On that day
This phrase indicates a specific time, referring to the aftermath of a significant event. In the context of Judges, it follows the victory over the Canaanite king Jabin and his commander Sisera. The phrase emphasizes the immediacy of the response to God's deliverance, highlighting the importance of timely praise and thanksgiving.

Deborah and Barak
Deborah was a prophetess and judge of Israel, a rare female leader in a patriarchal society, demonstrating God's use of unexpected individuals to fulfill His purposes. Barak, the military leader, worked alongside Deborah, showing a partnership in leadership. Their collaboration underscores the theme of unity in achieving God's plans. Deborah's role as a judge and prophetess is significant, as it reflects God's empowerment of women in leadership roles, even in ancient times.

son of Abinoam
Barak is identified as the son of Abinoam, which provides a genealogical context, grounding him in the history of Israel. This detail connects Barak to his tribal heritage, likely from the tribe of Naphtali, emphasizing the importance of lineage and identity in Israelite society.

sang this song
The act of singing a song of victory is a common biblical motif, seen in other instances such as the Song of Moses (Exodus 15) and the Song of Hannah (1 Samuel 2). Songs in the Bible often serve as a means of commemorating God's deliverance and acts of salvation. This particular song, known as the Song of Deborah, is one of the oldest examples of Hebrew poetry and serves as a historical record of the event, as well as a theological reflection on God's intervention. The use of song also highlights the cultural importance of oral tradition in preserving history and theology.

When the princes take the lead in Israel
This phrase highlights the importance of leadership among the tribes of Israel. In the context of Judges, the "princes" refers to the tribal leaders or judges who were responsible for guiding the people according to God's laws. The period of the Judges was marked by a cycle of sin, oppression, repentance, and deliverance. Leadership was crucial in rallying the people to return to God and fight against their oppressors. This leadership is seen as divinely appointed, as God raised up judges to deliver Israel (Judges 2:16). The role of these leaders can be compared to the role of Christ as the ultimate leader and deliverer of His people.

when the people volunteer
The voluntary participation of the people signifies a collective willingness to follow God's direction and support their leaders. This reflects a communal commitment to God's covenant, reminiscent of the unity seen in the early church (Acts 2:42-47). The willingness of the people to volunteer is crucial for the success of any divine mission, as seen in the battles led by figures like Moses, Joshua, and later, King David. This phrase underscores the importance of unity and cooperation among God's people, which is a recurring theme throughout Scripture.

bless the LORD
The call to "bless the LORD" is an exhortation to praise and thank God for His guidance and deliverance. In the context of Judges 5, this is part of the Song of Deborah, a victory hymn celebrating God's intervention in delivering Israel from the Canaanite king Jabin and his commander Sisera. Blessing the LORD is a response to His faithfulness and mighty acts, a theme echoed throughout the Psalms (e.g., Psalm 103:1-2). This phrase also points to the ultimate purpose of all creation, which is to glorify God, as seen in Revelation 4:11.

Listen, O kings!
This phrase is a call to attention directed towards the rulers of the earth. In the context of ancient Israel, kings were often seen as the ultimate authority figures. The call to listen signifies the importance of the message that follows. Biblically, this echoes the prophetic tradition where messages from God are often directed to leaders, as seen in Isaiah 1:10 and Jeremiah 22:2. It underscores the idea that God's authority surpasses earthly power.

Give ear, O princes!
Similar to the call to kings, this phrase extends the audience to include princes, indicating that all levels of leadership are accountable to God. In the ancient Near East, princes often held significant power and influence. This call to heed God's message is a reminder of the divine order and the accountability of leaders to God's will, as seen in Psalm 2:10-12, where rulers are advised to serve the Lord with fear.

I will sing to the LORD;
The act of singing to the Lord is a form of worship and praise. In the context of Judges 5, this is part of the Song of Deborah, a victory hymn celebrating God's deliverance of Israel. Singing is a common biblical expression of joy and gratitude, as seen in Exodus 15:1-21 with the Song of Moses and Miriam. It reflects a personal and communal acknowledgment of God's intervention and faithfulness.

