It was now just before the Passover Feast
The Passover Feast is a significant Jewish festival commemorating the Israelites' deliverance from Egyptian slavery, as described in Exodus 12. This event is central to Jewish identity and religious practice, involving the sacrifice of a lamb and the eating of unleavened bread. The timing of this event in the Gospel of John highlights the connection between Jesus as the Lamb of God and the sacrificial lamb of Passover. The setting underscores the impending sacrifice of Jesus, aligning with the prophetic symbolism of the Passover lamb.

and Jesus knew that His hour had come
The "hour" refers to the appointed time for Jesus' crucifixion, resurrection, and glorification. Throughout the Gospel of John, Jesus speaks of His "hour" as a divinely appointed time (John 2:4, 7:30, 12:23). This moment marks the culmination of His earthly ministry and the fulfillment of His mission to redeem humanity. It signifies a transition from His public ministry to the passion narrative.

to leave this world and return to the Father
This phrase indicates Jesus' awareness of His impending death, resurrection, and ascension. "Leaving this world" refers to His physical departure through death, while "return to the Father" emphasizes His divine origin and destination. It reflects the intimate relationship between Jesus and the Father, a recurring theme in John's Gospel (John 1:1, 17:5). This return signifies the completion of His earthly mission and the restoration of His pre-incarnate glory.

Having loved His own who were in the world
"His own" refers to Jesus' disciples and, by extension, all believers. This phrase highlights the special relationship and commitment Jesus has to those who follow Him. The love mentioned here is agape love, characterized by selflessness and sacrifice. This love is demonstrated throughout Jesus' ministry and is about to be exemplified in the ultimate act of sacrifice on the cross. The phrase also contrasts the spiritual realm ("His own") with the physical world, emphasizing the believers' place in a world that often opposes them.

He loved them to the very end
This phrase underscores the completeness and perseverance of Jesus' love. "To the very end" can be understood both temporally and qualitatively, indicating that Jesus' love extends to the end of His earthly life and is perfect in its nature. This love is demonstrated in the subsequent chapters through acts of service, teaching, and ultimately, His sacrificial death. It fulfills the prophetic and typological roles of the suffering servant (Isaiah 53) and the Good Shepherd (John 10:11), who lays down His life for the sheep.

The evening meal was underway
This phrase refers to the Last Supper, which took place during the Jewish festival of Passover. The Passover meal commemorates the Israelites' deliverance from slavery in Egypt, as described in Exodus 12. This context is significant because Jesus is about to become the ultimate Passover Lamb, sacrificed for the sins of humanity. The setting is a private upper room in Jerusalem, a city central to Jewish worship and prophecy. The meal is a time of fellowship and teaching, where Jesus imparts final instructions to His disciples.

and the devil had already put into the heart of Judas,
This indicates the spiritual battle taking place behind the scenes. The devil, or Satan, is portrayed as the adversary of God and His purposes. The phrase suggests a premeditated plan, as Satan influences Judas to betray Jesus. This aligns with the broader biblical theme of spiritual warfare, as seen in Ephesians 6:12, where believers are reminded that their struggle is not against flesh and blood but against spiritual forces of evil.

the son of Simon Iscariot,
Judas Iscariot is identified by his father's name, Simon, which was a common practice to distinguish individuals in biblical times. The name "Iscariot" likely refers to Judas's place of origin, possibly Kerioth in Judea, setting him apart from the other disciples who were mostly from Galilee. This geographical detail highlights Judas's unique position among the Twelve and may suggest differing cultural influences.

to betray Jesus.
The act of betrayal fulfills Old Testament prophecies, such as Psalm 41:9, which speaks of a close friend lifting his heel against the psalmist, a foreshadowing of Judas's actions. Betrayal is a recurring theme in Scripture, often associated with treachery and the breaking of trust. Judas's betrayal is pivotal in the Passion narrative, leading to Jesus's arrest and crucifixion, which are central to the Christian understanding of redemption and atonement.

Jesus knew that the Father had delivered all things into His hands
This phrase emphasizes Jesus' divine authority and sovereignty. The concept of "all things" being delivered into His hands signifies complete control and dominion, echoing the authority given to the Son in Matthew 28:18, where Jesus states, "All authority in heaven and on earth has been given to me." This authority is rooted in the Old Testament, where the Messiah is prophesied to have dominion (Psalm 2:8, Daniel 7:14). The phrase also reflects the fulfillment of God's plan, as Jesus is entrusted with the mission of salvation and judgment (John 5:22-27). The imagery of being "delivered into His hands" suggests a transfer of power and responsibility, highlighting the trust and unity between the Father and the Son.

and that He had come from God
This phrase underscores the pre-existence and divine origin of Jesus. It affirms His identity as the Word made flesh (John 1:14) and His unique relationship with the Father. The statement "come from God" indicates His heavenly origin and mission, aligning with passages like John 6:38, where Jesus declares, "For I have come down from heaven, not to do my own will but the will of him who sent me." This connection to God the Father is central to understanding Jesus' role as the mediator between God and humanity (1 Timothy 2:5). It also fulfills Old Testament prophecies about the coming of a divine Savior (Isaiah 9:6).

and was returning to God
This phrase highlights the completion of Jesus' earthly mission and His impending return to the Father. It points to His ascension, as described in Acts 1:9-11, where Jesus is taken up into heaven. The return to God signifies the restoration of His glory, which He had before the world began (John 17:5). This return is not just a physical departure but a spiritual triumph, marking the successful fulfillment of His redemptive work. It also assures believers of His continued intercession and preparation of a place for them (John 14:2-3). The cyclical nature of coming from and returning to God emphasizes the eternal nature of Christ and His divine mission.

So He got up from the supper
This phrase indicates a significant moment during the Last Supper, a pivotal event in the life of Jesus and His disciples. The supper is the Passover meal, a Jewish tradition commemorating the Israelites' deliverance from Egypt. Jesus' actions here are deliberate and symbolic, setting the stage for a profound teaching moment. The act of getting up signifies a transition from fellowship to service, highlighting Jesus' role as a servant leader. This moment is also a precursor to the institution of the Lord's Supper, which would become a central sacrament in Christian worship.

laid aside His outer garments
In the cultural context of the time, outer garments were a sign of one's status and role. By laying aside His outer garments, Jesus symbolically sets aside His position and authority, embodying humility and servitude. This act prefigures His ultimate laying aside of divine privilege, as described in Philippians 2:6-7, where He "emptied Himself" to take on human form. The removal of His garments also foreshadows His crucifixion, where He would be stripped of His clothing, further emphasizing His sacrifice and vulnerability.

and wrapped a towel around His waist
Wrapping a towel around His waist is an act associated with servitude, as it was customary for servants to wash the feet of guests. This action by Jesus is a powerful demonstration of humility and love, serving as a model for His disciples to follow. It reflects the prophecy of the Suffering Servant in Isaiah 53, who would bear the burdens of others. The towel symbolizes the cleansing and purification that Jesus offers through His sacrifice, paralleling the spiritual cleansing He provides through His death and resurrection. This act of foot washing is a tangible expression of Jesus' teaching that "the greatest among you should be like the youngest, and the one who rules like the one who serves" (Luke 22:26).

