In my first book
This phrase refers to the Gospel of Luke, which is the first volume of a two-part work by the same author, Luke the physician and companion of Paul. The Gospel of Luke provides a detailed account of the life, ministry, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. Luke's meticulous approach to documenting events is evident in his attention to detail and historical accuracy, as seen in his use of eyewitness accounts and careful investigation (Luke 1:1-4).

O Theophilus
Theophilus, whose name means "lover of God" or "friend of God," is addressed in both the Gospel of Luke and the Book of Acts. While some scholars suggest Theophilus may have been a real person, possibly a Roman official or a patron of Luke's writings, others propose that the name could symbolize any believer or seeker of God. The use of "most excellent" in Luke 1:3 suggests a person of high status, possibly indicating a formal address to someone of importance.

I wrote about all that Jesus began to do and to teach
This phrase highlights the dual focus of Jesus' ministry: His actions and His teachings. The Gospel of Luke records numerous miracles, parables, and teachings of Jesus, emphasizing His role as the Messiah and the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies. The use of "began" implies that Jesus' work continues through the apostles and the early church, as documented in the Book of Acts. This continuation underscores the ongoing mission of the church to spread the Gospel and make disciples of all nations (Matthew 28:19-20).

until the day He was taken up to heaven
This phrase refers to the ascension of Jesus Christ, which is a pivotal event in Christian theology. The ascension marks the conclusion of Jesus' earthly ministry and His return to the Father. It is recorded in more detail in Acts 1:9-11. The ascension fulfills the prophecy found in Psalm 110:1, where the Messiah is invited to sit at the right hand of God. This event took place on the Mount of Olives, a significant location in biblical history, situated east of Jerusalem. The ascension signifies Jesus' exaltation and the completion of His redemptive work, paving the way for the coming of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost.

after giving instructions through the Holy Spirit
The instructions given by Jesus were not merely human commands but were imparted through the Holy Spirit, emphasizing the divine authority and guidance behind them. This highlights the role of the Holy Spirit in the early church and in the lives of believers. The Holy Spirit is seen as the source of wisdom and revelation, as mentioned in John 14:26, where Jesus promises that the Spirit will teach and remind the apostles of everything He has said. The instructions likely included the Great Commission (Matthew 28:18-20) and the command to wait in Jerusalem for the Holy Spirit (Acts 1:4-5).

to the apostles He had chosen
The apostles were specifically chosen by Jesus to be His witnesses and to carry on His mission after His ascension. This selection underscores the concept of divine election and purpose. The apostles, originally twelve in number, represent the new Israel, paralleling the twelve tribes of Israel. Their role was foundational for the establishment of the church, as seen in Ephesians 2:20, where they are described as part of the church's foundation, with Christ as the cornerstone. The choosing of the apostles also reflects Jesus' intentional preparation of leaders who would be empowered by the Holy Spirit to spread the gospel to the ends of the earth.

After His suffering
This phrase refers to the events of Jesus' crucifixion, death, and burial, which are central to the Christian faith. His suffering was prophesied in Isaiah 53, where the Messiah is described as a suffering servant. The suffering of Jesus is also a fulfillment of the sacrificial system in the Old Testament, where the blood of a spotless lamb was required for atonement (Exodus 12:5, Leviticus 16). This suffering was necessary for the redemption of humanity, as it satisfied the justice of God and demonstrated His love (Romans 5:8).

He presented Himself to them
After His resurrection, Jesus made Himself known to His disciples and followers. This presentation was crucial for establishing the truth of His resurrection, which is the cornerstone of Christian belief (1 Corinthians 15:14). The appearances were not just spiritual but physical, as Jesus invited Thomas to touch His wounds (John 20:27). This physical presentation underscores the reality of the resurrection, countering any claims that it was merely a spiritual or metaphorical event.

with many convincing proofs that He was alive
The convincing proofs included Jesus eating with His disciples (Luke 24:42-43), allowing them to touch Him (John 20:27), and performing miracles (John 21:6). These proofs were necessary to dispel doubt and to confirm the truth of His resurrection. The Greek word for "proofs" (tekmerion) implies evidence that is undeniable and conclusive. This was important for the early church, as the resurrection was a foundational truth that needed to be established beyond doubt.

He appeared to them over a span of forty days
The forty days is significant in biblical numerology, often representing periods of testing, trial, or preparation (e.g., Moses on Mount Sinai, Exodus 24:18; Israel's wandering, Numbers 14:33-34; Jesus' temptation, Matthew 4:2). During this time, Jesus prepared His disciples for their mission to spread the gospel. The forty days also provided ample opportunity for Jesus to appear to many people, further validating His resurrection (1 Corinthians 15:6).

and spoke about the kingdom of God
The kingdom of God was a central theme of Jesus' teaching throughout His ministry (Matthew 4:17, Mark 1:15). After His resurrection, He continued to instruct His disciples on this topic, emphasizing the spiritual nature of the kingdom and their role in its expansion. The kingdom of God refers to God's sovereign rule and reign, which was inaugurated through Jesus' life, death, and resurrection. It is both a present reality and a future hope, as believers await its full realization (Revelation 21:1-4).

