Early on the first day of the week
This phrase indicates the timing of the event, which is significant in the context of Jewish customs. The first day of the week is Sunday, following the Jewish Sabbath (Saturday). This timing is crucial as it marks the beginning of a new creation, symbolizing the resurrection of Jesus and the new covenant. The early Christians began to gather on Sundays to commemorate the resurrection, which is why Sunday became the primary day of worship.

while it was still dark
The mention of darkness not only sets the scene but also carries symbolic meaning. Darkness often represents confusion, fear, or lack of understanding in biblical literature. The darkness here contrasts with the light of the resurrection, symbolizing the transition from despair to hope. It also highlights Mary Magdalene's devotion, as she approaches the tomb before dawn, eager to attend to Jesus.

Mary Magdalene went to the tomb
Mary Magdalene is a significant figure in the Gospels, known for her devotion to Jesus. She was one of the women who followed Jesus and supported His ministry. Her presence at the tomb underscores her loyalty and love for Jesus. In a cultural context where women's testimonies were often undervalued, her role as the first witness to the resurrection is profound and highlights the inclusive nature of Jesus' ministry.

and saw that the stone had been removed from the entrance
The removal of the stone is a critical detail, indicating that something extraordinary has occurred. In the context of Jewish burial practices, tombs were sealed with large stones to protect the body from animals and grave robbers. The stone's removal signifies divine intervention, as it would have been too heavy for a single person to move. This act fulfills Jesus' prophecy about His resurrection and serves as a physical sign of His victory over death.

So she came running to Simon Peter and the other disciple, the one whom Jesus loved.
Mary Magdalene's immediate reaction to the empty tomb was to seek out the disciples, indicating her close relationship with them and her role as a witness to the resurrection. Simon Peter is often seen as a leader among the disciples, which is why she might have sought him out first. The "other disciple, the one whom Jesus loved," is traditionally understood to be John, the author of this Gospel. This phrase highlights the special relationship between Jesus and John, which is a recurring theme in this Gospel. The urgency in Mary's actions reflects the shock and confusion of the moment, as well as the importance of the event.

“They have taken the Lord out of the tomb,” she said,
Mary's statement reflects her initial misunderstanding of the resurrection. At this point, she assumes that Jesus' body has been moved or stolen, a common concern in ancient times when tombs were sometimes robbed. This misunderstanding sets the stage for the revelation of the resurrection. The use of "the Lord" signifies her recognition of Jesus' authority and divinity, even in her confusion. This phrase also connects to the broader theme of misunderstanding and revelation that runs throughout the Gospel of John.

“and we do not know where they have put Him!”
The use of "we" suggests that Mary was not alone in her visit to the tomb, aligning with other Gospel accounts that mention multiple women visiting the tomb. This collective uncertainty emphasizes the shared experience of the disciples and followers of Jesus during this pivotal moment. The phrase underscores the human element of the resurrection narrative, highlighting the disciples' initial lack of understanding and the gradual unfolding of the truth. This moment of confusion is contrasted with the later clarity and joy of the resurrection appearances.

Then Peter and the other disciple
Peter, one of Jesus' closest disciples, often took a leadership role among the apostles. His presence here underscores his importance in the early church. The "other disciple" is traditionally understood to be John, the author of the Gospel. This pairing of Peter and John is significant, as they are frequently mentioned together in the New Testament (Acts 3:1, 8:14). Their relationship highlights the balance between Peter's impulsive nature and John's contemplative character. This moment marks the beginning of their witness to the resurrection, a foundational event for Christian faith.

set out
The act of setting out indicates urgency and determination. The news of the empty tomb, delivered by Mary Magdalene, prompted immediate action. This reflects the disciples' deep connection to Jesus and their desire to understand the events unfolding. The urgency also signifies the importance of the resurrection in Christian theology, as it is the cornerstone of the faith (1 Corinthians 15:14).

for the tomb
The tomb, located outside Jerusalem, was a new tomb belonging to Joseph of Arimathea (John 19:41). Its location in a garden is significant, as gardens in Scripture often symbolize new beginnings and life (Genesis 2:8, Revelation 22:1-2). The empty tomb is a powerful symbol of Jesus' victory over death and the promise of eternal life for believers. The physicality of the tomb and its emptiness serve as tangible evidence of the resurrection, a central tenet of Christian belief.

The two were running together
This phrase refers to Peter and the "other disciple," traditionally understood to be John, the author of the Gospel. Their running signifies urgency and eagerness to verify the report of the empty tomb. In the cultural context of the time, running was not a common activity for adult men, indicating the extraordinary nature of the event. This urgency reflects the disciples' deep connection to Jesus and their desire to understand the implications of the resurrection.

but the other disciple outran Peter
The "other disciple" is often identified as John, who is described as younger than Peter, which may explain his ability to outrun him. This detail highlights the personal nature of the Gospel, as John includes his own experiences. Theologically, this could symbolize the different roles and personalities within the body of Christ, where each disciple has a unique path and pace in their journey of faith.

and reached the tomb first
John's arrival at the tomb before Peter can be seen as a fulfillment of his close relationship with Jesus, often described as the disciple whom Jesus loved. This moment foreshadows the revelation of the resurrection, a pivotal event in Christian theology. The empty tomb is a central symbol of victory over death, fulfilling Old Testament prophecies such as Psalm 16:10, which speaks of God not allowing His Holy One to see decay. The physical location of the tomb, traditionally identified as the Garden Tomb or the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, remains a significant site for Christian pilgrimage, underscoring the historical and spiritual importance of the resurrection event.

