Later
The term "later" indicates a continuation of events following the resurrection of Jesus. This chapter occurs after Jesus has appeared to His disciples in Jerusalem, as recorded in previous chapters. The timing suggests a period of waiting and uncertainty for the disciples, who are still processing the reality of the resurrection and its implications for their mission.

by the Sea of Tiberias
The Sea of Tiberias is another name for the Sea of Galilee, a freshwater lake in northern Israel. This location is significant as it was the site of much of Jesus' ministry, including the calling of some of His first disciples. The name "Tiberias" reflects the Roman influence in the region, as it was named after the Roman Emperor Tiberius. The setting by the sea is symbolic of the disciples' return to their former lives as fishermen, highlighting their need for direction and purpose post-resurrection.

Jesus again revealed Himself to the disciples
This phrase emphasizes the continuity of Jesus' appearances to His followers after His resurrection. The word "again" suggests multiple post-resurrection appearances, reinforcing the reality of His bodily resurrection. The act of revealing Himself indicates Jesus' initiative in making His presence known, underscoring His desire to reassure and instruct His disciples. This revelation is part of the forty-day period between the resurrection and the ascension, during which Jesus provided final teachings and instructions.

He made Himself known in this way
The phrase sets the stage for the specific manner in which Jesus will reveal Himself in the following verses. It suggests a deliberate and purposeful action on Jesus' part, highlighting His control over the situation. This revelation is not just a physical appearance but also a spiritual unveiling, as Jesus continues to teach and prepare His disciples for their future mission. The method of revelation often carries symbolic meaning, pointing to deeper truths about Jesus' identity and mission.

Simon Peter
Simon Peter, often referred to simply as Peter, was one of the most prominent apostles. He was a fisherman by trade and was called by Jesus to be a "fisher of men" (Matthew 4:19). Peter is known for his boldness and leadership among the disciples, as well as his moments of doubt and denial of Christ (Matthew 26:69-75). After the resurrection, Peter became a foundational leader in the early church, as seen in the Book of Acts.

Thomas called Didymus
Thomas, also known as Didymus, meaning "twin," is famously known for his initial doubt about Jesus' resurrection, earning him the moniker "Doubting Thomas" (John 20:24-29). His eventual confession of faith, "My Lord and my God," is a powerful declaration of Jesus' divinity. Thomas's presence here highlights the transformation from doubt to faith that many believers experience.

Nathanael from Cana in Galilee
Nathanael, also known as Bartholomew in the synoptic gospels, was from Cana in Galilee, the site of Jesus' first miracle of turning water into wine (John 2:1-11). Nathanael was initially skeptical about Jesus, questioning if anything good could come from Nazareth (John 1:46), but he quickly recognized Jesus as the Son of God and King of Israel (John 1:49).

the sons of Zebedee
The sons of Zebedee refer to James and John, who were also fishermen and among Jesus' closest disciples. They were part of Jesus' inner circle, witnessing significant events such as the Transfiguration (Matthew 17:1-9). John is traditionally credited with writing the Gospel of John, three epistles, and Revelation. James was the first apostle to be martyred (Acts 12:2).

and two other disciples
The identity of these two other disciples is not specified, which may suggest their roles were less prominent in the gospel narratives. This anonymity can symbolize the many unnamed followers of Christ who played crucial roles in the early church. Their presence emphasizes the communal aspect of discipleship and the diverse backgrounds of Jesus' followers.

were together
The gathering of these disciples signifies unity and fellowship among Jesus' followers after His resurrection. This togetherness is a precursor to the formation of the early church community, which was characterized by shared faith, prayer, and mission (Acts 2:42-47). It also reflects the fulfillment of Jesus' promise to be present where two or three are gathered in His name (Matthew 18:20).

Simon Peter told them, “I am going fishing.”
This statement by Simon Peter occurs after the resurrection of Jesus, during a time when the disciples were uncertain about their future roles. Fishing was Peter's former occupation (Matthew 4:18-19), and his decision to return to it may reflect a desire for normalcy or a lack of direction. This moment can be seen as a test of faith, as Peter and the disciples are waiting for further instructions from Jesus. The Sea of Galilee, where this event takes place, was a familiar setting for the disciples, symbolizing a return to their roots. This phrase also highlights Peter's leadership role among the disciples, as his decision influences the others.

“We will go with you,” they said.
The other disciples' willingness to join Peter underscores their camaraderie and shared uncertainty. This collective decision reflects the close-knit community among the disciples, who often acted together (Mark 3:14). Their response also indicates a shared sense of purpose and solidarity, even in times of doubt. This moment can be seen as a precursor to their future mission as "fishers of men" (Matthew 4:19), where they will work together to spread the Gospel.

