I said to myself
This phrase indicates an internal dialogue, a common literary device in wisdom literature, reflecting introspection and self-examination. The speaker, traditionally understood to be Solomon, is engaging in a personal quest for meaning. This introspective approach is consistent with the wisdom tradition, where understanding often begins with self-reflection (Proverbs 4:7).

Come now, I will test you with pleasure
The speaker decides to explore the value of pleasure as a means to find fulfillment. In the historical context, Solomon, known for his wealth and wisdom, had the resources to indulge in every conceivable pleasure. This testing of pleasure can be seen as an experiment to determine if earthly delights can provide true satisfaction. The pursuit of pleasure is a recurring theme in Ecclesiastes, highlighting the human tendency to seek happiness in material and sensual experiences (Ecclesiastes 2:10).

enjoy what is good!
This phrase suggests an initial optimism or hope that pleasure might yield something beneficial or worthwhile. The term "good" here can be understood in the context of creation, where God declared His works "good" (Genesis 1). However, the speaker's quest is to discern if such goodness can be found in human pursuits apart from God.

But it proved to be futile
The conclusion is one of vanity or futility, a central theme in Ecclesiastes. The Hebrew word "hevel," often translated as "futile" or "vanity," conveys the idea of something transient or insubstantial, like vapor or breath. This reflects the book's overarching message that earthly pursuits, when detached from divine purpose, ultimately lack lasting value. This futility echoes the sentiments found in other scriptures, such as Psalm 39:5, which speaks to the fleeting nature of human life.

I said of laughter, “It is folly,”
In the context of Ecclesiastes, the author, traditionally understood to be Solomon, reflects on the pursuit of worldly pleasures and their ultimate futility. Laughter, often associated with joy and happiness, is here deemed "folly," suggesting that it is superficial and transient. This aligns with the broader theme of Ecclesiastes, which questions the value of earthly pursuits. In biblical terms, folly often contrasts with wisdom, as seen in Proverbs, where wisdom is highly esteemed. The cultural context of ancient Israel valued wisdom and understanding over mere entertainment or frivolity, emphasizing a life lived in accordance with God's commandments.

and of pleasure, “What does it accomplish?”
The rhetorical question highlights the emptiness of seeking fulfillment in pleasure alone. In the historical context of Solomon's reign, a time of great wealth and prosperity, the king had access to all forms of pleasure, yet he found them lacking in true meaning. This sentiment echoes the teachings of Jesus in the New Testament, where He warns against storing up treasures on earth (Matthew 6:19-21). The pursuit of pleasure is seen as ultimately unfulfilling because it does not lead to eternal significance or spiritual growth. The question challenges readers to consider the lasting impact of their pursuits and to seek fulfillment in a relationship with God rather than in temporary pleasures.

I sought to cheer my body with wine
This phrase reflects the author's exploration of pleasure and indulgence. Wine in ancient Israel was a common beverage, often associated with joy and celebration (Psalm 104:15). However, excessive consumption was warned against (Proverbs 20:1). The pursuit of pleasure through wine can be seen as a metaphor for seeking satisfaction in worldly things, which ultimately proves to be fleeting.

and to embrace folly
The term "folly" here suggests a deliberate engagement in foolishness or senseless activities. In the context of Ecclesiastes, folly contrasts with wisdom, highlighting the author's experiment with living a life devoid of divine purpose. This pursuit of folly is a recurring theme in Ecclesiastes, emphasizing the futility of life without God (Ecclesiastes 1:17).

my mind still guiding me with wisdom
Despite indulging in folly, the author claims to maintain a level of wisdom. This suggests a conscious awareness and critical evaluation of his actions. The juxtaposition of wisdom and folly underscores the internal conflict and the search for meaning. Wisdom literature, such as Proverbs, often contrasts wisdom with folly, emphasizing the importance of discernment (Proverbs 9:10).

until I could see what was worthwhile for men to do
This phrase indicates a quest for understanding the purpose of human existence. The author seeks to determine what holds true value in life. This search for meaning is central to Ecclesiastes, as the author examines various aspects of life to find lasting significance (Ecclesiastes 12:13).

under heaven during the few days of their lives
The phrase "under heaven" refers to life on earth, emphasizing the temporal nature of human existence. The brevity of life is a common theme in Scripture, reminding believers of the importance of living with an eternal perspective (Psalm 90:12). The acknowledgment of life's shortness serves as a call to prioritize what truly matters in light of eternity.

I expanded my pursuits.
This phrase reflects the Preacher's (traditionally understood as Solomon) exploration of various endeavors to find meaning and satisfaction in life. In the context of Ecclesiastes, this pursuit is part of a broader experiment to determine what brings true fulfillment. Solomon, known for his wisdom and wealth, had the resources to explore every possible avenue of human achievement and pleasure. This pursuit can be seen as a reflection of human nature's tendency to seek purpose through accomplishments and material success. Theologically, it underscores the futility of seeking ultimate satisfaction in earthly endeavors, echoing the theme of vanity that permeates the book.

