Six days before the Passover
This phrase situates the events in a specific timeframe, just before the Jewish festival of Passover, which commemorates the Israelites' exodus from Egypt. The timing is significant as it marks the beginning of the final week of Jesus' earthly ministry, leading to His crucifixion. Passover is a time of pilgrimage to Jerusalem, and many Jews would be traveling to the city, heightening the anticipation and tension surrounding Jesus' actions and teachings. The Passover lamb, central to the festival, is a type of Christ, the Lamb of God, who would soon be sacrificed for the sins of the world (John 1:29).

Jesus came to Bethany
Bethany is a small village located about two miles east of Jerusalem, on the southeastern slope of the Mount of Olives. It served as a place of refuge and rest for Jesus during His visits to Jerusalem. The village is significant in Jesus' ministry, as it is the home of His close friends Mary, Martha, and Lazarus. Bethany's proximity to Jerusalem made it a strategic location for Jesus to stay during the Passover week, allowing Him to enter the city each day and return to a place of safety and support.

the hometown of Lazarus
Lazarus is a key figure in the Gospel of John, particularly known for being raised from the dead by Jesus in John 11. This miracle is one of the most significant signs in John's Gospel, demonstrating Jesus' power over death and foreshadowing His own resurrection. Lazarus' resurrection also serves as a catalyst for the events leading to Jesus' crucifixion, as it intensified the Jewish leaders' desire to kill Him (John 11:53). The mention of Lazarus here reminds readers of Jesus' authority and the growing tension between Him and the religious authorities.

whom He had raised from the dead
This phrase highlights the miraculous power of Jesus and His authority over life and death. The raising of Lazarus is a pivotal event that not only demonstrates Jesus' divine nature but also serves as a testament to His claim of being the "resurrection and the life" (John 11:25). This miracle is a precursor to Jesus' own resurrection and is a powerful testament to His identity as the Son of God. It also underscores the theme of belief and unbelief, as many who witnessed the miracle believed in Jesus, while others reported it to the Pharisees, leading to increased opposition against Him.

So they hosted a dinner for Jesus there.
This event takes place in Bethany, a village near Jerusalem, known as the home of Mary, Martha, and Lazarus. Hosting a dinner for Jesus signifies a gesture of honor and gratitude, especially following the miraculous raising of Lazarus from the dead (John 11). In Jewish culture, hosting a meal was a significant act of hospitality and fellowship, often used to honor a guest. This dinner also foreshadows the Last Supper, highlighting the importance of communal meals in Jesus' ministry.

Martha served,
Martha is consistently portrayed in the Gospels as a diligent and hospitable woman, often taking on the role of serving (Luke 10:38-42). Her service here reflects her character and dedication to Jesus. This act of service is emblematic of Christian discipleship, emphasizing the importance of serving others as a form of worship and devotion to Christ.

and Lazarus was among those reclining at the table with Him.
Lazarus, recently raised from the dead by Jesus, is now a living testimony to Jesus' power over death. Reclining at the table was a common practice in Jewish and Greco-Roman culture during meals, indicating a relaxed and intimate setting. Lazarus' presence at the table symbolizes the new life believers have in Christ and serves as a foreshadowing of the resurrection hope for all who believe. This scene also prefigures the eschatological banquet in the Kingdom of God, where believers will dine with Christ.

Then Mary took about a pint of expensive perfume
Mary, the sister of Martha and Lazarus, is known for her devotion to Jesus. The act of taking a pint of expensive perfume signifies a significant sacrifice, as such perfumes were costly and often reserved for special occasions. The perfume, identified as pure nard, was imported from the Himalayan region, indicating its high value and rarity. This act of generosity and devotion is a reflection of Mary's deep love and reverence for Jesus, contrasting with the materialistic concerns of others, such as Judas Iscariot, who later criticizes her actions.

made of pure nard
Nard, or spikenard, is a fragrant oil derived from the root of the nard plant, native to India. Its purity indicates that it was unadulterated and of the highest quality, making it extremely valuable. In biblical times, nard was used in the preparation of incense and perfumes and was often associated with kingship and burial practices. This connection foreshadows Jesus' impending death and burial, highlighting Mary's prophetic insight into His mission.

and she anointed Jesus’ feet
Anointing was a common practice in ancient times, often signifying consecration or preparation for a special purpose. By anointing Jesus' feet, Mary demonstrates humility and devotion, as feet were considered the dirtiest part of the body. This act prefigures Jesus' own washing of the disciples' feet, emphasizing servanthood and love. Anointing also has messianic implications, as the term "Messiah" means "Anointed One," pointing to Jesus' divine role and mission.

and wiped them with her hair
In Jewish culture, a woman's hair was considered her glory and was usually kept covered in public. By using her hair to wipe Jesus' feet, Mary displays an intimate and personal act of worship, disregarding social norms and potential criticism. This act of vulnerability and devotion underscores the depth of her faith and love for Jesus, serving as a model for believers in their own expressions of worship and surrender.

And the house was filled with the fragrance of the perfume
The spreading fragrance symbolizes the far-reaching impact of Mary's act of worship. Just as the scent permeated the house, the story of her devotion has permeated the Christian narrative, serving as an enduring testament to the power of sacrificial love. This imagery also evokes the idea of Christ's sacrificial death, which brings a "fragrance" of salvation to the world, as referenced in 2 Corinthians 2:15, where believers are described as the "aroma of Christ."

But one of His disciples
This phrase identifies Judas Iscariot as one of the twelve disciples chosen by Jesus. The disciples were a group of men who followed Jesus closely, learning from His teachings and witnessing His miracles. Being a disciple meant having a unique and intimate relationship with Jesus, which makes Judas's later actions more significant and tragic. The role of a disciple was to learn and eventually spread the teachings of their master, which highlights the gravity of Judas's betrayal.

Judas Iscariot
Judas Iscariot is often remembered as the disciple who betrayed Jesus. His surname, "Iscariot," likely indicates his place of origin, possibly Kerioth in Judea, distinguishing him from the other Judas among the disciples. Judas's role in the narrative of the Gospels is pivotal, as his actions lead to the arrest and crucifixion of Jesus. His character is often examined in theological discussions about free will, sin, and redemption.

who was going to betray Him
This phrase foreshadows the impending betrayal of Jesus by Judas. The betrayal is a fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies, such as Psalm 41:9, which speaks of a close friend lifting his heel against the psalmist. Judas's betrayal is a critical event in the Passion narrative, leading to Jesus's arrest and crucifixion. It raises questions about predestination and human responsibility, as Judas's actions were foreknown by Jesus, yet he acted of his own volition.

asked
The act of asking here introduces Judas's question, which is recorded in the following verses. This moment is significant because it reveals Judas's character and motivations. His question is not just a simple inquiry but is loaded with ulterior motives, as seen in the context of the surrounding verses. Judas's questioning attitude contrasts with the faith and devotion expected of a disciple, highlighting his internal conflict and eventual betrayal.

Why wasn’t this perfume sold for three hundred denarii
This question is posed by Judas Iscariot during the anointing of Jesus by Mary in Bethany. The perfume in question is likely nard, a costly ointment imported from India, emphasizing its high value. Three hundred denarii was approximately a year's wages for a laborer, highlighting the extravagance of Mary's act. This reflects the tension between material value and spiritual devotion. Judas's question reveals a misunderstanding of Jesus's mission and the value of worship. The mention of "three hundred denarii" connects to the broader biblical theme of sacrificial giving, as seen in the widow's offering in Mark 12:41-44.

and the money given to the poor?
The concern for the poor is a recurring theme in Scripture, with numerous Old Testament laws and New Testament teachings emphasizing care for the needy (Deuteronomy 15:11, Matthew 25:35-40). However, Judas's question is disingenuous, as noted in the following verses, where his true motives are revealed. This moment foreshadows the betrayal of Jesus, contrasting Judas's false piety with Mary's genuine devotion. The tension between earthly concerns and spiritual priorities is a central theme in Jesus's teachings, as seen in Matthew 6:19-21, where believers are encouraged to store up treasures in heaven rather than on earth.

Judas did not say this because he cared about the poor
Judas Iscariot, one of the twelve disciples, is often portrayed in the Gospels as a figure of betrayal and deceit. In this context, his statement about the poor is not genuine concern but a facade. The Bible frequently emphasizes the importance of caring for the poor (Proverbs 19:17, Matthew 25:35-40), highlighting Judas's hypocrisy. His lack of genuine compassion contrasts with Jesus' teachings on selflessness and charity.

but because he was a thief
Judas's character is further revealed as dishonest and self-serving. The term "thief" indicates a habitual practice of stealing, which aligns with his eventual betrayal of Jesus for thirty pieces of silver (Matthew 26:14-16). This behavior fulfills the prophecy of betrayal found in Psalm 41:9, where even a close friend would turn against the Messiah. Judas's actions serve as a warning against the love of money, which is described as the root of all kinds of evil (1 Timothy 6:10).