So they went out and got into the boat,
The act of getting into the boat signifies a return to their previous way of life, at least temporarily. Boats were essential for fishing on the Sea of Galilee, a major source of livelihood in the region. This action can be seen as a metaphor for the disciples' readiness to embark on a new journey, both literally and spiritually. The boat is also a symbol of the Church, carrying the disciples through the waters of life, guided by Christ.

but caught nothing that night.
The lack of success in their fishing efforts can be interpreted as a reminder of their dependence on Jesus. In John 15:5, Jesus tells His disciples, "apart from Me you can do nothing," emphasizing the necessity of divine guidance. The night setting often symbolizes a time of trial or lack of understanding in biblical literature (John 3:2, John 9:4). This fruitless endeavor sets the stage for Jesus' miraculous intervention, demonstrating His power and the importance of obedience to His word.

Early in the morning
This phrase indicates the time of day, suggesting a new beginning or a fresh start, which is often symbolic in Scripture. Morning is frequently associated with renewal and hope, as seen in Lamentations 3:22-23, where God's mercies are described as new every morning. The early morning setting also reflects the resurrection theme, as Jesus rose early on the first day of the week.

Jesus stood on the shore
The image of Jesus standing on the shore can symbolize His role as a guide and protector, watching over His disciples. The shore represents a place of transition between land and sea, symbolizing the boundary between the earthly and the divine. This setting is reminiscent of other biblical instances where God reveals Himself near water, such as the parting of the Red Sea or Jesus walking on water.

but the disciples did not recognize that it was Jesus
This lack of recognition can be seen as a test of faith and understanding. It parallels other post-resurrection appearances where Jesus was not immediately recognized, such as the road to Emmaus in Luke 24:13-35. This theme emphasizes the spiritual insight needed to perceive Jesus' true identity. It also reflects the disciples' ongoing journey of faith and understanding, as they transition from seeing Jesus in the flesh to recognizing Him in His resurrected form.

So He called out to them
This phrase indicates Jesus initiating contact with His disciples. After His resurrection, Jesus appeared to His disciples multiple times, often unexpectedly. This setting is by the Sea of Galilee, a familiar place for the disciples, many of whom were fishermen. Jesus calling out to them from the shore mirrors His earlier interactions with them, such as when He first called them to be "fishers of men" (Matthew 4:19). This calling out signifies His continued guidance and leadership.

“Children, do you have any fish?”
The term "children" is a term of endearment and authority, reflecting Jesus' relationship with His disciples. It suggests care and a familial bond, emphasizing His role as a teacher and shepherd. The question about having fish is practical, yet it also sets the stage for a miraculous event, reminiscent of previous miracles like the feeding of the 5,000 (John 6:1-14). This question also highlights the disciples' return to their old profession, possibly indicating a lack of direction without Jesus' physical presence.

“No,” they answered.
The disciples' response of "No" underscores their inability to succeed without Jesus' guidance, despite their expertise as fishermen. This moment of failure is crucial, as it prepares them for the miracle that follows, demonstrating their dependence on Jesus. It also reflects the broader theme of human insufficiency and the need for divine intervention, a recurring theme throughout the Gospels. This acknowledgment of lack sets the stage for Jesus to reveal His power and provision once again.

He told them,
This phrase indicates a direct command from Jesus, highlighting His authority and knowledge. In the context of John 21, Jesus appears to His disciples after His resurrection, demonstrating His continued guidance and presence. This command echoes His earlier interactions with the disciples, where He often provided direction and insight beyond human understanding.

“Cast the net on the right side of the boat,
The instruction to cast the net on the "right side" is significant. In biblical symbolism, the right side often represents favor and blessing. This directive challenges the disciples' previous efforts, which were fruitless, and suggests a divine strategy that contrasts with human effort. The specificity of the "right side" may also imply a test of obedience and faith, as the disciples had to trust Jesus' word over their own experience.

and you will find some.”
This promise from Jesus assures the disciples of success if they follow His guidance. It reflects the certainty of His word and the abundance that comes from obedience to Him. This assurance is reminiscent of other biblical promises where God guarantees provision and blessing when His people act in faith (e.g., Malachi 3:10).

So they cast it there,
The disciples' immediate response to Jesus' command demonstrates their trust and willingness to follow His instructions. This act of obedience is crucial in the narrative, as it sets the stage for the miraculous catch. It parallels other instances in the Gospels where faith and action lead to divine intervention (e.g., the feeding of the 5,000 in John 6).

and they were unable to haul it in because of the great number of fish.
The overwhelming catch of fish symbolizes the abundance and provision that come from following Jesus. This miracle serves as a reminder of Jesus' power over creation and His ability to provide beyond human limitations. It also foreshadows the disciples' future role as "fishers of men" (Matthew 4:19), indicating the spiritual harvest they will gather through their ministry. The miraculous catch parallels the earlier event in Luke 5:1-11, reinforcing the theme of divine provision and the transformative impact of Jesus' presence.

