When Moses had finished speaking these words
This phrase marks a significant transition in the narrative of Deuteronomy. Moses, the great leader and prophet, is concluding his final address to the Israelites. The "words" refer to the preceding chapters where Moses reiterates the law and covenant. This moment is pivotal as it signifies the end of Moses' direct leadership. In biblical context, Moses is a type of Christ, serving as a mediator between God and His people. His role as a lawgiver foreshadows Christ's fulfillment of the law (Matthew 5:17).

to all Israel
The audience is the entire nation of Israel, gathered to hear Moses' final instructions. This collective address underscores the unity and communal identity of the Israelites as God's chosen people. Historically, this moment occurs on the plains of Moab, just before the Israelites enter the Promised Land. The phrase "all Israel" emphasizes the inclusivity of the covenant and the shared responsibility of the people to uphold God's commandments. This gathering also prefigures the New Testament church, where believers are called to be one body in Christ (1 Corinthians 12:12-13).

he said to them
Moses is addressing the Israelites, his chosen people, as he prepares to pass on leadership to Joshua. This moment is significant as it marks the transition of leadership and the continuation of God's covenant with Israel. Moses' role as a prophet and leader is emphasized here, as he communicates God's will to the people.

I am now a hundred and twenty years old
Moses' age is symbolic of a full and complete life, as 120 years is often seen as the ideal lifespan in biblical terms. His life can be divided into three 40-year periods: 40 years in Egypt, 40 years in Midian, and 40 years leading Israel. This structure underscores the completeness of his mission and the divine orchestration of his life.

I am no longer able to come and go
This phrase indicates Moses' physical limitations due to his age, highlighting the natural human frailty even in a great leader. It also signifies the end of his active leadership role. This transition is necessary for the Israelites to move forward into the Promised Land under new leadership.

and the LORD has said to me
This emphasizes the divine authority behind Moses' words. It is not merely his decision to step down, but a directive from God. This underscores the theme of obedience to God's will, which is central to the narrative of Deuteronomy.

‘You shall not cross the Jordan.’
This statement is a direct reference to God's earlier decree in Numbers 20:12, where Moses was told he would not enter the Promised Land due to his disobedience at Meribah. The Jordan River represents a boundary between the wilderness and the Promised Land, symbolizing a transition from the old to the new. Moses' inability to cross is a reminder of the consequences of disobedience, but also points to the need for a new leader, Joshua, who is a type of Christ, leading God's people into their inheritance.

The LORD your God Himself will cross over ahead of you.
This phrase emphasizes God's direct involvement in the Israelites' journey into the Promised Land. It reflects God's covenant faithfulness, as He personally leads His people, ensuring their success. This divine leadership is reminiscent of God's guidance during the Exodus, where He led the Israelites with a pillar of cloud by day and a pillar of fire by night (Exodus 13:21). The crossing over signifies a transition from the wilderness into a land of promise, echoing the crossing of the Red Sea and foreshadowing the crossing of the Jordan River. It underscores God's sovereignty and His role as the ultimate leader and protector of Israel.

He will destroy these nations before you,
This phrase highlights God's promise to defeat the Canaanite nations occupying the Promised Land. It reflects the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham regarding the land (Genesis 15:18-21). The destruction of these nations is both a judgment against their iniquity and a means to establish Israel in the land. This action is consistent with God's justice and holiness, as the Canaanites' practices were abominable (Leviticus 18:24-25). Theologically, it points to God's power to overcome obstacles and enemies, a theme echoed in the New Testament where believers are assured of victory over spiritual adversaries through Christ (Romans 8:37).

and you will dispossess them.
This phrase indicates the Israelites' role in taking possession of the land. While God promises victory, the Israelites must actively participate in the conquest. This partnership between divine sovereignty and human responsibility is a recurring biblical theme. The term "dispossess" implies not just military conquest but also the establishment of a new order under God's law. It serves as a reminder of the importance of obedience and faithfulness to God's commands, as seen in the subsequent warnings against adopting the Canaanites' practices (Deuteronomy 7:1-5).

Joshua will cross ahead of you,
Joshua's leadership is affirmed here, marking the transition from Moses to Joshua. Joshua, whose name means "The LORD is salvation," is a type of Christ, prefiguring Jesus as the one who leads God's people into their spiritual inheritance. Joshua's role is crucial as he embodies faith and courage, qualities necessary for the conquest. His leadership is a continuation of God's plan, as he was previously commissioned by Moses (Numbers 27:18-23). This transition also signifies the importance of godly leadership and the passing of the mantle to a new generation.

as the LORD has said.
This phrase underscores the reliability of God's word and His faithfulness to His promises. It refers to God's earlier instructions and assurances regarding the leadership transition and the conquest of Canaan (Deuteronomy 1:38, 3:28). The fulfillment of God's word in Joshua's leadership and the conquest serves as a testament to His unchanging nature and the certainty of His promises. This assurance is echoed throughout Scripture, reminding believers of the trustworthiness of God's word (Isaiah 55:11, 2 Corinthians 1:20).

And the LORD will do to them
This phrase emphasizes the active role of God in the events that are about to unfold. It reflects the belief in God's sovereignty and His direct involvement in the affairs of nations. The Israelites are reminded that their success is not due to their own strength but to God's intervention. This assurance is crucial as they prepare to enter the Promised Land, facing formidable enemies.

as He did to Sihon and Og,
Sihon and Og were kings of the Amorites, defeated by the Israelites under Moses' leadership (Numbers 21:21-35). These victories were significant as they demonstrated God's power and faithfulness in delivering His people. The mention of these kings serves as a reminder of past triumphs and God's ability to overcome seemingly insurmountable obstacles. It also reinforces the idea that God is consistent in His actions and will continue to protect and guide His people.

the kings of the Amorites,
The Amorites were a prominent group in the ancient Near East, often depicted as strong and warlike. Their defeat by the Israelites was a testament to God's power over even the most formidable foes. This reference would have been particularly encouraging to the Israelites, as it highlighted God's ability to subdue powerful adversaries and fulfill His promises.

when He destroyed them along with their land.
The destruction of Sihon and Og, along with their territories, underscores the completeness of God's victory. It was not just the kings who were defeated, but their entire domains were brought under Israelite control. This total victory serves as a foreshadowing of the conquest of Canaan, where God would similarly deliver the land into the hands of His people. It also points to the ultimate triumph of God's kingdom over all earthly powers, a theme echoed throughout Scripture.