As keeper of the money bag
Judas held a position of trust among the disciples, managing their collective funds. This role would have required integrity and accountability, yet Judas exploited it for personal gain. The "money bag" was likely used for the group's expenses and charitable acts, reflecting the communal lifestyle of Jesus and His followers. Judas's misuse of this responsibility highlights the dangers of unchecked greed and the importance of stewardship.

he used to take from what was put into it
This phrase indicates a repeated action, suggesting that Judas regularly embezzled funds. His behavior contrasts sharply with the integrity expected of a disciple of Christ. The act of taking from the money bag symbolizes a deeper spiritual theft, as Judas's heart was not aligned with the mission of Jesus. This serves as a reminder of the importance of faithfulness and the consequences of allowing sin to take root in one's life.

"Leave her alone," Jesus replied.
In this passage, Jesus is addressing Judas Iscariot, who criticized Mary for anointing Jesus with expensive perfume. This command to "leave her alone" highlights Jesus' defense of Mary's actions, emphasizing the importance of her devotion over material concerns. The cultural context of the time placed significant value on hospitality and honor, and Mary's act was a profound expression of both. Jesus' response also underscores His authority and the respect He commands among His followers.

"She has kept this perfume"
The perfume, identified as pure nard, was a costly and rare substance, often imported from India. Its use here signifies the depth of Mary's love and reverence for Jesus. The act of keeping or reserving such a valuable item for a specific purpose indicates foresight and intentionality. In the cultural context, anointing with oil or perfume was a sign of honor and consecration, often reserved for kings or significant religious figures.

"in preparation for the day of My burial."
This phrase foreshadows Jesus' impending death and burial, which He had been predicting to His disciples. The act of anointing was traditionally associated with burial practices, where bodies were prepared with spices and perfumes to honor the deceased and mitigate the odor of decay. This prophetic action by Mary aligns with Old Testament practices and prophecies concerning the Messiah's suffering and death, such as those found in Isaiah 53. It also serves as a type of Christ, prefiguring His sacrificial death and the anointing He would receive posthumously by the women at the tomb.

The poor you will always have with you
This phrase acknowledges the persistent reality of poverty in the world. It echoes Deuteronomy 15:11, where God instructs Israel to be open-handed toward the poor and needy. The statement reflects the socio-economic conditions of the time, where poverty was widespread and systemic. Jesus is not dismissing the importance of caring for the poor; rather, He is emphasizing the perpetual need for compassion and charity. This phrase also highlights the ongoing responsibility of believers to care for the less fortunate, a theme consistent throughout Scripture (Proverbs 19:17, Matthew 25:35-40).

but you will not always have Me.
Here, Jesus is foreshadowing His impending crucifixion and departure from the world. This statement underscores the unique and limited opportunity the disciples had to be in His physical presence. It emphasizes the significance of His earthly ministry and the urgency of recognizing His divine mission. The phrase also points to the transition from Jesus' physical presence to the spiritual presence through the Holy Spirit, as promised in John 14:16-17. This moment is a reminder of the prophetic nature of Jesus' life and mission, fulfilling Old Testament prophecies about the Messiah (Isaiah 53, Psalm 22).

Meanwhile a large crowd of Jews learned that Jesus was there.
The gathering of a large crowd indicates the growing popularity and influence of Jesus among the Jewish people. This event takes place shortly after Jesus raised Lazarus from the dead, a miracle that had a significant impact on the surrounding communities. The term "Jews" here often refers to the people living in Judea, particularly those in Jerusalem and its vicinity. The presence of a large crowd suggests that news of Jesus' miracles and teachings had spread widely, creating a sense of anticipation and curiosity. This moment occurs during the Passover festival, a time when many Jews would travel to Jerusalem, increasing the likelihood of large gatherings.

And they came not only because of Him,
The crowd's motivation for coming was not solely based on Jesus' reputation as a teacher and miracle worker. This indicates that Jesus' actions, particularly the raising of Lazarus, had sparked a deeper interest and intrigue among the people. The miracles served as signs pointing to Jesus' divine authority and messianic identity, fulfilling prophecies such as those found in Isaiah 35:5-6, which speak of miraculous healings as evidence of the Messiah's arrival.

but also to see Lazarus,
Lazarus had become a living testimony to Jesus' power over death, making him a figure of great interest. His resurrection from the dead was a unique and unprecedented event that drew attention not only to Jesus but also to Lazarus himself. This miracle was a foreshadowing of Jesus' own resurrection and served as a powerful demonstration of His claim in John 11:25, where He declares Himself to be "the resurrection and the life."

whom He had raised from the dead.
The act of raising Lazarus from the dead is one of the most significant miracles recorded in the Gospels, highlighting Jesus' authority over life and death. This miracle is a direct challenge to the religious leaders who questioned Jesus' authority and sought to undermine His ministry. It also serves as a type of Christ's own resurrection, prefiguring the ultimate victory over death that Jesus would achieve. The raising of Lazarus fulfills Old Testament prophecies about the Messiah's power and points to the eschatological hope of resurrection for all believers, as seen in passages like Daniel 12:2.

So the chief priests
The chief priests were influential leaders within the Jewish religious hierarchy, primarily from the Sadducees, who held significant power in the Sanhedrin, the ruling council. They were responsible for temple rituals and maintaining order, often collaborating with Roman authorities to preserve their status and influence.

made plans
This phrase indicates a deliberate and premeditated decision, reflecting the growing hostility towards Jesus and His followers. The chief priests' actions were not impulsive but calculated, showing their determination to eliminate threats to their authority and religious traditions.

to kill Lazarus
Lazarus had become a living testimony to Jesus' power, having been raised from the dead (John 11:43-44). His resurrection was a direct challenge to the religious leaders' authority and beliefs, as it drew many to believe in Jesus. The decision to kill Lazarus highlights the extent of their opposition to Jesus' ministry and the lengths they would go to suppress His influence.

as well
This phrase underscores the broader conspiracy against Jesus and His followers. The chief priests' plan to kill Lazarus "as well" suggests that their plot against Jesus was already in motion. It reflects the escalating tension and the desperate measures taken by the religious leaders to maintain control and prevent the spread of Jesus' message.

for on account of him
This phrase refers to Lazarus, whom Jesus raised from the dead. The miracle of Lazarus's resurrection is a pivotal event in the Gospel of John, demonstrating Jesus' power over life and death. This act not only solidified Jesus' identity as the Son of God but also served as a catalyst for belief among the Jews. The raising of Lazarus is a type of Christ's own resurrection, foreshadowing the ultimate victory over death.

many of the Jews
The term "Jews" in the Gospel of John often refers to the Jewish leaders and people of Judea. This group was significant because they were the primary audience of Jesus' ministry and the ones who would have been most familiar with the Messianic prophecies. The fact that many Jews were turning to Jesus indicates a significant shift in belief, challenging the religious authorities of the time.

were deserting them
The "them" refers to the Jewish religious leaders, such as the Pharisees and Sadducees, who were opposed to Jesus. The desertion signifies a departure from traditional Jewish teachings and authority, as people began to recognize Jesus as the Messiah. This desertion was a threat to the religious leaders' power and influence, contributing to their growing hostility towards Jesus.

and believing in Jesus
Belief in Jesus is a central theme in the Gospel of John, emphasizing faith as the means of salvation. This belief was not merely intellectual assent but a transformative trust in Jesus as the Messiah and Son of God. The act of believing in Jesus fulfilled Old Testament prophecies about the coming of the Messiah and established a new covenant relationship with God. This belief was a direct response to the signs and wonders Jesus performed, such as the raising of Lazarus, which validated His divine authority and mission.

The next day
This phrase indicates the timing of the events, which occur the day after Jesus' anointing at Bethany. It is part of the sequence leading up to the Passover, a significant Jewish festival. The timing is crucial as it sets the stage for the events of Holy Week, culminating in Jesus' crucifixion and resurrection.

the great crowd
The crowd is likely composed of Jewish pilgrims who have traveled to Jerusalem for the Passover festival. This gathering reflects the widespread interest in Jesus' ministry and the anticipation of His arrival. The size of the crowd underscores the impact of Jesus' teachings and miracles, drawing people from various regions.

that had come to the feast
The feast refers to the Passover, one of the most important Jewish festivals, commemorating the Israelites' deliverance from Egypt. This context highlights the significance of Jesus' actions during this time, as He is seen as the fulfillment of the Passover lamb, a central theme in Christian theology.

heard that Jesus was coming to Jerusalem
The news of Jesus' approach to Jerusalem spreads quickly among the people, indicating His growing reputation and the expectation surrounding His arrival. Jerusalem, the religious and political center of Jewish life, is significant as the location where Jesus will fulfill His messianic role. This moment also fulfills Old Testament prophecies, such as Zechariah 9:9, which speaks of a king coming to Jerusalem.

They took palm branches
Palm branches were a symbol of victory and triumph in Jewish culture, often used in celebrations and significant events. In the context of the Feast of Tabernacles, palm branches were used in worship (Leviticus 23:40). The use of palm branches here signifies the people's recognition of Jesus as a victorious figure, possibly anticipating a political or military deliverance.

and went out to meet Him
The act of going out to meet Jesus indicates the people's eagerness and anticipation. This was a common practice for welcoming a dignitary or king, suggesting that the crowd viewed Jesus as a significant leader or messianic figure. This event took place as Jesus was entering Jerusalem, a city of great religious and political importance.

shouting: “Hosanna!”
"Hosanna" is a Hebrew expression meaning "Save, please" or "Save now," which over time became an exclamation of praise. The crowd's use of this term reflects their hope for deliverance and salvation, possibly expecting Jesus to liberate them from Roman rule. This echoes Psalm 118:25-26, a messianic psalm recited during the Feast of Tabernacles.