I built houses and planted vineyards for myself.
Solomon's building projects are well-documented in the Bible, including the construction of the Temple in Jerusalem and his own palace (1 Kings 6-7). These grand projects symbolize human achievement and the desire for legacy. The mention of vineyards indicates agricultural prosperity and wealth, as vineyards were a sign of blessing and abundance in ancient Israel (Deuteronomy 8:7-8). Culturally, vineyards were significant in the ancient Near East, often associated with joy and celebration (Psalm 104:15). This phrase also highlights the personal nature of these endeavors—"for myself"—emphasizing the self-centered pursuit of pleasure and accomplishment. In a broader biblical context, this can be contrasted with the teachings of Jesus, who emphasized storing treasures in heaven rather than on earth (Matthew 6:19-21). Solomon's experience serves as a cautionary tale about the limitations of earthly achievements in providing lasting fulfillment.

I made gardens and parks for myself
This phrase reflects the personal ambition and pursuit of pleasure by the author, traditionally understood to be King Solomon. The creation of gardens and parks signifies a desire for beauty, luxury, and a controlled environment, which was a common pursuit among ancient Near Eastern kings. The mention of "for myself" highlights the self-centered nature of these endeavors, emphasizing the theme of vanity and the fleeting nature of earthly accomplishments found throughout Ecclesiastes. This pursuit of personal satisfaction contrasts with the biblical call to seek fulfillment in God rather than in material or earthly achievements.

where I planted all kinds of fruit trees
The planting of "all kinds of fruit trees" suggests a diversity and abundance that reflects the wealth and resources available to Solomon. Fruit trees were a symbol of prosperity and blessing in the ancient world, often associated with the Promised Land, described as a land flowing with milk and honey. This imagery connects to the Garden of Eden, where God provided a variety of trees for Adam and Eve, symbolizing divine provision and abundance. The act of planting also implies a sense of ownership and control over nature, which can be seen as a metaphor for human attempts to find meaning and satisfaction apart from God. This phrase invites reflection on the futility of seeking ultimate fulfillment in earthly pleasures and possessions, a central theme in Ecclesiastes.

I built reservoirs
The construction of reservoirs in ancient times was a significant engineering feat, reflecting the wealth and resources of the builder. In the context of Ecclesiastes, this phrase highlights the efforts of King Solomon, traditionally considered the author, to create a self-sustaining and prosperous environment. Reservoirs were essential for agriculture in the arid climate of Israel, ensuring a steady water supply. This reflects Solomon's wisdom and ability to manage resources, as seen in 1 Kings 4:29-34, where his understanding of nature is emphasized.

to water my groves
The mention of groves indicates the cultivation of orchards or gardens, which were symbols of luxury and abundance in the ancient Near East. This aligns with the description of Solomon's wealth and grandeur in 1 Kings 10:23-27. The groves could include a variety of fruit trees, which were valuable for both sustenance and trade. The act of watering these groves signifies the maintenance and care required to sustain such prosperity, paralleling the spiritual care needed for one's soul, as seen in Psalm 1:3, where a righteous person is likened to a tree planted by streams of water.

of flourishing trees
Flourishing trees symbolize prosperity, growth, and life. In biblical literature, trees often represent stability and blessing, as seen in Jeremiah 17:7-8. The flourishing nature of these trees underlines the success of Solomon's endeavors and the blessings of God upon his reign. However, in the broader context of Ecclesiastes, this prosperity is ultimately seen as fleeting and unable to provide lasting fulfillment, echoing the book's theme of the vanity of earthly pursuits. This can be contrasted with the eternal life and fulfillment found in Jesus Christ, who is described as the true vine in John 15:1-5, offering spiritual nourishment and growth.

I acquired menservants and maidservants
In the ancient Near Eastern context, owning servants was a sign of wealth and status. Servants were often acquired through purchase, war, or as a result of debt. The mention of both menservants and maidservants indicates a large household, reflecting the prosperity and influence of the speaker. This aligns with the practices of patriarchs like Abraham, who also had numerous servants (Genesis 14:14). The acquisition of servants can be seen as a fulfillment of the blessings promised to Israel, where prosperity was often measured by the size of one's household and possessions.

and servants were born in my house
This phrase suggests a stable and established household, where servants were not only acquired but also raised within the home. It indicates a generational continuity and a self-sustaining household economy. In biblical times, having servants born in one's house was considered a mark of long-term wealth and stability. This mirrors the situation of Abraham, whose servant Eliezer was born in his house (Genesis 15:3). The mention of servants being born in the house also reflects the patriarchal system where the head of the household had significant authority and responsibility over those within his domain.

I also owned more herds and flocks
Herds and flocks were primary indicators of wealth in the ancient world, especially in agrarian societies like Israel. The ownership of large numbers of animals signified not only wealth but also the ability to provide for a large household and to engage in trade. This abundance of livestock is reminiscent of the blessings given to the patriarchs, such as Job, who was described as the greatest man among all the people of the East due to his vast herds and flocks (Job 1:3). The accumulation of livestock is often seen as a sign of divine favor and blessing.

than anyone in Jerusalem before me
This phrase emphasizes the unprecedented nature of the speaker's wealth and status. Jerusalem, as the political and spiritual center of Israel, was home to many wealthy and influential figures, including kings and nobles. Claiming to surpass all who came before in terms of wealth highlights the speaker's extraordinary achievements. This could be seen as a reflection of King Solomon's reign, known for its unparalleled prosperity and grandeur (1 Kings 10:23). The comparison to predecessors underscores the theme of vanity in Ecclesiastes, as even the greatest achievements are ultimately fleeting.

and I accumulated for myself silver and gold and the treasure of kings and provinces.
In the ancient Near East, wealth was often measured by the accumulation of precious metals and treasures. Silver and gold were not only forms of currency but also symbols of power and status. The phrase reflects the historical context of King Solomon, who was renowned for his wealth and wisdom (1 Kings 10:14-23). The mention of "the treasure of kings and provinces" suggests tribute or spoils from other nations, indicating Solomon's extensive influence and the prosperity of his reign. This accumulation of wealth is reminiscent of the warnings in Deuteronomy 17:17, where kings are cautioned against amassing excessive wealth, highlighting the potential for material possessions to lead one's heart away from God.