The LORD will deliver them over to you
This phrase emphasizes God's sovereignty and His role as the divine warrior who fights for Israel. It reflects the covenant relationship between God and His people, where He promises to give them victory over their enemies. This is consistent with earlier promises in Deuteronomy and throughout the Pentateuch, where God assures Israel of His support in conquering the Promised Land. The phrase also echoes the assurance given to Joshua in Joshua 1:5, where God promises to be with him as He was with Moses. This divine intervention is a recurring theme in the Old Testament, highlighting God's faithfulness and power.

and you must do to them exactly as I have commanded you
This part of the verse underscores the importance of obedience to God's commands. The Israelites are reminded that their success is contingent upon their adherence to God's instructions. This reflects the covenant stipulations found in Deuteronomy, where blessings are promised for obedience and curses for disobedience (Deuteronomy 28). The specific commands likely refer to the instructions given in Deuteronomy 7:1-5, where God commands the Israelites to destroy the Canaanite nations completely to avoid idolatry and moral corruption. This obedience is not only a test of faith but also a means to maintain the purity and holiness of the nation. The call to follow God's commands foreshadows the New Testament emphasis on obedience to Christ's teachings, as seen in John 14:15, where Jesus says, "If you love me, keep my commands."

Be strong and courageous;
This command is given to the Israelites as they prepare to enter the Promised Land. It echoes God's earlier instructions to Joshua (Joshua 1:6-9) and is a recurring theme throughout the Old Testament. The call to strength and courage is not based on human ability but on trust in God's promises and presence. This phrase is a reminder of the need for faith and reliance on God in the face of daunting challenges.

do not be afraid or terrified of them,
The "them" refers to the nations inhabiting Canaan, who were known for their fortified cities and warriors. Historically, the Canaanites were a formidable adversary, but God reassures Israel that they need not fear. This echoes the sentiment found in Isaiah 41:10, where God promises to uphold His people. The command not to fear is a common biblical exhortation, emphasizing trust in God's sovereignty over circumstances.

for it is the LORD your God who goes with you;
This phrase underscores the personal relationship between God and Israel. The use of "LORD" (YHWH) highlights God's covenantal faithfulness. The assurance of God's presence is a central theme in Scripture, seen in God's promise to be with Moses (Exodus 3:12) and later with Jesus' promise to be with His disciples (Matthew 28:20). The presence of God is a source of comfort and strength, ensuring victory and guidance.

He will never leave you nor forsake you.”
This promise of God's enduring presence is foundational to the faith of Israel and later echoed in the New Testament (Hebrews 13:5). It assures believers of God's unwavering commitment, regardless of circumstances. The language of not leaving or forsaking is covenantal, reflecting God's steadfast love and faithfulness. This assurance is a type of Christ, who embodies God's presence with His people, offering eternal security and peace.

Then Moses called for Joshua
Moses, nearing the end of his life, summons Joshua, his appointed successor. This transition of leadership is significant, as Joshua has been Moses' aide and military leader. The calling signifies a public endorsement and transfer of authority, ensuring continuity in leadership. Joshua's role is crucial as he is to lead the Israelites into the Promised Land, a task Moses was not permitted to complete due to his disobedience at Meribah (Numbers 20:12).

and said to him in the presence of all Israel
This public declaration serves to affirm Joshua's leadership in front of the entire nation, ensuring that the people recognize and accept him as their new leader. It also emphasizes the transparency and accountability in the transition of power. The presence of all Israel underscores the communal aspect of their journey and covenant with God, reinforcing the unity and collective responsibility of the people.

Be strong and courageous
This exhortation is a recurring theme in the commissioning of Joshua (Joshua 1:6-9). Strength and courage are essential qualities for Joshua as he faces the daunting task of leading the Israelites into a land filled with formidable enemies. This phrase also reflects a reliance on God's power and presence, rather than mere human strength. It is a call to faith and trust in God's promises and guidance.

for you will go with this people into the land
Joshua's mission is to lead the Israelites into Canaan, the land promised to their ancestors. This phrase highlights the fulfillment of God's covenant with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. The journey into the land is both a physical and spiritual endeavor, requiring obedience and faithfulness to God's commands. Joshua's leadership is pivotal in guiding the people through this transition.

that the LORD swore to their fathers to give them
This reference to God's oath underscores the faithfulness and unchanging nature of God's promises. The land is not just a geographical location but a symbol of God's covenantal relationship with Israel. The promise to the patriarchs (Genesis 12:7, 15:18) is now coming to fruition, demonstrating God's sovereignty and commitment to His people.

and you shall give it to them as an inheritance
Joshua's role is not only to lead the people into the land but also to allocate it among the tribes of Israel as their inheritance. This distribution is a fulfillment of God's promise and a tangible expression of His provision and blessing. The concept of inheritance is significant, as it ties the people to the land and to their identity as God's chosen nation. It also foreshadows the spiritual inheritance believers receive through Christ (Ephesians 1:11).

The LORD Himself goes before you;
This phrase emphasizes God's active role in leading His people. In the context of Deuteronomy, Moses is addressing the Israelites as they prepare to enter the Promised Land. The assurance that God goes before them recalls His guidance during the Exodus, where He led them with a pillar of cloud by day and a pillar of fire by night (Exodus 13:21). This leadership is not just physical but also spiritual, as God prepares the way for His people, ensuring their path aligns with His divine plan. This concept is echoed in Isaiah 45:2, where God promises to go before Cyrus, making the rough places smooth.