“Blessed is He who comes in the name of the Lord!”
This phrase is a direct quotation from Psalm 118:26, a psalm associated with messianic expectations. By proclaiming this blessing, the crowd acknowledges Jesus as one sent by God, fulfilling the role of the awaited Messiah. This declaration aligns with Jewish hopes for a divinely appointed leader who would restore Israel.

“Blessed is the King of Israel!”
The title "King of Israel" underscores the crowd's recognition of Jesus as a royal figure, possibly the promised descendant of David who would establish God's kingdom. This acclamation reflects the messianic expectations of a political and national deliverer. However, Jesus' kingship is ultimately spiritual, as He later clarifies to Pilate (John 18:36). This moment foreshadows the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies regarding the Messiah's reign.

Finding a young donkey
In the context of first-century Judea, donkeys were common beasts of burden and symbols of peace, as opposed to horses, which were associated with war. The choice of a young donkey fulfills the prophecy of Zechariah 9:9, which speaks of a king coming in humility. This act signifies Jesus' role as the Prince of Peace, contrasting with the expectations of a militant Messiah.

Jesus sat on it
By sitting on the donkey, Jesus intentionally fulfills the messianic prophecy, demonstrating His kingship in a manner that aligns with the peaceful and humble nature of His mission. This act is a public declaration of His identity as the Messiah, yet it also subverts the political expectations of the time, emphasizing a spiritual kingdom rather than an earthly one.

as it is written
This phrase underscores the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy, specifically Zechariah 9:9. The use of "as it is written" highlights the continuity and reliability of Scripture, affirming that Jesus' actions are in direct fulfillment of God's redemptive plan as foretold by the prophets. This connection reinforces the divine authority and authenticity of Jesus' mission and identity.

Do not be afraid, O Daughter of Zion.
This phrase is a reassurance to the people of Jerusalem, often referred to as the "Daughter of Zion." The term "Daughter of Zion" is a poetic way of personifying the city of Jerusalem and its inhabitants, emphasizing their special relationship with God. The command "Do not be afraid" is a common biblical exhortation, found throughout Scripture, often used by God or His messengers to calm fears and encourage trust in divine protection and providence. This echoes the words of the prophets, such as Isaiah 41:10, where God reassures His people of His presence and support.

See, your King is coming,
This phrase highlights the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy, specifically Zechariah 9:9, which foretells the coming of a humble king to Jerusalem. The anticipation of a king was deeply rooted in Jewish expectation, as they awaited a Messiah who would deliver them. This king is not coming as a conquering warrior but in a manner that signifies peace and humility. The arrival of the king is a pivotal moment, marking the fulfillment of God's promises to His people.

seated on the colt of a donkey.
The imagery of a king riding on a donkey's colt is significant. In ancient Near Eastern culture, a donkey was a symbol of peace, as opposed to a horse, which was associated with war. By choosing to enter Jerusalem on a donkey, Jesus is making a deliberate statement about the nature of His kingship. This act fulfills the prophecy in Zechariah 9:9 and contrasts with the expectations of a militant Messiah. It underscores the humility and servanthood of Jesus, aligning with His teachings on the Kingdom of God. This event is also a type of Christ, illustrating His role as the Prince of Peace, who comes to bring salvation not through force, but through sacrifice and love.

At first His disciples did not understand these things
The disciples often struggled to comprehend the full scope of Jesus' mission and teachings. This lack of understanding is seen throughout the Gospels, as they grapple with the concept of a suffering Messiah (Mark 9:32). The Jewish expectation was for a conquering king, not a suffering servant, which contributed to their confusion. This phrase highlights the human tendency to misunderstand divine plans without spiritual insight.

but after Jesus was glorified
The glorification of Jesus refers to His death, resurrection, and ascension. It was only after these events that the disciples received the Holy Spirit at Pentecost (Acts 2:1-4), which enlightened their understanding. This transformation is crucial, as it marks the transition from confusion to clarity, enabling them to fulfill the Great Commission (Matthew 28:19-20).

they remembered what had been done to Him
The disciples' recollection of events is significant, as it underscores the importance of memory in the formation of the Gospel accounts. The Holy Spirit played a role in helping them remember and interpret these events correctly (John 14:26). This remembrance was not just intellectual but also spiritual, allowing them to see the fulfillment of prophecy and the purpose behind Jesus' actions.

and they realized that these very things had also been written about Him
This realization points to the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies concerning the Messiah. Scriptures such as Isaiah 53 and Psalm 22 foreshadow the suffering and triumph of Jesus. The disciples' understanding of these prophecies was deepened post-resurrection, as they saw Jesus as the fulfillment of the Law and the Prophets (Luke 24:44-45). This connection between prophecy and fulfillment is a cornerstone of Christian apologetics, affirming Jesus' identity as the promised Messiah.

Meanwhile, many people who had been with Jesus
This phrase indicates a continuation of events and highlights the presence of eyewitnesses. The context is the aftermath of Jesus raising Lazarus from the dead, a significant miracle that took place in Bethany, near Jerusalem. The presence of many people suggests a large gathering, possibly due to the Passover festival, which drew many Jews to Jerusalem. This gathering of witnesses is crucial for the spread of Jesus' fame and the validation of His miracles.

when He called Lazarus from the tomb
This refers to the miraculous event recorded in John 11, where Jesus raised Lazarus from the dead after four days in the tomb. This miracle is a powerful demonstration of Jesus' authority over life and death, affirming His divine nature. The act of calling Lazarus by name signifies Jesus' personal relationship with those He loves and His power to command life. This event foreshadows Jesus' own resurrection and serves as a type of the resurrection of believers.

and raised him from the dead
The raising of Lazarus is a pivotal moment in Jesus' ministry, showcasing His power over death and prefiguring His own resurrection. This miracle is a fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies concerning the Messiah's power to bring life (e.g., Isaiah 26:19). It also serves as a catalyst for the events leading to Jesus' crucifixion, as it intensifies the opposition from the religious leaders who feel threatened by His growing influence.

continued to testify
The ongoing testimony of the witnesses is crucial for the spread of the Gospel. Their testimony serves as a form of evangelism, sharing the truth of Jesus' miraculous power and divine authority. This public declaration of Jesus' works fulfills the role of witnesses as described in Acts 1:8, where believers are called to testify to the ends of the earth. The testimony of these witnesses contributes to the growing belief in Jesus as the Messiah and sets the stage for the triumphal entry into Jerusalem.

That is also why the crowd went out to meet Him
The crowd's motivation to meet Jesus is rooted in the recent resurrection of Lazarus, which had created a significant stir among the people. This event took place in Bethany, a village near Jerusalem, and news of it spread quickly. The crowd's eagerness to meet Jesus reflects the messianic expectations prevalent at the time, as many Jews were anticipating a political savior who would liberate them from Roman rule. The act of going out to meet Jesus also signifies a public acknowledgment of His growing influence and the hope that He might be the promised Messiah.

because they heard that He had performed this sign
The "sign" refers to the miraculous raising of Lazarus from the dead, which is one of the most significant miracles recorded in the Gospel of John. This miracle serves as a powerful testament to Jesus' divine authority and foreshadows His own resurrection. In the context of John's Gospel, signs are not merely miracles but are meant to reveal deeper spiritual truths about Jesus' identity as the Son of God. The crowd's reaction underscores the impact of Jesus' miracles on His public ministry and the way they validated His claims. This event also fulfills Old Testament prophecies about the Messiah performing signs and wonders, as seen in passages like Isaiah 35:5-6.

Then the Pharisees said to one another
The Pharisees were a prominent religious group in Judaism during the time of Jesus. They were known for their strict adherence to the Law of Moses and the oral traditions. This phrase indicates an internal discussion among the Pharisees, highlighting their concern and frustration. Historically, the Pharisees often found themselves in opposition to Jesus due to His teachings and actions, which challenged their interpretations and authority.

“You can see that this is doing you no good.
This statement reflects the Pharisees' realization that their efforts to discredit Jesus were failing. Despite their attempts to undermine His influence, Jesus continued to gain followers. This phrase underscores the growing popularity of Jesus and the inability of the Pharisees to control the situation. It also reveals their fear of losing power and influence over the people.

Look how the whole world has gone after Him!”
The phrase "the whole world" is hyperbolic, emphasizing the widespread impact of Jesus' ministry. It suggests that people from various regions and backgrounds were drawn to Jesus, fulfilling prophecies such as Isaiah 49:6, which speaks of the Messiah being a light to the nations. This statement foreshadows the global spread of Christianity and the inclusion of Gentiles in the faith. It also highlights the Pharisees' perception of Jesus as a significant threat to their authority and the established religious order.