And while they were gathered together
This phrase indicates a communal setting, emphasizing the importance of fellowship among the disciples. Gathering together was a common practice for early Christians, reflecting Jewish traditions of communal worship and study. This setting underscores the unity and shared purpose among the disciples as they awaited further instructions from Jesus.

He commanded them
The use of "commanded" highlights the authority of Jesus over His disciples. This is not a mere suggestion but a directive from their risen Lord. It reflects the obedience expected of followers of Christ, aligning with the Great Commission in Matthew 28:18-20, where Jesus instructs His disciples to make disciples of all nations.

Do not leave Jerusalem
Jerusalem holds significant historical and theological importance. It is the city where Jesus was crucified and resurrected, and it is the center of Jewish worship. By instructing the disciples to remain in Jerusalem, Jesus is setting the stage for the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies, such as those found in Isaiah 2:3 and Micah 4:2, which speak of the word of the Lord going forth from Jerusalem.

but wait for the gift the Father promised
The "gift" refers to the Holy Spirit, as promised in the Old Testament (e.g., Joel 2:28-29) and reiterated by Jesus in John 14:16-17. This promise signifies the new covenant and the empowerment of believers to carry out the mission of the church. The waiting period tests the disciples' faith and patience, preparing them for the transformative experience of Pentecost.

which you have heard Me discuss
Jesus had previously spoken to His disciples about the coming of the Holy Spirit, as seen in John 14:26 and John 16:7-15. This reminder serves to reassure the disciples of the continuity of Jesus' mission and the fulfillment of His promises. It also emphasizes the role of the Holy Spirit in guiding and empowering the early church, marking a new era in God's redemptive plan.

For John baptized with water
John the Baptist's ministry was characterized by a call to repentance and the symbolic act of water baptism. This act was a public declaration of repentance and preparation for the coming Messiah. John's baptism was a precursor to the new covenant, symbolizing cleansing and the need for spiritual renewal. In Matthew 3:11, John himself distinguishes his baptism from the one Jesus would bring, highlighting the temporary and preparatory nature of his own ministry. The use of water in baptism also connects to Jewish purification rituals, which were common in the first-century context.

but in a few days
This phrase indicates the imminence of a significant event, pointing to the fulfillment of Jesus' promise of the Holy Spirit. The "few days" refers to the period between Jesus' ascension and the day of Pentecost, which was ten days later. This time frame is significant as it aligns with the Jewish festival of Shavuot, or Pentecost, which celebrated the giving of the Law at Sinai. The timing underscores the transition from the old covenant to the new, where the Law is written on hearts through the Spirit.

you will be baptized with the Holy Spirit.
This baptism with the Holy Spirit marks the beginning of the Church and the empowerment of believers for ministry. It fulfills Old Testament prophecies such as Joel 2:28-29, where God promises to pour out His Spirit on all people. The Holy Spirit's coming signifies a new era in God's redemptive plan, enabling believers to live out the teachings of Jesus and spread the Gospel. This baptism is distinct from John's water baptism, as it involves an internal transformation and empowerment rather than an external ritual. The Holy Spirit's indwelling presence is a key theme throughout the New Testament, emphasizing the believer's new identity in Christ and the ongoing work of sanctification.

So when they came together
The gathering of the disciples is significant as it reflects the unity and anticipation among the followers of Jesus after His resurrection. This phrase indicates a physical assembly, likely in Jerusalem, where the disciples were instructed to wait for the Holy Spirit (Acts 1:4). The unity of the disciples is a recurring theme in Acts, emphasizing the importance of communal faith and shared mission.

they asked Him
The disciples' question to Jesus shows their direct communication and relationship with Him. It reflects their ongoing learning process and desire for understanding. This interaction highlights the disciples' expectation of Jesus' role and the fulfillment of God's promises. It also underscores the importance of seeking divine guidance and wisdom.

“Lord, will You at this time
The use of "Lord" acknowledges Jesus' authority and divinity. The phrase "at this time" indicates the disciples' anticipation of an imminent event. This reflects their understanding of prophetic timelines and their hope for the fulfillment of messianic prophecies. The disciples were aware of the Old Testament prophecies concerning the Messiah and the restoration of Israel, such as those found in Isaiah and Ezekiel.

restore the kingdom to Israel?”
The concept of restoring the kingdom to Israel is rooted in Jewish eschatological hopes. The disciples were expecting a political and national restoration, reminiscent of the Davidic kingdom. This expectation is tied to prophecies like those in Amos 9:11-15 and Isaiah 11:10-12, which speak of a future restoration and peace. The question reveals a common misunderstanding of the nature of Jesus' kingdom, which He later clarifies as spiritual rather than political. This expectation of restoration is also linked to the covenant promises made to Abraham and David, emphasizing God's faithfulness to His people.

Jesus replied
This phrase indicates a direct response from Jesus to a question posed by the disciples. The context is post-resurrection, where the disciples are eager to understand the timing of the restoration of the kingdom to Israel. Jesus' reply emphasizes His role as a teacher and guide, redirecting their focus from earthly concerns to spiritual truths.