I will sing praise to the LORD,
Repetition of the commitment to sing emphasizes the importance of worship. Praise is directed specifically to the LORD, highlighting His role as the deliverer and protector of Israel. This reflects the covenant relationship between God and His people, where praise is both a response to His actions and a fulfillment of their duty to honor Him, as seen in Psalm 96:1-2.

the God of Israel.
This phrase identifies the LORD specifically as the God of Israel, reinforcing the covenant identity of the Israelites as God's chosen people. It distinguishes the God of Israel from the gods of surrounding nations, affirming monotheism and the unique relationship between God and Israel. This is a recurring theme throughout the Old Testament, as seen in Deuteronomy 6:4-5, which calls Israel to exclusive devotion to the LORD.

O LORD, when You went out from Seir
This phrase refers to the divine intervention of God in the history of Israel. Seir is a mountainous region associated with Edom, located southeast of the Dead Sea. Biblically, Seir is often mentioned in connection with God's powerful acts (Deuteronomy 33:2). The imagery of God "going out" suggests a theophany, where God manifests His presence in a tangible way. This recalls the Exodus narrative, where God led the Israelites out of Egypt with signs and wonders. The mention of Seir emphasizes God's sovereignty over all lands, not just Israel.

when You marched from the land of Edom
Edom, the land of Esau's descendants, is often depicted as a place of opposition to Israel (Numbers 20:14-21). However, here it serves as a backdrop for God's majestic procession. The term "marched" conveys a military connotation, suggesting God as a divine warrior leading His people to victory. This imagery is consistent with other Old Testament passages where God is portrayed as a warrior (Exodus 15:3). The historical context may allude to God's past deliverances, reinforcing His role as protector and deliverer of Israel.

the earth trembled
The trembling earth signifies God's overwhelming power and presence. This is a common biblical motif indicating divine intervention (Psalm 77:18, Isaiah 64:1-3). Such natural phenomena often accompany God's appearances, underscoring His authority over creation. The trembling earth can also symbolize the fear and awe that God's presence instills in both His enemies and His people.

the heavens poured out rain
Rain in the Bible is often a sign of God's blessing and provision (Deuteronomy 11:14). However, in this context, it may also represent God's judgment against His enemies, as seen in the story of Sisera's defeat in Judges 4, where a storm contributed to Israel's victory. The heavens pouring rain can be seen as a divine response to the cries of His people, demonstrating His control over the elements to fulfill His purposes.

and the clouds poured down water
This phrase reinforces the previous one, emphasizing the abundance and intensity of the rain. In biblical symbolism, water can represent both life and judgment. The clouds pouring water may also allude to the covenantal promises of God, who uses creation to accomplish His will. This imagery connects to other scriptural instances where God uses weather to intervene on behalf of His people (1 Samuel 7:10, Psalm 18:12-14). Theologically, it points to God's faithfulness and His active role in the history of salvation.

The mountains quaked before the LORD
This phrase emphasizes the power and majesty of God, often depicted in the Bible as causing natural phenomena to demonstrate His presence and authority. The quaking of mountains is reminiscent of other biblical events, such as the giving of the Law at Mount Sinai (Exodus 19:18), where the mountain trembled violently. This imagery underscores God's sovereignty over creation and His ability to intervene in the natural world. It also serves as a reminder of His holiness and the reverence due to Him.

the One of Sinai
Sinai is a significant location in biblical history, primarily known as the mountain where Moses received the Ten Commandments. This reference to Sinai connects the current event in Judges to the foundational moment of the covenant between God and Israel. It highlights God's continued faithfulness and His role as the covenant-keeping God. The mention of Sinai also serves as a reminder of God's law and His expectations for His people.

before the LORD, the God of Israel
This phrase reaffirms the identity of the LORD as the God of Israel, emphasizing His unique relationship with the nation. It reflects the covenantal bond established at Sinai and throughout Israel's history. The repetition of "before the LORD" underscores the idea that all creation is subject to His authority and that His presence demands a response of awe and worship. This acknowledgment of God as the God of Israel also serves as a reminder of His promises and His role as the protector and deliverer of His people.