Then the disciple whom Jesus loved said to Peter,
The "disciple whom Jesus loved" is traditionally understood to be John, the author of the Gospel. This phrase highlights the close relationship between John and Jesus, emphasizing John's insight and spiritual perception. In the context of the resurrection appearances, John's recognition of Jesus signifies a deep spiritual awareness. This moment occurs after a miraculous catch of fish, reminiscent of a similar event in Luke 5:1-11, reinforcing the divine nature of Jesus' actions and presence.

“It is the Lord!”
John's declaration, "It is the Lord," is a recognition of Jesus' identity and authority. This acknowledgment is significant as it confirms the resurrection and the fulfillment of Jesus' promises. The use of "Lord" underscores Jesus' divine status, aligning with Old Testament references to God as Lord (e.g., Psalm 110:1). This moment is a revelation to the disciples, affirming their faith and understanding of Jesus' mission.

As soon as Simon Peter heard that it was the Lord,
Peter's immediate reaction upon hearing John's words reflects his impulsive and passionate nature, often depicted in the Gospels. This eagerness to be near Jesus is consistent with Peter's character, as seen in Matthew 14:28-29 when he walks on water towards Jesus. Peter's actions demonstrate his deep love and devotion, despite his previous denial of Christ.

he put on his outer garment (for he had removed it)
The mention of Peter's outer garment indicates the cultural practice of fishermen working with minimal clothing for ease and comfort. The act of putting on his garment before approaching Jesus shows respect and readiness to meet the Lord. This detail also highlights the authenticity of the narrative, providing insight into the daily life and customs of first-century fishermen.

and jumped into the sea.
Peter's decision to jump into the sea illustrates his urgency and desire to reach Jesus as quickly as possible. This act of jumping into the water can be seen as symbolic of baptism, representing purification and a renewed commitment to Christ. It also reflects Peter's boldness and willingness to act on his faith, a trait that would later define his leadership in the early Church, as seen in Acts 2:14-41.

The other disciples came ashore in the boat.
This phrase indicates the presence of multiple disciples, emphasizing the communal nature of their mission. The disciples' return to shore in a boat is significant, as boats were a primary means of transportation and livelihood for fishermen in the region. This setting on the Sea of Galilee, also known as the Sea of Tiberias, is a familiar one for the disciples, many of whom were fishermen by trade. The act of coming ashore symbolizes a transition from labor to fellowship, as they are about to encounter the risen Christ. This moment echoes earlier instances in the Gospels where Jesus calls His disciples from their boats, signifying a call to a new purpose.

They dragged in the net full of fish,
The net full of fish is a direct result of Jesus' instruction to cast the net on the right side of the boat, demonstrating His divine authority and knowledge. This miraculous catch is reminiscent of a similar event in Luke 5:1-11, where Jesus first calls Peter, James, and John to be "fishers of men." The abundance of fish symbolizes the future success of the disciples' mission to spread the Gospel. It also serves as a reminder of God's provision and the fruitfulness that comes from obedience to Christ.

for they were not far from land,
The proximity to land suggests that the disciples were close to their destination, both physically and spiritually. This detail highlights the accessibility of Jesus, who meets His followers where they are. The nearness to land also implies safety and security, contrasting with previous instances where the disciples faced storms at sea. This setting provides a peaceful backdrop for the forthcoming encounter with Jesus, underscoring His role as a provider and protector.

only about a hundred yards.
The specific mention of "a hundred yards" (approximately 90 meters) provides a tangible measure of distance, grounding the narrative in reality. This detail emphasizes the miraculous nature of the catch, as such a large number of fish was gathered so close to shore, where fish are typically less abundant. The precision of this measurement reflects the eyewitness nature of the account, lending credibility to the Gospel narrative. It also serves as a reminder of the disciples' human limitations and the divine intervention required to achieve their mission.

When they landed
This phrase indicates the disciples' arrival on the shore after a night of fishing. The Sea of Galilee, also known as the Sea of Tiberias, is the setting, a significant location in Jesus' ministry. This event occurs after Jesus' resurrection, highlighting His continued presence and guidance in the disciples' lives.

they saw a charcoal fire there
The charcoal fire is reminiscent of the fire Peter warmed himself by during Jesus' trial (John 18:18). This setting may evoke Peter's denial, setting the stage for his restoration later in the chapter. Charcoal fires were common for cooking, indicating a prepared meal.

with fish on it
Fish is a staple in the diet of those living around the Sea of Galilee. Jesus' provision of fish here mirrors the miraculous catch earlier in the chapter and recalls the feeding of the 5,000 (John 6:1-14), emphasizing His role as provider. Fish also became an early Christian symbol, representing believers and the mission to be "fishers of men" (Matthew 4:19).

and some bread
Bread, a basic sustenance, is significant in Jesus' teachings, symbolizing His body and the Word of God (John 6:35). The presence of bread alongside fish recalls the Last Supper and the breaking of bread as a sign of fellowship and communion with Christ. This meal signifies Jesus' continued fellowship and provision for His disciples.