After that, He poured water into a basin
This action takes place during the Last Supper, a significant event in the life of Jesus and His disciples. The pouring of water into a basin is a preparatory act for foot washing, a task typically performed by the lowest servant in a household. This act of humility by Jesus is a powerful demonstration of servant leadership, contrasting with the cultural norms of the time where leaders were served rather than serving others. The use of water is symbolic of cleansing, which is a recurring theme in Scripture, pointing to spiritual purification and renewal.

and began to wash the disciples’ feet
Foot washing was a common practice in ancient Near Eastern culture due to the dusty roads and the wearing of sandals. By washing the disciples' feet, Jesus exemplifies humility and service, setting an example for His followers to emulate. This act foreshadows His ultimate act of service and sacrifice on the cross. It also fulfills the role of a servant, highlighting the reversal of roles that Jesus often taught about in His ministry. This act is a physical manifestation of the spiritual cleansing that Jesus offers to all believers.

and dry them with the towel that was around Him
The use of the towel signifies Jesus' readiness to serve and His personal involvement in the act of cleansing. By drying the disciples' feet with the towel, Jesus completes the task with care and attention, emphasizing the thoroughness of His service. This act can be seen as a type of the atonement, where Jesus not only cleanses but also restores and comforts. The towel, being around Him, symbolizes His willingness to take on the role of a servant, further illustrating the humility and love that characterize His ministry. This action is a call to His followers to serve one another in love and humility, as He has demonstrated.

He came to Simon Peter
This phrase indicates a specific moment during the Last Supper when Jesus approaches Simon Peter. Simon Peter, one of the twelve apostles, is often portrayed as impulsive and outspoken. This encounter is significant because it highlights Peter's close relationship with Jesus and sets the stage for a deeper teaching moment. The act of washing feet was a task typically reserved for servants, emphasizing Jesus' role as a servant leader. This moment foreshadows Peter's future leadership in the early church and his eventual understanding of humility and service.

who asked Him
Peter's question reflects his confusion and discomfort with Jesus performing a task that was considered lowly. In the cultural context of the time, foot washing was necessary due to the dusty roads and sandals worn by people, but it was not something a teacher or master would do for his disciples. Peter's inquiry shows his struggle to comprehend the reversal of roles and the radical nature of Jesus' actions. This moment invites readers to consider the nature of true leadership and service.

“Lord, are You going to wash my feet?”
Peter's use of "Lord" acknowledges Jesus' authority and divinity, yet his question reveals his misunderstanding of Jesus' mission. This question is pivotal as it opens the door for Jesus to explain the spiritual significance of His actions. The washing of feet symbolizes purification and the need for spiritual cleansing, pointing to the greater cleansing that Jesus would accomplish through His death and resurrection. This act also prefigures the humility and sacrifice that Jesus would demonstrate on the cross. Peter's reaction is a reminder of the human tendency to resist divine plans that challenge our expectations.

Jesus replied
In this passage, Jesus is addressing His disciples during the Last Supper, a significant event in the Christian narrative. This setting is crucial as it marks the beginning of Jesus' final teachings before His crucifixion. The use of "replied" indicates a response to a question or confusion, highlighting the disciples' lack of understanding of Jesus' actions, specifically the washing of their feet, which was a task typically reserved for the lowest servant. This act of humility by Jesus sets the stage for His teaching on servanthood and leadership.

You do not realize now
The disciples often struggled to comprehend the full scope of Jesus' mission and teachings. This phrase underscores their current lack of understanding, which is a recurring theme throughout the Gospels. The immediate context involves Jesus performing an act that seems contradictory to their expectations of a Messiah. This moment reflects the broader theme of spiritual blindness and the need for divine revelation to truly grasp God's plans.

what I am doing
Jesus' actions here are symbolic and prophetic. The washing of the feet represents purification and service, foreshadowing His ultimate act of service on the cross. This act also serves as a model for the disciples, teaching them about humility and love. Theologically, it points to the cleansing from sin that Jesus provides, a concept further explored in passages like 1 John 1:7, which speaks of the blood of Jesus purifying believers from all sin.

but later you will understand
This promise of future understanding is fulfilled after Jesus' resurrection and the coming of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost. The disciples' enlightenment is a key theme in the New Testament, as seen in passages like John 14:26, where Jesus promises that the Holy Spirit will teach them all things and remind them of everything He has said. This future understanding also connects to the broader narrative of God's redemptive plan, which unfolds progressively throughout Scripture.

“Never shall You wash my feet!”
Peter's reaction is rooted in the cultural context of first-century Judea, where washing feet was a task reserved for the lowest servants. It was a sign of hospitality but also of humility. Peter's refusal reflects his reverence for Jesus, whom he sees as his Lord and Teacher, and he cannot fathom Jesus performing such a menial task. This moment highlights Peter's misunderstanding of Jesus' mission and the nature of His kingdom, which is characterized by servanthood and humility (Mark 10:45).

Peter told Him.
Peter often acts as the spokesperson for the disciples, reflecting his leadership role among them. His impulsive nature is evident throughout the Gospels, such as when he attempts to walk on water (Matthew 14:28-31) or when he declares Jesus as the Messiah (Matthew 16:16). This statement is consistent with his character, showing both his devotion and his lack of full understanding of Jesus' teachings.

Jesus answered, “Unless I wash you, you have no part with Me.”
Jesus' response is both literal and symbolic. Literally, it refers to the act of foot washing, but symbolically, it points to the spiritual cleansing necessary for fellowship with Him. This cleansing foreshadows the ultimate purification through Jesus' sacrifice on the cross (Hebrews 9:14). The phrase "you have no part with Me" emphasizes the necessity of accepting Jesus' work for salvation and fellowship. It echoes the concept of being part of the body of Christ, as seen in 1 Corinthians 12:27, where believers are united with Him through faith and obedience.

Then, Lord,
Simon Peter addresses Jesus as "Lord," acknowledging His authority and divinity. This title reflects Peter's recognition of Jesus' role as the Messiah, a central theme in the Gospels. The use of "Lord" is significant in the context of the Last Supper, where Jesus is about to demonstrate the ultimate act of servanthood and sacrifice.

Simon Peter replied,
Peter, often portrayed as impulsive and passionate, responds to Jesus' actions with a mixture of misunderstanding and devotion. His character is consistently depicted throughout the Gospels as one who speaks and acts quickly, sometimes without fully grasping the situation. This moment is part of a larger narrative where Peter's faith and understanding are being shaped by Jesus.

not only my feet,
Peter initially resists Jesus washing his feet, a task typically reserved for the lowest servant, but upon realizing its significance, he desires to be fully cleansed. The act of foot washing symbolizes humility and service, and Peter's reaction highlights his desire for complete participation in what Jesus offers, even if he doesn't fully understand it.

but my hands and my head as well!
Peter's request for Jesus to wash his hands and head signifies a desire for total purification. In Jewish culture, washing was a common ritual for purification, and Peter's request can be seen as a metaphor for spiritual cleansing. This reflects the broader biblical theme of sanctification and the need for inner transformation, as seen in passages like Psalm 51:7 and Ezekiel 36:25-27. Peter's eagerness also foreshadows the comprehensive cleansing that Jesus' sacrifice would provide for believers.

Jesus told him
This phrase indicates a direct communication from Jesus to one of His disciples, specifically Peter, during the Last Supper. This setting is significant as it is the night before Jesus' crucifixion, a time filled with profound teachings and symbolic acts. Jesus' words here are part of a larger discourse on servanthood and humility, as He has just washed the disciples' feet, a task typically reserved for the lowest servant.

