment on the Canaanite nations, fulfilling His promise to give the land to the descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.

we carried off for ourselves.
This phrase indicates that the Israelites took possession of the goods as their own, signifying God's blessing and provision. It also reflects the fulfillment of God's promise to provide for His people as they entered the land He had sworn to give them. This act of taking possession is a precursor to the eventual settlement in the Promised Land, where the Israelites would establish their own society under God's law. The carrying off of plunder can also be seen as a type of the spiritual inheritance believers receive in Christ, who has won the ultimate victory over sin and death.

At that time
This phrase refers to a specific period during the Israelites' journey to the Promised Land. It highlights the historical context of the conquest under Moses' leadership, emphasizing God's timing and sovereignty in delivering victories to His people.

we took from the two kings of the Amorites
The two kings mentioned are Sihon and Og, rulers of the Amorite territories east of the Jordan River. This conquest is significant as it demonstrates God's power and faithfulness in fulfilling His promises to Israel. The defeat of these kings is also a precursor to the larger conquest of Canaan, showcasing God's provision and the Israelites' obedience.

the land across the Jordan
This land refers to the Transjordan region, which includes territories that would later be allocated to the tribes of Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh. The phrase underscores the geographical expansion of Israel's territory and God's promise to give them a land flowing with milk and honey.

from the Arnon Valley
The Arnon Valley served as a natural boundary between Moab and the Amorite kingdom. It is a significant geographical marker in the biblical narrative, representing the southern limit of the land conquered by Israel. This valley is mentioned in other biblical texts, highlighting its importance in the region's topography.

as far as Mount Hermon
Mount Hermon marks the northern boundary of the conquered territory. It is a prominent mountain range known for its height and snow-capped peaks. In biblical literature, Mount Hermon is often associated with fertility and abundance, symbolizing the richness of the land God provided to Israel. The mention of Mount Hermon also connects to other scriptural references, such as Psalm 133, which speaks of the unity and blessing associated with this region.

which the Sidonians call Sirion
The Sidonians were a Phoenician people known for their seafaring and trade. Sidon was a prominent city in ancient Phoenicia, located in what is now modern-day Lebanon. The name "Sirion" reflects the Sidonian language and culture, indicating their influence in the region. This name for Mount Hermon highlights the diverse cultural interactions in the ancient Near East. The use of different names for the same geographical feature underscores the varied ethnic and linguistic groups that inhabited the land. In biblical context, Mount Hermon is significant as a northern boundary of the Promised Land (Joshua 12:1). It is also associated with the transfiguration of Jesus in the New Testament, symbolizing divine revelation and glory (Matthew 17:1-9).

but the Amorites call Senir—
The Amorites were a Semitic people who played a significant role in the history of the ancient Near East. They are often mentioned in the Old Testament as inhabitants of Canaan before the Israelite conquest. The name "Senir" reflects the Amorite language and their territorial claims. This dual naming of Mount Hermon illustrates the complex history of conquest and settlement in the region. The Amorites' presence in Canaan is noted in several biblical passages, including Genesis 15:16, where God promises Abraham that his descendants will inherit the land after the iniquity of the Amorites is complete. The mention of different names for the same mountain serves as a reminder of the diverse peoples and cultures that God used to fulfill His purposes in biblical history.

all the cities of the plateau
The "plateau" refers to the region known as the Mishor, a highland area east of the Jordan River. This area was known for its fertile land and strategic location. In biblical times, it was part of the territory given to the tribes of Reuben and Gad. The plateau's cities were significant for their agricultural productivity and served as a buffer zone against eastern invaders. This region's conquest demonstrated God's provision and faithfulness in granting Israel the land He promised.

all of Gilead
Gilead is a mountainous region east of the Jordan River, known for its balm, a resin used for medicinal purposes. It was a territory rich in resources and strategically important due to its location. Gilead was divided among the tribes of Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh. The region is frequently mentioned in the Bible, symbolizing healing and restoration, as seen in the phrase "balm of Gilead" (Jeremiah 8:22). Gilead's conquest was crucial for securing Israel's eastern borders.

and all of Bashan
Bashan was a fertile and prosperous region known for its rich pastures and strong cattle. It was located north of Gilead and was ruled by King Og, one of the last of the Rephaim, a race of giants. The conquest of Bashan was significant as it demonstrated God's power over formidable enemies and His ability to fulfill His promises to Israel. Bashan's lush land and resources were a testament to God's blessings upon His people.

as far as the cities of Salecah and Edrei
Salecah and Edrei were key cities in the kingdom of Bashan. Salecah, located on the eastern edge of Bashan, served as a frontier city, marking the extent of Israel's territory in that direction. Edrei was one of the royal cities of Og and a site of a significant battle where Israel defeated Og's forces. The mention of these cities underscores the completeness of Israel's conquest and God's deliverance of the land into their hands.

in the kingdom of Og
Og was the king of Bashan, noted for his great size and strength, being one of the last of the Rephaim. His defeat by the Israelites was a pivotal moment, showcasing God's might and the fulfillment of His covenant promises. The kingdom of Og represented a formidable challenge due to its fortified cities and strong military presence. The victory over Og and his kingdom was a testament to God's sovereignty and His ability to overcome any obstacle for His people.