It is not for you to know
Here, Jesus sets a boundary on human understanding, highlighting the limitations of human knowledge concerning divine plans. This echoes Deuteronomy 29:29, where the secret things belong to God. It underscores the importance of faith and trust in God's sovereign plan, rather than relying on human understanding.

times or seasons
The terms "times" (chronos) and "seasons" (kairos) refer to chronological time and opportune moments, respectively. This distinction is significant in biblical prophecy and eschatology, where God's timing is perfect and often beyond human comprehension. Ecclesiastes 3:1 also speaks to the appointed times for every purpose under heaven, reinforcing the idea of divine timing.

that the Father has fixed
This phrase emphasizes God's sovereignty and predetermined plan. The use of "fixed" suggests a firm, unchangeable decision by God. It reflects the biblical theme of God's control over history and future events, as seen in Isaiah 46:10, where God declares the end from the beginning.

by His own authority
The authority of God is a central theme throughout Scripture, affirming His ultimate power and control over all creation. This authority is not shared or delegated, highlighting the uniqueness of God's sovereignty. Matthew 28:18, where Jesus speaks of all authority given to Him, connects to this, showing the divine authority shared within the Trinity.

But you will receive power
This phrase indicates a future event, emphasizing the promise of empowerment. The power mentioned here is not political or military but spiritual, signifying divine enablement. This empowerment is essential for the mission that Jesus is about to outline. The Greek word for power, "dynamis," suggests miraculous ability and strength, which is consistent with the works of the apostles in the Book of Acts. This power is a fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies, such as Joel 2:28-29, where God promises to pour out His Spirit on all people.

when the Holy Spirit comes upon you
The coming of the Holy Spirit marks a pivotal moment in the New Testament narrative, initiating the era of the Church. This event is fulfilled at Pentecost (Acts 2), where the apostles are filled with the Holy Spirit, enabling them to speak in various tongues and perform miracles. The Holy Spirit's arrival signifies God's presence and guidance, echoing the Spirit's role in the Old Testament, such as in the anointing of kings and prophets. The indwelling of the Holy Spirit is a distinctive feature of the New Covenant, as prophesied in Ezekiel 36:26-27.

and you will be My witnesses
The term "witnesses" implies both a legal and a testimonial role, where the apostles are called to testify to the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. This witnessing is not merely verbal but involves living out the teachings of Jesus, demonstrating the transformative power of the Gospel. The apostles' role as witnesses fulfills Jesus' command in the Great Commission (Matthew 28:19-20) and aligns with the prophetic tradition of bearing witness to God's truth.

in Jerusalem
Jerusalem is the starting point for the apostles' mission, significant as the city where Jesus was crucified and resurrected. It is also the center of Jewish religious life, housing the Temple. The choice of Jerusalem underscores the fulfillment of God's promises to Israel and the continuity of His redemptive plan. The early chapters of Acts detail the apostles' ministry in Jerusalem, highlighting the initial growth of the Church among the Jewish people.

and in all Judea and Samaria
Judea represents the broader region surrounding Jerusalem, while Samaria signifies a culturally and religiously distinct area. The inclusion of Samaria is significant, as it reflects the breaking down of historical enmities between Jews and Samaritans, as seen in Jesus' ministry (John 4:4-42). This expansion of the mission field illustrates the inclusive nature of the Gospel, reaching beyond traditional boundaries and fulfilling the promise of salvation to all people.

and to the ends of the earth.
This phrase indicates the universal scope of the Gospel mission, extending beyond the confines of Israel to all nations. It reflects the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham that all nations would be blessed through his descendants (Genesis 12:3). The Book of Acts chronicles the apostles' missionary journeys, culminating in Paul's ministry in Rome, symbolizing the Gospel's reach to the heart of the known world. This global mission continues to be a central tenet of Christian faith, emphasizing the call to evangelize and disciple all nations.

After He had said this
This phrase refers to the final words of Jesus to His disciples before His ascension. These words are recorded in Acts 1:8, where Jesus commissions His followers to be His witnesses in Jerusalem, Judea, Samaria, and to the ends of the earth. This command sets the stage for the spread of the Gospel and the establishment of the early Church. It emphasizes the importance of the Great Commission and the role of the Holy Spirit in empowering believers.

they watched
The disciples were eyewitnesses to the ascension, which underscores the historical reality of the event. This act of watching signifies their role as witnesses, a theme that is central to the Book of Acts. The presence of multiple witnesses adds credibility to the account, as Jewish law required two or three witnesses to establish a matter (Deuteronomy 19:15).

as He was taken up
The ascension of Jesus is a pivotal moment in Christian theology, marking the conclusion of His earthly ministry and His exaltation to the right hand of the Father. This event fulfills the prophecy of Psalm 110:1, where the Messiah is invited to sit at God's right hand. The ascension also signifies Jesus' victory over sin and death and His authority over all creation.

and a cloud hid Him from their sight
The cloud is a significant biblical symbol, often representing the presence and glory of God. In the Old Testament, a cloud led the Israelites in the wilderness (Exodus 13:21) and filled the temple with God's glory (1 Kings 8:10-11). The cloud at the ascension connects Jesus to these divine manifestations, indicating His divine nature and the approval of the Father. This imagery also points to the promise of His return, as described in Daniel 7:13 and reiterated by the angels in Acts 1:11.