“Whoever has already bathed
In the cultural context of the time, bathing was a common practice before attending a meal, especially a significant one like the Passover. This phrase suggests a state of initial cleansing, which can be seen as a metaphor for the spiritual cleansing that comes through faith in Jesus. The act of bathing symbolizes the comprehensive purification that believers receive when they accept Christ.

needs only to wash his feet,
In the dusty roads of ancient Israel, feet would become dirty quickly, even after a full bath. Washing feet was a practical necessity and a cultural norm. Spiritually, this act represents the ongoing need for believers to seek forgiveness and purification from daily sins, even after their initial salvation. It highlights the importance of continual repentance and sanctification in the Christian life.

and he will be completely clean.
This assurance of complete cleanliness points to the sufficiency of Jesus' sacrifice for the forgiveness of sins. It emphasizes that once a person is cleansed by Christ, they are fully justified before God. The completeness of this cleansing is a central tenet of Christian doctrine, affirming the believer's secure position in Christ.

And you are clean,
Here, Jesus affirms the spiritual state of His disciples, indicating that they have been cleansed through their faith in Him. This statement reassures them of their standing before God, despite their imperfections and the challenges they will face. It underscores the transformative power of faith and the grace that covers believers.

though not all of you.”
This phrase introduces a note of caution and foreshadows the betrayal by Judas Iscariot. Despite being part of the group and participating in the same rituals, Judas' heart was not aligned with Jesus. This serves as a warning about the dangers of hypocrisy and the importance of genuine faith. It also fulfills the prophecy of betrayal found in the Old Testament, highlighting the sovereignty of God in the unfolding of redemptive history.

For He knew who would betray Him.
This phrase highlights Jesus' divine omniscience, as He was fully aware of Judas Iscariot's impending betrayal. This foreknowledge is consistent with Jesus' understanding of human hearts, as seen in other passages like John 2:24-25. The betrayal by Judas was prophesied in the Old Testament, notably in Psalm 41:9, which speaks of a close friend lifting his heel against the psalmist, a type of Christ. Judas' role as the betrayer fulfills this prophecy, demonstrating the sovereignty of God in the unfolding of redemptive history. The knowledge of betrayal also underscores the depth of Jesus' love and grace, as He continued to serve and love Judas despite knowing his intentions.

That is why He said,
This phrase refers back to Jesus' earlier statement in John 13:10, where He mentions that not all of the disciples are clean. It serves as an explanation for His words, providing insight into His awareness of the spiritual state of His disciples. This moment occurs during the Last Supper, a significant event in the Passion narrative, where Jesus institutes the practice of communion and demonstrates servanthood by washing the disciples' feet. The setting is Jerusalem, a city rich in biblical history and the center of Jewish religious life, adding gravity to the events unfolding.

“Not all of you are clean.”
Here, Jesus distinguishes between the physical act of washing and the spiritual cleansing that comes through faith in Him. While the disciples had their feet washed, symbolizing purification and humility, Jesus indicates that one among them, Judas, remains spiritually unclean due to his lack of genuine faith and impending betrayal. This statement foreshadows the separation between true believers and those who merely appear to follow Christ, a theme echoed in parables like the wheat and the tares (Matthew 13:24-30). The concept of cleanliness is deeply rooted in Jewish law and tradition, where ritual purity was essential for worship and community life, yet Jesus redefines it in terms of inner spiritual purity.

When Jesus had washed their feet
This act of washing the disciples' feet is a profound demonstration of humility and servanthood. In the cultural context of the time, foot washing was a task typically reserved for the lowest servant in a household, as feet would become dirty from walking on dusty roads. Jesus, the Master and Teacher, takes on this role, symbolizing His mission to serve and cleanse humanity from sin. This act prefigures His ultimate act of service on the cross. It also fulfills the prophecy of the Suffering Servant in Isaiah 53, who humbles Himself for the sake of others.

and put on His outer garments
After washing the disciples' feet, Jesus resumes His position by putting on His outer garments. This action signifies a return to His role as Teacher and Lord, having completed the task of a servant. It reflects the dual nature of Christ as both servant and sovereign. The outer garments can symbolize the glory and authority of Christ, which He temporarily set aside to perform this humble act, much like His incarnation where He set aside divine privileges to become human (Philippians 2:6-8).

He reclined with them again
Reclining at the table was the customary posture for dining in the ancient Near East, especially during a formal meal like the Passover. This setting emphasizes the intimacy and fellowship Jesus shares with His disciples. It also foreshadows the future Messianic banquet, where believers will recline with Christ in the Kingdom of God (Luke 22:16, Revelation 19:9). The act of reclining signifies rest and communion, themes central to the Gospel message.

and asked, “Do you know what I have done for you?”
This question invites the disciples to reflect on the deeper meaning of Jesus' actions. It is not merely about physical cleanliness but about spiritual cleansing and the call to emulate His example of humility and service. This moment is a teaching opportunity, urging the disciples to understand the significance of servant leadership. It connects to Jesus' earlier teachings on greatness in the Kingdom of God, where the greatest must be the servant of all (Mark 10:43-45). This question challenges believers to consider their own understanding and application of Christ's example in their lives.

You call Me Teacher and Lord
In the context of first-century Judaism, the titles "Teacher" and "Lord" were significant. "Teacher" (Rabbi) was a term of respect for someone who was a master of the law and a guide in spiritual matters. Jesus was recognized by His disciples and others as a Rabbi, indicating His authority in teaching and interpreting the Scriptures. The title "Lord" (Kyrios) was used to denote authority and ownership, often reserved for God or a master. By using both titles, the disciples acknowledged Jesus' dual role as their spiritual guide and sovereign leader. This reflects the broader biblical theme of Jesus as both the ultimate teacher of divine truth and the sovereign ruler over all creation, as seen in passages like Matthew 28:18 and Philippians 2:9-11.

and rightly so
This phrase affirms the correctness of the disciples' recognition of Jesus' identity. It underscores the truth of their acknowledgment, aligning with the biblical principle that Jesus is the embodiment of wisdom and authority. The affirmation "rightly so" suggests that their understanding is not only accurate but divinely revealed, as seen in Peter's confession in Matthew 16:16-17, where Jesus blesses Peter for recognizing Him as the Messiah, a revelation from the Father.

because I am
The phrase "I am" is deeply significant, echoing the divine name revealed to Moses in Exodus 3:14, where God declares, "I AM WHO I AM." This connection highlights Jesus' divine nature and eternal existence. Throughout the Gospel of John, Jesus uses "I am" statements to reveal His identity and mission, such as "I am the bread of life" (John 6:35) and "I am the way, the truth, and the life" (John 14:6). These statements affirm His deity and His role as the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies and types, such as the Passover Lamb and the Good Shepherd. The use of "I am" here reinforces the understanding of Jesus as both fully God and fully man, central to Christian doctrine.