For only Og king of Bashan had remained of the remnant of the Rephaim.
Og was the last of the Rephaim, a group of ancient giants mentioned in the Old Testament. The Rephaim were considered formidable and were often associated with the Anakim and other giant clans. Og's survival as the last of his kind highlights the Israelites' victory over seemingly insurmountable foes, emphasizing God's power and faithfulness in fulfilling His promises to Israel. The Rephaim are also mentioned in Genesis 14:5 and Joshua 12:4, indicating their presence in the land before Israel's conquest.

His bed of iron, nine cubits long and four cubits wide,
The mention of Og's iron bed underscores his extraordinary size and strength, as a cubit is approximately 18 inches, making the bed about 13.5 feet long and 6 feet wide. This detail serves to emphasize the might of Og and the miraculous nature of Israel's victory over him. Iron was a valuable and durable material, suggesting Og's wealth and status. The size of the bed also serves as a tangible reminder of the giants' existence, reinforcing the historical reality of the biblical narrative.

is still in Rabbah of the Ammonites.
Rabbah, the capital of the Ammonites, is modern-day Amman, Jordan. The reference to the bed's location suggests that it was a well-known artifact, possibly kept as a trophy or symbol of victory. This detail provides historical and geographical context, indicating the widespread recognition of Og's defeat. The Ammonites were descendants of Lot, and their interactions with Israel are documented throughout the Old Testament, including conflicts and alliances. The mention of Rabbah connects the narrative to a real location, grounding the biblical account in historical reality.

So at that time we took possession of this land.
This phrase refers to the period after the Israelites' victory over King Sihon of the Amorites and King Og of Bashan. The conquest of these lands was a fulfillment of God's promise to give the Israelites territory east of the Jordan River. This possession signifies God's faithfulness and the Israelites' obedience to His command to take the land. It also marks a transition from the wilderness wanderings to the establishment of a settled community, foreshadowing the eventual conquest of Canaan.

To the Reubenites and Gadites I gave the land beyond Aroer along the Arnon Valley,
The Reubenites and Gadites were two of the twelve tribes of Israel. Their request for land on the east side of the Jordan was based on its suitability for their large herds and flocks. Aroer was a city located on the northern edge of the Arnon Valley, which served as a natural boundary. This allocation reflects the practical needs of the tribes and the beginning of the division of the Promised Land among the tribes. The Arnon Valley itself was a significant geographical feature, marking the border between Moab and the Amorite kingdom.

and half the hill country of Gilead,
Gilead was a fertile and strategically important region known for its balm, a valuable resin used for medicinal purposes. The allocation of half of Gilead to the Reubenites and Gadites highlights the importance of this area for agriculture and trade. Gilead's location made it a buffer zone against potential eastern invaders, providing security for the Israelites. This division also underscores the need for cooperation among the tribes to maintain control over the land.

along with its cities.
The mention of cities indicates the presence of established settlements, which the Israelites would have taken over. These cities provided infrastructure and resources necessary for the tribes to thrive in their new territory. The possession of cities also implies a shift from a nomadic lifestyle to a more settled, urban existence, aligning with God's plan for Israel to become a nation with a defined territory and governance. This transition is a step towards the fulfillment of God's covenant with Abraham, promising his descendants a land of their own.

To the half-tribe of Manasseh
The division of the land among the tribes of Israel was a fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham. The half-tribe of Manasseh, one of Joseph's sons, received land on the east side of the Jordan River. This allocation highlights the unique inheritance of Joseph's descendants, as his two sons, Ephraim and Manasseh, were each given a portion among the tribes, effectively granting Joseph a double portion.

I gave the rest of Gilead
Gilead was a fertile region known for its balm, a valuable resin used for medicinal purposes. The allocation of Gilead to the half-tribe of Manasseh underscores the importance of this area in terms of resources and strategic location. Historically, Gilead was a contested region due to its richness and position as a buffer zone between Israel and its eastern neighbors.

and all of Bashan, the kingdom of Og.
Bashan was a region known for its fertile land and strong cities. Og, the king of Bashan, was one of the last of the Rephaim, a race of giants. The defeat of Og and the allocation of his kingdom to the Israelites demonstrated God's power and faithfulness in delivering His people from formidable enemies. This victory is often referenced as a testament to God's might and the fulfillment of His promises.