They were looking intently into the sky
The disciples' gaze into the sky reflects their awe and wonder at the ascension of Jesus. This moment signifies the culmination of Jesus' earthly ministry and the beginning of His heavenly reign. The act of looking intently suggests a deep longing and anticipation for what is to come, echoing the hope of Christ's return. This mirrors the anticipation seen in other biblical events, such as the Israelites looking to the bronze serpent for healing (Numbers 21:9).

as He was going
The ascension of Jesus is a pivotal event, marking His return to the Father and the completion of His redemptive work on earth. It fulfills the prophecy of Psalm 110:1, where the Messiah is invited to sit at the right hand of God. This moment also signifies the transition from Jesus' physical presence to His spiritual presence through the Holy Spirit, which He promised to send (John 16:7).

when suddenly two men dressed in white stood beside them
The appearance of two men in white garments is reminiscent of angelic appearances throughout Scripture, such as at the resurrection (Luke 24:4). Angels often serve as messengers of God, providing guidance and revelation. Their presence here underscores the divine nature of the ascension and assures the disciples of God's continued involvement in the unfolding plan of salvation. The white garments symbolize purity and heavenly authority, reinforcing the sacredness of the moment.

“Men of Galilee,” they said,
The address "Men of Galilee" highlights the disciples' origins, emphasizing their humble beginnings and connection to the region where Jesus conducted much of His ministry. Galilee was a region in northern Israel, known for its diverse population and as a center of Jesus' early ministry. The term underscores the disciples' identity and their role as witnesses to Jesus' life and teachings. It also connects to Acts 2:7, where the crowd recognizes the disciples as Galileans, highlighting their distinct accent and background.

“why do you stand here looking into the sky?
This question challenges the disciples' focus and redirects their attention from passive observation to active mission. The sky, or heavens, often symbolizes the divine realm in biblical literature. The disciples' gaze upward reflects their awe and perhaps confusion at Jesus' ascension. The question implies that their mission is not to remain idle but to prepare for the work Jesus has set before them, as outlined in Acts 1:8, where they are called to be witnesses to the ends of the earth.

This same Jesus,
The phrase "this same Jesus" emphasizes the continuity of Jesus' identity and mission. It reassures the disciples that the Jesus they knew, who taught, healed, and was crucified, is the same one who ascended and will return. This continuity is crucial for the early church's understanding of Jesus' nature and the fulfillment of His promises. It connects to Hebrews 13:8, which states that Jesus Christ is the same yesterday, today, and forever, affirming His unchanging nature.

who has been taken from you into heaven,
The ascension marks Jesus' return to the Father and the completion of His earthly ministry. It signifies His exaltation and the beginning of His heavenly reign. The phrase "taken from you" indicates a divine action, emphasizing God's sovereignty in Jesus' ascension. This event fulfills prophecies such as Psalm 110:1, where the Messiah is invited to sit at God's right hand, and Daniel 7:13-14, which describes the Son of Man receiving authority and glory.

will come back in the same way you have seen Him go into heaven.”
This promise of Jesus' return is a cornerstone of Christian eschatology, affirming the belief in the Second Coming. The phrase "in the same way" suggests a visible, bodily return, paralleling His ascension. This expectation is echoed in passages like 1 Thessalonians 4:16-17, which describes the Lord's return with a commanding shout and the gathering of believers. The promise of His return provides hope and motivation for the church to live faithfully and carry out its mission until that day.

Then they returned to Jerusalem
The disciples' return to Jerusalem signifies obedience to Jesus' command to wait for the Holy Spirit (Acts 1:4). Jerusalem is central to Jewish worship and prophecy, being the city where Jesus was crucified and resurrected. It is also the starting point for the spread of the Gospel (Acts 1:8).

from the Mount of Olives
The Mount of Olives holds significant biblical importance. It is the place where Jesus ascended into heaven (Acts 1:9-12) and is prophesied as the location of His return (Zechariah 14:4). The Mount is east of Jerusalem and has been a site of many key events in Jesus' ministry, including His Olivet Discourse (Matthew 24-25).

which is near the city
The proximity of the Mount of Olives to Jerusalem emphasizes the close connection between Jesus' ascension and the city where the early church would begin. This geographical closeness also facilitated the disciples' frequent travel between the two locations.

a Sabbath day’s journey away
A Sabbath day's journey is approximately 2,000 cubits or about 0.6 miles (1 kilometer), based on Jewish tradition limiting travel on the Sabbath (Exodus 16:29). This detail underscores the observance of Jewish customs by the disciples, even as they transition into the new covenant community.