Now there were some Greeks
The term "Greeks" here refers to Gentiles, specifically those who were God-fearers or proselytes, meaning they were non-Jews who worshiped the God of Israel. This indicates the growing interest in Jesus' message beyond the Jewish community, foreshadowing the spread of the Gospel to the Gentile world. This moment is significant as it aligns with the prophecy in Isaiah 49:6, where the Messiah is described as a light to the nations.

among those who went up to worship
The phrase suggests that these Greeks were participating in Jewish religious practices, likely attending the Passover festival in Jerusalem. This highlights the inclusive nature of the Jewish faith at the time, which allowed Gentiles to worship the God of Israel. It also sets the stage for the later inclusion of Gentiles into the Christian faith, as seen in Acts 10 with Cornelius.

at the feast
The feast referred to is the Passover, one of the major Jewish festivals that commemorates the Israelites' exodus from Egypt. This event draws large crowds to Jerusalem, including Jews from the Diaspora and interested Gentiles. The timing is significant as it is during this festival that Jesus' crucifixion and resurrection occur, fulfilling the typology of the Passover lamb as seen in 1 Corinthians 5:7, where Christ is described as our Passover lamb.

They came to Philip
Philip, one of the twelve apostles, is a Greek name, which may have made him more approachable to the Greeks mentioned in this passage. His role as an apostle is significant, as he is often seen as a bridge between Jewish and Gentile believers. This approach to Philip highlights the early church's mission to reach beyond Jewish communities.

who was from Bethsaida in Galilee
Bethsaida is a town located on the northeastern shore of the Sea of Galilee. It is known as the hometown of several apostles, including Peter, Andrew, and Philip. The region of Galilee was a melting pot of cultures and languages, which may have contributed to Philip's ability to communicate with the Greeks. This geographical detail underscores the diverse background of Jesus' followers.

and requested of him
The act of requesting indicates a level of respect and desire for understanding. It reflects the Greeks' genuine interest in Jesus' teachings and their recognition of Philip as a mediator. This request can be seen as a fulfillment of the prophecy that the nations would seek the Messiah (Isaiah 11:10).

“Sir, we want to see Jesus.”
The title "Sir" shows respect and acknowledges Philip's position among Jesus' followers. The Greeks' desire to see Jesus signifies a broader interest in His message beyond the Jewish community. This moment foreshadows the inclusion of Gentiles in the Christian faith, aligning with Jesus' mission to be the Savior of all humanity (John 3:16). Their request symbolizes a spiritual longing and recognition of Jesus as a significant figure, possibly even the Messiah.

Philip relayed this appeal to Andrew
Philip, one of the twelve apostles, is often depicted as a bridge between cultures, as his Greek name suggests a connection to the Hellenistic world. This is significant in the context of John 12, where Greeks seek Jesus. Philip's decision to consult Andrew, another apostle with a Greek name, indicates a thoughtful approach to the request. This reflects the early church's mission to reach beyond Jewish boundaries, foreshadowing the inclusion of Gentiles. The partnership between Philip and Andrew highlights the importance of collaboration in ministry.

and both of them went and told Jesus
The act of both apostles going to Jesus underscores the importance of direct communication with Christ in matters of spiritual significance. It reflects the disciples' recognition of Jesus as the ultimate authority and source of wisdom. This moment is pivotal, as it precedes Jesus' discourse on His impending death and the glorification of the Son of Man, which is central to the Gospel's message. The involvement of both apostles also illustrates the communal nature of the early Christian movement, where decisions and revelations were shared experiences.

But Jesus replied
This phrase indicates a response to a preceding event or question. In the context of John 12, Jesus is responding to the request of some Greeks who wished to see Him. This signifies the universal scope of His mission, as Greeks represent the Gentile world. Jesus' reply shifts the focus from a mere meeting to a profound declaration about His mission.

The hour has come
"The hour" refers to a divinely appointed time, a recurring theme in the Gospel of John. Previously, Jesus often mentioned that His hour had not yet come (e.g., John 2:4, 7:30). This marks a pivotal moment in His ministry, indicating the imminent fulfillment of His purpose on earth. It is a reference to His impending death, resurrection, and glorification, which are central to the salvation plan.

for the Son of Man
The title "Son of Man" is a messianic term rooted in Daniel 7:13-14, where it describes a figure with authority and dominion. Jesus frequently uses this title to emphasize both His humanity and His divine authority. It underscores His role as the representative of humanity and the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy.

to be glorified
Glorification in this context refers to Jesus' crucifixion, resurrection, and ascension. While the cross was a symbol of shame, in God's redemptive plan, it becomes the means of glorification. This paradox highlights the transformative power of Jesus' sacrifice. The glorification also points to the revelation of Jesus' divine nature and the completion of His earthly mission, fulfilling prophecies such as Isaiah 52:13-15.

Truly, truly, I tell you
This phrase is a solemn affirmation, often used by Jesus to emphasize the importance and truth of His statements. The repetition of "truly" (Greek: "amen, amen") underscores the certainty and authority of what follows. It is a call for the listener to pay close attention, as Jesus is about to reveal a profound spiritual truth.

unless a kernel of wheat falls to the ground and dies
The imagery of a kernel of wheat is drawn from agricultural practices familiar to Jesus' audience. In the agrarian society of first-century Judea, sowing seeds was a common activity. The kernel must be buried in the soil, symbolizing death, to fulfill its purpose. This metaphor foreshadows Jesus' own death and burial, necessary for the greater purpose of salvation. It also reflects the principle of sacrifice leading to greater good, a theme prevalent throughout Scripture.

it remains only a seed
Without the process of dying and transformation, the seed remains alone and unproductive. This highlights the concept of potential unrealized without sacrifice. In a broader biblical context, it speaks to the necessity of self-denial and surrender to God's will, as seen in passages like Matthew 16:24-25, where Jesus calls His followers to take up their cross.

But if it dies, it bears much fruit
The death of the seed leads to abundant life and productivity, symbolizing the resurrection and the resulting spread of the Gospel. This principle is evident in the early church's growth following Jesus' resurrection and the outpouring of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost (Acts 2). The "much fruit" also alludes to the spiritual fruit borne in the lives of believers who follow Christ's example of self-sacrifice and service. This concept is echoed in Galatians 5:22-23, where the fruit of the Spirit is described.

Whoever loves his life will lose it
This phrase emphasizes the paradoxical nature of the Christian life, where clinging to earthly life and its pleasures leads to spiritual loss. The concept of "loving one's life" can be understood as prioritizing personal desires, comfort, and worldly success over spiritual growth and obedience to God. This teaching aligns with Jesus' earlier statements in the Synoptic Gospels (Matthew 10:39, Mark 8:35, Luke 9:24) where He speaks of losing one's life for His sake to truly find it. The idea reflects the call to self-denial and the willingness to sacrifice personal ambitions for the sake of the Gospel.

but whoever hates his life in this world
The term "hates" here is not to be understood as a call to self-loathing but rather as a hyperbolic expression to indicate the prioritization of spiritual values over earthly ones. In the cultural context of the time, "hate" could mean to love less or to choose one thing over another. This phrase challenges believers to view their earthly life as secondary to their spiritual life. The "world" in this context refers to the present age and its values, which are often in opposition to God's kingdom. This teaching is consistent with the call to be in the world but not of it (John 17:14-16).

will keep it for eternal life
The promise of "eternal life" is central to the Christian faith, representing not just an unending existence but a quality of life in communion with God. This phrase assures believers that by prioritizing their spiritual life and aligning with God's will, they secure their place in the eternal kingdom. The concept of eternal life is a recurring theme in John's Gospel (John 3:16, John 5:24, John 17:3), emphasizing the transformative relationship with God through Jesus Christ. This assurance of eternal life is a fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies and the hope of resurrection and life beyond death.

If anyone serves Me
This phrase emphasizes the call to discipleship and service to Jesus Christ. In the cultural context of the time, serving a master was a common practice, and Jesus uses this familiar concept to illustrate the relationship between Himself and His followers. The idea of serving Christ is echoed in other scriptures, such as Matthew 20:28, where Jesus speaks of His own role as a servant. Serving Christ involves a commitment to His teachings and mission, reflecting the servant-master relationship seen throughout the New Testament.

he must follow Me
Following Jesus implies a life of obedience and imitation of His example. In the biblical context, following a rabbi meant living according to his teachings and lifestyle. Jesus calls His disciples to a similar commitment, as seen in Matthew 16:24, where He instructs them to take up their cross and follow Him. This phrase underscores the necessity of aligning one's life with the path Jesus sets, which includes sacrifice and dedication.

and where I am, My servant will be as well
This promise of presence with Jesus speaks to the eternal relationship between Christ and His followers. It suggests both a present spiritual reality and a future hope of being with Him in glory. Theologically, this aligns with John 14:3, where Jesus assures His disciples of a place with Him in the Father's house. It reflects the intimate fellowship believers are called to have with Christ, both now and in eternity.

If anyone serves Me, the Father will honor him
This statement highlights the reward for faithful service to Christ. In the cultural and historical context, honor was a significant value, often associated with social status and recognition. Jesus promises that those who serve Him will receive honor from God the Father, a profound assurance of divine approval and blessing. This concept is supported by passages like 1 Samuel 2:30, where God honors those who honor Him, and it underscores the eternal significance of serving Christ.