Jesus told them
This phrase highlights the authority of Jesus as He instructs His disciples. It is significant that Jesus, post-resurrection, continues to guide and direct His followers, emphasizing His ongoing role as teacher and leader. This moment occurs after His resurrection, underscoring His victory over death and His divine authority. The disciples recognize His voice and authority, reminiscent of John 10:27, where Jesus says, "My sheep hear my voice, and I know them, and they follow me."

“Bring some of the fish
The act of bringing fish is symbolic of the disciples' mission to be "fishers of men" (Matthew 4:19). The fish represent the fruits of their labor and obedience to Jesus' command. This moment is a reminder of the miraculous catch of fish earlier in Jesus' ministry (Luke 5:1-11), reinforcing the idea that success in their mission comes through obedience to Christ. The fish also symbolize provision and sustenance, both physically and spiritually, as Jesus provides for their needs.

you have just caught.”
The emphasis on "just caught" highlights the immediacy and recent success of their efforts, which were only fruitful because of Jesus' guidance. This underscores the theme of divine provision and the importance of following Jesus' instructions. The miraculous catch serves as a tangible reminder of Jesus' power and the blessings that come from following Him. It also points to the new era of ministry the disciples are entering, where they will rely on the Holy Spirit for guidance and success in their mission to spread the Gospel.

So Simon Peter went aboard and dragged the net ashore.
Simon Peter, a leading disciple, often took initiative among the apostles. His action here reflects his impulsive and dedicated nature, as seen throughout the Gospels. The act of dragging the net ashore signifies Peter's role in bringing the catch, symbolizing the gathering of believers into the Church. This scene occurs after the resurrection of Jesus, on the Sea of Galilee, a familiar setting for the disciples, who were fishermen by trade. The physical effort required to drag the net underscores the abundance of the catch, hinting at the spiritual harvest to come.

It was full of large fish, 153,
The specific number, 153, has intrigued scholars and theologians. Some suggest it represents the universality of the Gospel, as ancient writers like Jerome noted that there were 153 known species of fish, symbolizing all nations. Others see it as a literal count, emphasizing the miraculous nature of the catch. The large fish indicate the significance and value of the catch, paralleling the importance of each soul brought to faith. This miraculous provision echoes Jesus' earlier miracle of the feeding of the 5,000, demonstrating His lordship over creation.

but even with so many, the net was not torn.
The intact net symbolizes the unity and strength of the Church, which, despite the diversity and multitude of believers, remains whole and unbroken. This imagery aligns with Jesus' prayer for unity among His followers in John 17. The unbroken net also contrasts with the earlier incident in Luke 5:6, where the net began to break, highlighting the completeness and sufficiency of Christ's provision post-resurrection. This detail reassures believers of the enduring and unifying power of the Gospel, capable of holding all who are drawn to Christ.

“Come, have breakfast,” Jesus said to them.
This invitation from Jesus occurs after His resurrection, during His third appearance to the disciples. The setting is the Sea of Tiberias, also known as the Sea of Galilee, a familiar place for the disciples who were fishermen by trade. The act of sharing a meal is significant in Jewish culture, symbolizing fellowship and community. Jesus' invitation to breakfast demonstrates His continued care and provision for His disciples, reminiscent of His earlier feeding of the 5,000 (John 6:1-14). This meal also serves as a reminder of the Last Supper, where Jesus broke bread with His disciples, foreshadowing His sacrifice. The act of eating together reinforces the reality of Jesus' physical resurrection, countering any notion that He was merely a spirit.

None of the disciples dared to ask Him, “Who are You?”
The disciples' hesitation to question Jesus' identity suggests a mix of awe and recognition. Despite the miraculous nature of His resurrection, there is a familiarity in Jesus' presence that reassures them. This moment reflects the fulfillment of Jesus' promise that He would rise again and be with them (John 16:16-22). The disciples' reluctance to ask further underscores their growing understanding and acceptance of Jesus' divine nature. It also highlights the transformation in their relationship with Him, moving from doubt and fear to faith and recognition.

They knew it was the Lord.
The disciples' recognition of Jesus as "the Lord" signifies their acknowledgment of His authority and divinity. This recognition is a culmination of their experiences with Him, from witnessing His miracles to hearing His teachings. The term "Lord" is significant, as it aligns with Old Testament references to God, affirming Jesus' identity as the Messiah. This moment of recognition is a turning point for the disciples, solidifying their faith and preparing them for their future mission to spread the Gospel. It also fulfills Jesus' earlier promise that they would see Him again and their joy would be complete (John 16:22).