When they arrived
This phrase refers to the apostles' return to Jerusalem from the Mount of Olives, as instructed by Jesus before His ascension (Acts 1:12). This obedience to Jesus' command highlights the importance of Jerusalem as the starting point for the spread of the Gospel (Luke 24:47).

they went to the upper room
The "upper room" is traditionally understood as a large room on the second floor of a house, often used for gatherings. This may be the same room where the Last Supper took place (Luke 22:12-13). It served as a private and secure meeting place for the disciples during a time of uncertainty and transition.

where they were staying
This indicates that the apostles had made this upper room their temporary residence. It suggests a period of waiting and preparation, as they anticipated the coming of the Holy Spirit, as promised by Jesus (Acts 1:4-5).

Peter and John, James and Andrew
These names represent the core group of Jesus' disciples, often mentioned together in the Gospels. Peter and John were part of Jesus' inner circle, witnessing key events such as the Transfiguration (Matthew 17:1). James and Andrew, brothers of John and Peter respectively, were among the first called by Jesus (Matthew 4:18-22).

Philip and Thomas
Philip was from Bethsaida, the same town as Peter and Andrew (John 1:44). He is known for bringing Nathanael to Jesus (John 1:45-46). Thomas, also called Didymus, is famously known for his initial doubt about Jesus' resurrection (John 20:24-29), which led to a profound confession of faith.

Bartholomew and Matthew
Bartholomew is often identified with Nathanael, who was brought to Jesus by Philip (John 1:45-49). Matthew, also known as Levi, was a tax collector before following Jesus (Matthew 9:9). His inclusion highlights the diverse backgrounds of the apostles.

James son of Alphaeus
This James is sometimes referred to as "James the Less" to distinguish him from James, the brother of John. Little is known about him, but his presence underscores the varied and often humble origins of the apostles.

Simon the Zealot
Simon is identified as a Zealot, indicating his previous association with a Jewish political movement that sought to overthrow Roman rule. His transformation into a follower of Christ exemplifies the unifying power of the Gospel.

and Judas son of James
Also known as Thaddaeus or Lebbaeus, this Judas is distinct from Judas Iscariot, the betrayer of Jesus. His presence among the apostles serves as a reminder of the faithful remnant who remained after the betrayal and crucifixion of Christ.

With one accord
The phrase "with one accord" emphasizes the unity and harmony among the early believers. This unity is a recurring theme in the Book of Acts, highlighting the importance of collective purpose and agreement in the early church. It reflects the fulfillment of Jesus' prayer for unity among His followers (John 17:21). The Greek word "homothumadon" used here suggests a deep, unanimous agreement and shared passion, which was crucial for the church's mission.

they all continued in prayer
The early believers' commitment to prayer underscores its foundational role in the life of the church. This continuous prayer reflects their dependence on God for guidance and strength, especially as they awaited the promised Holy Spirit (Acts 1:8). The practice of persistent prayer is a model for believers, as seen throughout Scripture, including Jesus' own example (Luke 5:16) and Paul's exhortation to "pray without ceasing" (1 Thessalonians 5:17).

along with the women
The inclusion of women in this gathering is significant, as it highlights their important role in the early church. Women were among Jesus' followers and were present at key moments in His ministry, including His crucifixion and resurrection (Luke 8:1-3, John 20:1-18). This mention affirms the breaking of social barriers and the inclusive nature of the gospel, as seen in Galatians 3:28, where Paul states that in Christ, there is neither male nor female.

and Mary the mother of Jesus
Mary's presence among the disciples underscores her continued faith and involvement in the early church. As the mother of Jesus, she holds a unique place in the narrative of His life and ministry. Her presence here fulfills the prophecy of Simeon, who foretold that a sword would pierce her soul (Luke 2:35), as she witnessed both the suffering and the triumph of her Son. Her role also connects to the broader biblical theme of faithful women who play pivotal roles in God's redemptive plan.

and with His brothers
The mention of Jesus' brothers, who were initially skeptical of His ministry (John 7:5), indicates a significant transformation. Their presence in this prayerful assembly suggests they had come to believe in Jesus as the Messiah, likely influenced by His resurrection appearances (1 Corinthians 15:7). This transformation is further evidenced by James, one of Jesus' brothers, who became a leader in the Jerusalem church (Acts 15:13) and authored the Epistle of James. Their inclusion highlights the power of the resurrection to change hearts and unite families in faith.

In those days
This phrase refers to the period following Jesus' ascension and before the day of Pentecost. It was a time of waiting and prayer for the disciples, as instructed by Jesus in Acts 1:4. This period was crucial for the early church as they prepared for the coming of the Holy Spirit.

Peter stood up
Peter, often seen as the leader among the apostles, takes initiative here. His leadership role is consistent with Jesus' words in Matthew 16:18, where He refers to Peter as the rock on which He will build His church. Peter's actions here set the stage for his prominent role in the early church.

among the brothers
The term "brothers" indicates the close-knit community of believers, united by their faith in Christ. This group included the apostles and other followers of Jesus, emphasizing the familial bond among early Christians, as seen in passages like Romans 12:10.

(a gathering of about a hundred and twenty)
This number signifies the small but significant size of the early Christian community in Jerusalem. The gathering likely included the apostles, Jesus' family, and other disciples. The number 120 is also significant in Jewish tradition, as it was the minimum number required to form a community with its own council.

and said
Peter's speech marks the beginning of the apostolic leadership in the church. His words are not only a call to action but also fulfill the need for guidance and decision-making within the early church. This moment foreshadows Peter's future sermons and leadership, as seen in Acts 2:14-41.