In the days of Shamgar son of Anath
Shamgar is mentioned briefly in Judges 3:31 as a deliverer of Israel who struck down 600 Philistines with an oxgoad. His mention here suggests a time of oppression and instability in Israel. The name "Anath" may refer to a Canaanite goddess, indicating possible cultural influences or syncretism during this period. This era was marked by a lack of centralized leadership, as Israel was ruled by judges rather than kings.

in the days of Jael
Jael is celebrated in Judges 4 and 5 for her role in killing Sisera, the commander of the Canaanite army, with a tent peg. Her actions are seen as divinely inspired, contributing to Israel's victory. The mention of Jael alongside Shamgar highlights the significant roles played by individuals, including women, in God's deliverance of Israel. This period was characterized by God using unexpected people to achieve His purposes.

the highways were deserted
This phrase indicates a time of fear and danger, where normal travel and commerce were disrupted due to threats from enemy forces or bandits. The deserted highways symbolize the breakdown of societal order and security, reflecting the consequences of Israel's disobedience and idolatry. This situation is reminiscent of the curses outlined in Deuteronomy 28 for turning away from God.

and the travelers took the byways
Travelers avoiding main roads suggests a strategy to evade danger, indicating a period of oppression and insecurity. This behavior reflects the broader theme of Judges, where Israel repeatedly falls into sin, leading to oppression by surrounding nations. The use of byways instead of highways can symbolize the need for God's people to find alternative paths to safety and deliverance, often through unexpected means or people, as seen in the stories of Shamgar and Jael.

Life in the villages ceased;
This phrase indicates a period of great distress and disruption in Israel. The villages, representing rural life and community, were abandoned due to the oppression of the Canaanites. This reflects the broader cycle in the Book of Judges where Israel falls into sin, faces oppression, cries out to God, and is delivered by a judge. The cessation of village life suggests a breakdown of social and economic structures, likely due to fear of enemy raids and lack of security.

it ended in Israel,
The repetition emphasizes the severity of the situation across the nation. The oppression was not localized but affected the entire land of Israel. This period of turmoil is a direct consequence of Israel's disobedience to God, as they had turned to worship other gods, leading to their subjugation by foreign powers. The phrase underscores the need for divine intervention and leadership to restore peace and order.

until I, Deborah, arose,
Deborah's emergence as a leader marks a turning point. She is one of the few female judges and a prophetess, indicating her unique role in Israel's history. Her leadership is divinely appointed, and she stands out in a patriarchal society as a figure of authority and wisdom. Her rise signifies God's response to the cries of His people, using unexpected means to deliver them. Deborah's story parallels other biblical figures who rise to leadership in times of crisis, such as Moses and Esther.

a mother in Israel.
This title highlights Deborah's nurturing and protective role. It suggests her care and concern for the nation, akin to a mother's for her children. In a broader biblical context, this maternal imagery can be seen as a type of Christ, who also cares for and leads His people. The term "mother" may also imply her role in birthing a new era of peace and stability for Israel. Her leadership brings about a restoration of life and community, akin to the nurturing and life-giving role of a mother.