(The entire region of Argob,
Argob was a district within Bashan, noted for its fortified cities and unique landscape. The mention of Argob highlights the strategic and military significance of the area. The cities of Argob were known for their strength and fortifications, which made their conquest by the Israelites a notable achievement.

the whole territory of Bashan,
Bashan's territory was extensive and included many fortified cities. Its mention here emphasizes the completeness of the land given to the half-tribe of Manasseh. The region's fertility and resources made it a valuable inheritance, reflecting God's provision for His people.

used to be called the land of the Rephaim.)
The Rephaim were an ancient people known for their great size and strength, often associated with giants. The reference to the land of the Rephaim serves as a reminder of the formidable nature of the enemies Israel faced and overcame with God's help. This victory over the Rephaim is symbolic of God's ability to conquer seemingly insurmountable obstacles, prefiguring the ultimate victory over sin and death through Jesus Christ.

Jair, a descendant of Manasseh
Jair was a prominent figure among the descendants of Manasseh, one of the tribes of Israel. Manasseh was the firstborn son of Joseph, who was one of the twelve sons of Jacob. The tribe of Manasseh was divided into two half-tribes, one settling on the east side of the Jordan River and the other on the west. Jair belonged to the eastern half-tribe, which was known for its valor and military prowess. This connection to Manasseh highlights the fulfillment of Jacob's blessing over Joseph's sons, where he prophesied that they would become a great people (Genesis 48:19).

took the whole region of Argob
The region of Argob was a fertile and strategic area located in Bashan, east of the Jordan River. Known for its fortified cities and rich pastures, Argob was a significant conquest for the Israelites. The capture of this region by Jair demonstrates the fulfillment of God's promise to give the Israelites the land of Canaan and its surrounding territories (Deuteronomy 1:8). The conquest of Argob also signifies the expansion of Israel's territory and influence during this period.

as far as the border of the Geshurites and Maacathites
The Geshurites and Maacathites were neighboring peoples who lived in the region northeast of the Sea of Galilee. These groups maintained their distinct identities and were not fully conquered by the Israelites, as noted in other biblical passages (Joshua 13:13). The mention of these borders indicates the extent of Jair's conquest and the geographical boundaries of Israel's influence at the time. It also reflects the ongoing challenges Israel faced in fully possessing the land due to the presence of other nations.

He renamed Bashan after himself, Havvoth-jair
Renaming places was a common practice in ancient times, often signifying ownership or commemorating a significant event. By renaming Bashan as Havvoth-jair, which means "villages of Jair," Jair established his legacy and marked his authority over the region. This act of renaming is similar to other biblical instances where individuals renamed locations to reflect divine encounters or personal achievements (Genesis 28:19, Genesis 32:30).

by which it is called to this day
The phrase "to this day" suggests that the name Havvoth-jair persisted for a considerable time, indicating the lasting impact of Jair's conquest and influence. This enduring name serves as a historical marker, reminding future generations of the victories and territorial expansions achieved by the Israelites. It also underscores the reliability of the biblical narrative, as the names and places mentioned have historical and archaeological significance that can be traced through time.

To Machir
Machir was the firstborn son of Manasseh, the son of Joseph. The tribe of Manasseh was one of the half-tribes of Israel, and Machir's descendants were known for their strength and valor. In biblical context, Machir represents the leadership and military prowess of the tribe of Manasseh. The allocation of land to Machir signifies the fulfillment of God's promise to the descendants of Joseph, ensuring their inheritance in the Promised Land. This allocation also highlights the importance of family lineage and the continuation of God's covenant with the patriarchs.

I gave
The act of giving here is significant as it demonstrates the authority of Moses as the leader of Israel, acting under God's command. It reflects the divine distribution of the land, which was not based on human merit but on God's sovereign will and promise. This giving is a fulfillment of the covenant promises made to the patriarchs, showing God's faithfulness to His word. It also prefigures the ultimate inheritance believers receive through Christ, who gives eternal life to His followers.