He will be with you.
The promise of God's presence is a recurring theme throughout Scripture. In the ancient Near Eastern context, the presence of a deity was often associated with protection and blessing. For the Israelites, God's presence was manifested in the Tabernacle and later the Temple. This assurance is foundational for the covenant relationship between God and His people. It is also a precursor to the New Testament promise of Emmanuel, "God with us" (Matthew 1:23), fulfilled in Jesus Christ, who promises to be with His followers always (Matthew 28:20).

He will never leave you nor forsake you.
This promise of God's unwavering faithfulness is crucial for the Israelites as they face the uncertainty of conquering new lands. Historically, this assurance is vital as they transition from the leadership of Moses to Joshua. The phrase is repeated in Joshua 1:5, reinforcing God's commitment. It also resonates in the New Testament, where Hebrews 13:5 cites this promise, encouraging believers to trust in God's constant presence and provision, regardless of circumstances.

Do not be afraid or discouraged.
Fear and discouragement are natural human responses to challenges and the unknown. In the biblical narrative, these emotions are often countered by divine reassurance. The Israelites, having experienced God's deliverance from Egypt and His provision in the wilderness, are reminded to trust in His power and promises. This exhortation is similar to God's words to Joshua (Joshua 1:9) and is a common biblical encouragement, seen in passages like Isaiah 41:10. It points to a reliance on God's strength rather than human ability, a theme that finds its ultimate expression in the New Testament, where believers are encouraged to cast their anxieties on God (1 Peter 5:7) and find peace in Christ (John 14:27).

So Moses wrote down this law
Moses, as the leader and prophet of Israel, was responsible for recording the laws given by God. This act of writing signifies the importance of preserving God's commandments for future generations. The written law served as a permanent record, ensuring that the Israelites had a tangible reference for God's instructions. This also prefigures the role of Scripture in the life of believers, emphasizing the importance of the written Word.

and gave it to the priests, the sons of Levi
The Levites were chosen by God to serve as priests and caretakers of the tabernacle. By entrusting the law to the Levites, Moses ensured that those who were responsible for spiritual leadership and instruction had direct access to God's commandments. This highlights the role of spiritual leaders in teaching and upholding God's Word. The Levites' role as mediators between God and the people foreshadows the priesthood of all believers through Christ.

who carried the ark of the covenant of the LORD
The ark of the covenant was the most sacred object in Israel, symbolizing God's presence among His people. It contained the tablets of the law, Aaron's rod, and a pot of manna. The Levites' duty to carry the ark underscores their responsibility to uphold and protect the holiness of God's covenant. This also points to the centrality of God's presence and law in the life of the community.

and to all the elders of Israel
The elders were leaders and representatives of the tribes of Israel. By giving the law to the elders, Moses ensured that the entire community was accountable to God's commandments. This distribution of the law to both religious and civil leaders emphasizes the comprehensive nature of God's covenant, affecting all aspects of life. It also reflects the communal responsibility to uphold and teach God's Word, a principle that continues in the church today.

Then Moses commanded them
Moses, as the leader and prophet of Israel, is giving instructions to the Israelites. This command is part of his final address before his death and the entry of the Israelites into the Promised Land. Moses' role as a mediator of God's law is crucial, as he is seen as a type of Christ, who also mediates a new covenant (Hebrews 3:1-6).

At the end of every seven years
This refers to the sabbatical year, a cycle of seven years established in the Mosaic Law (Leviticus 25:1-7). Every seventh year was a time of rest for the land and a release from debts, symbolizing God's provision and the importance of trust in His sovereignty. This cycle points to the ultimate rest found in Christ (Hebrews 4:9-10).

At the appointed time in the year of remission of debt
The year of remission, or "Shemitah," was a time when debts were forgiven, reflecting God's mercy and grace. This practice ensured economic balance and social justice within the community. It foreshadows the spiritual forgiveness and release from the debt of sin through Jesus Christ (Colossians 2:13-14).

During the Feast of Tabernacles
The Feast of Tabernacles, or Sukkot, was one of the three major pilgrimage festivals in Israel (Leviticus 23:33-43). It commemorated the Israelites' journey through the wilderness and God's provision. This feast is prophetic of the future gathering of God's people and the establishment of His kingdom, as seen in Zechariah 14:16-19. It also symbolizes the believer's journey and reliance on God's provision, ultimately fulfilled in Christ, who "tabernacled" among us (John 1:14).

when all Israel comes before the LORD your God
This phrase refers to the gathering of the entire nation of Israel, which was a significant event in their religious and communal life. The phrase "before the LORD your God" indicates a sacred assembly, emphasizing the presence of God among His people. This gathering typically occurred during the major feasts, such as Passover, Pentecost, and the Feast of Tabernacles, as outlined in Leviticus 23. These feasts were times of national reflection and renewal of the covenant relationship with God. The concept of coming before the LORD underscores the importance of communal worship and accountability to God's commandments.

at the place He will choose
This refers to the central place of worship that God would designate, which ultimately became Jerusalem and the Temple built by Solomon. Initially, the tabernacle served as the central place of worship, moving with the Israelites during their wilderness journey. The phrase highlights God's sovereignty in choosing the place where His name would dwell, as seen in Deuteronomy 12:5. This centralization of worship was crucial for maintaining the unity of the nation and preventing idolatry, as it directed the people's focus to one location for worship and sacrifice.

you are to read this law
The reading of the law was a public declaration of God's commandments and a reminder of the covenant between God and Israel. This practice was intended to ensure that every generation would hear and understand the law, reinforcing their identity as God's chosen people. The public reading of the law is echoed in Nehemiah 8, where Ezra reads the law to the people, leading to a national revival. This practice underscores the importance of Scripture in guiding the moral and spiritual life of the community.

in the hearing of all Israel
This phrase emphasizes the inclusivity of the event, ensuring that every member of the community, regardless of age or status, would hear the law. It reflects the communal nature of the covenant and the responsibility of each individual to adhere to God's commandments. The public reading served as a means of education and accountability, fostering a shared understanding of God's expectations. This practice is mirrored in the New Testament, where the public reading of Scripture is encouraged in 1 Timothy 4:13, highlighting the continuity of valuing God's Word in the life of the faith community.