He bent down and looked in
This phrase describes the posture of Peter as he approaches the tomb. The act of bending down indicates a sense of urgency and curiosity. In the cultural context of the time, tombs were often carved into rock and required one to stoop to see inside. This action reflects a personal and investigative approach to the resurrection, emphasizing the importance of witnessing the evidence firsthand. The act of looking in signifies a desire to understand and verify the events that have transpired.

at the linen cloths lying there
The linen cloths are significant as they were used to wrap Jesus' body after His crucifixion. The presence of the cloths, lying undisturbed, suggests that Jesus' body was not stolen, as grave robbers would not have taken the time to unwrap the body. This detail aligns with the resurrection narrative, indicating that Jesus rose from the dead, leaving behind the burial cloths. The mention of linen cloths also connects to the burial customs of the time, providing historical context to the account.

but he did not go in
Peter's hesitation to enter the tomb may reflect a sense of reverence or shock at the sight before him. This moment of pause allows for contemplation and underscores the gravity of the resurrection event. In the broader biblical narrative, this hesitation can be seen as a moment of transition from doubt to belief, as Peter processes the implications of the empty tomb. This phrase also sets the stage for the subsequent actions of the other disciples, highlighting the varying responses to the resurrection.

Simon Peter arrived just after him.
Simon Peter, one of Jesus' closest disciples, is often portrayed as impulsive and bold. His arrival "just after him" refers to John, the disciple whom Jesus loved, who reached the tomb first but did not enter. This moment highlights Peter's leadership role among the disciples, as he takes the initiative to enter the tomb. The urgency and immediacy of Peter's actions reflect the deep concern and confusion among the disciples following the crucifixion and reports of the empty tomb. This scene is set in the context of the resurrection morning, a pivotal event in Christian theology, affirming Jesus' victory over death.

He entered the tomb
Peter's decision to enter the tomb demonstrates his courage and desire for understanding. The tomb, likely a rock-cut structure typical of first-century Jewish burial practices, was located in a garden near the site of the crucifixion. Entering the tomb signifies a willingness to confront the reality of Jesus' death and the mystery of His resurrection. This act can be seen as a fulfillment of Jesus' earlier prediction that Peter would be a foundational leader in the early church (Matthew 16:18).

and saw the linen cloths lying there.
The presence of the linen cloths is significant. In Jewish burial customs, the body would be wrapped in linen with spices. The fact that the cloths were lying there, and not in disarray, suggests that Jesus' body was not stolen, as grave robbers would not have taken the time to unwrap the body. This detail supports the resurrection narrative, as it implies a supernatural event. The linen cloths lying undisturbed can be seen as a symbol of Jesus' resurrection, echoing the imagery of the grave clothes left behind as a sign of new life, similar to Lazarus being unbound from his grave clothes (John 11:44).

The cloth that had been around Jesus’ head
This phrase refers to the burial cloth, or "sudarium," that was used to cover Jesus' head after His crucifixion. In Jewish burial customs of the time, the body was wrapped in linen cloths, and a separate cloth was used for the head. This practice is consistent with the burial customs described in the Gospels, such as in John 11:44, where Lazarus is described as having his face wrapped with a cloth. The use of a separate head cloth highlights the care and respect given to the deceased, even in death. This detail underscores the reality of Jesus' death and burial, affirming the physical resurrection that follows.

was rolled up
The phrase "rolled up" suggests that the cloth was not simply discarded or left in disarray, but was intentionally folded or arranged. This detail is significant because it indicates that the removal of the cloth was done with purpose and order, contrasting with the idea of a grave robbery, where items would likely be left in chaos. The orderly arrangement of the cloths serves as evidence of the resurrection, suggesting that Jesus' body was not taken by thieves, but that He rose from the dead. This act of rolling up the cloth can also be seen as a sign of Jesus' authority and control over death, as He calmly and deliberately left the grave.

lying separate from the linen cloths
The separation of the head cloth from the other linen cloths is a notable detail that emphasizes the uniqueness of the resurrection event. In the cultural context, the separation could symbolize a distinction between the earthly and the divine, as Jesus' resurrection marks the transition from His earthly ministry to His glorified state. This separation also serves as a visual testimony to the disciples and others who would come to the tomb, providing a clear sign that something extraordinary had occurred. The distinct placement of the cloths can be seen as a fulfillment of Jesus' own predictions of His resurrection, as well as Old Testament prophecies that allude to the Messiah's victory over death, such as Psalm 16:10 and Isaiah 53:10-12.

Then the other disciple, who had reached the tomb first,
This phrase refers to the Apostle John, who often refers to himself as "the other disciple" or "the disciple whom Jesus loved." John and Peter were the two disciples who ran to the tomb after Mary Magdalene reported that the stone had been rolled away. John's arrival at the tomb first is significant, as it demonstrates his eagerness and devotion. The fact that he reached the tomb first but did not enter immediately shows a level of respect and deference to Peter, who was the leader among the apostles. This moment highlights the close relationship between John and Jesus, as well as the dynamics within the early group of disciples.

also went in.
John's decision to enter the tomb after Peter signifies a moment of courage and faith. The act of entering the tomb is symbolic of entering into the mystery of the resurrection. In Jewish culture, entering a tomb would have been considered ritually unclean, yet John's willingness to do so underscores the importance of the event. This action marks a turning point from fear and confusion to understanding and belief. The empty tomb itself serves as a powerful testament to the resurrection, a cornerstone of Christian faith.

And he saw and believed.
This phrase captures the moment of realization and faith for John. The Greek word for "saw" (εἶδεν) implies more than just physical sight; it suggests understanding and perception. John's belief upon seeing the empty tomb is significant because it indicates a shift from doubt to faith without needing to see the risen Christ physically. This belief is rooted in the fulfillment of Jesus' prophecies about His resurrection, as well as Old Testament prophecies such as Psalm 16:10, which speaks of God not allowing His Holy One to see decay. John's belief sets an example for future generations of Christians who would come to faith through the testimony of the apostles and the Scriptures, rather than physical evidence.