So if I, your Lord and Teacher,
This phrase establishes Jesus' authority and role among His disciples. The titles "Lord" and "Teacher" reflect His divine authority and His role as a rabbi or master. In Jewish culture, a rabbi was a respected teacher of the law, and disciples were expected to follow their rabbi's teachings closely. Jesus' use of these titles emphasizes His position and the significance of His actions. The term "Lord" also connects to Old Testament references to God, highlighting Jesus' divine nature (e.g., Psalm 110:1).

have washed your feet,
Foot washing was a common practice in ancient Near Eastern culture due to the dusty roads and the wearing of sandals. It was typically a task for the lowest servant in a household. By washing His disciples' feet, Jesus demonstrates humility and servanthood, subverting the cultural norms of His time. This act prefigures His ultimate act of service and sacrifice on the cross. It also fulfills the prophecy of the Suffering Servant in Isaiah 53, who humbles Himself for the sake of others.

you also should wash one another’s feet.
This command is a call to emulate Jesus' example of humility and service. It is not merely a literal instruction but a broader principle of serving others selflessly. This teaching aligns with other New Testament passages that emphasize love and service, such as Philippians 2:3-7, where believers are encouraged to have the same mindset as Christ. The act of foot washing symbolizes the cleansing and forgiveness that believers are to extend to one another, reflecting the forgiveness they have received through Christ.

I have set you an example
In this passage, Jesus speaks to His disciples after washing their feet, an act of humility and service. The Greek word for "example" (hypodeigma) implies a pattern or model to be followed. This act is significant because it was customary for the lowest servant to wash the feet of guests, highlighting Jesus' role as a servant leader. This example is not just about the physical act of washing feet but embodies the broader principle of serving others selflessly. Jesus' life consistently demonstrated this principle, as seen in Philippians 2:5-8, where He humbled Himself by becoming obedient to death on a cross.

so that you should do
The phrase "so that you should do" indicates a direct call to action for the disciples. It emphasizes the importance of not just understanding Jesus' teachings but actively living them out. This aligns with James 1:22, which urges believers to be doers of the word, not merely hearers. The cultural context of the time placed a high value on honor and status, making Jesus' call to serve others countercultural and radical. This directive challenges believers to adopt a lifestyle of humility and service, reflecting the heart of Christ in their daily interactions.

as I have done for you
Jesus' statement "as I have done for you" personalizes the example He set, making it specific to the disciples' experience. This phrase underscores the relational aspect of Jesus' ministry, where He personally invested in His followers. The act of washing the disciples' feet foreshadows the ultimate act of service—His sacrificial death on the cross. It also connects to the Old Testament prophecies of the Suffering Servant in Isaiah 53, who would bear the sins of many. By instructing His disciples to follow His example, Jesus establishes a new standard of leadership and community within the early church, one based on love, humility, and self-sacrifice.

Truly, truly, I tell you
This phrase, often translated as "Amen, amen, I say to you," is a solemn affirmation used by Jesus to emphasize the truth and importance of His statement. The repetition of "truly" underscores the certainty and authority of His words. In the Jewish tradition, "amen" is a declaration of affirmation, and its use here highlights the gravity of the teaching that follows.

no servant is greater than his master
This part of the verse reflects the hierarchical relationship between a servant and a master, a common social structure in the ancient world. In the context of Jesus' ministry, it serves as a reminder of the humility and service expected of His followers. The statement is a call to emulate Jesus' example of servanthood, as He had just demonstrated by washing the disciples' feet (John 13:1-17). This act of humility by Jesus, the Master, sets a precedent for His disciples.

nor is a messenger greater than the one who sent him
The term "messenger" can be understood as an apostle or one who is sent with a message. In the cultural context of the time, a messenger was expected to faithfully represent the sender's intentions and authority. This phrase emphasizes the role of the disciples as representatives of Christ, who is the ultimate sender. It also reflects the broader biblical theme of submission to God's will, as seen in Jesus' own submission to the Father (John 5:30).

Connections to Other Scripture
This teaching is echoed in other parts of the New Testament, such as Matthew 10:24-25, where Jesus reiterates the principle that a disciple is not above his teacher. It also aligns with Philippians 2:5-8, where Paul describes Jesus' humility and obedience, even to the point of death on a cross. These passages collectively underscore the call to humility and service in the Christian life.

Types of Jesus Christ
Jesus Himself is the ultimate example of a servant leader. His life and ministry fulfill the prophetic imagery of the Suffering Servant in Isaiah 53. By washing the disciples' feet and teaching this principle, Jesus embodies the servant role, foreshadowing His ultimate act of service on the cross. This typology reinforces the call for believers to follow in His footsteps, serving others selflessly.

If you know these things
This phrase refers to the teachings and actions Jesus has just demonstrated, particularly the act of washing the disciples' feet, which symbolizes humility and service. In the broader context of John 13, Jesus is preparing His disciples for His impending departure and emphasizing the importance of servanthood. The knowledge of these things is not merely intellectual but involves understanding the heart of Jesus' ministry. This echoes James 1:22, which urges believers to be doers of the word, not just hearers.

you will be blessed
The concept of being blessed in biblical terms often implies a state of happiness or divine favor. In the Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 5:3-12), Jesus outlines the Beatitudes, which describe the blessedness of those who embody kingdom values. Here, the blessing is contingent upon action, suggesting that true happiness and divine favor come from living out the teachings of Christ. This aligns with the Old Testament understanding of blessing, as seen in Deuteronomy 28, where obedience to God's commands results in blessings.

if you do them
The emphasis on doing highlights the importance of action in the Christian faith. Jesus is not merely imparting knowledge but calling for a transformation that results in tangible acts of love and service. This is consistent with the teachings of Jesus throughout the Gospels, where He often contrasts mere lip service with genuine obedience (Matthew 7:21-23). The call to action is a central theme in the New Testament, as seen in the epistles, where faith is demonstrated through works (James 2:14-26). This phrase underscores the practical outworking of faith, which is a hallmark of true discipleship.

I am not speaking about all of you;
In this phrase, Jesus is addressing His disciples during the Last Supper. He makes a distinction, indicating that His forthcoming statement does not apply to every one of them. This highlights the presence of a betrayer among the group, setting the stage for the revelation of Judas Iscariot's betrayal. The context is crucial as it occurs during a private and intimate moment, emphasizing the gravity of the situation.

I know whom I have chosen.
Here, Jesus asserts His divine knowledge and authority in choosing His disciples. This choice is not merely about selection for ministry but also encompasses the foreknowledge of their actions and destinies. Theologically, this reflects the doctrine of divine election, where God’s choices are purposeful and sovereign. It also reassures the faithful disciples of their secure place in His plan.

But this is to fulfill the Scripture:
Jesus often referenced Old Testament prophecies to demonstrate that His life and mission were in accordance with God’s predetermined plan. This phrase underscores the fulfillment of prophecy, a common theme in the Gospels, which serves to authenticate Jesus' messianic identity and the divine orchestration of events.

‘The one who shares My bread has lifted up his heel against Me.’
This is a direct reference to Psalm 41:9, where David laments betrayal by a close friend. In the cultural context, sharing bread was a sign of fellowship and trust, making the act of betrayal even more poignant. The phrase "lifted up his heel" suggests an act of treachery and hostility. By applying this scripture to Judas, Jesus identifies Himself with the suffering servant motif and foreshadows His impending betrayal, linking His experience to the broader narrative of redemptive history.