Assemble the people—men, women, children, and the foreigners within your gates—
This command emphasizes the inclusivity of God's covenant community. In ancient Israel, the assembly of all people, regardless of gender, age, or nationality, underscores the universal nature of God's law. The inclusion of "foreigners" highlights the openness of Israel's society to those who were not ethnically Israelite but lived among them. This reflects God's desire for all people to know Him, as seen in the Abrahamic promise that all nations would be blessed through his descendants (Genesis 12:3). The gathering of the entire community for the reading of the law was a significant event, reinforcing communal identity and shared responsibility in upholding God's commandments.

so that they may listen and learn to fear the LORD your God
Listening and learning are central to the covenant relationship with God. The fear of the LORD is a recurring theme in Scripture, representing reverence, awe, and obedience to God. Proverbs 9:10 states, "The fear of the LORD is the beginning of wisdom," indicating that understanding and wisdom start with recognizing God's authority and holiness. This phrase emphasizes the importance of teaching and internalizing God's law, not just for knowledge but for cultivating a heart posture of reverence and submission to God.

and to follow carefully all the words of this law.
The call to follow carefully all the words of the law highlights the comprehensive nature of obedience required by God. This reflects the covenantal relationship where blessings are contingent upon obedience (Deuteronomy 28). The law was not merely a set of rules but a guide for living in a way that reflects God's character and purposes. Jesus Christ, in the New Testament, fulfills the law (Matthew 5:17) and embodies perfect obedience, serving as the ultimate example for believers. The careful observance of the law points to the need for a heart transformed by God's Spirit, as prophesied in Jeremiah 31:33, where God promises to write His law on the hearts of His people.

Then their children who do not know the law
This phrase highlights the importance of passing down the knowledge of God's commandments to the next generation. In the context of ancient Israel, the law was central to the covenant relationship between God and His people. The children, who had not experienced the giving of the law at Sinai, needed to be taught its precepts. This reflects the broader biblical theme of generational teaching, as seen in passages like Deuteronomy 6:6-7, where parents are instructed to diligently teach their children. It underscores the responsibility of the community to ensure that the knowledge of God’s law is not lost.

will listen and learn to fear the LORD your God
Listening and learning are active processes that require engagement and commitment. The fear of the LORD is a recurring theme in the Bible, signifying reverence, awe, and obedience to God. Proverbs 9:10 states, "The fear of the LORD is the beginning of wisdom," indicating that understanding and respecting God's authority is foundational to a righteous life. This fear is not about terror but about recognizing God's holiness and sovereignty, leading to a life of obedience and worship.

as long as you live in the land
The land of Canaan was a significant part of God's promise to Abraham and his descendants (Genesis 12:7). Living in the land was contingent upon Israel's faithfulness to God's covenant. The land was not just a physical territory but a place where Israel was to live out its identity as God's chosen people. The conditional nature of this promise is echoed in later warnings and prophecies, such as those found in Deuteronomy 28, where blessings and curses are tied to obedience and disobedience.

that you are crossing the Jordan to possess.
Crossing the Jordan River was a pivotal moment for the Israelites, marking the transition from their wilderness wanderings to entering the Promised Land. This event is detailed in Joshua 3-4, where the miraculous crossing signifies God's faithfulness and power. The possession of the land was both a fulfillment of God's promise and a call to faithfulness. The Jordan River itself holds symbolic significance, representing a boundary between the old life and the new, much like the crossing of the Red Sea. This typology can be seen as a foreshadowing of the believer's journey from the bondage of sin to the freedom found in Christ.

Then the LORD said to Moses
This phrase indicates direct communication from God to Moses, a common occurrence in the Pentateuch. Moses is portrayed as a prophet and leader who has a unique relationship with God, often receiving divine instructions. This communication underscores the authority of Moses as God's chosen leader.

Behold, the time of your death is near
Moses is informed of his impending death, a reminder of the mortality of even the greatest leaders. This moment is significant as it marks the transition of leadership. Moses' death is a consequence of his disobedience at Meribah (Numbers 20:12), highlighting the importance of obedience to God.

Call Joshua and present yourselves at the Tent of Meeting
Joshua is to be publicly appointed as Moses' successor. The Tent of Meeting, a sacred place where God met with Moses, symbolizes divine presence and authority. This setting emphasizes the solemnity and divine approval of the leadership transition.

so that I may commission him
God's commissioning of Joshua signifies divine endorsement and empowerment for his new role. This commissioning is crucial for establishing Joshua's authority among the Israelites. It parallels the New Testament commissioning of the apostles by Jesus (Matthew 28:18-20).

So Moses and Joshua went and presented themselves at the Tent of Meeting
Their obedience in presenting themselves at the Tent of Meeting demonstrates submission to God's will. This act of presenting themselves is a formal acknowledgment of the transfer of leadership. It reflects the biblical principle of orderly succession and preparation for future leadership, as seen in the mentorship of Elisha by Elijah (1 Kings 19:19-21).

Then the LORD appeared at the tent
This phrase signifies a theophany, a visible manifestation of God to humans. The "tent" refers to the Tent of Meeting, a sacred place where Moses would communicate with God. This tent was a precursor to the Tabernacle and later the Temple, symbolizing God's presence among His people. The appearance of the LORD here underscores His direct involvement and guidance in the transition of leadership from Moses to Joshua.

in a pillar of cloud
The pillar of cloud is a recurring symbol of God's presence and guidance throughout the Israelites' journey in the wilderness. It first appeared in Exodus 13:21-22, leading the Israelites by day. This cloud provided protection, guidance, and a visible assurance of God's presence. It also served as a barrier between the Israelites and the Egyptians during the crossing of the Red Sea (Exodus 14:19-20). The cloud's presence at the tent emphasizes God's continued guidance and protection as Israel prepares to enter the Promised Land.

and the cloud stood over the entrance to the tent
The cloud standing over the entrance signifies God's approval and readiness to communicate. This positioning indicates a moment of divine instruction and revelation, as seen in other instances where God speaks to Moses (Exodus 33:9-11). The entrance of the tent is a place of meeting and revelation, symbolizing the threshold between the divine and the human. This moment foreshadows the continued presence of God with His people, ultimately fulfilled in the person of Jesus Christ, who is described as the Word made flesh dwelling among us (John 1:14).