When they chose new gods
This phrase highlights the recurring theme of idolatry in Israel's history. The Israelites often turned away from Yahweh to worship the gods of the surrounding nations, such as Baal and Ashtoreth. This choice reflects a violation of the first commandment (Exodus 20:3) and demonstrates a lack of faithfulness to the covenant established at Sinai. The worship of new gods often led to moral and spiritual decline, as seen throughout the Book of Judges. This idolatry is a type of spiritual adultery, symbolizing Israel's unfaithfulness to God, which is a theme echoed by the prophets (e.g., Hosea 1-3).

then war came to their gates
The consequence of idolatry was often oppression by foreign powers, as God allowed Israel's enemies to prevail as a form of judgment (Judges 2:14-15). The phrase "war came to their gates" suggests that the conflict was not just on the battlefield but had reached the very heart of their communities, indicating a severe threat to their security and way of life. This reflects the covenant curses outlined in Deuteronomy 28, where disobedience would lead to military defeat and distress.

Not a shield or spear was found among forty thousand in Israel
This phrase underscores the dire situation of Israel's military unpreparedness and vulnerability. The lack of weapons among forty thousand men suggests a period of disarmament or oppression, possibly enforced by their enemies to keep them subjugated. This situation is reminiscent of 1 Samuel 13:19-22, where the Philistines prevented the Israelites from having blacksmiths to make weapons. The absence of arms highlights Israel's dependence on God for deliverance, as seen in the victory led by Deborah and Barak, where God intervened miraculously (Judges 4:15). This reliance on divine intervention rather than human strength is a recurring theme in the narrative of Judges.

My heart is with the princes of Israel
This phrase reflects a deep emotional connection and solidarity with the leaders of Israel. In the context of Judges, the "princes" likely refer to the tribal leaders or military commanders who played a crucial role in the battle against the Canaanite oppressors. The term "princes" can also denote nobility or those with authority, emphasizing the importance of leadership in God's deliverance. This aligns with the biblical theme of God raising leaders to guide His people, as seen with figures like Moses and Joshua. The heart's alignment with these leaders suggests a unity and shared purpose in fulfilling God's will.

with the volunteers among the people
The mention of "volunteers" highlights the willingness and courage of ordinary Israelites who stepped forward to fight. This voluntary service is significant, as it demonstrates a collective commitment to God's cause without coercion. In the historical context, Israel was a confederation of tribes, and such voluntary participation was crucial for military success. This mirrors the New Testament call for believers to serve willingly, as seen in Romans 12:1, where Paul urges believers to offer themselves as living sacrifices. The volunteers' actions can be seen as a type of Christ's willing sacrifice for humanity.

Bless the LORD!
This exclamation is a call to worship and gratitude, acknowledging God's hand in the victory. It reflects a common biblical response to divine intervention, as seen in the Psalms and other Old Testament narratives. The phrase underscores the importance of recognizing God's sovereignty and faithfulness. In the broader biblical narrative, blessing the LORD is an act of worship that aligns with the first commandment to love God wholeheartedly. It also foreshadows the ultimate victory and worship of God in Revelation, where all creation praises Him for His mighty works.

You who ride white donkeys
In ancient Israel, donkeys were a common mode of transportation, but white donkeys were considered a sign of wealth and status. This phrase likely refers to the leaders or nobles of the society, those who had the means to own such animals. In biblical times, donkeys were valued for their endurance and ability to navigate difficult terrain, making them a symbol of peace and humility, as opposed to horses, which were associated with war. The mention of white donkeys may also symbolize purity and righteousness, drawing a parallel to Jesus' entry into Jerusalem on a donkey (Matthew 21:1-11), emphasizing humility and peace.

who sit on saddle blankets
Saddle blankets were used for comfort and to signify the rider's status. Those who could afford such luxuries were typically people of influence and authority. This phrase suggests a call to those in positions of power to reflect on their responsibilities and the events unfolding around them. The use of saddle blankets indicates a settled and comfortable lifestyle, contrasting with the hardships faced by the common people. This can be seen as a reminder to leaders to remain humble and attentive to God's will, much like the leaders in Israel were expected to be.