Brothers,
This term indicates a close relationship among the early believers, emphasizing their unity and shared faith. It reflects the communal nature of the early church, which was often referred to as a family.

the Scripture had to be fulfilled
This phrase underscores the belief in the divine inspiration and authority of Scripture. It suggests that the events surrounding Judas were not random but part of God's sovereign plan, as revealed in the Old Testament. This reflects the view that all Scripture is prophetic and points to the fulfillment of God's purposes.

that the Holy Spirit foretold
The Holy Spirit is recognized as the divine author of Scripture, indicating that the prophecies were not merely human words but divinely inspired. This highlights the role of the Holy Spirit in guiding the writers of the Bible and ensuring the accuracy of prophetic messages.

through the mouth of David
David, as a king and prophet, is seen as a significant figure through whom God communicated His plans. This connection to David emphasizes the messianic lineage and the fulfillment of promises made to David, pointing to Jesus as the ultimate fulfillment of these prophecies.

concerning Judas,
Judas Iscariot is identified as the subject of the prophecy. His role as the betrayer of Jesus is seen as a fulfillment of specific Old Testament prophecies, such as those found in Psalms, which are interpreted as foreshadowing his actions.

who became a guide for those who arrested Jesus.
Judas's betrayal is depicted as a pivotal event leading to Jesus's arrest and subsequent crucifixion. This act is seen as a necessary part of the redemptive plan, fulfilling prophecies about the Messiah's suffering and death. Judas's role as a "guide" highlights his intimate knowledge of Jesus and the trust placed in him, which he ultimately betrayed.

He was one of our number
This phrase refers to Judas Iscariot, who was one of the original twelve apostles chosen by Jesus. The selection of the twelve apostles is significant as it mirrors the twelve tribes of Israel, symbolizing a new covenant community. Judas's inclusion among the apostles highlights the theme of betrayal and the fulfillment of prophecy, as seen in Psalm 41:9, which foreshadows the betrayal by a close friend. His role among the apostles underscores the reality of human free will and the presence of sin even within the chosen group.

and shared in this ministry.
Judas participated in the ministry of Jesus, which included preaching, healing, and performing miracles. This involvement emphasizes the gravity of his betrayal, as he was not an outsider but an integral part of Jesus' mission. The term "ministry" here refers to the service and work of spreading the Gospel, a task entrusted to the apostles. Judas's participation in this ministry serves as a warning about the dangers of hypocrisy and the importance of genuine faith. His actions ultimately fulfilled the Scriptures, as seen in Zechariah 11:12-13, which prophesies the betrayal for thirty pieces of silver. Judas's story is a sobering reminder of the need for vigilance and integrity in one's spiritual walk.

Now with the reward for his wickedness
Judas Iscariot's betrayal of Jesus for thirty pieces of silver is a pivotal event in the New Testament. This phrase highlights the consequences of Judas's actions, emphasizing the moral and spiritual implications of his betrayal. The "reward" refers to the payment he received for betraying Jesus, which is seen as tainted by his wickedness. This connects to Matthew 27:3-5, where Judas, filled with remorse, returns the silver to the chief priests and elders, acknowledging his sin.

Judas bought a field
The field, known as the "Field of Blood" or Akeldama, is traditionally located in the Hinnom Valley near Jerusalem. This purchase is indirectly attributed to Judas, as the chief priests used the returned silver to buy the potter's field as a burial place for foreigners (Matthew 27:6-8). This act fulfills the prophecy found in Zechariah 11:12-13, which speaks of the thirty pieces of silver and the potter's field.

there he fell headlong
This phrase describes the manner of Judas's death, which has been a subject of much discussion. While Matthew 27:5 states that Judas hanged himself, this account suggests a different or subsequent event. Some scholars propose that the rope or branch may have broken, causing his body to fall. This detail underscores the tragic and violent end of Judas's life, serving as a stark warning about the consequences of sin and betrayal.

and burst open in the middle
The graphic description of Judas's body bursting open is unique to this account. It emphasizes the physical and gruesome nature of his death, which can be seen as a reflection of the spiritual corruption and internal turmoil that led to his betrayal. This imagery serves as a powerful reminder of the destructive power of sin.

and all his intestines spilled out
This vivid detail further illustrates the severity of Judas's demise. In the cultural context of the time, such a death would be considered shameful and dishonorable. The spilling of intestines can symbolize the complete exposure and judgment of Judas's inner corruption. This account, combined with the purchase of the field, fulfills the prophecy and serves as a somber conclusion to Judas's story, contrasting with the hope and redemption offered through Jesus Christ.