Gilead
Gilead is a region east of the Jordan River, known for its fertile land and balm, a valuable resin used for healing. Geographically, it was a strategic location, providing a natural defense and resources for the tribes settling there. Historically, Gilead was a contested area due to its richness and strategic importance. The allocation of Gilead to Machir's descendants underscores the fulfillment of God's promise to provide for His people. In a broader biblical context, Gilead is often associated with healing and restoration, symbolizing the spiritual healing found in Christ. The balm of Gilead is a type of Christ, who is the ultimate healer of spiritual wounds.

and to the Reubenites and Gadites
The Reubenites and Gadites were two of the twelve tribes of Israel, descendants of Jacob's sons Reuben and Gad. These tribes requested land on the east side of the Jordan River because it was suitable for their large herds and flocks. This request is detailed in Numbers 32, where Moses initially hesitated but later agreed after they promised to help the other tribes conquer the land west of the Jordan.

I gave the territory from Gilead
Gilead is a mountainous region east of the Jordan River, known for its balm, a healing ointment mentioned in Jeremiah 8:22. It was a fertile area, ideal for grazing, which made it attractive to the Reubenites and Gadites. Gilead's strategic location also served as a buffer zone against eastern invaders.

to the Arnon Valley (the middle of the valley was the border)
The Arnon Valley, or Wadi Mujib, is a significant geographical feature that served as a natural boundary. It separated the territory of the Amorites from Moab, as noted in Numbers 21:13. The middle of the valley being the border indicates a clear demarcation line, which was important for maintaining peace and order between neighboring tribes and nations.

and up to the Jabbok River
The Jabbok River, now known as the Zarqa River, was another important boundary marker. It flows into the Jordan River and was the site where Jacob wrestled with God in Genesis 32:22-32, a pivotal moment in biblical history. This river marked the northern boundary of the land given to the Reubenites and Gadites.

the border of the Ammonites
The Ammonites were descendants of Lot, Abraham's nephew, and often in conflict with Israel. The border with the Ammonites was significant because it marked the extent of Israelite territory and served as a point of tension and conflict, as seen in Judges 11 when Jephthah negotiated with the Ammonites. This border also highlights the fulfillment of God's promise to give Israel a land of their own, despite the presence of other nations.

The Jordan River in the Arabah bordered it
The Jordan River is a significant geographical and spiritual landmark in the Bible. It served as a boundary for the land allotted to the tribes of Israel. The Arabah refers to the rift valley that extends from the Sea of Galilee to the Dead Sea. This area is characterized by its arid climate and desert landscape. The Jordan River is often seen as a symbol of transition and new beginnings, as it was the river the Israelites crossed to enter the Promised Land (Joshua 3:14-17). It also holds baptismal significance, as John the Baptist baptized Jesus in the Jordan (Matthew 3:13-17).

from Chinnereth to the Sea of the Arabah (the Salt Sea)
Chinnereth, also known as the Sea of Galilee, is a freshwater lake in northern Israel. It is a central location in the ministry of Jesus, where He performed many miracles, such as walking on water (Matthew 14:22-33) and calming the storm (Mark 4:35-41). The Sea of the Arabah, or the Salt Sea, is another name for the Dead Sea, known for its high salinity and mineral content. The Dead Sea is the lowest point on Earth's surface and is often associated with the judgment of Sodom and Gomorrah (Genesis 19:24-29). The contrast between the life-giving waters of the Sea of Galilee and the lifelessness of the Dead Sea can be seen as a metaphor for spiritual life and death.

with the slopes of Pisgah to the east
Pisgah is a mountain range in Moab, east of the Jordan River. It is most famously known as the location where Moses viewed the Promised Land before his death (Deuteronomy 34:1-4). This event signifies the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham, though Moses himself was not permitted to enter the land due to his disobedience (Numbers 20:12). The slopes of Pisgah are a reminder of God's faithfulness and the importance of obedience to His commands. Pisgah's vantage point also symbolizes the hope of future fulfillment, as Moses saw the land that would be inherited by the Israelites.

At that time I commanded you:
This phrase refers to a specific moment in Israel's history when Moses was giving instructions to the Israelites. It highlights Moses' role as a leader and prophet, conveying God's commands to the people. This command is part of Moses' final speeches in Deuteronomy, where he reiterates the law and God's promises before the Israelites enter the Promised Land.

The LORD your God has given you this land to possess:
This statement emphasizes God's sovereignty and faithfulness in fulfilling His promise to the patriarchs—Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob—regarding the land of Canaan. It underscores the divine gift of the land, not as a result of Israel's merit but as a fulfillment of God's covenant. This promise is a recurring theme throughout the Pentateuch, reinforcing the idea of divine providence and grace.

All your men of valor are to cross over, armed for battle:
This command involves the tribes of Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh, who had requested to settle on the east side of the Jordan River. Despite their settlement, they were required to assist their fellow Israelites in conquering the land west of the Jordan. The phrase "men of valor" indicates the need for courage and readiness in fulfilling God's commands. This reflects the communal responsibility and unity among the tribes, as well as the importance of obedience and trust in God's plan.