I am telling you now before it happens
This phrase highlights Jesus' foreknowledge and prophetic insight, a characteristic of His divine nature. In the context of John 13, Jesus is speaking to His disciples during the Last Supper, preparing them for His impending betrayal by Judas. This foretelling aligns with the prophetic tradition seen throughout the Old Testament, where God reveals future events to His prophets (e.g., Isaiah 46:10). Jesus' ability to predict future events underscores His identity as the Messiah and the Son of God, who possesses omniscience.

so that when it comes to pass
Here, Jesus emphasizes the purpose of His prophecy: to strengthen the disciples' faith once the predicted events occur. This reflects a common biblical theme where fulfilled prophecy serves as evidence of divine truth and authority. The fulfillment of Jesus' words would provide the disciples with assurance and confirmation of His teachings and mission, especially during the challenging times following His crucifixion.

you will believe that I am He
This phrase is a profound declaration of Jesus' identity. The expression "I am He" echoes the divine name revealed to Moses in Exodus 3:14, where God identifies Himself as "I AM." This connection would not be lost on the Jewish disciples, who would understand the implication of Jesus equating Himself with God. Throughout the Gospel of John, Jesus uses "I am" statements to reveal His divine nature and mission (e.g., John 8:58, John 10:11). This statement is intended to solidify the disciples' belief in Jesus as the Messiah and the incarnate Word of God, reinforcing the central theme of faith in the Gospel.

Truly, truly, I tell you
This phrase, often translated as "Amen, amen, I say to you," is a solemn affirmation used by Jesus to emphasize the truth and importance of His statement. It is a unique feature of Jesus' teaching style, underscoring the authority with which He speaks. The repetition of "truly" indicates the certainty and significance of the message that follows.

whoever receives the one I send
This refers to the apostles and disciples whom Jesus commissions to spread His teachings. The concept of being sent is rooted in the Jewish tradition of shaliach, where a messenger carries the authority of the one who sends them. This phrase highlights the continuity of Jesus' mission through His followers, emphasizing the importance of apostolic authority and the role of the Church in continuing Christ's work.

receives Me
Receiving Jesus' messengers is equated with receiving Jesus Himself. This reflects the intimate connection between Christ and His followers, as well as the unity of the body of Christ. It underscores the idea that the acceptance of the gospel message is tantamount to accepting Christ personally, a theme echoed in Matthew 10:40.

and whoever receives Me
This phrase reinforces the personal relationship between the believer and Jesus. It suggests that faith in Christ is not merely an intellectual assent but involves a personal acceptance and relationship. This is consistent with the Johannine emphasis on abiding in Christ (John 15:4-5).

receives the One who sent Me.
This refers to God the Father, who sent Jesus into the world. The statement establishes a direct link between the acceptance of Jesus and the acceptance of God, highlighting the unity of the Father and the Son. It reflects the Trinitarian relationship and the divine mission of Jesus as the sent one, fulfilling prophecies such as Isaiah 61:1. This connection is central to understanding the nature of Jesus' ministry and the divine plan of salvation.

After Jesus had said this
This phrase refers to the preceding discourse where Jesus washed the disciples' feet and spoke about servanthood and love. It sets the stage for the gravity of the moment, as Jesus transitions from teaching to revealing a deep personal anguish. The context is the Last Supper, a pivotal moment in the Passion narrative.

He became troubled in spirit
The phrase indicates Jesus' deep emotional distress. This mirrors other moments in the Gospels where Jesus experiences human emotions, such as in the Garden of Gethsemane. It highlights His dual nature as fully God and fully man. The Greek word used here, "tarassō," conveys a sense of agitation and turmoil, emphasizing the weight of the impending betrayal.

and testified
This term underscores the solemnity and truthfulness of Jesus' forthcoming statement. In biblical terms, to testify is to bear witness to the truth, often with divine authority. This moment is a fulfillment of His role as a prophet, revealing what is to come.

“Truly, truly, I tell you
The repetition of "truly" (Greek: "amen, amen") is a common Johannine device used to emphasize the certainty and importance of Jesus' words. It serves as a solemn affirmation, drawing attention to the gravity of the revelation. This phrase is used throughout the Gospel of John to introduce significant teachings or revelations.

one of you will betray Me.”
This prophecy of betrayal is a direct reference to Judas Iscariot, one of the Twelve Apostles. It fulfills Old Testament prophecies such as Psalm 41:9, which speaks of betrayal by a close friend. The betrayal is a pivotal event leading to Jesus' arrest and crucifixion, highlighting themes of human sinfulness and divine sovereignty. Judas' act is a stark contrast to the loyalty expected of a disciple, serving as a warning and a fulfillment of Jesus' foreknowledge.

The disciples looked at one another
This moment occurs during the Last Supper, a significant event in the life of Jesus and His disciples. The disciples' reaction of looking at one another indicates a shared confusion and concern. This setting is intimate, highlighting the close relationship between Jesus and His followers. The disciples' physical proximity to each other and to Jesus underscores the communal nature of their fellowship. This phrase also reflects the human tendency to seek understanding and reassurance from those around us in times of uncertainty.

perplexed
The disciples' perplexity reveals their lack of understanding regarding Jesus' prediction of betrayal. Despite having spent significant time with Jesus, they are still grappling with the full implications of His teachings and the events unfolding. This confusion is a common theme in the Gospels, where the disciples often struggle to comprehend Jesus' mission and the nature of His kingdom. Their perplexity also highlights the unexpected nature of the betrayal, as Judas was one of their own, trusted and part of their inner circle.

as to which of them He meant
This phrase indicates that the disciples did not immediately suspect Judas, showing that his betrayal was not obvious to them. It suggests that Judas was outwardly indistinguishable from the other disciples in terms of behavior and commitment. This moment fulfills the prophecy found in Psalm 41:9, where it is foretold that a close friend would betray the Messiah. The uncertainty among the disciples also serves to emphasize the gravity of the situation, as they each question their own loyalty and faithfulness to Jesus. This introspection is a poignant reminder of human frailty and the need for vigilance in one's spiritual walk.

One of His disciples
This phrase refers to the group of twelve men chosen by Jesus to be His closest followers and students. These disciples were selected from various backgrounds, including fishermen and a tax collector, and were called to leave their previous lives to follow Jesus. The term "disciple" indicates a learner or student, emphasizing their role in learning from Jesus' teachings and example. The twelve disciples are often seen as a representation of the twelve tribes of Israel, symbolizing a new covenant community.

the one whom Jesus loved
This phrase is traditionally understood to refer to John, the son of Zebedee, one of the twelve apostles. John is often identified as the "beloved disciple" in the Gospel of John, which is attributed to him. This designation highlights a special relationship between Jesus and John, suggesting a deep personal bond. The phrase underscores the theme of love that permeates John's writings, reflecting the intimate and transformative nature of Jesus' love for His followers. This special relationship is also seen in John being entrusted with the care of Jesus' mother, Mary, at the crucifixion (John 19:26-27).

was reclining at His side
In the cultural context of the time, meals were often eaten in a reclining position, especially during formal occasions like the Passover meal. This practice involved lying on one's side on a couch or cushion, with the head toward the table and feet away from it. Reclining at the side of the host was a position of honor, indicating closeness and favor. This setting is significant as it takes place during the Last Supper, a pivotal moment before Jesus' crucifixion. The act of reclining at Jesus' side symbolizes the intimate fellowship and trust between Jesus and His disciples, particularly John. This scene foreshadows the deep spiritual communion that believers are invited to share with Christ.