For they still did not understand
The disciples' lack of understanding highlights their human limitations and the gradual revelation of divine truth. Despite Jesus' previous teachings about His death and resurrection (e.g., Matthew 16:21, Mark 8:31), the disciples struggled to grasp the full meaning. This reflects a common theme in the Gospels where Jesus' followers often misunderstand His mission and teachings until after the resurrection and the coming of the Holy Spirit (John 14:26).

from the Scripture
This phrase indicates that the Old Testament contained prophecies and foreshadowings of the Messiah's resurrection. Passages such as Psalm 16:10 and Isaiah 53:10-11 are often cited as prophetic references to the resurrection. The disciples' initial failure to connect these Scriptures to Jesus' resurrection underscores the necessity of divine revelation and the role of the Holy Spirit in illuminating the Scriptures (Luke 24:45).

that Jesus had to rise from the dead
The necessity of Jesus' resurrection is central to Christian theology. It validates His divinity (Romans 1:4), fulfills prophecy, and is essential for the salvation of humanity (1 Corinthians 15:17). The resurrection is also a type of the new life believers receive through faith in Christ (Romans 6:4). The phrase "had to" emphasizes the divine plan and purpose, showing that the resurrection was not an unexpected event but a predetermined part of God's redemptive work.

Then the disciples
The term "disciples" here refers specifically to Peter and John, who had just visited the empty tomb of Jesus. In the broader context of the New Testament, "disciples" often refers to the twelve apostles, but it can also include a larger group of followers. The focus on Peter and John highlights their leadership roles among the apostles, as seen in other passages such as Acts 3:1-11 and Galatians 2:9.

returned
The act of returning signifies a transition from the extraordinary event of discovering the empty tomb back to their ordinary lives. This moment reflects a period of confusion and uncertainty for the disciples, as they had not yet fully understood the resurrection. The return also sets the stage for the subsequent appearances of Jesus, which would clarify and confirm the reality of His resurrection.

to their homes
The phrase "to their homes" indicates a return to a place of familiarity and safety. In the cultural context of first-century Judea, homes were central to family life and community. This return may symbolize a temporary retreat to process the events they had witnessed. It also contrasts with the later gathering of the disciples in the upper room, where they would receive the Holy Spirit (Acts 2:1-4). The mention of "homes" underscores the personal and communal impact of the resurrection, as the disciples would soon be called to spread the Gospel beyond their immediate surroundings.

But Mary stood outside the tomb weeping.
Mary Magdalene's presence at the tomb highlights her devotion to Jesus. Her standing outside signifies her initial reluctance or inability to enter due to grief. In Jewish culture, mourning was a deeply emotional and communal experience, often involving loud lamentation. Mary's weeping reflects the profound loss felt by Jesus' followers after His crucifixion. Her actions fulfill the role of women as primary witnesses to Jesus' resurrection, a significant detail given the cultural context where women's testimonies were often undervalued.

And as she wept,
The repetition of her weeping emphasizes the depth of her sorrow. This moment captures the human experience of loss and despair, which is a recurring theme in the Bible. The Psalms often express similar emotions, such as in Psalm 30:5, which contrasts weeping with eventual joy. Mary's tears also echo the lamentations of the prophets, who mourned over Israel's spiritual state, pointing to the broader narrative of redemption and hope.

she bent down to look into the tomb,
Mary's action of bending down indicates a shift from passive mourning to active seeking. This movement symbolizes a transition from despair to the search for understanding and truth. The tomb, a place of death, becomes a focal point for the revelation of life through Jesus' resurrection. Her act of looking into the tomb parallels the invitation to seek and find, as encouraged in Matthew 7:7. This moment foreshadows the revelation of the empty tomb, a pivotal event in Christian faith, affirming Jesus' victory over death and fulfilling prophecies such as Isaiah 53:10-12.

and she saw two angels in white
Mary Magdalene, upon returning to the tomb, encounters two angels. Angels often appear in Scripture as messengers of God, signifying divine intervention or revelation. Their appearance in white symbolizes purity and holiness, consistent with biblical depictions of heavenly beings (e.g., Daniel 7:9, Revelation 4:4). The presence of angels at the tomb underscores the significance of the resurrection event, marking it as a divine act.

sitting where the body of Jesus had lain
The angels are positioned at the location where Jesus' body was placed, emphasizing the reality of His physical death and burial. This setting within the tomb highlights the miraculous nature of the resurrection, as the body is no longer there. The empty tomb serves as a powerful testament to Jesus' victory over death, fulfilling His own prophecies about His resurrection (e.g., Matthew 16:21, John 2:19-22).

one at the head and the other at the feet
The positioning of the angels may evoke imagery reminiscent of the cherubim on the Ark of the Covenant (Exodus 25:18-20), which also faced each other over the mercy seat. This parallel suggests that Jesus' resurrection is the ultimate act of divine mercy and atonement, fulfilling the sacrificial system of the Old Testament. The angels' positions also frame the space where Jesus' body lay, emphasizing the completeness of His resurrection and the transformation from death to life.

Woman, why are you weeping?
This question is posed by the angels to Mary Magdalene at the tomb. In biblical context, angels often serve as messengers of God, bringing comfort or revelation. The use of "woman" is a respectful address, common in the culture of the time. The question highlights the deep sorrow and confusion Mary feels, reflecting the human experience of grief. It also sets the stage for the revelation of Jesus' resurrection, a pivotal moment in Christian theology.

they asked.
The presence of angels at the tomb signifies divine intervention and the importance of the event. Angels are frequently depicted in Scripture as God's servants who announce significant events, such as the birth of Christ (Luke 2:10-11). Their inquiry is not for their own understanding but to engage Mary and prepare her for the revelation of the risen Christ.

Because they have taken my Lord away,
Mary's response indicates her devotion to Jesus, referring to Him as "my Lord," a term of personal allegiance and faith. Her assumption that Jesus' body has been taken reflects the historical practice of grave robbery, which was not uncommon in the ancient world. This statement underscores her lack of understanding of the resurrection, a theme that is gradually unveiled throughout the chapter.

she said,
Mary's direct speech emphasizes her emotional state and personal connection to Jesus. Her willingness to speak to the angels shows her desperation and determination to find Jesus, even in death. This moment captures the raw human emotion and the personal relationship believers are called to have with Christ.

and I do not know where they have put Him.
Mary's uncertainty and distress are evident in her words. This reflects the historical context of the time, where the body of a deceased person was often placed in a family tomb or a borrowed one, as was the case with Jesus. Her statement also highlights the fulfillment of Jesus' prophecy about His death and resurrection, which the disciples and followers did not fully comprehend until after the resurrection (John 2:19-22). This moment foreshadows the revelation of the empty tomb and the risen Christ, central to the Christian faith.