Ahead of your brothers, the Israelites:
This instruction highlights the leadership role that the eastern tribes were to take in the conquest of Canaan. It signifies the importance of solidarity and support among the tribes, ensuring that all of Israel would work together to achieve the common goal of possessing the land. This unity is a precursor to the New Testament teaching of the body of Christ, where each member supports and aids the others (1 Corinthians 12:12-27). The phrase also foreshadows the spiritual battles believers face, where unity and mutual support are crucial.

But your wives, your children, and your livestock—
In this passage, Moses addresses the tribes of Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh. These tribes had requested to settle on the east side of the Jordan River, in the land of Gilead and Bashan, because it was suitable for their large herds and flocks. The mention of "wives" and "children" highlights the importance of family and the continuation of the Israelite community. The inclusion of "livestock" underscores the agrarian lifestyle of the Israelites and the economic importance of their herds. This phrase reflects the patriarchal structure of ancient Israelite society, where men were often responsible for military duties while women and children maintained the home and livestock.

I know that you have much livestock—
This acknowledgment by Moses indicates an understanding of the tribes' needs and their economic situation. The abundance of livestock suggests prosperity and God's blessing, as livestock were a primary measure of wealth in ancient times. This phrase also implies God's provision and the fulfillment of His promise to bless the descendants of Abraham. The mention of livestock connects to earlier biblical narratives, such as the wealth of Abraham and Job, and foreshadows the prosperity that Israel would experience in the Promised Land.

may remain in the cities I have given you,
The cities mentioned here refer to those in the Transjordan region, which had been conquered and allocated to these tribes. This allocation was part of the broader conquest of Canaan, fulfilling God's promise to give the Israelites a land of their own. The phrase "I have given you" emphasizes God's sovereignty and the divine origin of their inheritance. It also reflects the covenant relationship between God and Israel, where God provides for His people. The security of these cities allowed the men to join the rest of Israel in the conquest of Canaan, trusting that their families and possessions were safe. This arrangement demonstrates the communal responsibility and unity among the tribes, as they supported each other in fulfilling God's command to take possession of the land.

until the LORD gives rest to your brothers as He has to you,
This phrase highlights the concept of "rest" as a divine promise, which is a recurring theme in the Old Testament. The "rest" refers to the cessation of warfare and the establishment of peace and security in the Promised Land. This promise of rest is first seen in Genesis 2:2-3, where God rests on the seventh day, setting a pattern for His people. The Israelites' rest is contingent upon God's provision and their obedience. The idea of rest is further developed in the New Testament, where it is fulfilled in Jesus Christ, who offers spiritual rest to believers (Matthew 11:28-30, Hebrews 4:1-11).

and they too have taken possession of the land
The possession of the land is a central theme in Deuteronomy and the Pentateuch. It signifies the fulfillment of God's covenant with Abraham (Genesis 15:18-21). The land is not just a physical territory but a place where God's people can live under His rule and blessing. The act of taking possession involves both divine intervention and human responsibility. The Israelites are called to trust in God's promises and act in faith, as seen in the conquest narratives in the Book of Joshua.

that the LORD your God is giving them across the Jordan.
The Jordan River serves as a significant geographical and symbolic boundary. Crossing the Jordan represents a transition from the wilderness wanderings to the inheritance of the Promised Land. This crossing is a pivotal moment in Israel's history, marking the fulfillment of God's promises and the beginning of a new chapter. The phrase underscores God's active role in giving the land, emphasizing His sovereignty and faithfulness. The crossing of the Jordan is also a type of baptism, symbolizing death to the old life and entry into a new life, as seen in the New Testament (Romans 6:3-4).

Then each of you may return to the possession I have given you.”
This phrase indicates a return to individual inheritance after the collective mission is accomplished. It reflects the tribal allotments described in the Book of Joshua, where each tribe receives a specific portion of the land. The return to one's possession signifies the completion of God's promise and the establishment of a settled life in the land. This concept of inheritance is echoed in the New Testament, where believers are described as heirs with Christ, receiving an eternal inheritance (Romans 8:17, Ephesians 1:11). The phrase also highlights the importance of community and mutual support among God's people, as they are called to ensure that all tribes receive their inheritance before returning to their own.

And at that time I commanded Joshua:
This phrase marks a pivotal moment in the leadership transition from Moses to Joshua. Moses, knowing he will not enter the Promised Land, prepares Joshua to lead Israel. This command signifies the passing of responsibility and authority. Joshua's role as Moses' assistant (Exodus 24:13) and his experience as a military leader (Exodus 17:9-14) make him a fitting successor. This transition is crucial for maintaining continuity in leadership as Israel prepares to enter Canaan.