Jesus came
This phrase highlights the physical presence of Jesus after His resurrection, emphasizing His bodily resurrection. It connects to earlier appearances in John 20, where Jesus shows Himself to His disciples, affirming His victory over death. The act of coming to the disciples signifies His initiative in seeking out His followers, a theme consistent with His earthly ministry.

and took the bread
Bread is a significant symbol throughout Scripture, often representing sustenance and life. In the context of Jesus' ministry, it recalls the feeding of the 5,000 (John 6) and His declaration as the "bread of life." This act of taking bread is reminiscent of the Last Supper, where Jesus broke bread with His disciples, symbolizing His body given for them.

and gave it to them
This action of giving reflects Jesus' role as a provider and sustainer. It also signifies fellowship and communion, echoing the breaking of bread in the early church (Acts 2:42). The giving of bread by Jesus can be seen as a type of His provision for spiritual nourishment, paralleling the manna provided to the Israelites in the wilderness.

and He did the same with the fish
Fish, like bread, is a staple food in the region, and its mention here recalls the miraculous catch earlier in the chapter (John 21:6). This act of sharing fish further emphasizes Jesus' role as a provider. The fish also connects to the feeding of the 5,000, where fish were multiplied alongside bread. This reinforces the theme of Jesus' miraculous provision and His authority over creation.

This was now the third time
The phrase indicates a specific sequence of post-resurrection appearances by Jesus to His disciples. The first appearance was to Mary Magdalene and the other women (John 20:11-18), and the second was to the disciples without Thomas present (John 20:19-23). The third appearance, as noted here, emphasizes the reality and consistency of Jesus' resurrection, reinforcing the truth of His victory over death. The number three often signifies completeness or divine perfection in biblical numerology, underscoring the fulfillment of Jesus' promises.

that Jesus appeared to the disciples
The appearances of Jesus to His disciples were crucial for establishing their faith and commissioning them for their future ministry. These encounters provided undeniable evidence of His resurrection, which was foundational for the early church's proclamation of the gospel. The term "appeared" suggests a physical manifestation, countering any claims that the resurrection was merely spiritual or metaphorical. This physicality is essential for the doctrine of the bodily resurrection, a cornerstone of Christian belief.

after He was raised from the dead
This phrase affirms the central Christian doctrine of the resurrection. Jesus' resurrection is a fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies, such as Psalm 16:10 and Isaiah 53:10-12, which foretold the Messiah's victory over death. The resurrection is also a type of the future resurrection of believers, as Paul explains in 1 Corinthians 15:20-23. It signifies the defeat of sin and death, offering hope and assurance of eternal life to all who believe. The historical reality of the resurrection is supported by multiple eyewitness accounts and is a pivotal event that transformed the disciples from fearful followers into bold proclaimers of the gospel.

When they had finished eating
This phrase sets the scene after the miraculous catch of fish and the breakfast by the Sea of Galilee. The meal signifies fellowship and restoration, a common theme in Jesus' post-resurrection appearances. Meals in Jewish culture were significant for community and reconciliation.

Jesus asked Simon Peter
Jesus addresses Peter directly, indicating a personal and intimate conversation. This is significant as Peter had previously denied Jesus three times. The use of Peter's original name, Simon, may suggest a return to foundational identity and calling.

Simon son of John
The use of Peter's full name emphasizes the seriousness of the moment. It recalls Peter's initial calling and identity, grounding him in his heritage and past, while preparing him for future responsibility.

do you love Me more than these?
This question is layered with meaning. "More than these" could refer to the other disciples, the fishing equipment, or Peter's previous life. It challenges Peter to evaluate his priorities and affections. The Greek word for love here is "agape," indicating a selfless, sacrificial love.

Yes, Lord,
Peter's response is immediate and affirmative, showing his recognition of Jesus' authority and his desire to affirm his loyalty. The term "Lord" acknowledges Jesus' divine authority and Peter's submission to it.

he answered, “You know I love You.”
Peter uses the Greek word "phileo," indicating a brotherly love, which may suggest a humbler acknowledgment of his affection compared to the "agape" love Jesus asked about. This reflects Peter's awareness of his previous failures and his reliance on Jesus' knowledge of his heart.

Jesus replied, “Feed My lambs.”
Jesus commissions Peter to pastoral care, symbolized by "lambs," representing new or vulnerable believers. This charge signifies restoration and trust, as well as a call to leadership and service. It echoes the imagery of Jesus as the Good Shepherd and fulfills the prophecy of Peter's role in the early church.

Jesus asked a second time, “Simon son of John, do you love Me?”
This repetition emphasizes the importance of Peter's restoration after his threefold denial of Jesus (John 18:15-27). The use of "Simon son of John" rather than "Peter" may indicate a return to his original identity, highlighting the gravity of the moment. The question of love is central, as love for Christ is foundational for discipleship and leadership within the Church. The Greek word for love here is "agapao," indicating a deep, selfless love.