And the LORD said to Moses
This phrase indicates direct communication from God to Moses, a common occurrence in the Pentateuch. Moses is seen as a prophet and leader, chosen by God to deliver His people from Egypt and guide them through the wilderness. This divine communication underscores the authority of the message and the seriousness of the forthcoming prophecy.

You will soon rest with your fathers
This is a euphemism for death, indicating that Moses' life is nearing its end. "Rest with your fathers" reflects the Hebrew understanding of death as joining one's ancestors, a common cultural expression. It also signifies the transition of leadership to Joshua, as Moses' mission is complete.

and these people will rise up
The phrase "rise up" suggests a deliberate action, indicating that the Israelites will actively choose to engage in the behavior described. This foreshadows the recurring cycle of sin and repentance seen throughout the history of Israel, particularly in the Book of Judges.

and prostitute themselves with the foreign gods of the land they are entering
This metaphor of prostitution is used throughout the Bible to describe idolatry, emphasizing unfaithfulness to God. The "foreign gods" refer to the deities worshiped by the Canaanites, whose land the Israelites are about to enter. This highlights the temptation and spiritual danger posed by the surrounding pagan cultures.

They will forsake Me
Forsaking God implies a conscious decision to abandon the covenant relationship. This reflects the recurring theme of Israel's infidelity and the human tendency to turn away from God despite His faithfulness. It also serves as a warning of the consequences of such actions.

and break the covenant I have made with them
The covenant refers to the Mosaic Covenant established at Sinai, which includes the Ten Commandments and other laws. Breaking this covenant means violating the terms of the agreement, which was meant to set Israel apart as God's chosen people. This breach would lead to divine judgment, as outlined in Deuteronomy 28-30, and foreshadows the eventual exile of Israel.

On that day My anger will burn against them
This phrase indicates a specific time when God's wrath will be kindled due to Israel's disobedience. The concept of divine anger is consistent throughout the Old Testament, where God's holiness demands justice against sin (Exodus 32:10). The "day" refers to a future time of judgment, often seen as a warning to the Israelites to remain faithful to the covenant.

and I will abandon them
Abandonment by God is a severe consequence of Israel's idolatry and covenant unfaithfulness. This echoes the covenant curses outlined in Deuteronomy 28, where God warns of the repercussions of disobedience. The idea of God withdrawing His presence is a recurring theme, emphasizing the importance of His guidance and protection (Judges 10:13).

and hide My face from them
The hiding of God's face signifies a withdrawal of His favor and blessing. In the ancient Near Eastern context, the face of a deity represented presence and benevolence. This phrase is a metaphor for divine displeasure and is used elsewhere in Scripture to describe times of distress and divine silence (Psalm 13:1).

so that they will be consumed
The consumption here refers to the destruction and devastation that will follow God's abandonment. This is a fulfillment of the covenant curses, where disobedience leads to calamity (Leviticus 26:14-17). The imagery of being consumed underscores the totality of the judgment.

and many troubles and afflictions will befall them
This phrase highlights the multiplicity and severity of the consequences Israel will face. The troubles and afflictions are both physical and spiritual, affecting the nation as a whole. This is reminiscent of the plagues and hardships described in the curses of Deuteronomy 28:15-68.

On that day they will say,
The repetition of "on that day" emphasizes the certainty and imminence of the prophesied events. It also introduces a moment of realization and reflection for the Israelites, prompting them to acknowledge the cause of their suffering.

‘Have not these disasters come upon us because our God is no longer with us?’
This rhetorical question indicates a moment of self-awareness and recognition of the link between their suffering and God's absence. It reflects the covenant relationship where God's presence is contingent upon Israel's faithfulness (Deuteronomy 28:15). The disasters serve as a catalyst for repentance and a return to God, aligning with the prophetic calls for Israel to acknowledge their sin and seek restoration (Hosea 5:15).

And on that day
This phrase refers to a specific time of judgment and consequence. In the context of Deuteronomy, Moses is addressing the Israelites as they prepare to enter the Promised Land. "That day" signifies a future moment when the consequences of their actions will manifest. It is a reminder of the covenant relationship between God and Israel, where blessings and curses are contingent upon obedience or disobedience (Deuteronomy 28).

I will surely hide My face
The concept of God hiding His face is a metaphor for the withdrawal of His favor and presence. In the ancient Near Eastern context, the face of a deity symbolized attention and blessing. When God hides His face, it indicates a break in the relationship due to sin. This is echoed in other scriptures, such as Isaiah 59:2, where sin creates a separation between God and His people.

because of all the evil they have done
The evil mentioned here refers to the Israelites' disobedience and idolatry. Historically, the Israelites struggled with maintaining faithfulness to God amidst the polytheistic cultures surrounding them. This phrase underscores the seriousness of their actions and the moral and spiritual decline that results from turning away from God's commandments.

by turning to other gods
Idolatry is a recurring issue for the Israelites, as seen throughout the Old Testament. The worship of other gods was not only a violation of the first commandment but also a betrayal of the exclusive covenant relationship with Yahweh. This turning away is often depicted as spiritual adultery, and it leads to severe consequences, as seen in the Babylonian exile (2 Kings 17:7-23). The call to monotheism is central to Israel's identity and mission, and turning to other gods represents a fundamental breach of their covenant with God.