So Simon Peter motioned to him
Simon Peter, often seen as the leader among the disciples, takes initiative in this moment. His action of motioning suggests a non-verbal communication, indicating the close relationship and understanding among the disciples. This reflects the cultural context of the time, where gestures were a common form of communication. Peter's leadership role is consistent with other scriptural accounts, such as his confession of Christ in Matthew 16:16 and his prominent role in the early church as seen in Acts.

to ask Jesus
Peter's desire to seek clarification from Jesus highlights the disciples' dependence on Him for understanding spiritual matters. This moment occurs during the Last Supper, a significant event where Jesus is preparing His disciples for His impending crucifixion. The act of asking Jesus directly underscores the intimate teacher-student relationship they shared. It also reflects the Jewish tradition of disciples seeking wisdom from their rabbi.

which one He was talking about.
This phrase refers to Jesus' earlier statement about one of the disciples betraying Him. The context is crucial, as it takes place during the Last Supper, a pivotal moment in the Passion narrative. The question of betrayal fulfills Old Testament prophecies, such as Psalm 41:9, which speaks of betrayal by a close friend. This inquiry sets the stage for the revelation of Judas Iscariot as the betrayer, a key event in the unfolding of the Passion story. The disciples' concern and confusion also highlight their human frailty and foreshadow the trials they will face after Jesus' arrest.

Leaning back against Jesus
This phrase describes the intimate setting of the Last Supper, where Jesus and His disciples were reclining at the table, a common practice in Jewish culture during meals. The disciple leaning back is traditionally understood to be John, the beloved disciple, indicating a close relationship with Jesus. This physical closeness symbolizes spiritual intimacy and trust. The setting is significant as it takes place during the Passover meal, a time of remembrance and anticipation of God's deliverance, which Jesus fulfills as the Lamb of God.

he asked
The act of asking shows the disciple's desire for understanding and clarity. In the context of the Last Supper, Jesus had just announced that one of the disciples would betray Him, creating an atmosphere of tension and uncertainty. The disciple's question reflects a personal concern and a need for reassurance from Jesus. This moment highlights the importance of seeking truth directly from Christ, who is the source of all wisdom and knowledge.

“Lord, who is it?”
The use of "Lord" signifies recognition of Jesus' authority and divinity. The question "who is it?" pertains to the identity of the betrayer, Judas Iscariot, which fulfills Old Testament prophecies such as Psalm 41:9, where a close friend would turn against the Messiah. This inquiry underscores the theme of betrayal and the fulfillment of God's sovereign plan through human actions. It also serves as a reminder of the spiritual vigilance required to discern truth and remain faithful to Christ amidst trials.

Jesus answered
In this moment, Jesus responds to the question of who will betray Him. This highlights His omniscience and control over the unfolding events, fulfilling His role as the divine Son of God. His answer is direct, indicating the gravity of the situation.

“It is the one to whom I give this morsel after I have dipped it.”
The act of giving a dipped morsel was a gesture of honor and friendship in Jewish culture, making Judas's betrayal even more poignant. This act fulfills the prophecy found in Psalm 41:9, where David speaks of betrayal by a close friend. The dipping of the morsel also signifies the intimacy of the Last Supper, a Passover meal, which is rich in symbolism pointing to Jesus as the Passover Lamb.

Then He dipped the morsel
The dipping of the morsel into a common dish was customary during the Passover meal, reflecting the communal and covenantal aspects of the meal. This action underscores the shared fellowship and the impending betrayal, highlighting the contrast between Jesus' love and Judas's treachery.

and gave it to Judas son of Simon Iscariot.
Judas Iscariot, identified as the son of Simon, is singled out as the betrayer. His full identification emphasizes the personal nature of the betrayal. Judas's role fulfills the prophecies of betrayal and sets in motion the events leading to the crucifixion, which is central to the redemptive plan of God. Judas's actions contrast with the faithfulness of the other disciples and serve as a warning against the dangers of hypocrisy and unrepentant sin.

And when Judas had taken the morsel
This phrase occurs during the Last Supper, a pivotal moment in the Gospels. The "morsel" refers to a piece of bread, which Jesus dipped and gave to Judas as a sign of the betrayer. In the cultural context of a Jewish meal, sharing a morsel was a gesture of friendship and honor, highlighting the gravity of Judas's impending betrayal. This act fulfills the prophecy found in Psalm 41:9, where David laments betrayal by a close friend. The act of taking the morsel signifies Judas's final decision to betray Jesus, despite the intimate setting and Jesus's earlier warnings.

Satan entered into him
This phrase indicates a significant spiritual event. It suggests that Judas's decision to betray Jesus was not merely a human choice but was influenced by a direct satanic intervention. This aligns with earlier Gospel accounts where Satan is depicted as an adversary to Jesus's mission (e.g., the temptation in the wilderness). Theologically, this moment underscores the spiritual battle between good and evil, with Judas becoming a tool for Satan's purposes. It also reflects the broader biblical theme of human susceptibility to evil when one turns away from God.

Then Jesus said to Judas
Jesus's direct address to Judas demonstrates His foreknowledge and control over the events leading to His crucifixion. Despite knowing Judas's intentions, Jesus remains composed and authoritative. This interaction highlights Jesus's divine nature and His willingness to fulfill His redemptive mission. It also serves as a final opportunity for Judas to reconsider his actions, showcasing Jesus's grace even in the face of betrayal.

“What you are about to do, do quickly.”
This command from Jesus is both a release and a directive. It indicates Jesus's acceptance of the Father's will and the necessity of the events that are about to unfold. The urgency in Jesus's words reflects the imminent fulfillment of His sacrificial role as the Lamb of God. This phrase also connects to the theme of divine timing found throughout Scripture, where God's plans unfold precisely as intended. Jesus's instruction to act quickly underscores the inevitability of His path to the cross, a central element of Christian salvation history.

But no one at the table knew
This phrase highlights the lack of understanding among the disciples regarding Jesus' actions and words. Despite being with Jesus for an extended period, the disciples often misunderstood His teachings and intentions. This reflects the broader theme in the Gospels of the disciples' gradual comprehension of Jesus' mission. It also underscores the divine mystery of Jesus' plans, which were often hidden from human understanding until the appropriate time.

at the table
The setting is the Last Supper, a significant event in Christian tradition. This meal took place in an upper room in Jerusalem, a city central to Jewish religious life. The Last Supper is a pivotal moment, as it is the occasion where Jesus institutes the Lord's Supper or Communion, a sacrament observed by Christians to this day. The table setting also reflects the intimate fellowship Jesus shared with His disciples, akin to the communal meals common in Jewish culture.

knew why Jesus had said this to him
The "him" refers to Judas Iscariot, to whom Jesus had just spoken. The disciples did not understand the significance of Jesus' words to Judas, which were related to Judas' impending betrayal. This lack of understanding is consistent with the theme of spiritual blindness found throughout the Gospels. The disciples' inability to grasp the situation foreshadows the unfolding events of Jesus' arrest and crucifixion. This moment also fulfills Old Testament prophecies about betrayal by a close friend, such as Psalm 41:9, which speaks of a trusted companion turning against the Messiah.