I gathered to myself male and female singers,
Music and entertainment were significant aspects of royal life in ancient Israel and surrounding cultures. Male and female singers were often part of the royal court, providing entertainment and enhancing the cultural richness of the kingdom. This practice is seen in other parts of the Bible, such as in 2 Samuel 19:35, where music is mentioned as a source of joy and celebration. The inclusion of both male and female singers indicates a comprehensive approach to entertainment, reflecting the opulence and cultural sophistication of Solomon's court.

and the delights of the sons of men—many concubines.
The phrase "delights of the sons of men" refers to pleasures and indulgences that are highly valued by humanity. In Solomon's context, this included a large harem, as indicated by the mention of "many concubines." Solomon's numerous wives and concubines are documented in 1 Kings 11:3, where it is noted that he had 700 wives and 300 concubines. This practice, while common among ancient Near Eastern kings to form political alliances, was contrary to God's design for marriage (Genesis 2:24) and led to Solomon's spiritual downfall, as his foreign wives turned his heart toward other gods (1 Kings 11:4). This serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of pursuing earthly pleasures and the importance of remaining faithful to God's commandments.

So I became great
This phrase reflects the culmination of Solomon's achievements and status. In the biblical context, "greatness" often refers to wealth, power, and influence. Solomon's greatness is documented in 1 Kings 10:23, where it states that King Solomon surpassed all the kings of the earth in riches and wisdom. His greatness was not only in material wealth but also in his extensive building projects, including the Temple in Jerusalem, which was a significant architectural and religious achievement.

and surpassed all in Jerusalem who had preceded me;
Solomon's claim to have surpassed all who preceded him in Jerusalem highlights his unique position in Israel's history. Jerusalem, as the political and spiritual center of Israel, was the city of David, Solomon's father, who established it as the capital. Solomon's surpassing of his predecessors can be seen in his expansion of the kingdom, his international trade relations, and his renowned wisdom. This phrase also underscores the historical context of the united monarchy, a period of relative peace and prosperity in Israel's history.

and my wisdom remained with me.
Despite his pursuit of worldly achievements, Solomon asserts that his wisdom remained intact. This wisdom, granted by God as described in 1 Kings 3:12, was a defining characteristic of Solomon's reign. It allowed him to make judicious decisions and gain a reputation for understanding and insight. However, the narrative of Ecclesiastes suggests a tension between human wisdom and divine wisdom, as Solomon reflects on the limitations and vanity of earthly pursuits. This phrase also connects to the broader biblical theme of wisdom literature, which includes Proverbs and Job, exploring the nature of true wisdom and its application in life.

Anything my eyes desired, I did not deny myself.
This phrase reflects the pursuit of worldly pleasures and materialism, a theme prevalent in the book of Ecclesiastes. The author, traditionally understood to be Solomon, explores the futility of seeking fulfillment through earthly desires. This pursuit is reminiscent of Solomon's own life, as described in 1 Kings 10:23-27, where he amassed wealth and possessions. The phrase underscores the human tendency to seek satisfaction in visible, tangible things, echoing the temptation of Eve in Genesis 3:6, where the fruit was "pleasing to the eye."

I refused my heart no pleasure.
Here, the heart symbolizes the seat of emotions and desires. The author indulges in every pleasure, highlighting the hedonistic approach to life. This indulgence can be compared to the prodigal son in Luke 15:11-32, who squandered his inheritance on reckless living. The cultural context of ancient Israel, with its festivals and celebrations, often included feasting and merriment, which could lead to excess. The phrase warns against the dangers of unchecked desires, as seen in Proverbs 25:28, which likens a person without self-control to a city broken into and left without walls.

For my heart took delight in all my work,
This reflects a temporary satisfaction found in accomplishments and achievements. The author acknowledges a sense of joy derived from labor, which aligns with the biblical principle that work is a gift from God (Genesis 2:15). However, the delight is fleeting, as the overarching message of Ecclesiastes is the vanity of earthly pursuits. This sentiment is echoed in Psalm 127:1, which states that unless the Lord builds the house, the builders labor in vain.

and this was the reward for all my labor.
The phrase suggests that the only tangible benefit from labor is the momentary pleasure it provides. This aligns with the theme of vanity and the transient nature of worldly rewards. In the historical context, labor was often physically demanding and yielded limited returns, especially in an agrarian society. The author contrasts this with the eternal rewards promised in the New Testament, such as in Matthew 6:19-20, where treasures in heaven are emphasized over earthly gains. This serves as a reminder of the ultimate futility of labor when disconnected from a divine purpose.