Now therefore, write down for yourselves this song
This command to write a song is significant in the context of ancient Israel, where oral tradition was a primary means of preserving history and teachings. The act of writing signifies the importance and permanence of the message. In biblical history, songs were often used to commemorate significant events or teachings (e.g., the Song of Moses in Exodus 15). This particular song serves as a divine directive, emphasizing the importance of remembering God's laws and the consequences of disobedience.

and teach it to the Israelites;
Teaching the song to the Israelites underscores the communal aspect of learning and accountability. In the cultural context of ancient Israel, teaching was often done in a communal setting, ensuring that all members of the community, including future generations, would understand and remember the teachings. This reflects the covenantal relationship between God and Israel, where the community is collectively responsible for upholding God's commandments.

have them recite it,
Recitation was a common practice in ancient times for memorization and internalization of important texts. By reciting the song, the Israelites would continually remind themselves of its message, reinforcing their commitment to God's covenant. This practice is echoed in other parts of Scripture, such as Deuteronomy 6:7, where parents are instructed to teach God's commandments to their children through constant repetition.

so that it may be a witness for Me against them.
The song serves as a witness, a legal term indicating testimony or evidence. In this context, it acts as a reminder of the covenant and the consequences of breaking it. The song's role as a witness highlights the seriousness of Israel's commitment to God and the reality of divine judgment. This concept of a witness is seen throughout Scripture, such as in Joshua 24:27, where a stone is set up as a witness to the covenant between God and Israel. The song foreshadows the prophetic role of Jesus Christ, who is the ultimate witness to God's truth and the fulfillment of the law.

When I have brought them into the land that I swore to give their fathers
This phrase refers to the fulfillment of God's promise to the patriarchs—Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. The land, known as Canaan, was promised as an inheritance to their descendants (Genesis 12:7, 15:18-21). This promise is a central theme in the Pentateuch, highlighting God's faithfulness and the continuity of His covenant. The historical context involves the Israelites' journey from Egypt, through the wilderness, and into the Promised Land, a journey that underscores God's guidance and provision.

a land flowing with milk and honey
This description emphasizes the fertility and abundance of Canaan. "Milk and honey" symbolize prosperity and the richness of the land, indicating a place of sustenance and blessing (Exodus 3:8). Archaeological evidence supports the agricultural richness of ancient Canaan, with its diverse crops and livestock. This phrase also serves as a metaphor for divine provision and the fulfillment of God's promises.

they will eat their fill and prosper
This indicates the material blessings and prosperity the Israelites would experience in the Promised Land. It reflects the covenantal blessings outlined in Deuteronomy 28:1-14, where obedience to God results in abundance and success. However, prosperity also presents a spiritual test, as it can lead to complacency and forgetfulness of God (Deuteronomy 8:10-14).

Then they will turn to other gods and worship them
This phrase predicts Israel's future apostasy, a recurring theme in the Old Testament. Despite God's faithfulness, the Israelites often turned to idolatry, influenced by the surrounding Canaanite culture (Judges 2:11-13). This turning away from God is a violation of the first commandment (Exodus 20:3) and highlights the spiritual battle between faithfulness to God and the temptation of foreign deities.

and they will reject Me and break My covenant
This statement underscores the seriousness of Israel's disobedience. Rejecting God and breaking the covenant signifies a breach in the relationship established at Sinai (Exodus 19:5-6). The covenant was conditional, requiring Israel's obedience in return for God's blessings. This breach leads to the curses outlined in Deuteronomy 28:15-68. Theologically, it foreshadows the need for a new covenant, ultimately fulfilled in Jesus Christ (Jeremiah 31:31-34, Hebrews 8:6-13), who restores the broken relationship between God and humanity.

And when many troubles and afflictions have come upon them,
This phrase anticipates the future disobedience of the Israelites and the resulting consequences. Historically, Israel faced numerous challenges, including invasions and exiles, as a result of turning away from God. This reflects the covenantal relationship where blessings follow obedience and curses follow disobedience (Deuteronomy 28). The troubles serve as a divine discipline intended to bring the people back to God.

this song will testify against them,
The "song" refers to the Song of Moses in Deuteronomy 32, which serves as a witness to the covenant between God and Israel. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, songs and oral traditions were vital for preserving history and legal agreements. This song acts as a reminder of God's faithfulness and the people's obligations, serving as a prophetic warning and a call to repentance.

because it will not be forgotten from the lips of their descendants.
The enduring nature of the song underscores the importance of oral tradition in Israelite culture. Despite future generations' potential unfaithfulness, the song remains a constant reminder of their identity and covenant with God. This reflects the biblical emphasis on teaching and remembering God's laws (Deuteronomy 6:6-9).

For I know their inclination,
God's omniscience is highlighted here, as He understands the human heart and its tendency towards sin (Jeremiah 17:9). This foreknowledge does not negate human responsibility but rather emphasizes God's grace and patience. It also points to the need for a new heart, a theme later developed in the prophets (Ezekiel 36:26).

even before I bring them into the land that I swore to give them.”
This refers to the Promised Land, a central theme in the Pentateuch, symbolizing God's faithfulness to His promises to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. The land is both a gift and a responsibility, requiring the Israelites to live according to God's laws. This foreshadows the ultimate fulfillment of God's promises through Jesus Christ, who offers a spiritual inheritance to believers (Hebrews 4:8-10).

So that very day
This phrase indicates immediacy and urgency in Moses' actions. It reflects the importance of the task at hand, as Moses was nearing the end of his life and leadership. The context is the transition of leadership to Joshua, and the need to ensure the Israelites remember God's laws and promises. This urgency is mirrored in other biblical instances where immediate action is required, such as in the Passover preparations (Exodus 12:11).

Moses wrote down
Moses is traditionally credited with writing the first five books of the Bible, known as the Pentateuch. This act of writing signifies the importance of preserving God's words and commands for future generations. Writing was a common practice for recording important events and laws in ancient Near Eastern cultures, as seen in the Code of Hammurabi. The act of writing also underscores the divine inspiration and authority of the Scriptures.

this song
The song referred to is the Song of Moses, found in Deuteronomy 32. It serves as a witness against the Israelites, reminding them of God's faithfulness and their potential unfaithfulness. Songs and poetry were effective mnemonic devices in ancient cultures, aiding in the oral transmission of important teachings. This song is prophetic, warning of Israel's future rebellion and God's subsequent judgment, yet also promising restoration.

and taught it
Moses not only wrote the song but also taught it to the Israelites, emphasizing the importance of understanding and internalizing God's message. Teaching was a crucial aspect of leadership in Israel, as seen in the roles of priests and prophets. This mirrors the Great Commission in Matthew 28:19-20, where Jesus instructs His disciples to teach all nations.

to the Israelites
The Israelites were God's chosen people, set apart to be a holy nation and a kingdom of priests (Exodus 19:6). This teaching was specifically for them, highlighting their covenant relationship with God. The Israelites' history of receiving and sometimes rejecting God's word is a recurring theme throughout the Old Testament, pointing to the need for a new covenant, ultimately fulfilled in Jesus Christ (Jeremiah 31:31-34).