and you who travel the road
Traveling the road implies movement and journey, often associated with trade, communication, and the spread of news. In the context of Judges, this could refer to the dissemination of the victory song of Deborah and Barak, encouraging all who hear it to consider its significance. Roads in ancient Israel were vital for connecting communities and facilitating the exchange of goods and ideas. This phrase may also symbolize the spiritual journey of believers, urging them to remain vigilant and faithful as they navigate life's path, much like the Israelites were called to follow God's guidance through the wilderness.

ponder
The call to ponder is an invitation to reflect deeply on the events and lessons of the song of Deborah. It encourages the audience to consider the mighty acts of God, the deliverance He provided, and the role of human leaders in His divine plan. This reflection is not just intellectual but also spiritual, prompting a response of gratitude, obedience, and faith. The act of pondering is akin to meditating on God's Word, as seen in Psalm 1:2, where the righteous delight in the law of the Lord and meditate on it day and night. This meditation leads to a deeper understanding of God's character and His purposes for His people.

the voices of the singers at the watering places
In ancient Israel, watering places were central gathering spots for communities, often serving as social and economic hubs. The mention of singers here suggests a celebration or recounting of significant events. Singing was a common way to remember and pass down stories and history, as seen in other biblical passages like Exodus 15:1-21, where Moses and Miriam lead the Israelites in song after crossing the Red Sea. This phrase indicates a communal acknowledgment of God's deliverance and blessings, similar to the role of psalms in worship.

There they shall recount the righteous acts of the LORD
Recounting the acts of the LORD emphasizes the importance of remembering and proclaiming God's faithfulness and intervention in Israel's history. This practice is seen throughout the Old Testament, such as in Psalm 78, where the psalmist recounts God's deeds to encourage faithfulness among the people. The righteous acts refer to God's deliverance of Israel from their enemies, highlighting His justice and mercy.

the righteous deeds of His villagers in Israel
This phrase acknowledges the role of ordinary Israelites in God's plan. The villagers' deeds are considered righteous because they align with God's will and contribute to the nation's deliverance. This reflects the biblical theme that God often uses humble and seemingly insignificant people to achieve His purposes, as seen in the stories of Gideon (Judges 6-8) and David (1 Samuel 16).

Then the people of the LORD went down to the gates
The gates of a city were significant in ancient times as places of judgment, commerce, and public assembly. The phrase suggests a return to normalcy and order after a period of chaos or conflict. It implies that the people, having recounted God's deeds, are now empowered and unified to resume their societal roles. This mirrors the restoration and peace that follows divine intervention, as seen in the return from exile in Nehemiah 8, where the people gather at the Water Gate to hear the Law.

Awake, awake, O Deborah!
This call to Deborah emphasizes the urgency and importance of her role as a prophetess and judge in Israel. The repetition of "awake" signifies a divine summons to action, highlighting her leadership in a time of crisis. Deborah's awakening can be seen as a spiritual revival, urging her to fulfill God's purpose. This echoes other biblical calls to awaken, such as in Isaiah 52:1, where Zion is called to rise and clothe itself in strength.

Awake, awake, sing a song!
The command to sing a song suggests a victory hymn or a prophetic declaration of triumph. In ancient Israel, songs were often used to commemorate God's deliverance, as seen in the Song of Moses (Exodus 15) and the Song of Hannah (1 Samuel 2). This phrase underscores the power of worship and praise in acknowledging God's sovereignty and celebrating His intervention.

Arise, O Barak,
Barak is called to rise, indicating a call to action and leadership in battle. His name means "lightning," symbolizing swiftness and power. Barak's role is crucial in the military victory over the Canaanite oppressors. This call to arise parallels other biblical figures who were summoned to lead, such as Joshua (Joshua 1:2) and Gideon (Judges 6:14).

and take hold of your captives,
This phrase signifies the outcome of the battle, where Barak is to capture and subdue the enemies of Israel. It reflects the fulfillment of God's promise of victory and deliverance. The concept of taking captives is a common theme in biblical warfare, representing the triumph of God's people over their adversaries, as seen in Psalm 68:18.