Your own eyes have seen all that the LORD your God has done to these two kings:
The reference to "these two kings" points to Sihon and Og, whose defeat is recounted in Deuteronomy 2:24-3:11. These victories demonstrate God's power and faithfulness, serving as tangible evidence for Joshua and the Israelites. The phrase emphasizes the importance of eyewitness testimony in establishing faith and confidence in God's promises. It also serves as a reminder of God's past faithfulness as a basis for future trust.

The LORD will do the same to all the kingdoms you are about to enter:
This assurance of future victories is rooted in the covenant promises made to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob regarding the land of Canaan (Genesis 15:18-21). The phrase underscores God's unchanging nature and His commitment to fulfill His promises. It also foreshadows the conquests in the Book of Joshua, where God continues to deliver the land into Israel's hands. This promise is a source of encouragement and motivation for Joshua and the Israelites as they face the daunting task of conquering fortified cities and established kingdoms.

Do not be afraid of them
This command is a recurring theme throughout the Bible, emphasizing trust in God over fear of adversaries. In the context of Deuteronomy, Moses is addressing the Israelites as they prepare to enter the Promised Land, facing formidable enemies. The phrase "do not be afraid" is a divine reassurance, echoing God's promises to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. It reflects the covenant relationship where God is the protector and provider. This command is also seen in Joshua 1:9, where God encourages Joshua to be strong and courageous.

for the LORD your God Himself
This phrase underscores the personal and covenantal nature of God’s relationship with Israel. The use of "LORD" (YHWH) signifies the God of the covenant, who is faithful to His promises. The term "your God" personalizes this relationship, indicating that God is not a distant deity but one who is intimately involved with His people. This reflects the theological foundation of monotheism in Israel, distinguishing their faith from the polytheistic practices of surrounding nations.

will fight for you.
This assurance of divine intervention is a central theme in the narrative of Israel's conquest of Canaan. It highlights God's sovereignty and power, as seen in previous victories such as the crossing of the Red Sea (Exodus 14:14) and the defeat of the Amalekites (Exodus 17:8-16). The concept of God as a warrior is prevalent in the Old Testament, portraying Him as one who actively participates in the battles of His people. This foreshadows the ultimate victory through Jesus Christ, who conquers sin and death, as seen in 1 Corinthians 15:57. The promise that God will fight for His people is a call to faith and reliance on divine strength rather than human might.

At that time
This phrase refers to a specific period during the Israelites' journey in the wilderness, just before they were to enter the Promised Land. It is a continuation of Moses recounting the events that took place after the defeat of King Og of Bashan. The timing is significant as it marks a transition from the wilderness wanderings to the conquest of Canaan. This period is crucial in Israel's history as it represents the fulfillment of God's promises to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.

I also pleaded
Moses' act of pleading indicates a deep, earnest prayer or supplication. This reflects Moses' intimate relationship with God, characterized by open communication and heartfelt intercession. The Hebrew word used here can imply a sense of desperation or urgency, highlighting Moses' strong desire for God's favor. This moment is reminiscent of other instances where Moses interceded for the people, such as in Exodus 32:11-14, demonstrating his role as a mediator.

with the LORD:
The use of "LORD" in all capital letters signifies the covenant name of God, Yahweh, emphasizing His eternal, self-existent nature and His special relationship with Israel. This covenantal aspect is crucial, as Moses' plea is based on the promises and faithfulness of God. The context of this plea is Moses' request to enter the Promised Land, which God ultimately denies due to Moses' earlier disobedience at Meribah (Numbers 20:12). This interaction underscores the holiness and justice of God, as well as the importance of obedience to His commands.

O Lord GOD,
This phrase acknowledges the sovereignty and supreme authority of God. The use of "LORD GOD" reflects the Hebrew names Yahweh and Elohim, emphasizing both the covenantal and powerful aspects of God. This duality is seen throughout the Old Testament, where God is both a personal deity in relationship with His people and the omnipotent Creator.

You have begun to show Your greatness and power
Moses is speaking here, recognizing that God has only just begun to reveal His full might and majesty. This acknowledgment comes after the Israelites have witnessed numerous miracles, such as the plagues in Egypt, the parting of the Red Sea, and victories over powerful kings. It suggests that God's power is inexhaustible and continually unfolding. This theme of progressive revelation is echoed in the New Testament, where the full revelation of God's power is seen in Jesus Christ.

to Your servant.
Moses refers to himself as God's servant, highlighting his role as a humble and obedient follower. This term is significant in biblical literature, as many key figures, including David and the prophets, are described as servants of God. It underscores the relationship between God and His chosen leaders, who are called to serve His purposes.