Then the LORD commissioned Joshua son of Nun
This phrase marks a significant transition in leadership from Moses to Joshua. Joshua, the son of Nun, is being divinely appointed to lead the Israelites. This commissioning is a fulfillment of earlier promises and preparations, as Joshua had been Moses' assistant and had proven his faithfulness and leadership capabilities (Exodus 24:13, Numbers 27:18-23). The use of "commissioned" indicates a formal and authoritative appointment, emphasizing that Joshua's leadership is ordained by God, not merely a human decision.

and said, “Be strong and courageous,
This exhortation is repeated multiple times in the context of Joshua's leadership (Joshua 1:6-9). It underscores the challenges Joshua will face and the need for divine strength and courage. The phrase is a call to trust in God's power and presence rather than relying on human strength. It reflects a common biblical theme where God's leaders are encouraged to rely on Him in the face of daunting tasks (1 Chronicles 28:20, 2 Timothy 1:7).

for you will bring the Israelites into the land
This statement reaffirms the promise made to the patriarchs—Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob—regarding the Promised Land (Genesis 12:7, Genesis 15:18-21). Joshua's role is pivotal in the fulfillment of this covenant promise. The land represents not just a physical territory but also a place of rest and blessing for God's people, symbolizing God's faithfulness and the realization of His promises.

that I swore to give them,
The land is a divine gift, sworn by God Himself, highlighting the covenantal relationship between God and Israel. This oath is rooted in God's unchanging nature and His commitment to His people (Deuteronomy 7:8-9). The swearing of an oath by God emphasizes the certainty and seriousness of His promises, which are irrevocable and assured (Hebrews 6:13-18).

and I will be with you.”
This assurance of God's presence is crucial for Joshua's success and is a recurring promise throughout Scripture (Exodus 33:14, Matthew 28:20). It signifies divine guidance, protection, and empowerment. The presence of God with Joshua is a type of Christ, who is Immanuel, "God with us" (Isaiah 7:14, Matthew 1:23). This promise provides comfort and confidence, ensuring that Joshua's leadership will be undergirded by divine support.

When Moses had finished writing
Moses is traditionally credited as the author of the first five books of the Bible, known as the Pentateuch. This phrase indicates the completion of his role in documenting the law. The act of writing was significant in ancient times, as it was a means of preserving and transmitting God's commandments to future generations. This also underscores the importance of literacy and record-keeping in Israelite culture.

in a book
The term "book" here refers to a scroll, as the codex form of books was not yet in use. Scrolls were made from papyrus or parchment and were the primary medium for recording texts. This highlights the meticulous care taken to ensure the law was preserved accurately. The use of a book signifies the permanence and authority of the written word in conveying divine instruction.

the words of this law
This refers to the legal and covenantal instructions given to the Israelites, encompassing moral, ceremonial, and civil laws. The law served as a guide for the Israelites' relationship with God and with each other. It is foundational to understanding the covenant between God and His people, emphasizing obedience and holiness.

from beginning to end
This phrase indicates the comprehensive nature of the law, covering all aspects necessary for the life and governance of the Israelite community. It suggests completeness and thoroughness, ensuring that nothing was omitted. This mirrors the biblical theme of God’s word being complete and sufficient for guidance, as seen in other scriptures like 2 Timothy 3:16-17.

he gave this command
This phrase refers to Moses, who is delivering his final instructions to the Israelites before his death. Moses, as the leader appointed by God, is ensuring that the people have clear guidance for the future. This command is part of his farewell address, emphasizing the importance of obedience to God's law. The context is significant as it marks the transition of leadership to Joshua and the preparation for entering the Promised Land.

to the Levites
The Levites were the tribe set apart for religious duties and service to God. They were responsible for the care of the tabernacle and later the temple. This command being given to the Levites highlights their role as spiritual leaders and custodians of the sacred. Their duties included teaching the law, which aligns with the importance of preserving and following God's commandments.

who carried the ark of the covenant of the LORD
The Ark of the Covenant was the most sacred object in Israel, symbolizing God's presence among His people. It contained the tablets of the Law, Aaron's rod, and a pot of manna. The Levites, specifically the Kohathites, were tasked with carrying the Ark during the Israelites' journeys. This phrase underscores the holiness and responsibility associated with the Ark, as well as the Levites' role in maintaining the covenant relationship between God and Israel. The Ark is also a type of Christ, representing God's presence and the fulfillment of the law through Jesus.

Take this Book of the Law
This phrase refers to the Torah, specifically the first five books of the Bible, which Moses wrote under divine inspiration. The "Book of the Law" includes commandments, statutes, and ordinances given to Israel. It serves as a foundational document for the Israelites, outlining their covenant relationship with God. The act of taking the book signifies its importance and authority.

and place it beside the ark of the covenant of the LORD your God
The ark of the covenant was the most sacred object in the tabernacle, representing God's presence among His people. Placing the Book of the Law beside the ark signifies its sacredness and centrality in the life of Israel. The ark contained the tablets of the Ten Commandments, Aaron's rod, and a pot of manna, symbolizing God's law, leadership, and provision. The proximity of the Book of the Law to the ark underscores its role in guiding the nation.

so that it may remain there as a witness against you
The Book of the Law serves as a witness, testifying to the covenant between God and Israel. It holds the people accountable to the terms of the covenant, reminding them of their obligations and the consequences of disobedience. This concept of a "witness" is echoed in other parts of Scripture, such as Joshua 24:27, where a stone is set up as a witness to the covenant. The idea is that the law itself will testify against the people if they fail to uphold it, highlighting the seriousness of their commitment to God.