Now My soul is troubled
This phrase reflects the deep emotional and spiritual anguish Jesus is experiencing. It parallels the agony He would later express in the Garden of Gethsemane (Matthew 26:38). The term "soul" here indicates His full humanity, experiencing distress as He anticipates His impending crucifixion. This moment highlights the dual nature of Christ, fully God yet fully man, capable of feeling profound sorrow.

and what shall I say?
This rhetorical question emphasizes Jesus' internal struggle and His submission to the Father's will. It reflects a moment of decision, similar to the choice He faced during His temptation in the wilderness (Matthew 4:1-11). It underscores His obedience and commitment to His mission, despite the personal cost.

‘Father, save Me from this hour’?
Here, Jesus contemplates the possibility of asking the Father to deliver Him from the suffering He is about to endure. This echoes His prayer in Gethsemane, "My Father, if it is possible, let this cup pass from Me" (Matthew 26:39). It highlights the real temptation to avoid suffering, yet His resolve to fulfill His redemptive purpose remains steadfast.

No, it is for this purpose that I have come to this hour.
This statement affirms Jesus' understanding of His mission and His acceptance of the path laid before Him. The "hour" refers to the appointed time of His crucifixion, a central theme in the Gospel of John (John 2:4, 7:30, 8:20). It signifies the culmination of His earthly ministry and the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies concerning the Messiah's suffering and sacrifice (Isaiah 53). Jesus' resolve here is a testament to His role as the Lamb of God, willingly laying down His life for the salvation of humanity (John 1:29).

Father, glorify Your name!
This phrase reflects Jesus' submission to the Father's will and His desire for God's glory above all else. In the context of John 12, Jesus is approaching His crucifixion, a pivotal moment in His earthly ministry. The request to glorify God's name is a central theme in Jesus' life, as seen in His prayer in the Garden of Gethsemane (Matthew 26:39). The glorification of God's name is tied to the fulfillment of His redemptive plan, which includes Jesus' death and resurrection. This echoes the Old Testament emphasis on God's name being glorified among the nations (Psalm 86:9).

Then a voice came from heaven:
The voice from heaven is a divine affirmation of Jesus' mission and identity. This is one of the few instances in the New Testament where God audibly speaks, similar to the baptism of Jesus (Matthew 3:17) and the Transfiguration (Matthew 17:5). Such occurrences underscore the significance of the moment and provide divine validation of Jesus' role as the Messiah. The heavenly voice serves as a witness to those present, reinforcing the truth of Jesus' words and actions.

“I have glorified it,
This part of the response indicates that God's name has already been glorified through Jesus' life and ministry. The miracles, teachings, and fulfillment of prophecies throughout Jesus' ministry have brought glory to God. The past tense "have glorified" suggests that God's work through Jesus up to this point has already achieved significant glorification, aligning with the prophetic expectations of the Messiah's role in revealing God's character and power (Isaiah 42:1).

and I will glorify it again.”
The future tense "will glorify" points to the impending events of Jesus' death, resurrection, and ascension. These events are the culmination of God's redemptive plan and will bring ultimate glory to His name. The crucifixion, though a moment of apparent defeat, is paradoxically the moment of greatest glory, as it accomplishes salvation for humanity (Philippians 2:8-11). This assurance of future glorification also looks forward to the eschatological fulfillment when God's glory will be fully revealed in the new creation (Revelation 21:23).

The crowd standing there heard it
The crowd present during this event was likely a mix of Jews who had come to Jerusalem for the Passover festival, as well as those who had followed Jesus after witnessing His miracles. The presence of a crowd is significant, as it highlights the public nature of the event and the widespread interest in Jesus' ministry. This moment occurs shortly after Jesus' triumphal entry into Jerusalem, where He was hailed as a king. The crowd's reaction to the voice from heaven reflects a common theme in Scripture where divine communication is often misunderstood or misinterpreted by those who hear it.

and said that it had thundered.
The perception of the voice as thunder is reminiscent of other biblical instances where God's voice is described in terms of natural phenomena, such as in Psalm 29:3, where the voice of the Lord is over the waters and is described as thunderous. This reflects the majesty and power of God's voice, which can be overwhelming and awe-inspiring. The misunderstanding of the voice as thunder also underscores the spiritual blindness and lack of discernment among the people, a recurring theme in the Gospels where Jesus' true identity and message are often missed by the crowds.

Others said that an angel had spoken to Him.
The belief that an angel had spoken to Jesus indicates a recognition of the supernatural nature of the event, even if the specifics were not understood. In Jewish tradition, angels were seen as messengers of God, often delivering divine messages to individuals. This interpretation by some in the crowd suggests an awareness of the spiritual realm and a willingness to attribute the voice to a heavenly source, even if they did not fully grasp its significance. This moment foreshadows the continued division among the people regarding Jesus' identity and mission, as seen throughout the Gospel of John.

In response, Jesus said
This phrase indicates that Jesus is addressing a specific situation or event. The context is the voice from heaven that had just spoken, affirming Jesus' mission. This divine voice is reminiscent of other instances in the Gospels where God audibly affirms Jesus, such as at His baptism (Matthew 3:17) and the Transfiguration (Matthew 17:5). Jesus' response highlights His role as the mediator between God and humanity, emphasizing His authority and the importance of His words.

This voice was not for My benefit
Jesus clarifies that the heavenly voice was not for His own reassurance or guidance. As the Son of God, He is in perfect communion with the Father and does not require external affirmation. This statement underscores Jesus' divine nature and His awareness of His mission. It also reflects His humility and focus on the needs of others, rather than His own.

but yours
The voice was intended for the benefit of the people present, to strengthen their faith and understanding. This reflects God's desire for people to recognize Jesus as the Messiah and to believe in Him. The audience included both His disciples and a larger crowd, some of whom were skeptical or seeking signs. This moment serves as a divine confirmation of Jesus' identity and mission, encouraging belief and trust in Him. It also connects to the broader biblical theme of God revealing Himself to humanity, as seen in the Old Testament through prophets and signs.

Now judgment is upon this world;
This phrase indicates a pivotal moment in the narrative of salvation history. The "judgment" refers to the decisive act of God in dealing with sin and evil through the impending crucifixion of Jesus Christ. In the context of John's Gospel, this judgment is not merely future but is already being enacted through Jesus' ministry. The world, often understood as the system opposed to God, is under scrutiny. This echoes themes from the Old Testament, such as in Isaiah 42:1-4, where God's servant brings justice to the nations. The judgment is both a condemnation of sin and an opportunity for redemption through Christ.

now the prince of this world will be cast out.
The "prince of this world" is a reference to Satan, who is seen as having temporary dominion over the earth due to humanity's sin. This phrase signifies a turning point where Satan's power is decisively broken through Jesus' death and resurrection. The casting out of the prince is a fulfillment of the protoevangelium in Genesis 3:15, where the seed of the woman will crush the serpent's head. This also connects to Revelation 12:9-11, where Satan is depicted as being thrown down from heaven. The casting out is both a present reality and a future promise, as the ultimate defeat of evil will be realized in the eschaton. Jesus' victory over Satan is a central theme in the New Testament, emphasizing the triumph of God's kingdom over the forces of darkness.

And I,
This phrase emphasizes the speaker, Jesus Christ, highlighting His authority and central role in the unfolding events. In the Gospel of John, Jesus frequently uses "I am" statements, which echo the divine name revealed to Moses in Exodus 3:14, underscoring His divinity and messianic identity.

when I am lifted up from the earth,
The phrase "lifted up" has a dual meaning. It refers to Jesus' crucifixion, as He would be physically lifted up on the cross. This is consistent with the Roman method of execution, which was both a literal and symbolic elevation. Additionally, "lifted up" signifies His exaltation and glorification, as seen in John 3:14 and John 8:28, where Jesus speaks of being lifted up as a means of drawing people to Himself. This connects to the Old Testament, specifically Numbers 21:9, where Moses lifted up the bronze serpent, a type of Christ's redemptive work.

will draw everyone to Myself.”
The term "draw" indicates an irresistible attraction or pulling power, suggesting the universal scope of Jesus' redemptive work. This aligns with the prophecy in Isaiah 49:6, where the Servant of the Lord is a light to the nations, bringing salvation to the ends of the earth. The use of "everyone" underscores the inclusivity of the Gospel, breaking cultural and ethnic barriers, as seen in the Great Commission (Matthew 28:19) and the vision of a diverse multitude in Revelation 7:9. Jesus' crucifixion and resurrection are the means by which He draws all people, offering salvation to anyone who believes in Him.

He said this
This phrase refers to Jesus speaking to His disciples and the crowd. It is important to note that Jesus often used His words to reveal deeper spiritual truths. In the context of John 12, Jesus is addressing the crowd after His triumphal entry into Jerusalem, a significant event that fulfills Old Testament prophecy (Zechariah 9:9). His words are meant to prepare His followers for the events that are about to unfold.

to indicate
Jesus frequently used symbolic language and actions to convey His message. Here, He is providing a sign or a foreshadowing of what is to come. This is consistent with His teaching style, where He often used parables and metaphors to reveal truths about the Kingdom of God (Matthew 13:34-35).

the kind of death
The phrase points to the specific nature of Jesus' impending crucifixion. Crucifixion was a Roman method of execution reserved for the most serious criminals and was considered a curse under Jewish law (Deuteronomy 21:23). This form of death was both a fulfillment of prophecy (Psalm 22:16) and a demonstration of the extent of Jesus' sacrifice for humanity's sins.