Yet when I considered all the works that my hands had accomplished
This phrase reflects the introspective nature of the author, traditionally believed to be King Solomon. Solomon, known for his wisdom and wealth, undertook numerous projects, including the construction of the Temple in Jerusalem (1 Kings 6) and his own palace (1 Kings 7). The phrase suggests a moment of reflection on these grand achievements. In the broader biblical context, this introspection aligns with the wisdom literature's theme of evaluating life's pursuits. The works of one's hands symbolize human effort and creativity, echoing the creation narrative where God worked and saw that it was good (Genesis 1).

and what I had toiled to achieve
The word "toiled" emphasizes the laborious effort and dedication involved in Solomon's pursuits. This reflects the curse of labor from Genesis 3:17-19, where work became toilsome due to the Fall. The historical context of Solomon's reign, marked by extensive building projects and economic prosperity, underscores the magnitude of his toil. Despite his accomplishments, the toil suggests a deeper search for meaning beyond material success, resonating with the human condition's struggle for purpose.

I found everything to be futile
The term "futile" is central to Ecclesiastes, often translated as "vanity" or "meaningless" in other versions. It conveys the transient and unsatisfying nature of worldly achievements. This futility is a recurring theme in wisdom literature, contrasting with the eternal significance found in a relationship with God. Theologically, it points to the limitations of human endeavors apart from divine purpose, echoing the sentiments of Psalm 39:5-6, which speaks of the fleeting nature of life.

a pursuit of the wind
This metaphor illustrates the elusive and ungraspable nature of worldly pursuits. Chasing the wind is an exercise in futility, as it cannot be caught or controlled. This imagery is consistent with the biblical theme of the impermanence of earthly things, as seen in James 4:14, which compares life to a mist that appears briefly and then vanishes. The phrase challenges readers to consider the futility of seeking fulfillment in temporal achievements rather than in God.

there was nothing to be gained under the sun
"Under the sun" is a phrase unique to Ecclesiastes, signifying life from a purely earthly perspective. It underscores the limitations of human understanding and the temporal nature of worldly gains. The phrase "nothing to be gained" suggests that without a divine perspective, earthly accomplishments lack lasting value. This conclusion aligns with Jesus' teaching in Matthew 16:26, where He questions the profit of gaining the world at the cost of one's soul. The phrase invites readers to seek eternal treasures, as emphasized in Matthew 6:19-21, where Jesus instructs to store up treasures in heaven.

Then I turned to consider wisdom and madness and folly;
In this phrase, the speaker, traditionally understood to be Solomon, reflects on his pursuit of understanding life's meaning. The terms "wisdom," "madness," and "folly" represent different approaches to life. Wisdom, often associated with the fear of the Lord (Proverbs 9:10), is contrasted with madness and folly, which denote irrational and foolish behavior. This triad suggests a comprehensive examination of human experience. Solomon's exploration is reminiscent of his request for wisdom from God (1 Kings 3:9), highlighting the biblical theme of seeking divine insight over human understanding.

for what more can the king’s successor do
This phrase acknowledges the limitations of human achievement and legacy. The "king's successor" refers to those who come after Solomon, suggesting that future rulers will face the same existential questions. Historically, Solomon's reign was marked by unprecedented wealth and wisdom (1 Kings 10:23-24), setting a high standard for successors. This reflects the biblical theme of the fleeting nature of human accomplishments, as seen in Psalm 49:10, where the wise and foolish alike leave their wealth to others.

than what has already been accomplished?
Here, the text emphasizes the futility of striving for new achievements when so much has already been done. This echoes the theme of vanity found throughout Ecclesiastes, where human efforts are often seen as repetitive and ultimately unsatisfying (Ecclesiastes 1:9). The phrase suggests a cyclical view of history, where each generation repeats the actions of the previous one. This can be connected to the broader biblical narrative of human striving apart from God, as seen in the Tower of Babel (Genesis 11:1-9), where human efforts to reach the heavens without divine guidance result in confusion and dispersion.

And I saw that wisdom exceeds folly
The phrase begins with the personal observation of the author, traditionally understood to be Solomon, who is renowned for his wisdom. This reflects the experiential nature of Ecclesiastes, where the author shares insights gained through life’s pursuits. Wisdom, in the biblical sense, is often associated with the fear of the Lord (Proverbs 9:10) and is considered a divine gift (James 1:5). The comparison to folly highlights the biblical theme of the two paths: the way of wisdom and the way of foolishness (Proverbs 14:12). Wisdom is portrayed as superior because it leads to life and understanding, while folly leads to destruction and chaos (Proverbs 1:32-33).

just as light exceeds darkness
This simile draws on the universal and biblical imagery of light and darkness, where light represents truth, knowledge, and the presence of God (John 1:5, Psalm 119:105), while darkness symbolizes ignorance, evil, and separation from God (John 3:19-20). The contrast between light and darkness is a recurring theme throughout Scripture, emphasizing the transformative power of divine wisdom and truth. In the New Testament, Jesus is described as the "light of the world" (John 8:12), embodying the ultimate wisdom and truth that dispels the darkness of sin and ignorance. This phrase underscores the inherent superiority and clarity that wisdom provides, much like light illuminating a dark path.

The wise man has eyes in his head
This phrase suggests discernment and understanding. In biblical literature, "eyes" often symbolize insight and wisdom (Proverbs 20:12). The wise man is portrayed as someone who can see and understand the world around him, making informed decisions. This aligns with the broader biblical theme that wisdom is a gift from God (James 1:5) and is to be sought after diligently (Proverbs 4:7).

but the fool walks in darkness
Darkness in scripture often represents ignorance, sin, and separation from God (John 3:19-20). The fool, lacking wisdom, is depicted as someone who stumbles through life without understanding or direction. This imagery is consistent with other biblical passages that contrast the paths of the wise and the foolish (Proverbs 4:19). The fool's lack of insight leads to poor choices and ultimately, spiritual peril.