When she had said this
Mary Magdalene had just expressed her sorrow to the angels at the empty tomb, reflecting her deep devotion and love for Jesus. Her grief is palpable, as she believes someone has taken the body of her Lord. This moment highlights the human emotion and confusion following the crucifixion, a time of despair for Jesus' followers.

she turned around
This action signifies a shift in focus and perspective. In the context of the resurrection narrative, turning around can symbolize repentance or a change in understanding. It is a pivotal moment where Mary moves from speaking with the angels to encountering the risen Christ.

and saw Jesus standing there
The physical presence of Jesus emphasizes the bodily resurrection, a cornerstone of Christian faith. This appearance is one of several post-resurrection encounters, affirming the reality of Jesus' victory over death. The fact that Jesus is standing suggests readiness and authority, contrasting with the lifelessness of the tomb.

But she did not recognize that it was Jesus
Mary's failure to recognize Jesus can be attributed to several factors: her emotional state, the early morning light, or perhaps a divine veiling of her perception. This moment echoes other instances in Scripture where Jesus is not immediately recognized, such as the road to Emmaus (Luke 24:13-35). It underscores the transformed nature of Jesus' resurrected body and invites believers to seek spiritual discernment.

Woman, why are you weeping?
In this phrase, Jesus addresses Mary Magdalene with compassion and understanding. The term "woman" is a respectful form of address in the cultural context of the time. The question "why are you weeping?" highlights the sorrow and confusion Mary feels after discovering the empty tomb. This moment reflects the deep personal connection and care Jesus has for His followers, as He seeks to comfort her in her distress. The weeping also symbolizes the grief of humanity before the realization of the resurrection.

Jesus asked.
This indicates that it is Jesus who is speaking, though Mary does not yet recognize Him. The fact that Jesus is the one asking the question is significant, as it shows His active role in revealing Himself to His followers post-resurrection. This moment is a turning point where the risen Christ begins to make Himself known, fulfilling His promise of resurrection.

Whom are you seeking?
This question goes beyond the immediate context, inviting Mary to reflect on her understanding of Jesus' identity. It echoes earlier moments in the Gospel where Jesus asks His disciples about who they believe He is, prompting deeper faith and recognition. The question also serves to gently guide Mary towards the realization that Jesus is not dead but alive, challenging her expectations and understanding.

Thinking He was the gardener, she said,
Mary's assumption that Jesus is the gardener is significant both literally and symbolically. The garden setting recalls the Garden of Eden, suggesting themes of new creation and restoration. The misunderstanding also highlights the transformed nature of Jesus' resurrected body, which is not immediately recognizable. This moment underscores the theme of spiritual blindness and the need for divine revelation to truly see and understand Jesus.

Sir, if you have carried Him off,
Mary's address of "Sir" shows respect and her earnest desire to find Jesus' body. Her assumption that someone might have moved Jesus' body reflects the confusion and uncertainty surrounding the resurrection. This phrase captures the human tendency to seek logical explanations for divine mysteries, illustrating the struggle to comprehend the miraculous.

tell me where you have put Him,
Mary's request is a plea for information, driven by her devotion and love for Jesus. Her desire to know where Jesus' body is reflects her commitment to honor Him even in death. This moment highlights the personal relationship between Jesus and His followers, as well as the deep sense of loss and longing that precedes the joy of resurrection.

and I will get Him.
Mary's determination to retrieve Jesus' body demonstrates her devotion and willingness to serve, even in the face of overwhelming grief. This phrase underscores the personal commitment and love that characterize true discipleship. It also foreshadows the revelation that will soon transform her sorrow into joy, as she will come to understand that Jesus is not to be found among the dead, but is alive.

Jesus said to her, “Mary.”
This moment occurs after Jesus' resurrection, when He appears to Mary Magdalene outside the tomb. The use of her name is significant, as it reflects the personal relationship Jesus has with His followers. In biblical times, names held deep significance and calling someone by name indicated intimacy and recognition. This echoes John 10:3, where Jesus describes Himself as the Good Shepherd who calls His sheep by name. The personal address signifies Jesus' knowledge and care for each individual.

She turned and said to Him in Hebrew, “Rabboni!”
Mary's response indicates recognition and reverence. "Rabboni" is an Aramaic term, a dialect of Hebrew, meaning "my teacher" or "master." This term was used to address respected teachers and rabbis, showing Mary's respect and acknowledgment of Jesus' authority. The use of Aramaic highlights the cultural and linguistic context of first-century Judea, where Aramaic was commonly spoken among Jews. This moment also reflects the fulfillment of Jesus' promise that His followers would see Him again (John 16:22).

(which means “Teacher”).
The parenthetical explanation clarifies the meaning of "Rabboni" for a broader audience, indicating the Gospel's intention to reach both Jewish and Gentile readers. The term "Teacher" underscores Jesus' role as a rabbi and spiritual guide. Throughout the Gospels, Jesus is frequently referred to as a teacher, emphasizing His role in imparting divine wisdom and truth. This acknowledgment by Mary highlights the continuity of Jesus' mission and His enduring role as the source of spiritual instruction and revelation.

Do not cling to Me,
Jesus' instruction to Mary Magdalene not to cling to Him indicates a shift in His relationship with His followers post-resurrection. The Greek word used here can mean "to hold on to" or "to touch," suggesting that Mary was physically holding onto Jesus. This moment signifies that His earthly ministry is complete, and a new phase is beginning. It reflects the transition from a physical presence to a spiritual one, as Jesus prepares to ascend to the Father.

for I have not yet ascended to the Father.
This phrase highlights the importance of Jesus' ascension, which is a crucial event in Christian theology. The ascension marks the completion of Jesus' earthly mission and His return to divine glory. It also sets the stage for the coming of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost. The ascension is prophesied in the Old Testament, such as in Psalm 110:1, and is fulfilled in Acts 1:9-11. Jesus' return to the Father signifies His exaltation and the beginning of His intercessory role for believers.