Since Judas kept the money bag
Judas Iscariot was entrusted with the role of treasurer among the disciples, indicating a level of trust and responsibility. This role is significant as it highlights the irony of Judas's eventual betrayal. The money bag, or "money box," was used to hold funds for the group's expenses and charitable acts. This detail underscores the practical needs of Jesus and His disciples during their ministry. The mention of Judas keeping the money bag also foreshadows his later actions, as his love for money ultimately leads to his betrayal of Jesus (John 12:6).

some thought that Jesus was telling him to buy what was needed for the feast
The disciples' assumption reflects the customary preparations for the Passover feast, a significant Jewish festival commemorating the Israelites' deliverance from Egypt (Exodus 12). This context emphasizes the importance of the Passover in Jewish life and its fulfillment in Christ as the ultimate Passover Lamb (1 Corinthians 5:7). The disciples' misunderstanding also highlights their lack of awareness of Judas's impending betrayal and the deeper spiritual significance of the events unfolding.

or to give something to the poor
Giving to the poor was a common practice in Jewish culture, especially during festivals like Passover, when almsgiving was encouraged. This reflects the biblical principle of caring for the needy, as seen throughout the Old Testament (Deuteronomy 15:11) and reinforced by Jesus' teachings (Matthew 6:2-4). The mention of giving to the poor aligns with Jesus' ministry focus on compassion and justice. It also contrasts with Judas's actions, as his concern for money ultimately overrides any genuine desire to help others.

As soon as he had received the morsel
This phrase refers to the moment during the Last Supper when Jesus gives Judas a piece of bread. In the cultural context of a first-century Jewish meal, sharing a morsel was a gesture of friendship and honor. However, in this instance, it marks the moment of Judas's final decision to betray Jesus. This act fulfills the prophecy found in Psalm 41:9, where David speaks of being betrayed by a close friend. The giving of the morsel signifies the culmination of Judas's internal struggle and the beginning of his active betrayal.

Judas went out
Judas's departure from the gathering is significant. It marks the physical separation from Jesus and the other disciples, symbolizing his spiritual and moral departure as well. This act of leaving is a turning point in the narrative of the Passion, setting in motion the events that will lead to Jesus's arrest and crucifixion. Judas's exit is a fulfillment of Jesus's earlier prediction that one of His disciples would betray Him (John 13:21). It also highlights the theme of light versus darkness, as Judas chooses to leave the presence of the Light of the World.

into the night
The mention of "night" is not merely a time indicator but carries deep symbolic meaning. In the Gospel of John, night often represents spiritual darkness and evil (John 3:19-21). Judas's departure into the night underscores his alignment with darkness and his rejection of the light that Jesus offers. This imagery connects to the broader biblical theme of light and darkness, seen in passages like Isaiah 9:2 and John 1:5. The night also foreshadows the coming hours of Jesus's suffering and the apparent triumph of darkness, which will ultimately be overcome by the resurrection.

When Judas had gone out
This phrase marks a pivotal moment in the narrative. Judas Iscariot's departure signifies the beginning of the events leading to Jesus' crucifixion. Judas's exit is not just a physical departure but a spiritual one, as he leaves to betray Jesus. This act fulfills the prophecy found in Psalm 41:9, where a close friend turns against the Messiah. The setting is the Last Supper, a significant event in Jerusalem, a city central to Jewish worship and prophecy.

Jesus said,
Jesus' words here are of great importance, as they are spoken in the intimate setting of the Upper Room, where He is with His disciples. This setting is crucial for understanding the gravity and intimacy of His message. Jesus often used these moments to impart deep spiritual truths to His followers.

“Now the Son of Man is glorified,
The title "Son of Man" is a messianic title that Jesus frequently used for Himself, drawing from Daniel 7:13-14, which speaks of a divine figure given authority and glory. The term "glorified" here refers to the impending crucifixion, resurrection, and ascension of Jesus. In the paradox of the cross, what appears to be a moment of defeat is actually the moment of ultimate glorification, as Jesus fulfills His mission of redemption.

and God is glorified in Him.
This phrase highlights the unity between Jesus and the Father. The glorification of Jesus through His sacrificial death also glorifies God the Father, as it reveals His love, justice, and mercy. This mutual glorification is a central theme in the Gospel of John, emphasizing the divine nature and mission of Jesus. The cross is the ultimate revelation of God's character and plan for salvation, fulfilling prophecies such as Isaiah 53, which speaks of the suffering servant.

If God is glorified in Him
This phrase emphasizes the mutual glorification between God the Father and Jesus the Son. The context is the Last Supper, where Jesus is preparing His disciples for His impending crucifixion. The glorification of God in Jesus refers to the fulfillment of God's redemptive plan through Jesus' obedience, suffering, and ultimate sacrifice. This reflects the unity and purpose within the Trinity, as seen in John 17:1, where Jesus prays for the Father to glorify the Son so that the Son may glorify the Father. The concept of glorification here is deeply rooted in the Old Testament, where God's glory is often associated with His presence and mighty acts (Exodus 24:16-17).

God will also glorify the Son in Himself
This phrase indicates that God the Father will glorify Jesus through His resurrection and exaltation. The resurrection is a pivotal event that confirms Jesus' divine nature and mission, as prophesied in Psalm 16:10 and fulfilled in Acts 2:31. The glorification of the Son is not only a future event but also an immediate reality, as Jesus' death and resurrection are imminent. This glorification is a testament to Jesus' divine authority and His role as the mediator between God and humanity, as seen in Philippians 2:9-11, where God exalts Jesus and gives Him the name above every name.

and will glorify Him at once
The immediacy of this glorification underscores the urgency and certainty of God's plan. Jesus' crucifixion, resurrection, and ascension are not distant events but are about to unfold rapidly. This phrase highlights the divine timing and sovereignty in the unfolding of salvation history. The "at once" aspect can be seen as a fulfillment of Jesus' own predictions about His death and resurrection, as He repeatedly told His disciples that He would rise on the third day (Mark 8:31). This immediate glorification also points to the transformative impact of Jesus' work, which brings about the new covenant and the outpouring of the Holy Spirit, as seen in Acts 2:33.

Little children,
This term of endearment reflects Jesus' deep affection and pastoral care for His disciples. It is a unique expression found in John's writings, emphasizing the intimate relationship between Jesus and His followers. The use of "little children" also indicates the disciples' need for guidance and instruction, much like children depend on a parent.

I am with you only a little while longer.
Jesus is foreshadowing His imminent departure through His crucifixion, resurrection, and ascension. This statement is set during the Last Supper, a pivotal moment in the Gospel narrative. The phrase underscores the urgency of His final teachings and the transition from His physical presence to the coming of the Holy Spirit.

You will look for Me,
This reflects the disciples' impending sense of loss and confusion after Jesus' death. Historically, the Jewish people had long awaited the Messiah, and the disciples' search for Jesus after His departure symbolizes their struggle to understand His mission and the nature of His kingdom.

and as I said to the Jews,
Jesus previously addressed the Jewish leaders and crowds with similar words, highlighting a consistent message throughout His ministry. This reference connects the disciples' experience with the broader narrative of Jesus' interactions with the Jewish people, who often misunderstood His mission.

so now I say to you:
Jesus is drawing a parallel between His earlier teachings to the Jewish leaders and His current message to the disciples. This emphasizes the universal nature of His message and the continuity of His mission, despite the different audiences.