Yet I also came to realize that one fate overcomes them both
This phrase reflects the theme of mortality and the inevitability of death, a central concern in Ecclesiastes. Despite the differences in their paths, both the wise and the foolish share the same ultimate fate: death (Hebrews 9:27). This realization underscores the book's exploration of life's fleeting nature and the vanity of earthly pursuits. It echoes the sentiment found in Psalm 49:10, where both the wise and the foolish perish, leaving their wealth to others. This serves as a reminder of the need for a perspective that values eternal over temporal things, pointing to the hope found in Christ's resurrection and the promise of eternal life (1 Corinthians 15:54-57).

So I said to myself
This phrase indicates a moment of introspection and self-reflection. The author, traditionally understood to be Solomon, is engaging in a personal dialogue. This introspective approach is common in wisdom literature, where the writer often contemplates life's deeper meanings and personal experiences.

The fate of the fool will also befall me
Here, the "fate" refers to death, a universal experience that does not discriminate between the wise and the foolish. This reflects the biblical theme of the vanity of earthly pursuits, as seen in Psalm 49:10, which notes that both the wise and the foolish perish. The inevitability of death underscores the limitations of human wisdom and achievement.

What then have I gained by being wise?
This rhetorical question highlights the perceived futility of wisdom when faced with the inevitability of death. In the cultural context of ancient Israel, wisdom was highly valued, yet here it is questioned. This echoes the sentiment found in 1 Corinthians 1:20, where human wisdom is contrasted with the wisdom of God, suggesting that earthly wisdom alone is insufficient for true fulfillment.

And I said to myself that this too is futile
The conclusion of futility or vanity is a recurring theme in Ecclesiastes. The Hebrew word "hevel," often translated as "futile" or "vanity," suggests something transient or elusive. This reflects the broader biblical narrative that true meaning and purpose are found not in earthly wisdom or achievements but in a relationship with God, as seen in the ultimate fulfillment through Jesus Christ, who offers eternal life beyond the temporal concerns of this world.

For there is no lasting remembrance of the wise, just as with the fool
This phrase highlights the transient nature of human memory and legacy. In the context of ancient Israel, where oral tradition was a primary means of preserving history, the idea that both the wise and the foolish would be forgotten underscores the futility of human endeavors apart from God. The Bible often contrasts wisdom and folly, as seen in Proverbs, yet here both are subject to the same fate. This echoes the theme of vanity found throughout Ecclesiastes, emphasizing that earthly achievements and wisdom do not guarantee eternal remembrance. The New Testament reinforces this idea, as seen in James 4:14, which describes life as a mist that appears briefly and then vanishes.

seeing that both will be forgotten in the days to come
This part of the verse reflects the inevitability of being forgotten over time, a common theme in wisdom literature. Historically, even great kings and scholars of the ancient Near East, despite their accomplishments, often faded into obscurity. This serves as a humbling reminder of human limitations and the fleeting nature of worldly success. The phrase also points to the ultimate leveling effect of death, which does not discriminate between the wise and the foolish. In a broader biblical context, this can be contrasted with the eternal remembrance promised to those who are in Christ, as seen in Revelation 3:5, where believers' names are written in the Book of Life.

Alas, the wise man will die just like the fool!
This conclusion underscores the inevitability of death for all, regardless of one's wisdom or folly. In the cultural context of the ancient world, where wisdom was highly valued and often associated with divine favor, this statement is particularly striking. It challenges the assumption that wisdom alone can secure a meaningful or lasting legacy. The universality of death is a recurring theme in Scripture, reminding readers of the need for a perspective that transcends earthly life. This phrase also foreshadows the New Testament revelation of Jesus Christ, who conquers death and offers eternal life, as seen in John 11:25-26, where Jesus declares Himself the resurrection and the life.

So I hated life
This phrase reflects the deep existential despair experienced by the author, traditionally believed to be King Solomon. Despite his immense wisdom, wealth, and accomplishments, he finds life unsatisfying. This sentiment echoes the human condition post-Fall, where sin has marred the original joy and purpose of life (Genesis 3). The feeling of hating life can be seen as a precursor to the New Testament understanding of the need for redemption and the abundant life offered through Christ (John 10:10).

because the work that is done under the sun was grievous to me
"Under the sun" is a recurring phrase in Ecclesiastes, emphasizing the earthly, temporal perspective. The work, despite its potential for achievement, is seen as burdensome and ultimately unsatisfying. This reflects the curse of toil given to Adam (Genesis 3:17-19) and highlights the futility of human efforts apart from God. The grievous nature of work points to the need for a divine purpose, which is fulfilled in the New Testament through serving Christ (Colossians 3:23-24).

For everything is futile
The term "futile" (or "vanity" in other translations) captures the essence of Ecclesiastes' message: the emptiness of life without God. This futility is a result of the Fall and the brokenness of the world. It serves as a reminder of the temporary nature of earthly pursuits and the need for eternal perspective. Paul echoes this in Romans 8:20-21, where creation is subjected to futility but awaits liberation through Christ.

and a pursuit of the wind
Chasing the wind is a metaphor for the elusive and unattainable nature of worldly success and satisfaction. It suggests that human efforts, when focused solely on earthly goals, are as fruitless as trying to catch the wind. This imagery is used to illustrate the pointlessness of life without God, urging readers to seek fulfillment in Him. Jesus' teaching in Matthew 6:19-21 about storing treasures in heaven rather than on earth aligns with this concept, pointing to the eternal value found in a relationship with God.