But go and tell My brothers,
Jesus refers to His disciples as "brothers," indicating a deep, familial relationship. This term of endearment shows the transformation of the disciples' status through Jesus' death and resurrection. It also fulfills the promise of adoption into God's family, as seen in Romans 8:15-17. The instruction to "go and tell" emphasizes the role of believers as witnesses to the resurrection, a theme that is central to the Great Commission in Matthew 28:19-20.

‘I am ascending to My Father and your Father,
By saying "My Father and your Father," Jesus underscores the shared relationship believers have with God through Him. This statement reflects the fulfillment of the promise of sonship and the intimate relationship believers can have with God. It echoes the Lord's Prayer, where Jesus teaches His followers to address God as "Our Father" (Matthew 6:9). This shared fatherhood is a result of the reconciliation achieved through Jesus' sacrifice.

to My God and your God.’
This phrase emphasizes the unity and distinction in the relationship between Jesus, God, and believers. While Jesus is divine, He acknowledges God as His God, highlighting His role as the Son and His submission to the Father. For believers, this statement reaffirms their access to God through Jesus. It connects to the covenant relationship established in the Old Testament, where God declares, "I will be their God, and they will be My people" (Jeremiah 31:33). This relationship is now fully realized in Christ.

Mary Magdalene went and announced to the disciples
Mary Magdalene, a devoted follower of Jesus, is the first to witness the resurrected Christ. Her role highlights the significant place women held in Jesus' ministry, despite the cultural norms of the time that often marginalized them. The act of announcing the resurrection to the disciples underscores her importance as a witness. This moment fulfills Jesus' earlier promise that He would rise again, and it sets the stage for the Great Commission, where the disciples are sent to proclaim the Gospel to all nations.

“I have seen the Lord!”
Mary's declaration is a profound statement of faith and a pivotal moment in Christian history. Her encounter with the risen Christ transforms her grief into joy and certainty. This phrase echoes the personal and transformative nature of encountering Jesus, a theme prevalent throughout the Gospels. It also serves as a fulfillment of Jesus' promise in John 16:22, where He assures His followers that their sorrow will turn to joy. Her testimony is a precursor to the apostolic witness that forms the foundation of the early church.

And she told them what He had said to her.
Mary's recounting of Jesus' words emphasizes the importance of the message she received. Jesus' instructions to Mary, as recorded earlier in the chapter, include the command to inform the disciples of His impending ascension. This highlights the continuity of Jesus' mission and the preparation of His followers for the coming of the Holy Spirit. Her role as a messenger parallels the prophetic tradition in the Old Testament, where individuals are chosen to deliver God's word to His people. This moment also prefigures the role of the disciples as bearers of the Gospel message to the world.

It was the first day of the week
The first day of the week, Sunday, holds significant importance as it marks the day of Jesus' resurrection. This day became known as the Lord's Day in early Christianity, distinguishing it from the Jewish Sabbath, which is observed on Saturday. The resurrection on this day fulfills Jesus' prophecy about rising on the third day and sets a precedent for Christian worship and gathering.

and that very evening
The evening of the resurrection day is crucial as it shows the immediacy of Jesus' appearances to His disciples. This timing emphasizes the continuity of His presence and the fulfillment of His promise to rise again. It also highlights the transition from the despair of the crucifixion to the hope of the resurrection within a single day.

while the disciples were together
The gathering of the disciples indicates their unity and shared experience of fear and uncertainty following Jesus' crucifixion. This communal aspect is significant as it reflects the early Christian practice of meeting together for support, prayer, and worship, which is echoed in Acts 2:42-47.

with the doors locked for fear of the Jews
The locked doors symbolize the disciples' fear of persecution from Jewish authorities, who had been instrumental in Jesus' crucifixion. This fear is rooted in the historical context of Jewish leaders' opposition to Jesus' ministry. The locked doors also serve to highlight the miraculous nature of Jesus' appearance, as He enters despite the physical barriers.

Jesus came and stood among them
Jesus' sudden appearance among the disciples demonstrates His glorified, resurrected body, which transcends physical limitations. This act reassures the disciples of His victory over death and His divine nature. It also fulfills His promise in Matthew 18:20, where He assures His presence among those gathered in His name.

“Peace be with you!” He said to them
The greeting "Peace be with you" is more than a customary salutation; it conveys the deep peace that comes from reconciliation with God through Christ's sacrifice. This peace fulfills the promise of John 14:27, where Jesus assures His disciples of peace not as the world gives. It signifies the restoration of relationship and the calming of their fears, preparing them for their mission as His witnesses.

After He had said this
This phrase refers to the preceding words of Jesus, where He offers peace to His disciples. This is significant as it follows His resurrection, a pivotal event in Christian theology. The context is the evening of the first day of the week, symbolizing a new beginning and fulfillment of Jesus' promise of peace and victory over death. The setting is a locked room, indicating the disciples' fear of the Jewish leaders, which underscores the transformative power of Jesus' presence.

He showed them His hands and His side
By showing His hands and side, Jesus provides physical evidence of His crucifixion and resurrection. This act serves as a confirmation of His identity and the reality of His bodily resurrection, countering any doubts the disciples might have had. The wounds are a testament to His sacrifice and fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies, such as Isaiah 53, which speaks of the suffering servant. This moment also prefigures the later encounter with Thomas, emphasizing the importance of faith and belief in the risen Christ.

The disciples rejoiced
The disciples' joy is a fulfillment of Jesus' promise in John 16:22, where He assures them that their sorrow will turn to joy. This joy is not just emotional but is deeply rooted in the realization of Jesus' victory over death and the hope of eternal life. It marks a turning point from fear to faith, from despair to hope, and from confusion to understanding of Jesus' mission and the coming empowerment by the Holy Spirit.

when they saw the Lord
Seeing the Lord is a profound moment of recognition and revelation. It confirms Jesus' identity as the risen Messiah and Lord, affirming His divine nature and authority. This encounter transforms the disciples, preparing them for their mission to spread the Gospel. It echoes the theme of sight and belief found throughout John's Gospel, where seeing Jesus leads to a deeper understanding and faith. This moment also connects to the broader biblical narrative of God revealing Himself to His people, as seen in theophanies throughout the Old Testament.