‘Where I am going, you cannot come.’
This statement points to Jesus' unique role in salvation history. His path to the cross, resurrection, and ascension is one that only He can undertake. It also alludes to the heavenly realm, which the disciples cannot yet enter. This phrase invites reflection on the nature of Jesus' sacrifice and the promise of eternal life for believers.

A new commandment I give you:
This phrase signifies a pivotal moment in Jesus' teachings, highlighting the introduction of a commandment that transcends the existing Mosaic Law. The term "new" indicates a fresh, unprecedented directive that emphasizes the transformative nature of Jesus' ministry. In the context of the Last Supper, this commandment is given as part of Jesus' farewell discourse, underscoring its importance as a foundational principle for His followers. The concept of a "new commandment" echoes the prophetic anticipation of a new covenant, as seen in Jeremiah 31:31-34, where God promises to write His law on the hearts of His people.

Love one another:
This commandment is central to Christian ethics and community life. The Greek word for love used here is "agape," which denotes selfless, sacrificial love. This type of love is not based on emotions or feelings but is an act of will, reflecting God's love for humanity. In the cultural context of the time, where social hierarchies and divisions were prevalent, this command to love one another was radical, promoting unity and equality among believers. This love is to be the defining characteristic of Jesus' disciples, as further emphasized in John 13:35.

As I have loved you:
Jesus sets Himself as the ultimate example of love, pointing to His actions and teachings throughout His ministry. This phrase foreshadows His impending sacrifice on the cross, the ultimate demonstration of His love. The disciples had witnessed Jesus' love through His service, compassion, and forgiveness, providing them with a tangible model to emulate. This call to love as Jesus loved elevates the commandment to a divine standard, challenging believers to embody Christ-like love in their relationships.

So you also must love one another:
The repetition of the command to love one another reinforces its significance and necessity within the Christian community. This love is not optional but a mandate for all followers of Christ. It serves as a testament to their faith and a witness to the world, as seen in the early church's communal life in Acts 2:42-47. The imperative "must" indicates the non-negotiable nature of this command, urging believers to actively pursue love in their interactions, thus fulfilling the law of Christ as described in Galatians 6:2.

By this everyone will know that you are My disciples,
This phrase emphasizes the distinguishing mark of Jesus' followers. In the context of the Last Supper, Jesus is preparing His disciples for His departure. The "this" refers to the love they are to show one another, which serves as a testimony to the world. Historically, the early Christian community was known for its love and unity, which set it apart from other groups. This love is not merely an emotion but a commitment to act in the best interest of others, reflecting the sacrificial love of Christ. The phrase also connects to Matthew 5:16, where Jesus speaks of letting one's light shine before others.

if you love one another.”
The conditional "if" indicates that love is the essential evidence of true discipleship. This love is agape, a selfless, unconditional love that mirrors the love of Christ. In the cultural context of the time, such love was countercultural, as society was often divided by class, ethnicity, and religion. The command to love one another is a recurring theme in the New Testament, seen in passages like 1 John 4:7-8, which states that love is from God and those who love are born of God. This love is a fulfillment of the law, as Paul writes in Romans 13:10, and is a reflection of the new covenant relationship established by Jesus.

“Lord, where are You going?” Simon Peter asked.
Simon Peter, often seen as the spokesperson for the disciples, frequently voiced questions and concerns that others might have had. His inquiry reflects a deep concern and confusion about Jesus' earlier statements regarding His departure. This question arises during the Last Supper, a pivotal moment in the Gospel narrative, where Jesus is preparing His disciples for His impending crucifixion and departure from the world. Peter's question shows his desire to remain close to Jesus, highlighting the close relationship between them. This moment is set in Jerusalem, a city with profound religious significance, especially during Passover, when Jews from all over would gather, adding to the tension and anticipation of the events to come.

Jesus answered, “Where I am going, you cannot follow Me now, but you will follow later.”
Jesus' response indicates a journey that Peter is not yet ready to undertake, pointing to His upcoming death, resurrection, and ascension. The phrase "you cannot follow Me now" suggests that there are spiritual and redemptive purposes that must be fulfilled by Jesus alone. This statement foreshadows Peter's eventual martyrdom, as tradition holds that Peter was crucified in Rome, following in the footsteps of his Master. The promise "you will follow later" reassures Peter of his future role in the early Church and his eventual reunion with Christ. This echoes themes found in other scriptures, such as John 14:2-3, where Jesus speaks of preparing a place for His followers, and 1 Peter 2:21, where Peter himself later writes about following Christ's example.

“Lord,” said Peter,
Peter, one of Jesus' closest disciples, often acted as a spokesperson for the group. His use of "Lord" signifies respect and recognition of Jesus' authority. This title reflects Peter's acknowledgment of Jesus' divine role, aligning with the Jewish understanding of a teacher or master. Peter's impulsive nature is evident throughout the Gospels, often leading to bold declarations and actions.

“why can’t I follow You now?
Peter's question arises from Jesus' earlier statement that His disciples could not follow Him where He was going (John 13:33). This reflects Peter's misunderstanding of Jesus' mission and the necessity of His impending crucifixion. The question also highlights Peter's eagerness and devotion, yet it underscores his lack of comprehension regarding the spiritual journey and sacrifice required.

I will lay down my life for You.”
Peter's declaration of loyalty is sincere but ultimately reveals his overconfidence. This statement foreshadows his later denial of Jesus (John 18:15-27), illustrating human frailty and the need for divine strength. The phrase echoes themes of sacrifice and martyrdom found throughout the New Testament, particularly in the context of Jesus' own sacrificial death. Peter's willingness to die for Jesus is reminiscent of the call to discipleship, where followers are urged to take up their cross (Matthew 16:24-25).

Will you lay down your life for Me?
This question from Jesus to Peter highlights the theme of sacrificial love and commitment. In the cultural context of the time, laying down one's life was the ultimate act of loyalty and devotion. Jesus is challenging Peter's understanding of true discipleship, which requires self-denial and a willingness to follow Christ even unto death. This echoes Jesus' earlier teachings in John 12:25, where He speaks of losing one's life to keep it for eternal life.

Jesus replied.
The direct response from Jesus indicates His awareness of Peter's impending failure. It underscores Jesus' omniscience and His understanding of human frailty. This moment is pivotal as it sets the stage for Peter's later restoration and transformation, showing that Jesus' knowledge of our weaknesses does not preclude His love and plans for us.

Truly, truly, I tell you,
The double "truly" (or "amen, amen" in Greek) is a solemn affirmation used by Jesus to emphasize the certainty and importance of what He is about to say. This phrase is used throughout the Gospels to introduce significant truths, underscoring the reliability and authority of Jesus' words.

before the rooster crows,
The mention of the rooster crowing is a time marker, indicating the early morning hours. In the cultural and historical context, the rooster's crow was a familiar sound marking the end of the night and the beginning of a new day. This detail adds urgency and specificity to Jesus' prediction, highlighting the immediacy of Peter's denial.

you will deny Me three times.
The prediction of Peter's threefold denial is significant in its repetition, symbolizing completeness and emphasizing the gravity of Peter's forthcoming actions. This prophecy is fulfilled in the accounts of the Gospels (e.g., Matthew 26:69-75), illustrating the weakness of human resolve without divine strength. It also serves as a powerful reminder of the need for humility and reliance on God's grace. The number three often signifies completeness in biblical literature, further underscoring the totality of Peter's denial.