I hated all for which I had toiled under the sun
The phrase "I hated all for which I had toiled under the sun" reflects the deep sense of futility and dissatisfaction experienced by the author, traditionally understood to be King Solomon. This sentiment is a recurring theme in Ecclesiastes, where the phrase "under the sun" signifies the earthly, temporal realm as opposed to the eternal. Solomon, known for his wisdom and wealth, had achieved great success and prosperity, yet he found these accomplishments ultimately unfulfilling. This reflects the biblical teaching that earthly achievements and material wealth cannot satisfy the deeper spiritual needs of the human soul (Matthew 6:19-21). The phrase also echoes the curse of labor from Genesis 3:17-19, where toil is a result of the fall, highlighting the transient nature of worldly endeavors.

because I must leave it to the man who comes after me
The inevitability of leaving one's possessions to a successor underscores the transient nature of earthly life and achievements. This reflects the biblical principle that material wealth is temporary and cannot be taken beyond this life (1 Timothy 6:7). Historically, Solomon's successor, Rehoboam, failed to maintain the kingdom's unity, leading to its division (1 Kings 12). This serves as a cautionary tale about the uncertainty of legacy and the potential for one's life's work to be squandered by future generations. Theologically, this points to the importance of investing in eternal treasures and spiritual legacy, as emphasized in the teachings of Jesus Christ (Luke 12:33-34). The phrase also invites reflection on the stewardship of resources and the responsibility to use one's blessings for God's purposes, aligning with the parable of the talents (Matthew 25:14-30).

And who knows whether that man will be wise or foolish?
This phrase reflects the uncertainty of the future and the unpredictability of human nature. In the biblical context, Solomon, traditionally considered the author of Ecclesiastes, was known for his wisdom, yet he acknowledges that he cannot control the actions of those who come after him. This echoes the biblical theme of human limitation and the unpredictability of life, as seen in Proverbs 27:1, which advises not to boast about tomorrow. The question also highlights the transient nature of human achievements and the potential folly of placing trust in earthly legacies.

Yet he will take over all the labor at which I have worked skillfully under the sun.
This part of the verse underscores the inevitability of succession and the transfer of one's life work to another. The phrase "under the sun" is a recurring motif in Ecclesiastes, emphasizing the earthly, temporal perspective of human endeavors. Historically, the transfer of power and wealth was a significant concern in ancient monarchies, where the competence of heirs could not be guaranteed. This reflects the broader biblical narrative of stewardship and the temporary nature of earthly possessions, as seen in the parable of the talents (Matthew 25:14-30), where servants are entrusted with their master's wealth.

This too is futile.
The conclusion of the verse captures the central theme of Ecclesiastes: the vanity or futility of human efforts when viewed from a purely earthly perspective. The Hebrew word often translated as "futile" or "vanity" is "hevel," which can also mean "breath" or "vapor," suggesting something fleeting and insubstantial. This aligns with the biblical teaching that true meaning and fulfillment are found not in earthly achievements but in a relationship with God, as emphasized in the New Testament (Philippians 3:7-8). The futility expressed here points to the need for divine wisdom and eternal perspective, foreshadowing the ultimate fulfillment found in Jesus Christ, who offers eternal life and purpose beyond the temporal world.

So my heart began to despair
The phrase "my heart began to despair" reflects a deep emotional and spiritual turmoil. In the biblical context, the heart often represents the center of one's being, encompassing emotions, will, and intellect. The author, traditionally understood to be Solomon, expresses a profound sense of hopelessness. This despair is not merely a fleeting feeling but a deep-seated realization of the futility of human efforts. In the broader biblical narrative, despair is often linked to a lack of trust in God's sovereignty and purpose, as seen in the lamentations of the prophets or the cries of Job. Theologically, this can be contrasted with the hope found in Christ, who offers rest for the weary and burdened (Matthew 11:28).

over all the labor
The term "labor" here refers to the extensive work and achievements Solomon undertook, which are detailed earlier in Ecclesiastes 2. This includes building projects, wealth accumulation, and the pursuit of wisdom and pleasure. Historically, Solomon's reign was marked by significant construction, including the Temple in Jerusalem, which was a monumental achievement of its time. However, the labor mentioned is not just physical work but encompasses all human endeavors and achievements. Theologically, this reflects the curse of toil from Genesis 3:17-19, where labor becomes burdensome due to sin. It also points to the New Testament teaching that labor without God is ultimately in vain (1 Corinthians 15:58).

that I had done
The personal pronoun "I" emphasizes the individual effort and personal investment Solomon had in his pursuits. This self-focus is a recurring theme in Ecclesiastes, highlighting the limitations of human wisdom and effort apart from God. In the cultural context of ancient Israel, kings were often seen as the epitome of human achievement and wisdom. Solomon's acknowledgment of the futility of his own efforts serves as a humbling reminder of human limitations. This can be connected to the New Testament teaching in James 4:13-16, which warns against boasting about one's plans without acknowledging God's will.

under the sun
The phrase "under the sun" is a key motif in Ecclesiastes, appearing numerous times throughout the book. It signifies life from a purely earthly perspective, excluding the divine or eternal viewpoint. This phrase captures the essence of the book's exploration of life's meaning when viewed solely through human experience and observation. Geographically, "under the sun" encompasses the entire known world of the time, reflecting the universal nature of the human condition. Theologically, it contrasts with the heavenly perspective offered in the New Testament, where believers are encouraged to set their minds on things above (Colossians 3:2). This phrase underscores the temporary and often unsatisfying nature of worldly pursuits, pointing to the need for a relationship with God to find true fulfillment.