Again Jesus said to them
This phrase indicates a repeated action, emphasizing the importance of what Jesus is about to say. The context is post-resurrection, where Jesus appears to His disciples who are gathered in a locked room out of fear. The repetition underscores the significance of His message and His desire to reassure and instruct His followers. This setting highlights the transition from fear to mission, as Jesus prepares His disciples for their future roles.

Peace be with you
"Peace" (Shalom in Hebrew) is a traditional Jewish greeting, but here it carries deeper meaning. After His resurrection, Jesus offers peace as a gift of reconciliation and assurance. This peace is not merely the absence of conflict but a profound sense of well-being and wholeness that comes from being in right relationship with God. It echoes Jesus' earlier promise in John 14:27, where He assures His disciples of peace despite the coming trials.

As the Father has sent Me
This phrase establishes the divine authority and purpose behind Jesus' mission. The Father sending the Son is a central theme in the Gospel of John, highlighting the unity and shared mission within the Trinity. Jesus' mission was characterized by obedience, love, and sacrifice, setting a pattern for the disciples. This sending reflects the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies about the Messiah being sent to save and serve (Isaiah 61:1).

so also I am sending you
Here, Jesus commissions His disciples, extending His mission to them. This sending is not just a task but a continuation of Jesus' work on earth. The disciples are to carry forward the message of the Gospel, empowered by the Holy Spirit, as seen in the subsequent verses. This commission is foundational for the Church's mission, linking to the Great Commission in Matthew 28:19-20. The disciples are to embody the same love, obedience, and sacrifice that characterized Jesus' ministry.

When He had said this
This phrase follows Jesus' post-resurrection appearance to His disciples. The context is crucial as it occurs after His crucifixion and resurrection, marking a pivotal moment in Christian theology. Jesus had just reassured His disciples with peace and commissioned them, indicating the beginning of their mission to spread the Gospel. This moment is a fulfillment of His promise to send a Helper, as mentioned in John 14:16-17.

He breathed on them
The act of breathing on the disciples is symbolic and reminiscent of God breathing life into Adam in Genesis 2:7. This signifies a new creation, where the disciples are being spiritually renewed and empowered for their mission. The breath of Jesus here is a precursor to the outpouring of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost, as described in Acts 2. It also connects to Ezekiel 37:9-10, where the breath brings life to dry bones, symbolizing spiritual revival.

and said,
Jesus' words are authoritative and transformative. His speaking is an act of divine will, emphasizing the power and intentionality behind His actions. In biblical tradition, God's words are creative and life-giving, as seen in Genesis 1, where God speaks creation into existence.

“Receive the Holy Spirit.
This command is both a promise and an empowerment. The Holy Spirit is the third person of the Trinity, essential for the disciples' understanding, guidance, and strength in their forthcoming mission. This moment is a foretaste of the full indwelling of the Spirit that would occur at Pentecost. The Holy Spirit's role is to convict the world of sin, righteousness, and judgment (John 16:8) and to guide believers into all truth (John 16:13). This act fulfills Old Testament prophecies, such as Joel 2:28-29, about God's Spirit being poured out on all people.

If you forgive anyone his sins,
This phrase is part of Jesus' post-resurrection appearance to His disciples. The context is crucial as it follows His resurrection, emphasizing the authority He imparts to His followers. The act of forgiving sins is deeply rooted in Jewish tradition, where only God could forgive sins (Isaiah 43:25). Here, Jesus extends this authority to His disciples, indicating a new covenantal relationship. This authority is not independent but is exercised under the guidance of the Holy Spirit, as seen in the preceding verse where Jesus breathes on them and says, "Receive the Holy Spirit."

they are forgiven;
The passive construction "they are forgiven" suggests divine action. The disciples are not forgiving on their own authority but are instruments of God's forgiveness. This aligns with the teaching in Matthew 16:19, where Jesus gives Peter the keys to the kingdom of heaven, symbolizing authority to bind and loose. The forgiveness of sins is a central theme in the New Testament, highlighting the redemptive work of Christ (Ephesians 1:7).

if you withhold forgiveness from anyone,
The withholding of forgiveness implies discernment and responsibility. This echoes the Jewish practice of binding and loosing, where rabbis would permit or prohibit certain actions. The early church exercised this authority in matters of church discipline, as seen in 1 Corinthians 5:1-5, where Paul instructs the church to expel a member living in sin. This authority is not arbitrary but is exercised in accordance with God's will and the guidance of the Holy Spirit.

it is withheld.
The finality of this statement underscores the seriousness of the authority given to the disciples. It reflects the binding nature of decisions made in the context of church discipline and community life. This authority is meant to maintain the purity and holiness of the church, as seen in the early church's handling of sin and repentance (Acts 5:1-11). The withholding of forgiveness serves as a call to repentance and restoration, aligning with the broader biblical narrative of God's justice and mercy.

Now Thomas called Didymus
Thomas, also known as Didymus, which means "twin" in Greek, is one of the twelve apostles of Jesus. His dual name suggests a cultural connection between the Jewish and Hellenistic worlds, reflecting the diverse backgrounds of Jesus' followers. Thomas is often remembered for his skepticism, earning the moniker "Doubting Thomas," but he also demonstrates a deep commitment to Jesus, as seen in John 11:16, where he expresses willingness to die with Him.

one of the Twelve
This phrase identifies Thomas as a member of the inner circle of Jesus' disciples, the Twelve Apostles. This group was chosen by Jesus to be His closest followers and witnesses to His ministry, death, and resurrection. The Twelve hold a significant role in the early Church, as seen in Acts 1:13-26, where they are foundational to the spread of the Gospel.

was not with the disciples when Jesus came
Thomas's absence during Jesus' first post-resurrection appearance to the disciples (John 20:19-23) sets the stage for his later encounter with the risen Christ. This moment highlights the importance of community and fellowship among believers, as Thomas misses the initial blessing and commissioning Jesus gives to the gathered disciples. His absence also serves to emphasize the personal nature of faith and belief, as Thomas's later encounter with Jesus becomes a pivotal moment for his faith journey.