For what god in heaven or on earth
This rhetorical question emphasizes the uniqueness and supremacy of the God of Israel. In the ancient Near Eastern context, many cultures worshiped a pantheon of gods, each with limited power and domain. Moses contrasts these with the one true God, who reigns supreme over all creation. This exclusivity is a central tenet of monotheism and is reinforced throughout the Bible, notably in the Ten Commandments.

can perform such works and mighty acts as Yours?
The "works and mighty acts" refer to the miraculous events and divine interventions that have characterized Israel's journey. These acts serve as evidence of God's unparalleled power and faithfulness. The Bible frequently recounts these deeds to remind the Israelites of God's covenant and to encourage trust in His promises. In the New Testament, the miracles of Jesus are seen as a continuation and fulfillment of these mighty acts, demonstrating His divine authority and identity as the Son of God.

Please let me cross over
This phrase is a plea from Moses to God, expressing his deep desire to enter the Promised Land. Despite leading the Israelites out of Egypt and through the wilderness, Moses was not permitted to enter Canaan due to an earlier act of disobedience (Numbers 20:12). This request highlights Moses' humanity and his longing to see the fulfillment of God's promise. It also serves as a reminder of the consequences of disobedience, even for a leader as revered as Moses.

and see the good land
The "good land" refers to the land of Canaan, which God promised to the descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. This land was described as "flowing with milk and honey" (Exodus 3:8), symbolizing abundance and prosperity. Moses' desire to see it underscores the significance of the land in Israel's history and God's covenantal promises. It also reflects the hope and anticipation of the Israelites who had wandered in the desert for 40 years.

beyond the Jordan
The Jordan River was a significant geographical boundary for the Israelites. Crossing it symbolized entering into the fulfillment of God's promises. The river itself is a type of barrier between the wilderness and the Promised Land, representing the transition from the old life to the new. This crossing would later be led by Joshua, Moses' successor, and is a pivotal moment in Israel's history (Joshua 3).

that pleasant hill country
The "pleasant hill country" refers to the central highlands of Canaan, known for their fertile land and strategic importance. This area includes regions such as Ephraim and Judah, which would become central to Israel's future. The description of the land as "pleasant" emphasizes its desirability and the blessings associated with it. This region would later be significant in the history of Israel, including the establishment of Jerusalem.

as well as Lebanon!
Lebanon, known for its majestic cedar trees, was located to the north of Israel. It was renowned for its natural beauty and resources, often symbolizing strength and majesty in biblical literature (Psalm 92:12). Although not part of the initial territory given to Israel, Lebanon's mention here reflects the broader vision of the land's beauty and potential. It also foreshadows the future expansion and influence of Israel under kings like David and Solomon.

But the LORD was angry with me on account of you
This phrase reflects Moses' acknowledgment of God's displeasure due to the Israelites' actions. The context is Moses' disobedience at Meribah (Numbers 20:10-12), where he struck the rock instead of speaking to it as God commanded. This incident is tied to the Israelites' constant complaints and lack of faith, which tested Moses' patience. Theologically, it underscores the principle of leadership accountability and the consequences of disobedience to God's commands. It also highlights the collective responsibility of the community, as Moses attributes part of the blame to the people's influence.

and He would not listen to me
This indicates God's firm decision regarding Moses' plea to enter the Promised Land. Despite Moses' close relationship with God, this shows that even the most faithful leaders are subject to God's justice and discipline. It emphasizes the seriousness of Moses' transgression and the importance of obedience. This can be connected to the broader biblical theme that God hears the prayers of the righteous but may choose not to grant requests that go against His will or purposes (Psalm 66:18, 1 John 5:14).

“That is enough,” the LORD said to me
God's response is definitive and final, illustrating His authority and the limits of human intercession. This phrase can be seen as a boundary set by God, teaching that there are times when His decisions are irrevocable. It serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty and the importance of accepting His will. This moment also foreshadows the ultimate fulfillment of God's promises through Joshua, who will lead the people into the land, symbolizing a transition in leadership and the continuation of God's plan.

“Do not speak to Me again about this matter.”
This command from God underscores the finality of His decision regarding Moses' fate. It teaches the importance of submission to God's will and the acceptance of His judgments. This can be related to the New Testament teaching on prayer, where believers are encouraged to persist in prayer but also to trust in God's wisdom and timing (Matthew 6:10, Luke 22:42). Theologically, it points to the idea that some prayers may not be answered in the way one desires, but God's purposes are ultimately for the greater good. This also prefigures the role of Jesus Christ as the ultimate intercessor, who perfectly aligns with the Father's will (Hebrews 7:25).