When there is a man who has labored with wisdom, knowledge, and skill
This phrase highlights the value of diligent work and the application of wisdom, knowledge, and skill. In the biblical context, wisdom is often associated with the fear of the Lord (Proverbs 9:10) and is considered a gift from God (James 1:5). The emphasis on labor reflects the cultural importance of work in ancient Israel, where agriculture and craftsmanship were vital for survival and prosperity. The use of "wisdom, knowledge, and skill" suggests a comprehensive approach to work, aligning with the biblical ideal of using one's God-given talents for His glory (Colossians 3:23).

and he must give his portion to a man who has not worked for it
This part of the verse addresses the perceived injustice of wealth or achievements being transferred to someone who has not earned them. In the historical context, inheritance laws in ancient Israel often led to wealth being passed down to descendants who may not have contributed to its accumulation. This reflects the broader biblical theme of the unpredictability of life and the limitations of human control (James 4:13-14). The notion of unearned gain can also be seen as a reminder of the grace of God, who gives salvation freely to those who have not worked for it (Ephesians 2:8-9).

this too is futile and a great evil
The term "futile" echoes the recurring theme of vanity or meaninglessness found throughout Ecclesiastes. The Hebrew word "hevel," often translated as "vanity," suggests something transient or elusive. This futility is a central theme in Ecclesiastes, emphasizing the temporary nature of worldly pursuits and achievements (Ecclesiastes 1:2). The phrase "a great evil" underscores the moral and existential frustration that arises from such situations. It reflects the fallen state of the world, where justice and fairness are often lacking, pointing to the need for divine intervention and ultimate justice, which is fulfilled in Christ (Revelation 21:4).

For what does a man get
This phrase introduces the existential question of the value and reward of human labor. In the context of Ecclesiastes, it reflects the Preacher's exploration of life's meaning and the apparent futility of human efforts. The question echoes the sentiments found in other wisdom literature, such as Job, where the purpose and reward of human endeavors are scrutinized. It invites readers to consider the ultimate gain from their work, beyond material wealth or societal status.

for all the toil and striving
The terms "toil" and "striving" emphasize the intense effort and struggle involved in human labor. In the ancient Near Eastern context, work was often physically demanding and relentless, with agriculture being a primary occupation. This phrase captures the exhaustive nature of work, which is a recurring theme in Ecclesiastes. It also connects to the curse of labor in Genesis 3:17-19, where toil is a consequence of the Fall, highlighting the burdensome aspect of work in a fallen world.

with which he labors
This part of the verse focuses on the personal investment and energy a person puts into their work. It underscores the individual responsibility and effort required in daily tasks. The Hebrew culture placed a high value on diligence and hard work, as seen in Proverbs 6:6-11, which praises the industriousness of the ant. However, Ecclesiastes questions the ultimate benefit of such labor, prompting reflection on the purpose and fulfillment derived from work.

under the sun?
The phrase "under the sun" is a key motif in Ecclesiastes, used to describe the earthly, temporal realm of human existence. It signifies the limitations and transience of life on earth, contrasting with the eternal perspective of God. This phrase invites readers to consider the futility of earthly pursuits when viewed solely from a human perspective. It aligns with the broader biblical narrative that encourages believers to seek eternal treasures, as Jesus teaches in Matthew 6:19-21, rather than focusing solely on worldly achievements.

Indeed, all his days are filled with grief
This phrase reflects the human condition under the sun, emphasizing the futility and frustration of life without God. The word "grief" here can be understood as a deep-seated sorrow or trouble that permeates daily existence. This echoes the curse of toil and labor given to Adam in Genesis 3:17-19, where work becomes burdensome due to sin. The Preacher, traditionally understood as Solomon, speaks from experience, having pursued wisdom, pleasure, and wealth, yet finding them ultimately unsatisfying. This aligns with the broader biblical narrative that true fulfillment is found only in God.

and his task is sorrowful
The term "task" refers to the labor and responsibilities that occupy a person's life. In the ancient Near Eastern context, work was often physically demanding and relentless, with little respite. The sorrow associated with work can be seen as a consequence of the fall, where labor is no longer purely joyful but is marred by hardship and pain. This sorrowful task is a reminder of the limitations of human efforts and the need for divine intervention. The New Testament offers a contrast in Matthew 11:28-30, where Jesus invites the weary to find rest in Him, highlighting the difference between burdensome labor and the rest found in Christ.

even at night, his mind does not rest
This phrase captures the anxiety and restlessness that accompany a life focused on earthly pursuits. The inability to find peace even at night suggests a deep-seated unrest that plagues the soul. In biblical times, night was a time for rest and rejuvenation, yet the Preacher notes that even this is elusive. This restlessness can be compared to the peace promised by God in Psalm 4:8, where trust in the Lord allows for peaceful sleep. The contrast between the restless mind and the peace of God underscores the futility of seeking satisfaction apart from Him.