So the other disciples told him, “We have seen the Lord!”
This phrase highlights the excitement and conviction of the disciples after witnessing the resurrected Jesus. The disciples' testimony is crucial as it fulfills Jesus' earlier promise that He would rise again (John 2:19-22). The phrase underscores the importance of eyewitness testimony in the early church, as seen in Acts 1:8, where the disciples are called to be witnesses to the ends of the earth. The resurrection is central to Christian faith, as Paul emphasizes in 1 Corinthians 15:14-17, where he states that if Christ has not been raised, then the faith is futile.

But he replied, “Unless I see the nail marks in His hands,
Thomas's response reflects a common human desire for tangible evidence. The mention of "nail marks" is significant, as it confirms the method of crucifixion, a Roman execution practice. This detail aligns with Psalm 22:16, which prophetically describes the Messiah's hands and feet being pierced. Thomas's skepticism is not unique; it mirrors the doubts of others who initially struggled to believe in the resurrection (Luke 24:11).

and put my finger where the nails have been,
Thomas's demand to physically touch Jesus' wounds indicates a deep need for personal verification. This request highlights the physical reality of Jesus' resurrection body, countering any notion that the resurrection was merely spiritual or metaphorical. The emphasis on touch recalls 1 John 1:1, where the apostle speaks of having heard, seen, and touched the Word of life, affirming the tangible reality of Jesus.

and put my hand into His side,
The reference to Jesus' side points back to John 19:34, where a soldier pierced Jesus' side, fulfilling the prophecy in Zechariah 12:10 about looking on the one they have pierced. This act of touching the side would serve as undeniable proof of Jesus' identity and the reality of His resurrection. It also symbolizes the intimate and personal nature of faith, where belief often requires a personal encounter with Christ.

I will never believe.”
Thomas's declaration of disbelief unless he sees and touches Jesus' wounds highlights the struggle between faith and doubt. This moment sets the stage for Jesus' later appearance to Thomas, where He invites Thomas to touch His wounds, leading to Thomas's profound confession of faith in John 20:28. This interaction illustrates the grace and patience of Jesus in addressing doubt and the transformative power of encountering the risen Christ. Thomas's journey from doubt to belief serves as an encouragement for those who struggle with faith, reminding believers of Jesus' words in John 20:29, "Blessed are those who have not seen and yet have believed."

Eight days later
This phrase indicates the passage of time since Jesus' first appearance to the disciples after His resurrection. In Jewish reckoning, "eight days" includes the starting day, making it a week later, on the following Sunday. This timing emphasizes the importance of the first day of the week in early Christian worship, reflecting the resurrection's significance.

His disciples were once again inside
The disciples are gathered indoors, likely in the same upper room where they had previously met. This setting suggests a place of safety and fellowship, as they were still processing the events of Jesus' death and resurrection. The gathering of the disciples highlights the early formation of the Christian community.

with the doors locked
The locked doors indicate the disciples' fear of persecution from Jewish authorities, as they were followers of Jesus, who had been crucified. This detail underscores the tension and danger faced by the early Christians and sets the stage for the miraculous nature of Jesus' appearance.

and Thomas was with them
Thomas, also known as Didymus, was absent during Jesus' first post-resurrection appearance. His presence here is significant because he had expressed doubt about Jesus' resurrection, insisting on physical proof. This sets up the narrative for Jesus addressing Thomas' skepticism directly.

Jesus came and stood among them
Despite the locked doors, Jesus' sudden appearance demonstrates His glorified, resurrected body, which transcends physical barriers. This miraculous entry reinforces His divine nature and the reality of His resurrection, providing comfort and assurance to the disciples.

and said, “Peace be with you.”
Jesus' greeting of peace, "Shalom," is both a traditional Jewish salutation and a profound declaration of the peace He brings through His victory over sin and death. This peace is a fulfillment of His promise in John 14:27 and serves to calm the disciples' fears, offering them spiritual and emotional reassurance.

Then Jesus said to Thomas
This moment occurs after Jesus' resurrection, highlighting His physical presence and the reality of His bodily resurrection. Thomas, one of the twelve disciples, is often referred to as "Doubting Thomas" due to his skepticism about Jesus' resurrection. This encounter emphasizes Jesus' personal and compassionate approach to addressing doubt and disbelief among His followers.

Put your finger here and look at My hands
Jesus invites Thomas to physically touch His wounds, providing tangible evidence of His crucifixion and resurrection. The hands of Jesus bore the marks of the nails, a fulfillment of the prophecy in Psalm 22:16, which speaks of the Messiah's hands and feet being pierced. This act serves as a powerful testament to the reality of Jesus' suffering and victory over death.

Reach out your hand and put it into My side
The invitation to touch His side refers to the wound inflicted by the spear during the crucifixion (John 19:34). This detail underscores the authenticity of Jesus' death and resurrection. The side wound is significant as it fulfills Zechariah 12:10, where it is prophesied that the people will look on the one they have pierced.

Stop doubting and believe
Jesus calls Thomas to move from skepticism to faith. This command is not just for Thomas but serves as an enduring call to all believers to trust in the risen Christ. The Greek word for "believe" (pisteuo) implies a deep, abiding trust and commitment. This moment is pivotal, as it transforms Thomas' doubt into a profound declaration of faith, seen in his subsequent confession, "My Lord and my God!" (John 20:28). This transformation highlights the theme of faith overcoming doubt, a central message in the Gospel of John.

Thomas replied
Thomas, also known as Didymus, was one of the twelve apostles. He is often remembered for his skepticism, particularly in the context of the resurrection of Jesus. His reply here is significant because it marks a turning point from doubt to faith. In the broader context of the Gospel of John, Thomas's journey from doubt to belief serves as a powerful testimony to the reality of the resurrection. This moment occurs after Jesus has appeared to the other disciples, and Thomas had insisted on seeing and touching Jesus' wounds to believe. His reply is a direct response to Jesus inviting him to do just that, highlighting the personal and relational nature of faith.