“Yes, Lord,” he answered, “You know I love You.”
Peter's response uses the Greek word "phileo," which denotes a brotherly or affectionate love, suggesting a more personal and emotional connection. This distinction in Greek terms for love may reflect Peter's humility and awareness of his previous failures. His affirmation acknowledges Jesus' omniscience, as Jesus knows the hearts of all men (John 2:24-25).

Jesus told him, “Shepherd My sheep.”
This command signifies Peter's reinstatement and commissioning as a leader in the early Church. The metaphor of shepherding is rich in biblical tradition, with leaders often depicted as shepherds (Psalm 23, Ezekiel 34). Jesus, the Good Shepherd (John 10:11), entrusts Peter with the care of His followers, indicating a role of guidance, protection, and nurturing. This charge aligns with the pastoral responsibilities outlined in 1 Peter 5:2-4, where Peter later exhorts elders to shepherd God's flock willingly and eagerly.

Jesus asked a third time, “Simon son of John, do you love Me?”
The repetition of the question three times mirrors Peter's three denials of Jesus (John 18:15-27), symbolizing restoration and forgiveness. The use of "Simon son of John" instead of "Peter" may indicate a return to his original identity before his calling, emphasizing humility and reflection. The question focuses on agape love, a selfless, sacrificial love, which is central to Christian teaching.

Peter was deeply hurt that Jesus had asked him a third time, “Do you love Me?”
Peter's hurt reflects his awareness of his past failures and the depth of his remorse. This moment is a test of Peter's sincerity and commitment. The emotional response indicates the seriousness of the restoration process and the personal nature of discipleship. It also highlights the human aspect of Peter, making him relatable to believers who struggle with their own shortcomings.

“Lord, You know all things,” he replied. “You know I love You.”
Peter acknowledges Jesus' omniscience, affirming His divine nature. This confession is an act of faith, recognizing that Jesus understands the true intentions of the heart. The shift from agape to phileo love in Peter's response suggests a more personal, brotherly affection, indicating growth in his relationship with Jesus.

Jesus said to him, “Feed My sheep.”
This command signifies Peter's reinstatement and commissioning as a leader in the early Church. "Feed My sheep" implies pastoral care, teaching, and guiding the believers, reflecting Jesus as the Good Shepherd (John 10:11). It underscores the responsibility of church leaders to nurture and protect the spiritual well-being of their congregations. This directive connects to the broader mission of the Church to spread the Gospel and care for the community of believers.

Truly, truly, I tell you
This phrase, often translated as "Verily, verily" or "Amen, amen," is used by Jesus to emphasize the truth and importance of what He is about to say. It is a solemn affirmation, indicating that the following statement is of great significance. This double affirmation is unique to the Gospel of John and underscores the authority of Jesus' words.

when you were young, you dressed yourself and walked where you wanted
This part of the verse reflects the freedom and independence associated with youth. In the cultural context of the time, dressing oneself and choosing one's path were symbols of autonomy and self-determination. This imagery is used to contrast the later loss of freedom that comes with age or circumstances beyond one's control.

but when you are old, you will stretch out your hands
The phrase "stretch out your hands" is often interpreted as a metaphor for crucifixion, a form of execution that was common in the Roman Empire. This imagery foreshadows Peter's martyrdom, as tradition holds that he was crucified in Rome. The stretching out of hands can also symbolize submission and vulnerability, as one is led by others.

and someone else will dress you and lead you where you do not want to go.
This indicates a loss of personal freedom and control, suggesting that Peter will face circumstances beyond his choosing. Historically, this is understood as a prophecy of Peter's death, where he would be led to a place of execution against his will. Theologically, it reflects the cost of discipleship and the ultimate surrender to God's will, even unto death. This prophecy is fulfilled in the tradition that Peter was martyred for his faith, highlighting the theme of sacrifice and commitment in following Christ.

Jesus said this to indicate the kind of death by which Peter would glorify God.
This phrase refers to Jesus' prediction of Peter's martyrdom. The context is a post-resurrection appearance of Jesus, where He reinstates Peter after his earlier denial. The "kind of death" suggests crucifixion, as early church tradition holds that Peter was crucified upside down in Rome under Emperor Nero. This aligns with Jesus' earlier words in John 13:36, where He tells Peter that he cannot follow Him now but will follow later. The concept of glorifying God through death is significant, as it reflects the early Christian understanding of martyrdom as a witness to faith. The idea of glorifying God through suffering and death is also seen in Philippians 1:20 and 1 Peter 4:16, where believers are encouraged to endure persecution for the sake of Christ.