He was going to die
Jesus' death was not an accident or a result of unforeseen circumstances; it was a deliberate act of obedience to the Father's will (Philippians 2:8). His death was central to God's redemptive plan, as foretold by the prophets (Isaiah 53:5-7). The crucifixion was the means by which Jesus would atone for sin, offering salvation to all who believe (John 3:16).

The crowd replied
The crowd's response indicates a collective reaction to Jesus' previous statements. This crowd likely consisted of Jewish people who were familiar with the teachings of the Law and the Prophets. Their reply shows a misunderstanding or confusion about Jesus' identity and mission, reflecting the common expectations of the Messiah at the time.

“We have heard from the Law that the Christ will remain forever.
The crowd refers to the Law, which in this context includes the entire Hebrew Scriptures, not just the Pentateuch. They likely reference passages such as Psalm 89:36-37 and Daniel 7:14, which speak of an everlasting kingdom. The Jewish expectation was that the Messiah would establish a permanent, earthly reign, which contrasts with Jesus' teachings about His death and resurrection.

So how can You say that the Son of Man must be lifted up?
The term "lifted up" is a reference to Jesus' crucifixion, as seen in John 3:14 and John 8:28. The crowd struggles to reconcile the idea of a suffering Messiah with their understanding of a triumphant, eternal ruler. The title "Son of Man" is significant, as it is a messianic title from Daniel 7:13-14, which Jesus frequently used for Himself, emphasizing both His humanity and divine authority.

Who is this Son of Man?”
This question reveals the crowd's confusion and lack of understanding about Jesus' identity. Despite Jesus' teachings and miracles, many struggled to see Him as the fulfillment of messianic prophecies. The question also highlights the tension between Jesus' revelation of Himself and the prevailing messianic expectations. This moment invites readers to consider the true nature of Jesus' mission and the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies in ways that were unexpected by many of His contemporaries.

Then Jesus told them
This phrase indicates a direct communication from Jesus to His audience, which included His disciples and the crowd. It is important to note that this occurs during the final week of Jesus' earthly ministry, shortly before His crucifixion. Jesus often used these moments to impart crucial teachings and prepare His followers for His impending departure.

For a little while longer, the Light will be among you.
Here, "the Light" refers to Jesus Himself, as He previously declared in John 8:12, "I am the light of the world." The phrase "a little while longer" signifies the limited time remaining before His crucifixion. This is a call to urgency, emphasizing the need to embrace His teachings and presence while He is still physically with them. The concept of light is deeply rooted in Jewish tradition, symbolizing God's presence, truth, and guidance, as seen in Psalm 27:1 and Isaiah 60:1-3.

Walk while you have the Light,
"Walk" implies living or conducting one's life. Jesus is urging His listeners to live according to His teachings and example while they have the opportunity. This echoes the biblical theme of walking in the light, which is associated with righteousness and fellowship with God, as seen in 1 John 1:7.

so that darkness will not overtake you.
Darkness symbolizes sin, ignorance, and separation from God. Jesus warns that without His guidance, people are susceptible to being overwhelmed by spiritual darkness. This reflects the broader biblical narrative of light versus darkness, as seen in Ephesians 5:8-14, where believers are called to live as children of light.

The one who walks in the darkness does not know where he is going.
This statement highlights the confusion and lack of direction inherent in a life apart from Christ. It underscores the spiritual blindness that results from rejecting Jesus, as illustrated in John 9:39-41. The imagery of walking in darkness is a powerful metaphor for living without divine truth and guidance, leading to spiritual lostness and peril.

While you have the Light
This phrase refers to Jesus Himself, who is often described as the "Light of the World" (John 8:12). The concept of light in the Bible symbolizes truth, purity, and divine revelation. In the context of John 12, Jesus is urging His listeners to recognize and accept Him while He is still physically present with them. The urgency of this call is underscored by the impending crucifixion, after which Jesus would no longer be with them in the same way. The imagery of light is also connected to the prophecy in Isaiah 9:2, which speaks of a great light shining on those living in darkness, pointing to the coming of the Messiah.

believe in the Light
Belief in Jesus is a central theme in the Gospel of John, emphasizing faith as the means of receiving eternal life (John 3:16). Here, belief is not merely intellectual assent but involves trust and commitment to Jesus as the Messiah. The call to believe in the Light is an invitation to embrace the truth and life that Jesus offers. This belief transforms individuals, aligning them with God's purposes and enabling them to walk in His ways. The act of believing is also a fulfillment of the prophetic expectation that the Messiah would bring salvation to those who trust in Him.

so that you may become sons of light.”
Becoming "sons of light" implies a transformation of identity and character. In biblical terms, being a "son" of something means sharing in its nature and characteristics. Thus, "sons of light" are those who reflect the truth, purity, and righteousness of God. This transformation is a result of faith in Jesus and is indicative of a new spiritual birth (John 1:12-13). The phrase also connects to Ephesians 5:8, where believers are called to live as children of light, demonstrating the fruit of the Spirit in their lives. This transformation is both a present reality and a future hope, as believers are conformed to the image of Christ.

After Jesus had spoken these things,
This indicates a transition in the narrative. Jesus has just delivered a significant teaching, emphasizing the urgency of belief and the consequences of rejecting Him. The context of this passage is during the final week of Jesus' earthly ministry, leading up to His crucifixion. His teachings during this time are particularly poignant, as He prepares His disciples for His departure and the coming of the Holy Spirit.

He went away and was hidden from them.
This action symbolizes the withdrawal of Jesus' public ministry. It foreshadows the coming events of His arrest, crucifixion, and burial. The phrase "was hidden from them" can also be seen as a judgment on those who have rejected Him, as their opportunity to see and believe in the Light is now limited. This withdrawal is consistent with the pattern seen in the Old Testament, where God's presence is withdrawn from those who persist in unbelief (Isaiah 6:9-10). It also highlights the theme of divine sovereignty, as Jesus' actions are in accordance with God's redemptive plan.

Although Jesus had performed so many signs in their presence
This phrase highlights the numerous miracles and signs Jesus performed, which were meant to authenticate His divine authority and mission. In the Gospel of John, these signs include turning water into wine (John 2:1-11), healing the official's son (John 4:46-54), and raising Lazarus from the dead (John 11:1-44). The signs were public and undeniable, witnessed by many, including skeptics and believers alike. The Jewish expectation of the Messiah included the performance of miraculous signs, as seen in passages like Isaiah 35:5-6, which speak of the blind seeing and the lame walking. Despite the fulfillment of these prophecies, the people's hearts were hardened, echoing the pattern seen in the Old Testament where Israel often witnessed God's mighty works yet remained unbelieving (e.g., Exodus 14:31; Numbers 14:11).

they still did not believe in Him
This phrase underscores the persistent unbelief of the people despite the clear evidence of Jesus' divine nature and mission. This unbelief fulfills the prophecy of Isaiah 53:1, which speaks of the Messiah being rejected despite His revelation. The hardness of heart is a recurring theme in Scripture, as seen in Pharaoh's resistance to God's signs through Moses (Exodus 7-11). Theologically, this unbelief can be understood as a result of spiritual blindness, a condition that Jesus often addressed (John 9:39-41). The rejection of Jesus by His contemporaries also serves as a type of the broader rejection of God by humanity, highlighting the need for divine intervention and grace for true belief to occur. This unbelief, despite clear evidence, is a sobering reminder of the spiritual battle and the necessity of the Holy Spirit's work in opening hearts to the truth of the Gospel.

This was to fulfill the word of Isaiah the prophet:
This phrase indicates that the events described are a direct fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy, highlighting the continuity between the Old and New Testaments. Isaiah, a major prophet in the Hebrew Bible, wrote extensively about the coming Messiah. This connection underscores the divine plan and foreknowledge of God, as the events in Jesus' life were foretold centuries earlier. The fulfillment of prophecy serves to validate Jesus' identity as the Messiah and the reliability of Scripture.

“Lord, who has believed our message?
This question, originally posed in Isaiah 53:1, reflects the theme of unbelief among the people. Despite the clear signs and teachings of Jesus, many did not accept Him as the Messiah. This disbelief was not unexpected, as Isaiah had prophesied that the message of the suffering servant would be met with skepticism. The rhetorical nature of the question emphasizes the widespread rejection of the truth, a theme that resonates throughout the Gospels.

And to whom has the arm of the Lord been revealed?”
The "arm of the Lord" symbolizes God's power and salvation. In the context of Isaiah, it refers to the deliverance and redemption that God would bring through His servant. In the New Testament, this is fulfilled in Jesus Christ, whose life, death, and resurrection reveal God's power to save. The phrase suggests that while God's power is evident, it is only truly recognized by those whose hearts are open to His revelation. This highlights the spiritual blindness of those who reject Jesus, despite the clear evidence of His divine mission.

For this reason they were unable to believe.
This phrase highlights the concept of spiritual blindness and hardening of hearts, a theme prevalent in the Gospel of John. The inability to believe is not due to a lack of evidence or opportunity but is a fulfillment of divine prophecy and judgment. This echoes the hardening of Pharaoh's heart in Exodus, where God allows individuals to persist in their unbelief as a form of judgment. Theologically, this raises questions about free will and divine sovereignty, suggesting that persistent rejection of God can lead to a state where belief becomes impossible. This is consistent with the broader biblical narrative that emphasizes the importance of responding to God's revelation while it is available.