For I know how rebellious and stiff-necked you are.
This phrase reflects Moses' intimate knowledge of the Israelites' character, gained through decades of leading them. The terms "rebellious" and "stiff-necked" are frequently used in the Old Testament to describe Israel's resistance to God's commands (Exodus 32:9, 33:3, 33:5). The imagery of being "stiff-necked" suggests an unwillingness to be guided, akin to an ox that refuses to be directed by a yoke. This characterization underscores the Israelites' frequent lapses into idolatry and disobedience, despite witnessing God's miracles and receiving His law.

If you are already rebelling against the LORD while I am still alive,
Moses points out the current state of rebellion among the Israelites, even during his leadership. This highlights the persistent nature of their disobedience, which was evident in events like the golden calf incident (Exodus 32) and the refusal to enter the Promised Land (Numbers 14). Moses' presence and leadership served as a restraining influence, emphasizing the importance of godly leadership in maintaining faithfulness to God.

how much more will you rebel after my death!
Moses anticipates an increase in rebellion after his death, a prophetic insight that aligns with the subsequent history of Israel. After Moses' passing, the Israelites often turned away from God, as seen in the period of the Judges, where "everyone did what was right in his own eyes" (Judges 21:25). This foreshadows the need for a perfect leader, ultimately fulfilled in Jesus Christ, who provides the ultimate guidance and redemption for humanity. Moses' concern also underscores the importance of internalizing God's law and maintaining a personal relationship with Him, rather than relying solely on human leaders.

Assemble before me all the elders of your tribes and all your officers
This phrase indicates a formal gathering of Israel's leadership, emphasizing the importance of the message to be delivered. The elders and officers were responsible for guiding and maintaining order within the tribes, reflecting a structured society. This assembly mirrors other significant convocations in Israel's history, such as the gathering at Mount Sinai (Exodus 19:7) and the later assembly under Joshua (Joshua 24:1). The inclusion of both elders and officers underscores the need for both spiritual and civil leadership to be aligned with God's covenant.

so that I may speak these words in their hearing
Moses, as the mediator of God's covenant, is about to deliver a crucial message. The phrase "in their hearing" suggests the importance of direct communication and accountability. This method of public proclamation ensures that the leaders cannot claim ignorance of the covenant's stipulations. It also reflects the oral tradition of the time, where spoken word was a primary means of communication and record-keeping. This public declaration is reminiscent of the prophetic tradition, where prophets would often speak God's words directly to the people (Jeremiah 7:2).

and call heaven and earth to witness against them
The invocation of heaven and earth as witnesses is a common motif in biblical literature, serving to underscore the gravity and universality of the covenant. In Deuteronomy 4:26 and Isaiah 1:2, similar language is used to emphasize the enduring nature of God's covenant and the accountability of the people. Heaven and earth, as God's creation, are seen as impartial witnesses to the covenant, highlighting the seriousness of Israel's obligations. This phrase also foreshadows the eschatological themes found in the New Testament, where creation itself bears witness to God's redemptive plan through Christ (Romans 8:19-22).

For I know that after my death
Moses, nearing the end of his life, speaks with prophetic insight. His awareness of Israel's future disobedience is rooted in his intimate relationship with God and his understanding of human nature. This foreknowledge is consistent with the biblical theme of leaders preparing their people for future challenges, as seen with Joshua succeeding Moses.

you will become utterly corrupt
The phrase indicates a complete moral and spiritual decline. This corruption is a recurring theme in Israel's history, as seen in the Book of Judges, where the cycle of sin, oppression, repentance, and deliverance is evident. The warning serves as a reminder of the consequences of turning away from God's commandments.

and turn from the path I have commanded you.
The "path" refers to the covenantal laws and decrees given by God through Moses. This deviation from God's commands is a central issue throughout the Old Testament, highlighting the importance of obedience and the dangers of idolatry and assimilation into pagan cultures.

And in the days to come, disaster will befall you
This prophecy of disaster is fulfilled in various instances, such as the Babylonian exile. The consequences of disobedience are a consistent biblical theme, emphasizing the justice and holiness of God. The disasters serve as both punishment and a call to repentance.

because you will do evil in the sight of the LORD
The phrase underscores the omniscience of God, who sees all actions. The "evil" refers to idolatry and moral decay, which are abominations to God. This concept is echoed in the prophetic books, where prophets call Israel to account for their sins.

to provoke Him to anger
Provoking God to anger is a serious offense, reflecting the covenant relationship between God and Israel. This anger is not capricious but a righteous response to covenant unfaithfulness. The prophets often speak of God's anger as a catalyst for repentance and restoration.

by the work of your hands.
This phrase often refers to idolatry, where the Israelites create and worship idols. The "work of your hands" contrasts with the work of God, who created the universe. This idolatry is condemned throughout scripture, as seen in the Ten Commandments and the prophetic writings.

Then Moses recited aloud
Moses, as the leader and prophet of Israel, often communicated God's commands and teachings to the people. His role as a mediator between God and Israel is emphasized here. The act of reciting aloud signifies the importance of oral tradition in ancient cultures, where literacy was not widespread, and oral transmission was crucial for preserving history and law.

to the whole assembly of Israel
The entire nation of Israel is gathered, highlighting the communal aspect of their faith and covenant with God. This assembly includes men, women, and children, emphasizing the collective responsibility and unity of the people. It reflects the covenantal relationship where the entire community is accountable to God's laws and teachings.

the words of this song
The song referred to is the Song of Moses, found in Deuteronomy 32. It serves as a prophetic and poetic summary of Israel's history, God's faithfulness, and a warning against future disobedience. Songs were a common method for teaching and memorization in ancient times, making it easier for the people to remember and pass down the message.

from beginning to end
This phrase underscores the completeness and thoroughness of the message. Moses ensures that nothing is omitted, reflecting the importance of conveying the full counsel of God. It also signifies the finality of Moses' leadership as he prepares to pass the baton to Joshua, marking the end of an era and the beginning of a new chapter for Israel.