And after He had said this, He told him, “Follow Me.”
This command to "Follow Me" is both literal and metaphorical. Literally, Jesus invites Peter to continue in His physical presence, but metaphorically, it signifies a call to discipleship and a life of obedience, even unto death. This echoes Jesus' earlier call to His disciples in Matthew 4:19 and is a reminder of the cost of discipleship as outlined in Luke 9:23, where Jesus says to take up one's cross daily. The phrase also connects to the broader theme of following Jesus as the Good Shepherd, as seen in John 10:27, where His sheep hear His voice and follow Him. This call to follow is a personal invitation to Peter, reaffirming his role as a leader among the apostles and a shepherd to the early church, as seen in John 21:15-17, where Jesus instructs Peter to feed His sheep.

Peter turned and saw the disciple whom Jesus loved following them.
This phrase highlights the close relationship between Peter and the "disciple whom Jesus loved," traditionally understood to be John, the author of the Gospel. The act of turning suggests a moment of reflection or curiosity on Peter's part. The phrase "the disciple whom Jesus loved" emphasizes the special bond between Jesus and John, which is a recurring theme in this Gospel (John 13:23, 19:26, 20:2). This relationship is significant as it underscores the intimate fellowship that Jesus had with His closest followers. The setting is post-resurrection, on the shores of the Sea of Galilee, a place of many significant events in Jesus' ministry, adding a layer of historical and geographical context to the narrative.

He was the one who had leaned back against Jesus at the supper
This refers to the Last Supper, a pivotal event in the New Testament, where Jesus shared His final meal with His disciples before His crucifixion. The act of leaning back against Jesus signifies a position of closeness and trust, indicating John's intimate relationship with Jesus. This moment is recorded in John 13:23-25, where John is depicted as being in a position to ask Jesus questions privately. The cultural context of reclining at meals in the ancient Near East is important here, as it was customary for diners to recline on couches, which facilitated such intimate interactions.

to ask, “Lord, who is going to betray You?”
This question refers to the moment during the Last Supper when Jesus revealed that one of His disciples would betray Him (John 13:21-26). John's inquiry shows his concern and desire to understand Jesus' foretelling of His betrayal. This moment fulfills Old Testament prophecies about the Messiah being betrayed by a close associate (Psalm 41:9). It also sets the stage for the unfolding of the Passion narrative, where Judas Iscariot's betrayal leads to Jesus' arrest and crucifixion. The question reflects the tension and uncertainty among the disciples during this critical moment in Jesus' ministry.

When Peter saw him
Peter, one of Jesus' closest disciples, is often portrayed as impulsive and curious. This moment occurs after Jesus' resurrection, during a post-resurrection appearance by the Sea of Galilee. The "him" refers to the disciple whom Jesus loved, traditionally understood to be John. This setting is significant as it is the same location where Jesus first called Peter to follow Him, symbolizing a full-circle moment in Peter's journey of faith. The Sea of Galilee was a central location in Jesus' ministry, and its mention here underscores the continuity of His mission even after His resurrection.

he asked,
Peter's question reflects his human nature and concern for his fellow disciple. This inquiry comes after Jesus has just reinstated Peter following his denial, asking him three times to "feed my sheep." Peter's question may indicate a mix of curiosity and concern about the future roles and destinies of the other disciples. It also highlights the communal aspect of the early Christian community, where the actions and fates of individuals were of collective interest.

“Lord, what about him?”
Peter addresses Jesus as "Lord," acknowledging His authority and divinity. This title is significant as it reflects the early Christian understanding of Jesus' divine nature. The question "what about him?" suggests Peter's interest in the fate of John, possibly in light of Jesus' earlier prophecy about Peter's own future martyrdom. This moment emphasizes the theme of individual callings and destinies within the Christian faith, as Jesus' response will focus on the importance of following Him regardless of others' paths. This interaction also serves as a reminder of the unique roles each disciple plays in the unfolding of God's plan, echoing the diverse gifts and callings mentioned in 1 Corinthians 12.

Jesus answered
This phrase indicates a direct response from Jesus, highlighting His authority and wisdom. In the context of John 21, Jesus is addressing Peter after His resurrection. The setting is significant as it occurs by the Sea of Galilee, a place of previous miracles and teachings. Jesus' response is part of a larger conversation about Peter's future and his role in the early church.

If I want him to remain until I return
Here, Jesus refers to the beloved disciple, traditionally understood to be John. This statement has been the subject of much theological discussion. It suggests Jesus' sovereign will over the lives of His followers. The phrase "until I return" alludes to the Second Coming, a central tenet of Christian eschatology. This reflects the early church's expectation of Christ's imminent return, as seen in other New Testament writings like 1 Thessalonians 4:15-17.

what is that to you?
This rhetorical question emphasizes personal responsibility and the individual nature of discipleship. Jesus redirects Peter's focus from curiosity about others to his own calling. This teaching aligns with the broader biblical theme of personal accountability before God, as seen in Romans 14:12, where each person is accountable to God for their own actions.