Go to the top of Pisgah
Pisgah refers to a mountain range in the region of Moab, east of the Jordan River. It is often associated with Mount Nebo, from where Moses viewed the Promised Land. This location is significant as it represents the culmination of Moses' journey and leadership. The mountain's height provided a strategic vantage point, symbolizing the spiritual heights Moses reached in his relationship with God.

and look to the west and north and south and east.
This command to look in all directions emphasizes the vastness and richness of the Promised Land. It signifies God's promise to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob regarding the land that their descendants would inherit. The comprehensive view symbolizes the fulfillment of God's covenant and the abundance awaiting the Israelites.

See the land with your own eyes,
Moses is granted the privilege to see the land, highlighting God's grace even in judgment. This act of seeing is both literal and symbolic, representing the realization of God's promises. It underscores the importance of faith and vision in leadership, as Moses had led the people without personally entering the land.

for you will not cross this Jordan.
This phrase serves as a reminder of the consequences of disobedience. Moses was prohibited from entering the Promised Land due to his actions at Meribah (Numbers 20:12). It illustrates the principle of divine justice and the seriousness of God's commands. The Jordan River represents a boundary between the wilderness and the fulfillment of God's promises, a type of the transition from earthly life to eternal rest.

But commission Joshua
Moses is instructed to appoint Joshua as his successor. This commissioning is significant as it marks the transition of leadership from Moses to Joshua. Joshua, who has been Moses' aide, is chosen due to his faithfulness and military prowess, as seen in the battle against the Amalekites (Exodus 17:9-14). This act of commissioning is a formal and public acknowledgment of Joshua's new role, ensuring the people recognize his authority.

encourage him
Joshua is to be encouraged because he faces the daunting task of leading the Israelites into the Promised Land. This encouragement is vital as it provides Joshua with the moral and spiritual support needed to undertake such a significant responsibility. The encouragement also reflects God's assurance of His presence with Joshua, as later reiterated in Joshua 1:9.

and strengthen him
Strengthening Joshua involves preparing him for the challenges ahead, both physically and spiritually. This strengthening is not just about personal resolve but also about reliance on God's power and promises. The call to strengthen Joshua echoes the biblical theme of God empowering His chosen leaders, as seen with figures like Gideon (Judges 6:14) and David (1 Samuel 30:6).

for he will cross over ahead of the people
Joshua is to lead the Israelites across the Jordan River into Canaan. This crossing is symbolic of entering into God's promises and is reminiscent of the Exodus from Egypt. Joshua's leadership in crossing over signifies a new chapter for the Israelites, moving from wandering to possessing the land. This act prefigures Christ leading believers into the promises of God.

and enable them to inherit the land
Joshua's role is to facilitate the Israelites' inheritance of the Promised Land, fulfilling the covenant God made with Abraham (Genesis 15:18-21). This inheritance is both a physical possession and a spiritual fulfillment of God's promises. The land represents God's faithfulness and the realization of His promises, paralleling the spiritual inheritance believers receive through Christ (Ephesians 1:11).

that you will see
Moses is allowed to see the Promised Land from a distance but not enter it, due to his disobedience at Meribah (Numbers 20:12). This sight serves as a reminder of God's holiness and the consequences of disobedience. It also highlights the transition from the Mosaic covenant to the leadership under Joshua, pointing to the ultimate fulfillment in Jesus, who leads His people into the eternal Promised Land.

So we stayed
This phrase indicates a period of waiting or dwelling. In the context of Deuteronomy, the Israelites are on the brink of entering the Promised Land. This waiting period is significant as it represents a time of preparation and reflection for the Israelites. It is a moment of transition from the wilderness wanderings to the fulfillment of God's promise. The act of staying also implies obedience to God's command, as the Israelites are following Moses' leadership and God's instructions.

in the valley
The valley mentioned here is likely a low-lying area, which in biblical times often symbolized a place of humility and testing. Valleys in Scripture can represent times of trial or waiting, contrasting with the mountains, which often symbolize closeness to God. This setting underscores the Israelites' dependence on God as they prepare to enter a new phase of their journey.

opposite Beth-peor.
Beth-peor is a location east of the Jordan River, in the territory of Moab. It is significant in Israel's history as the site where the Israelites fell into idolatry and immorality with the Moabite women, as recorded in Numbers 25. This event led to God's judgment and a plague among the people. The mention of Beth-peor serves as a reminder of past failures and the need for faithfulness to God. It also highlights the geographical proximity to the Promised Land, emphasizing the anticipation and readiness required for the next steps in God's plan.