This too is futile
The conclusion of this verse reiterates the theme of vanity that runs throughout Ecclesiastes. The word "futile" or "vanity" (Hebrew: "hevel") suggests something transient, elusive, and ultimately meaningless when pursued apart from God. This futility is a central theme in Ecclesiastes, pointing to the limitations of human wisdom and achievement. The Preacher's exploration of life's meaning leads to the understanding that without a relationship with God, all human endeavors are ultimately empty. This realization is a call to seek eternal significance through faith in God, as seen in the New Testament's emphasis on storing treasures in heaven (Matthew 6:19-21).

Nothing is better for a man than to eat and drink and enjoy his work.
This phrase reflects the theme of finding contentment in the simple pleasures of life, a recurring motif in Ecclesiastes. The Preacher, traditionally understood as Solomon, emphasizes the fleeting nature of worldly pursuits and the importance of appreciating daily blessings. In the ancient Near Eastern context, eating and drinking were not only necessities but also communal activities that fostered relationships and gratitude. This aligns with the biblical principle of contentment found in 1 Timothy 6:6-8, which encourages believers to find satisfaction in God's provision. The enjoyment of work is also highlighted in Genesis 2:15, where Adam is placed in the Garden of Eden to work and take care of it, suggesting that labor is part of God's original design for humanity.

I have also seen that this is from the hand of God.
This acknowledgment underscores the belief that all good things come from God, a central tenet in biblical theology. The phrase "hand of God" signifies divine sovereignty and providence, reminding readers that God is the ultimate source of all blessings. This echoes James 1:17, which states that every good and perfect gift is from above. The recognition of God's hand in the enjoyment of life's pleasures serves as a call to gratitude and humility, acknowledging that human efforts alone cannot secure true satisfaction. This perspective encourages believers to trust in God's provision and to see His hand in both the mundane and the extraordinary aspects of life.

For apart from Him
This phrase emphasizes the centrality of God in the pursuit of true satisfaction and meaning in life. In the context of Ecclesiastes, the author, traditionally understood to be Solomon, explores the futility of life when lived without reference to God. The phrase suggests that all human endeavors, when disconnected from God, ultimately lead to emptiness. This aligns with the broader biblical narrative that portrays God as the source of life and fulfillment (John 15:5). Theologically, it underscores the doctrine of God's sovereignty and the necessity of a relationship with Him for a meaningful existence.

who can eat
Eating, in biblical times, was not only a necessity but also a communal and celebratory act. In the ancient Near Eastern culture, meals were often shared in fellowship, symbolizing peace and covenant relationships. This phrase implies that even the basic act of eating, which sustains physical life, lacks true satisfaction without God's blessing. It echoes the sentiment found in Deuteronomy 8:3, where it is stated that man does not live by bread alone but by every word that comes from the mouth of the Lord. This connection highlights the spiritual dimension of sustenance that transcends mere physical nourishment.

and who can find enjoyment?
Enjoyment, or joy, is a recurring theme in Ecclesiastes, where the author grapples with the apparent meaninglessness of life. This phrase suggests that genuine joy is elusive without God. Historically, Solomon's reign was marked by prosperity and wisdom, yet he acknowledges that these alone do not guarantee happiness. The pursuit of pleasure, wealth, and wisdom, as detailed in the preceding verses, ultimately falls short without divine purpose. This reflects the biblical teaching that true joy is a fruit of the Spirit (Galatians 5:22) and is found in a life aligned with God's will. The phrase invites readers to consider the deeper, God-given joy that transcends temporal circumstances.

To the man who is pleasing in His sight
This phrase emphasizes the importance of living a life that aligns with God's will. In the Old Testament, being pleasing to God often involved obedience to His commandments and living a life of righteousness. This concept is echoed in other scriptures, such as Psalm 37:23, which speaks of the Lord delighting in the way of a righteous person. The idea of being pleasing to God is also seen in the New Testament, where faith and obedience are central to a life that honors God (Hebrews 11:6).

He gives wisdom and knowledge and joy
Wisdom, knowledge, and joy are seen as gifts from God, granted to those who live according to His will. In the biblical context, wisdom is not merely intellectual knowledge but a deep understanding of God's ways and purposes. Proverbs 2:6 states that the Lord gives wisdom, and from His mouth come knowledge and understanding. Joy, as a fruit of the Spirit (Galatians 5:22), is a profound sense of well-being and contentment that comes from a relationship with God, transcending circumstances.

but to the sinner He assigns the task of gathering and accumulating
This part of the verse highlights the futility of a life lived apart from God. The sinner, in biblical terms, is one who lives in rebellion against God's laws. The task of gathering and accumulating wealth or possessions is portrayed as ultimately meaningless without God's blessing. This reflects the broader theme of Ecclesiastes, which often contrasts the temporary nature of earthly pursuits with the eternal value of spiritual ones.

that which he will hand over to one who pleases God
This phrase suggests a divine redistribution of wealth and resources, where the efforts of the sinner ultimately benefit those who are righteous. This concept is seen in Proverbs 13:22, which states that the wealth of the sinner is stored up for the righteous. It underscores the biblical principle that God is sovereign over all things, including the distribution of material wealth.

This too is futile and a pursuit of the wind
The conclusion of the verse reiterates the theme of vanity and the fleeting nature of earthly endeavors. The phrase "pursuit of the wind" is a metaphor for the elusive and unsatisfying nature of worldly pursuits without God. This echoes the broader message of Ecclesiastes, which repeatedly emphasizes the emptiness of life apart from a relationship with God. The book encourages readers to seek fulfillment in God rather than in temporal achievements or possessions.