You follow Me!
The command "You follow Me" is a call to discipleship, echoing Jesus' initial invitation to Peter in Matthew 4:19. It underscores the importance of obedience and commitment to Christ above all else. This imperative is central to the Christian life, as following Jesus involves a personal relationship and a willingness to embrace His teachings and mission. The call to follow is a recurring theme in the Gospels, highlighting the cost and reward of true discipleship.

Because of this, the rumor spread among the brothers that this disciple would not die.
This phrase highlights the early Christian community's tendency to misunderstand or misinterpret Jesus' words. The "brothers" refers to the early followers of Jesus, indicating a close-knit community. The rumor about the disciple not dying likely stemmed from a misunderstanding of Jesus' words, reflecting the human tendency to focus on sensational or miraculous aspects. This also underscores the importance of careful interpretation of Jesus' teachings. The disciple in question is traditionally understood to be John, the author of the Gospel, who lived to an old age, which may have fueled the rumor.

However, Jesus did not say that he would not die,
This clarifies the misunderstanding, emphasizing the need for accurate comprehension of Jesus' words. It serves as a reminder that Jesus' statements often had deeper spiritual meanings rather than literal interpretations. This correction is crucial for maintaining doctrinal accuracy within the early church. It also highlights the role of the Gospel writer in providing clarity and correcting misconceptions among believers.

but only, “If I want him to remain until I return, what is that to you?”
This phrase reflects Jesus' sovereignty and authority over life and death, as well as His divine prerogative to determine the fate of His followers. The conditional "If I want" suggests that Jesus' plans are not always revealed to His disciples, emphasizing trust in His divine will. The mention of "until I return" alludes to the Second Coming, a central eschatological hope in Christian theology. This statement also serves as a gentle rebuke to Peter, reminding him to focus on his own calling rather than being concerned with God's plans for others. This teaching aligns with other scriptural themes of individual responsibility and trust in God's overarching plan.

This is the disciple
The phrase refers to the Apostle John, traditionally understood to be the author of the Gospel of John. John was one of the twelve apostles and part of Jesus' inner circle, along with Peter and James. His close relationship with Jesus is evident throughout the Gospel, where he is often referred to as "the disciple whom Jesus loved."

who testifies to these things
John's role as a witness is crucial. In the Jewish legal system, the testimony of witnesses was essential for establishing truth (Deuteronomy 19:15). John's firsthand experience with Jesus lends credibility to his account. His testimony includes the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus, which are central to Christian faith.

and who has written them down.
The act of writing was significant in the ancient world, as it preserved teachings and events for future generations. John's Gospel was likely written towards the end of the first century, providing a theological reflection on Jesus' life. The written word serves as a permanent record, ensuring that the message of Jesus could be disseminated widely and accurately.

And we know that his testimony is true.
This statement underscores the reliability of John's account. The use of "we" suggests a community affirmation, possibly from the early church or a group of John's disciples, attesting to the truthfulness of his Gospel. This assurance of truth is vital for faith, as it aligns with Jesus' own declaration of being "the way, the truth, and the life" (John 14:6). The emphasis on truth also connects to the broader biblical theme of God as the ultimate source of truth.

There are many more things that Jesus did.
This phrase emphasizes the vastness of Jesus' ministry and works beyond what is recorded in the Gospels. The Gospels focus on key events and teachings, but Jesus' life was filled with countless acts of compassion, miracles, and teachings. This statement aligns with the understanding that the Gospels are selective narratives, each with a theological purpose. The phrase also highlights the divine nature of Jesus, whose works are too numerous to be fully documented, reflecting His boundless power and influence.

If all of them were written down,
The hypothetical scenario of documenting every act of Jesus underscores the limitations of human record-keeping compared to the infinite nature of His deeds. This reflects the ancient practice of oral tradition, where not all events were recorded in writing but were passed down through storytelling. It also suggests the importance of the Holy Spirit in guiding the Gospel writers to include what was necessary for faith and doctrine.

I suppose that not even the world itself would have space
This hyperbolic expression illustrates the magnitude of Jesus' impact. It suggests that the physical world cannot contain the full extent of His works, pointing to the spiritual and eternal significance of His ministry. This echoes the idea found in other scriptures, such as Colossians 1:17, where Christ is described as holding all things together, indicating His omnipresence and omnipotence.

for the books that would be written.
The imagery of an unending library of books serves to convey the inexhaustible nature of Jesus' life and mission. It implies that the written word is insufficient to capture the fullness of Christ, pointing believers to seek a personal relationship with Him through faith and the guidance of the Holy Spirit. This also connects to the Johannine theme of Jesus as the Word (Logos), whose essence transcends written text, as seen in John 1:1.