“My Lord and my God!”
This declaration is one of the clearest and most direct acknowledgments of Jesus' divinity in the New Testament. The use of "Lord" (Greek: Kyrios) and "God" (Greek: Theos) reflects a profound recognition of Jesus' divine nature. In the Jewish context, calling someone "Lord" could imply authority, but pairing it with "God" elevates the statement to a confession of Jesus as divine. This echoes the prologue of John's Gospel, where Jesus is described as the Word who was with God and was God (John 1:1). Thomas's confession fulfills the purpose of John's Gospel, which is to lead readers to believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God (John 20:31). This moment also connects to Old Testament prophecies and types, such as the acknowledgment of God's sovereignty and the messianic expectations found in passages like Isaiah 9:6, where the Messiah is called "Mighty God." Thomas's exclamation is a pivotal moment of faith that underscores the identity of Jesus as both Lord and God, affirming the core Christian belief in the Trinity.

Jesus said to him
This phrase indicates a direct communication from Jesus to Thomas, one of His disciples. The context is post-resurrection, where Jesus appears to His disciples. Thomas, known for his skepticism, had previously expressed doubt about Jesus' resurrection. This encounter takes place in Jerusalem, a city central to Jewish religious life and the site of Jesus' crucifixion and resurrection. The personal address highlights the intimate relationship between Jesus and His followers.

Because you have seen Me, you have believed
Thomas's belief is based on physical evidence, as he had insisted on seeing and touching Jesus' wounds to believe in His resurrection. This reflects a common human tendency to rely on empirical evidence. The statement underscores the importance of faith, contrasting belief based on sight with belief based on trust in Jesus' words and promises. This moment fulfills Jesus' earlier prediction that He would rise again, as seen in passages like Matthew 16:21.

blessed are those who have not seen and yet have believed
This pronouncement extends beyond Thomas to future generations of believers who would come to faith without physical evidence of Jesus' resurrection. It emphasizes the blessedness of faith that does not rely on sight, aligning with Hebrews 11:1, which defines faith as confidence in what we hope for and assurance about what we do not see. This blessing is a promise of spiritual reward and assurance for believers throughout history. It also connects to the broader biblical theme of faith, as seen in the lives of figures like Abraham, who believed God's promises without seeing their fulfillment in his lifetime.

Jesus performed many other signs
This phrase indicates that the miracles and signs recorded in the Gospel of John are selective and not exhaustive. The term "signs" is significant in John's Gospel, as it refers to miracles that reveal Jesus' divine nature and mission. These signs serve as evidence of Jesus' identity as the Messiah and the Son of God. The Gospel of John records seven specific signs, including turning water into wine and raising Lazarus from the dead, each demonstrating Jesus' authority over creation, life, and death. The use of "many other signs" suggests that Jesus' ministry was filled with miraculous works, underscoring His divine authority and the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies concerning the Messiah.

in the presence of His disciples
This phrase emphasizes the eyewitness nature of the Gospel accounts. The disciples, who were with Jesus throughout His ministry, witnessed these signs firsthand. Their presence lends credibility to the Gospel narrative, as they could attest to the truth of the events described. The disciples' role as witnesses is crucial, as they were later commissioned to spread the Gospel and testify to what they had seen and heard. This aligns with the Jewish legal principle that a matter is established by the testimony of two or three witnesses, further validating the truth of Jesus' works and teachings.

which are not written in this book
This phrase acknowledges the selective nature of the Gospel of John. The author, traditionally identified as the Apostle John, chose specific signs and teachings to include in his account to convey a particular theological message. The purpose of the Gospel, as stated in John 20:31, is to lead readers to believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, and that by believing, they may have life in His name. The acknowledgment that not all signs are recorded suggests that the Gospel is not a comprehensive biography but a theological narrative with a specific focus. This selectivity highlights the importance of the recorded signs in revealing Jesus' identity and mission.

But these are written
The Gospel of John is a carefully curated account of Jesus' life and ministry. The author, traditionally identified as the Apostle John, selected specific signs and teachings of Jesus to convey a theological message. This phrase indicates intentionality in the writing, suggesting that the events and teachings included serve a specific purpose. The Gospel is not merely a historical record but a theological document aimed at fostering faith.

so that you may believe
The purpose of John's Gospel is evangelistic and apologetic. The aim is to lead readers to faith in Jesus. This reflects the broader mission of the early church, which sought to spread the message of Jesus as the Messiah. The use of "believe" is central to John's theology, emphasizing trust and reliance on Jesus for salvation.

that Jesus is the Christ
"Christ" is the Greek equivalent of the Hebrew "Messiah," meaning "Anointed One." This title connects Jesus to Old Testament prophecies about a coming savior and king. Passages like Isaiah 53 and Psalm 22 are often seen as prophetic foreshadowings of Jesus' life and mission. The claim that Jesus is the Christ asserts His fulfillment of these messianic expectations.

the Son of God
This title emphasizes the divine nature of Jesus, a core tenet of Christian doctrine. It distinguishes Jesus from other messianic figures by asserting His unique relationship with God the Father. This claim was controversial in the Jewish context, where monotheism was strictly upheld. The title "Son of God" is also linked to passages like Psalm 2:7, which speaks of the king as God's son.

and that by believing
Faith is presented as the means by which individuals can access the benefits of Jesus' work. This reflects the broader New Testament teaching that salvation is by grace through faith (Ephesians 2:8-9). Belief is not merely intellectual assent but involves trust and commitment to Jesus as Lord and Savior.

you may have life
"Life" in John's Gospel often refers to eternal life, a quality of life that begins now and continues into eternity. This life is characterized by a relationship with God through Jesus. John 10:10 speaks of Jesus coming to give life abundantly, indicating both a present and future reality.

in His name
The name of Jesus represents His character and authority. In biblical times, a name was more than a label; it conveyed the essence of a person. To have life in Jesus' name means to experience the salvation and blessings that come through His person and work. Acts 4:12 underscores this by stating that salvation is found in no one else, for there is no other name under heaven given to mankind by which we must be saved.