For again, Isaiah says:
This phrase introduces a quotation from the prophet Isaiah, specifically Isaiah 6:10, which is frequently referenced in the New Testament to explain the unbelief of the Jewish people. Isaiah's ministry occurred during a time of national apostasy in Israel, and his message was one of judgment and hope. The use of Isaiah here underscores the continuity of God's plan throughout the Old and New Testaments. It also highlights the prophetic nature of Isaiah's writings, which not only addressed his contemporary audience but also pointed forward to the time of Christ. This connection between Isaiah and the Gospel of John emphasizes the fulfillment of prophecy in Jesus' ministry and the persistent unbelief of many despite the clear signs and teachings He provided.

He has blinded their eyes
This phrase refers to a divine action where God allows spiritual blindness as a judgment. It echoes Isaiah 6:9-10, where God commissions Isaiah to deliver a message that will harden the hearts of the people. This blinding is not arbitrary but a response to persistent unbelief. In the New Testament, this concept is seen in Romans 11:8, where Paul speaks of a "spirit of stupor" given to Israel. The blinding serves as a judicial act, emphasizing the seriousness of rejecting God's revelation.

and hardened their hearts
The hardening of hearts is a recurring biblical theme, notably seen in Pharaoh's resistance to Moses in Exodus. This hardening is both a divine act and a human choice, illustrating the tension between God's sovereignty and human responsibility. In the context of John 12, it highlights the Jewish leaders' refusal to accept Jesus as the Messiah despite witnessing His miracles. This hardening fulfills prophecy and serves as a warning against the dangers of unbelief.

so that they cannot see with their eyes
This phrase underscores the spiritual incapacity to perceive truth. It is not a physical blindness but a metaphorical one, where individuals are unable to recognize Jesus' identity and mission. This inability is a consequence of the hardening process, illustrating the tragic outcome of rejecting divine revelation. The inability to "see" is a common motif in the Gospels, where spiritual insight is contrasted with physical sight.

and understand with their hearts
Understanding with the heart implies a deep, inner comprehension that goes beyond intellectual assent. In Hebrew thought, the heart is the center of will and emotion. The lack of understanding signifies a failure to grasp the spiritual truths about Jesus and His kingdom. This phrase connects to the parables of Jesus, where understanding is granted to those who are open to His message (Matthew 13:13-15).

and turn
Turning, or repentance, is a central theme in both the Old and New Testaments. It involves a change of mind and direction, moving away from sin and towards God. The call to turn is a call to repentance, which is necessary for salvation. In the context of John 12, the lack of turning is a result of spiritual blindness and hardening, preventing the people from experiencing the fullness of God's grace.

and I would heal them
Healing here is symbolic of spiritual restoration and salvation. It reflects God's desire to restore those who turn to Him in repentance. This healing is not just physical but encompasses the whole being, offering forgiveness and reconciliation with God. The promise of healing is a consistent biblical theme, seen in passages like 2 Chronicles 7:14 and Isaiah 53:5, where God's willingness to heal is contingent upon repentance and faith.

Isaiah said these things
This phrase refers to the prophet Isaiah, a major figure in the Old Testament known for his prophecies concerning the coming Messiah. Isaiah's ministry took place during a turbulent period in Israel's history, around the 8th century BC, when the Assyrian Empire was a significant threat. His prophecies often addressed both immediate concerns and future messianic expectations. Isaiah's writings are foundational for understanding the nature and mission of the Messiah, as they include prophecies about the suffering servant and the future glory of God's kingdom.

because he saw Jesus’ glory
This statement connects Isaiah's vision to the pre-incarnate Christ, suggesting that the glory Isaiah witnessed was indeed the glory of Jesus. In Isaiah 6, Isaiah describes a vision of the Lord seated on a throne, high and exalted, with the train of His robe filling the temple. This vision is often interpreted as a theophany, a visible manifestation of God, which in the New Testament context is understood as a Christophany, a pre-incarnate appearance of Christ. The glory seen by Isaiah is thus linked to the divine majesty and holiness of Jesus, affirming His eternal existence and divine nature.

and spoke about Him.
Isaiah's prophecies, particularly those found in chapters 52 and 53, are seen as direct references to Jesus Christ. These passages describe the suffering servant, who would bear the sins of many and be exalted. The New Testament writers frequently cite Isaiah to demonstrate that Jesus fulfilled these messianic prophecies. Isaiah's words not only pointed to the coming of the Messiah but also to His suffering, death, and ultimate glorification, which are central themes in the life and mission of Jesus as recorded in the Gospels.

Nevertheless, many of the leaders believed in Him.
This phrase highlights the impact of Jesus' ministry even among the Jewish leaders, who were typically resistant to His message. The term "leaders" likely refers to members of the Sanhedrin, the ruling council of the Jews, which included Pharisees and Sadducees. Despite their positions, some were convinced by Jesus' teachings and miracles. This belief among the leaders fulfills prophecies such as Isaiah 53:1, which speaks of the arm of the Lord being revealed, indicating that even those in authority would recognize the Messiah. Nicodemus and Joseph of Arimathea are examples of such leaders who believed in Jesus (John 3:1-2, John 19:38-39).

But because of the Pharisees they did not confess Him,
The Pharisees were a powerful religious group known for their strict adherence to the Law and traditions. Their influence was significant in the synagogues and among the people. The leaders' fear of the Pharisees indicates the social and religious pressure to conform to established norms. Confession of faith in Jesus would have been seen as a direct challenge to the Pharisaic authority and interpretation of the Law. This reluctance to confess publicly is reminiscent of the fear of man described in Proverbs 29:25, which contrasts with the call to boldness in faith found in Romans 10:9-10.

for fear that they would be put out of the synagogue.
Being put out of the synagogue was a severe consequence, as the synagogue was central to Jewish religious, social, and community life. This expulsion, known as "herem," meant exclusion from the religious community and social ostracism. John 9:22 provides a similar context where the parents of the man born blind feared the Jewish leaders for the same reason. This fear reflects the cost of discipleship and the challenge of prioritizing allegiance to Christ over societal acceptance, as Jesus taught in Matthew 10:32-33. The synagogue's role as a community hub underscores the significant sacrifice involved in openly following Jesus during this period.

For they loved praise from men
This phrase highlights the human tendency to seek approval and admiration from others rather than from God. In the context of John 12, many Jewish leaders believed in Jesus but were afraid to confess their faith openly due to fear of being ostracized by the Pharisees. This reflects a broader cultural context where social status and acceptance within the religious community were highly valued. The desire for human approval can be seen throughout Scripture, such as in Matthew 6:1-2, where Jesus warns against performing righteous acts to be seen by others. This tendency is a recurring theme in the Bible, illustrating the conflict between human nature and divine expectations.

more than praise from God.
The contrast here is between temporary, earthly recognition and eternal, divine approval. The Bible consistently emphasizes the importance of seeking God's approval over human praise. In Galatians 1:10, Paul states that if he were still trying to please people, he would not be a servant of Christ. This phrase also connects to the prophetic tradition, where true prophets often faced rejection and persecution for speaking God's truth, as seen in the lives of Jeremiah and Elijah. The ultimate example is Jesus Christ, who sought to do the will of the Father above all else, even when it led to His crucifixion. This serves as a call for believers to prioritize their relationship with God and His eternal rewards over fleeting human accolades.

Then Jesus cried out
This phrase indicates a moment of urgency and emphasis in Jesus' ministry. The act of crying out suggests a public declaration meant to capture attention. In the context of the Gospel of John, Jesus often speaks with authority and urgency, especially as His earthly ministry approaches its climax. This public proclamation is significant as it occurs during the final week of His life, a time when He is preparing His followers for His impending crucifixion and resurrection.

Whoever believes in Me
Belief in Jesus is a central theme in the Gospel of John. This phrase underscores the necessity of faith in Jesus as the Messiah and the Son of God. The concept of belief is not merely intellectual assent but involves trust and reliance on Jesus for salvation. This echoes John 3:16, where belief in Jesus is linked to eternal life. The invitation is universal, as indicated by "whoever," emphasizing that salvation through Jesus is available to all who believe.

does not believe in Me alone
This part of the verse highlights the interconnectedness of Jesus with the Father. Belief in Jesus is not isolated but is intrinsically linked to belief in God the Father. This reflects the unity and co-equality of the Father and the Son, a recurring theme in John's Gospel. It also addresses the Jewish audience's understanding of monotheism, affirming that belief in Jesus is consistent with belief in the one true God.

but in the One who sent Me
This phrase identifies God the Father as the sender of Jesus, reinforcing the divine mission and authority of Jesus. The concept of being "sent" is significant in John's Gospel, as it emphasizes Jesus' divine origin and purpose. It also fulfills Old Testament prophecies about the coming of the Messiah, such as Isaiah 61:1, where the anointed one is sent by God. This connection between Jesus and the Father is crucial for understanding the nature of the Trinity and the divine plan of salvation.