This became known to all who lived in Jerusalem
The event referred to here is the death of Judas Iscariot, who betrayed Jesus. His demise and the circumstances surrounding it became widely known among the inhabitants of Jerusalem. This reflects the close-knit nature of ancient communities where news spread rapidly. Jerusalem, being the center of Jewish religious life, was a place where significant events were quickly disseminated. The public nature of Judas's betrayal and its consequences would have been a topic of considerable discussion, especially among those who had witnessed the events of Jesus' crucifixion and resurrection.

so they called that field in their own language Akeldama
The field purchased with the money Judas received for betraying Jesus was called "Akeldama" in Aramaic, the common language spoken by the Jews in Jerusalem at the time. Aramaic was widely used in the region, and naming the field in this language indicates the local impact and recognition of the event. The name "Akeldama" itself carries significant meaning, as it directly relates to the circumstances of Judas's death and the blood money used to purchase the field.

that is, Field of Blood
The term "Field of Blood" has a dual significance. It refers both to the blood money paid to Judas for his betrayal and to the violent manner of his death. This name serves as a stark reminder of the consequences of Judas's actions and the fulfillment of prophecy. In Matthew 27:3-10, the purchase of the field is linked to the prophecy in Zechariah 11:12-13, which speaks of the thirty pieces of silver and the potter's field. The "Field of Blood" thus becomes a symbol of betrayal and the fulfillment of divine justice, highlighting the gravity of Judas's actions and the sovereignty of God's plan.

For it is written in the book of Psalms:
This phrase indicates the use of Old Testament scripture to validate New Testament events, a common practice among early Christians to show continuity and fulfillment of prophecy. The Psalms, a collection of songs and prayers, were often seen as prophetic and authoritative. This reference underscores the belief that the events surrounding Judas Iscariot were foreseen and part of God's divine plan.

‘May his place be deserted;
This part of the verse is a quotation from Psalm 69:25, which is a psalm of lament attributed to David. The psalm speaks of the suffering of the righteous and the judgment of the wicked. In the context of Acts, it is applied to Judas Iscariot, whose betrayal of Jesus led to his downfall. The "place" refers to his position among the apostles, which is now vacant due to his betrayal and subsequent death.

let there be no one to dwell in it,’
This continuation of the quote from Psalm 69:25 emphasizes the desolation and abandonment of Judas's position. It reflects the judgment and consequences of his actions, leaving his role empty and unfulfilled. This desolation is symbolic of the spiritual barrenness that results from turning away from God's purposes.

and, ‘May another take his position.’
This phrase is a reference to Psalm 109:8, another psalm attributed to David, which speaks of the replacement of the wicked. In the context of Acts, it is used to justify the selection of a new apostle to take Judas's place, ensuring the continuity of the Twelve. This replacement is seen as necessary for maintaining the integrity and mission of the apostolic group, which is foundational for the early church. The selection of Matthias as Judas's replacement fulfills this scripture, demonstrating the early church's commitment to scriptural authority and divine guidance.

Therefore it is necessary to choose one of the men
The necessity of choosing a replacement for Judas Iscariot is emphasized here. This reflects the importance of maintaining the number of the Twelve Apostles, which symbolizes the twelve tribes of Israel. The decision to replace Judas is rooted in the belief that the apostolic ministry must continue without interruption. The use of "necessary" indicates a divine mandate, suggesting that the apostles are acting under God's guidance.

who have accompanied us
The criteria for selection include having been a companion of the apostles. This requirement ensures that the new apostle has firsthand experience of Jesus' ministry and teachings. It underscores the importance of eyewitness testimony in the early church, as seen in 1 John 1:1-3, where the apostles emphasize their direct experience with Jesus.

the whole time the Lord Jesus went in and out among us
This phrase highlights the period of Jesus' public ministry, from His baptism by John until His ascension. The candidate must have been present throughout this entire period to fully understand and witness Jesus' works and teachings. This continuity is crucial for the integrity and authenticity of the apostolic witness. The phrase "went in and out among us" suggests Jesus' active and personal involvement with His disciples, reflecting the relational aspect of His ministry.

beginning from John’s baptism
John's baptism marks the commencement of Jesus' public ministry. John the Baptist's role was to prepare the way for the Messiah, fulfilling prophecies such as Isaiah 40:3 and Malachi 3:1. His baptism symbolized repentance and the anticipation of the coming Kingdom of God. This period is significant as it sets the stage for Jesus' teachings and miracles, establishing the foundation for His followers' understanding of His mission.

until the day Jesus was taken up from us
This phrase refers to the Ascension of Jesus, which is a pivotal event in Christian theology. The Ascension, occurring 40 days after the resurrection, is described in Acts 1:9-11. It signifies the completion of Jesus' earthly ministry and His exaltation to the right hand of the Father, as prophesied in Psalm 110:1. This event also marks the transition to the era of the Church, empowered by the Holy Spirit.

For one of these must become a witness with us of His resurrection.”
The requirement for a new apostle to be a witness of the resurrection underscores the centrality of the resurrection in Christian faith. The resurrection is the cornerstone of the apostles' preaching, as seen in 1 Corinthians 15:14-15. The chosen apostle, Matthias, would join the others in testifying to the reality of Jesus' victory over death, which is essential for the message of salvation and the hope of eternal life. This selection process also highlights the importance of eyewitness testimony in the early Church's proclamation of the Gospel.