And whoever sees Me
This phrase emphasizes the visible manifestation of Jesus Christ as the incarnate Son of God. In the context of the Gospel of John, seeing Jesus is not merely a physical act but a spiritual recognition of His divine nature and mission. The Gospel frequently highlights the theme of light and sight, contrasting spiritual blindness with the revelation of God through Jesus (John 1:14, John 9:39). The act of seeing Jesus is akin to understanding and accepting His identity as the Messiah.

sees the One who sent Me.
Here, Jesus is asserting His unity with God the Father. This statement reflects the intimate relationship between Jesus and God, a central theme in the Gospel of John. It echoes John 1:18, where Jesus is described as the one who makes the Father known. The phrase also aligns with John 14:9, where Jesus tells Philip, "Anyone who has seen Me has seen the Father." This unity is foundational to the Christian doctrine of the Trinity, where Jesus is fully God and fully man. The concept of being "sent" by the Father underscores Jesus' divine mission and authority, fulfilling Old Testament prophecies about the coming of the Messiah (Isaiah 61:1). This statement would have been particularly significant in the cultural and religious context of first-century Judaism, where the claim of such a direct relationship with God was both radical and profound.

I have come into the world as a light
This phrase emphasizes Jesus' divine mission and identity. In the biblical context, light often symbolizes purity, truth, and divine revelation. Jesus' claim to be the light of the world connects to Old Testament prophecies, such as Isaiah 9:2, which speaks of a great light shining on those living in darkness. The imagery of light is also significant in the creation narrative of Genesis, where God creates light to dispel darkness. Jesus' coming into the world as light signifies His role in revealing God's truth and providing spiritual illumination to humanity. This aligns with John 1:4-5, where Jesus is described as the life and light of men, shining in the darkness.

so that no one who believes in Me
This phrase highlights the necessity of faith in Jesus for salvation and spiritual enlightenment. Belief in Jesus is a central theme in the Gospel of John, where faith is portrayed as the means by which individuals receive eternal life (John 3:16). The call to believe in Jesus is an invitation to trust in His identity as the Son of God and His redemptive work. This belief is not merely intellectual assent but involves a personal commitment and relationship with Christ. The phrase underscores the exclusivity of Jesus as the way to God, as seen in John 14:6, where Jesus declares Himself the way, the truth, and the life.

should remain in darkness
Darkness in this context represents spiritual ignorance, sin, and separation from God. The world, in its fallen state, is depicted as being in darkness, unable to comprehend or accept the light of Christ (John 1:5). Jesus' mission is to rescue humanity from this darkness, offering a path to reconciliation with God. The contrast between light and darkness is a recurring theme in Scripture, illustrating the battle between good and evil, truth and falsehood. Ephesians 5:8-14 encourages believers to live as children of light, reflecting the transformative power of Christ's light in their lives. The phrase serves as a warning against rejecting Jesus, as remaining in darkness leads to spiritual death and judgment.

As for anyone who hears My words and does not keep them
This phrase highlights the responsibility of the listener. In the Jewish context, hearing was often synonymous with obedience, as seen in Deuteronomy 6:4-5, where the Shema calls for Israel to hear and obey. Jesus' words are not just to be heard but to be acted upon, similar to the parable of the wise and foolish builders in Matthew 7:24-27. The emphasis is on the personal choice and accountability of each individual who encounters the teachings of Christ.

I do not judge him
Here, Jesus distinguishes His mission during His earthly ministry. While judgment is a significant theme in Scripture, Jesus clarifies that His first coming was not for judgment but for salvation. This aligns with John 3:17, where it is stated that God did not send His Son into the world to condemn the world. The role of judgment is reserved for the future, as seen in Revelation 20:11-15, where Christ will judge the living and the dead.

For I have not come to judge the world
This phrase underscores the purpose of Jesus' incarnation. The world, in this context, refers to humanity in its fallen state. Jesus' mission was redemptive, focusing on offering grace and truth (John 1:14). The cultural expectation of the Messiah at the time was often one of a political or military leader who would judge and overthrow oppressors, but Jesus' mission was spiritual and transformative.

but to save the world
The ultimate goal of Jesus' coming is salvation, a theme central to the Gospel message. This reflects the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies such as Isaiah 53, which speaks of the suffering servant who would bear the sins of many. Salvation is offered to all, transcending ethnic and cultural boundaries, as seen in the Great Commission (Matthew 28:19-20). Jesus as the Savior is a type of the Passover lamb, whose blood was a means of deliverance for the Israelites in Exodus 12.

There is a judge for the one who rejects Me
This phrase emphasizes the certainty of divine judgment. In the context of the Gospel of John, Jesus often speaks of His unity with the Father, indicating that rejecting Him is equivalent to rejecting God (John 5:23). The concept of judgment is rooted in the Old Testament, where God is portrayed as the ultimate judge (Psalm 75:7). The rejection of Jesus is not merely a personal decision but a spiritual one with eternal consequences. This aligns with the broader biblical narrative that emphasizes accountability before God (Ecclesiastes 12:14).

and does not receive My words:
Receiving Jesus' words is synonymous with accepting His teachings and authority. In the cultural context of the first century, a rabbi's words were considered binding and authoritative. Jesus' words are not just teachings but are life-giving (John 6:63). The refusal to accept His words is a rejection of the truth He embodies (John 14:6). This phrase also connects to the parable of the sower, where the seed (the word of God) falls on different types of soil, representing the varied responses to Jesus' message (Matthew 13:18-23).

The word that I have spoken will judge him
Here, Jesus underscores the power and authority of His spoken word. In the biblical tradition, God's word is active and powerful (Isaiah 55:11). Jesus' words are not merely informative but transformative and carry the weight of divine authority. This echoes the idea that the Scriptures themselves bear witness to Jesus and will be the standard by which people are judged (John 5:39). The emphasis on "the word" highlights the importance of Scripture in the life of believers and its role in judgment.

on the last day.
The "last day" refers to the eschatological end times, a common theme in both the Old and New Testaments. This is the day of final judgment, as prophesied in Daniel 12:2 and reiterated in the New Testament (Revelation 20:11-15). The concept of a final day of reckoning is central to Christian eschatology, where all individuals will be held accountable for their response to Jesus Christ. This phrase serves as a reminder of the ultimate fulfillment of God's redemptive plan and the establishment of His eternal kingdom.

I have not spoken on My own
This phrase emphasizes Jesus' submission to the Father's will, highlighting His role as the obedient Son. In the context of the Gospel of John, this underscores the unity and distinct roles within the Trinity. Jesus consistently attributes His teachings and actions to the Father, reinforcing His divine authority and mission (John 5:19, John 8:28). This submission is a model for believers, illustrating the importance of aligning one's will with God's.

but the Father who sent Me
The phrase "the Father who sent Me" points to the divine mission of Jesus. It reflects the concept of Jesus as the sent one, a theme prevalent in John's Gospel (John 3:17, John 6:38). This mission is rooted in the Old Testament prophecies about the Messiah, such as Isaiah 61:1, where the anointed one is sent to proclaim good news. The sending also implies pre-existence, affirming Jesus' divinity and eternal relationship with the Father.

has commanded Me what to say
This indicates that Jesus' teachings are not self-derived but are divinely ordained. The use of "commanded" suggests authority and intentionality, aligning with the Jewish understanding of a prophet who speaks God's words (Deuteronomy 18:18). It also connects to the idea of Jesus as the Word (Logos) in John 1:1, the ultimate revelation of God. This divine command ensures that Jesus' message is trustworthy and authoritative.

and how to say it
The phrase "how to say it" highlights the precision and intentionality in Jesus' communication. It suggests that not only the content but also the manner of His teaching is divinely guided. This reflects the wisdom and discernment in Jesus' ministry, as seen in His parables and interactions with various groups (Matthew 13:10-17). It underscores the importance of both truth and love in conveying God's message, serving as a model for Christian witness.

And I know that His command leads to eternal life.
This phrase emphasizes the certainty and authority of Jesus' knowledge. The use of "I know" underscores Jesus' divine insight and intimate relationship with the Father. The "command" refers to the divine instructions and teachings given by God, which are consistent with the message of salvation throughout the Bible. In the context of the Gospel of John, eternal life is a central theme, often associated with belief in Jesus as the Son of God (John 3:16, John 17:3). The concept of eternal life is not just a future promise but a present reality for believers, signifying a quality of life that begins with faith in Christ. This assurance of eternal life is rooted in the Old Testament promises of a new covenant (Jeremiah 31:31-34) and is fulfilled in Jesus, who is the way, the truth, and the life (John 14:6).

So I speak exactly what the Father has told Me to say.
This phrase highlights Jesus' obedience and submission to the Father's will, a recurring theme in the Gospel of John (John 5:19, John 8:28). Jesus' words are not His own but are given by the Father, indicating the unity and co-operation within the Trinity. This obedience is a model for believers, reflecting the call to live in accordance with God's will. The phrase also underscores the prophetic role of Jesus, as He speaks the words of God, similar to the prophets of the Old Testament who conveyed God's messages to the people (Deuteronomy 18:18). Jesus' teachings are thus authoritative and trustworthy, providing guidance and truth for those who follow Him. This connection to the Father’s words fulfills the messianic prophecies and establishes Jesus as the ultimate revelation of God to humanity.