So they proposed two men:
This phrase refers to the selection process for a new apostle to replace Judas Iscariot. The early church, led by Peter, sought divine guidance in choosing a successor, emphasizing the importance of maintaining the number of apostles at twelve, symbolizing the twelve tribes of Israel. This reflects the early church's commitment to order and continuity in leadership.

Joseph called Barsabbas (also known as Justus):
Joseph, also known as Barsabbas and Justus, is one of the two candidates considered for apostleship. The multiple names suggest a common practice in the ancient world where individuals had both Jewish and Roman names, reflecting the cultural and linguistic diversity of the early Christian community. The name Barsabbas may indicate a familial or regional connection, while Justus is a Roman name meaning "just" or "righteous," highlighting his character.

and Matthias:
Matthias is the other candidate proposed to replace Judas. His selection is significant as it underscores the early church's reliance on prayer and casting lots to discern God's will, a practice rooted in Old Testament traditions (e.g., Leviticus 16:8, Proverbs 16:33). Matthias's inclusion among the apostles fulfills the need for twelve witnesses to the resurrection, maintaining the symbolic and prophetic structure established by Jesus. His appointment, though not mentioned elsewhere in the New Testament, signifies the importance of faithfulness and readiness to serve in God's plan.

And they prayed
Prayer is a central theme in the book of Acts, highlighting the early church's dependence on God for guidance and strength. This moment of prayer occurs as the apostles seek divine direction in choosing a replacement for Judas Iscariot. The act of prayer underscores the importance of seeking God's will in decision-making processes, reflecting the early church's commitment to spiritual discernment.

Lord, You know everyone’s heart
This phrase acknowledges God's omniscience, particularly His ability to see and understand the innermost thoughts and intentions of individuals. The apostles recognize that human judgment is limited, and they rely on God's perfect knowledge to guide their choice. This echoes 1 Samuel 16:7, where God tells Samuel that He looks at the heart rather than outward appearances, emphasizing the divine ability to discern true character.

Show us which of these two
The apostles are choosing between two candidates, Joseph called Barsabbas (also known as Justus) and Matthias, to replace Judas. This decision is significant as it maintains the symbolic number of twelve apostles, representing the twelve tribes of Israel. The process of selection through prayer and casting lots reflects the cultural practices of the time, where lots were often used to discern God's will, as seen in Proverbs 16:33.

You have chosen
The phrase indicates a belief in divine election, where God has already made His choice, and the apostles seek to align their decision with His will. This reflects the biblical theme of God's sovereignty in choosing individuals for specific roles, as seen in the calling of prophets and leaders throughout the Old Testament. It also prefigures the New Testament understanding of believers being chosen by God for His purposes, as expressed in Ephesians 1:4.

to take up this ministry and apostleship
This phrase refers to the selection of a new apostle to replace Judas Iscariot. The ministry and apostleship are roles of significant responsibility, involving leadership, teaching, and spreading the Gospel. The apostles were foundational to the early church, as seen in Ephesians 2:20, where they are described as part of the church's foundation. The selection process, as described in Acts 1, involved prayer and casting lots, indicating reliance on divine guidance. This reflects the importance of divine appointment in church leadership, as seen in the calling of other biblical figures like Moses and David.

which Judas abandoned
Judas Iscariot, one of the original twelve apostles, abandoned his role by betraying Jesus, as detailed in the Gospels (e.g., Matthew 26:14-16). His abandonment is seen as a fulfillment of prophecy, such as Psalm 41:9, which speaks of betrayal by a close friend. Judas's actions are often viewed as a cautionary tale about the dangers of greed and unfaithfulness. His departure from the apostleship left a void that needed to be filled to maintain the symbolic number of twelve, representing the twelve tribes of Israel.

to go to his rightful place.
This phrase is interpreted as referring to Judas's fate after his betrayal and subsequent death. The "rightful place" is often understood as a place of judgment or condemnation, aligning with the consequences of his actions. This reflects the biblical principle of divine justice, where actions have corresponding outcomes, as seen in Galatians 6:7-8. Judas's end serves as a somber reminder of the seriousness of sin and the importance of repentance and faithfulness to God's calling.

Then they cast lots
Casting lots was a common practice in ancient times for making decisions, believed to reveal God's will. It is mentioned in the Old Testament, such as in Leviticus 16:8 for selecting the scapegoat. The practice reflects a reliance on divine providence rather than human judgment. In this context, it underscores the apostles' desire to ensure that the choice of Judas's replacement was divinely guided.

and the lot fell to Matthias.
Matthias was chosen to replace Judas Iscariot, fulfilling the need for twelve apostles, which symbolically represents the twelve tribes of Israel. This selection highlights the importance of maintaining the apostolic foundation for the early church. Matthias's selection is not mentioned elsewhere in the New Testament, indicating that his role was primarily foundational rather than prominent in the narrative of Acts.

So he was added to the eleven apostles.
The restoration of the group to twelve apostles signifies completeness and continuity in the mission of the church. The number twelve is significant in biblical numerology, often associated with God's people. This addition ensured that the apostolic witness remained intact, preparing the group for the coming of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost and the subsequent spread of the Gospel.