O son of Abinoam!
The mention of Barak's lineage, "son of Abinoam," provides historical context and emphasizes his identity and heritage. Abinoam's name means "father of pleasantness," which may suggest a noble or respected family background. This detail roots Barak in the narrative of Israel's history, connecting him to the broader story of God's covenant people.

Then the survivors came down to the nobles;
This phrase refers to the remnant of Israel who survived the oppression of the Canaanites. The term "survivors" indicates those who remained faithful and were preserved by God. The "nobles" could refer to the leaders or rulers of Israel, possibly those who were called to lead the people in battle. This reflects the biblical theme of God using a faithful remnant to achieve His purposes, as seen in Isaiah 10:20-22.

the people of the LORD came down to me
"People of the LORD" signifies the covenant relationship between God and Israel. This phrase emphasizes that the Israelites are not just any people, but those chosen by God. The phrase "came down to me" suggests a gathering or rallying around a leader, in this case, Deborah, who is the speaker in this song. This reflects the unity and divine calling of the Israelites to act under God's guidance, similar to how God called Gideon in Judges 6.

against the mighty.
The "mighty" refers to the Canaanite forces led by Sisera, who were oppressing Israel. This phrase highlights the contrast between the seemingly weak and oppressed Israelites and the powerful Canaanite army. It underscores the biblical theme of God empowering the weak to overcome the strong, as seen in David's victory over Goliath in 1 Samuel 17. This also foreshadows the ultimate victory of Christ over the powers of sin and death, as described in Colossians 2:15.

Some came from Ephraim, with their roots in Amalek;
Ephraim was one of the prominent tribes of Israel, often associated with leadership and strength. The mention of "roots in Amalek" is intriguing, as Amalek was traditionally an enemy of Israel. This could suggest a historical connection or a metaphorical expression of overcoming past enmities. Ephraim's involvement in the battle reflects their willingness to unite against common foes, a theme seen throughout Israel's history.

Benjamin came with your people after you.
The tribe of Benjamin, though small, was known for its fierce warriors. Their participation "after you" indicates a following or supportive role, possibly highlighting the unity among the tribes during this period. Benjamin's loyalty and courage are echoed in other biblical narratives, such as their support for King Saul, who was from this tribe.

The commanders came down from Machir,
Machir was a descendant of Manasseh, and this phrase likely refers to the half-tribe of Manasseh east of the Jordan. The "commanders" suggest a military leadership role, emphasizing the strategic importance of Machir's contribution. This reflects the broader theme of unity and cooperation among the tribes in the face of external threats.

the bearers of the marshal’s staff from Zebulun.
Zebulun was a tribe known for its valor and willingness to risk their lives, as seen in other parts of Judges. The "marshal’s staff" symbolizes authority and leadership, indicating that Zebulun provided key leaders or officers in the battle. This aligns with the prophetic blessings given to Zebulun, highlighting their role in Israel's military endeavors and their faithfulness to God's call.

The princes of Issachar were with Deborah
The tribe of Issachar, known for its wisdom and understanding of the times (1 Chronicles 12:32), aligns itself with Deborah, the prophetess and judge of Israel. This alliance signifies the tribe's recognition of Deborah's God-given authority and leadership. The princes of Issachar, as leaders, demonstrate their support for God's chosen deliverer, highlighting the importance of unity and obedience to divine guidance in achieving victory.

and Issachar was with Barak
Issachar's support extends to Barak, the military leader chosen by God through Deborah. This reflects the tribe's commitment to the battle against the Canaanite oppression. Their presence with Barak underscores the importance of collaboration between spiritual and military leadership in Israel's history, as seen in other instances where God raises leaders to deliver His people (e.g., Moses and Joshua).

rushing into the valley at his heels
The phrase suggests a sense of urgency and determination as Issachar follows Barak into battle. The valley likely refers to the Kishon River area, where the battle against Sisera's forces took place. This imagery of rushing into the valley conveys the courage and readiness of Issachar to engage in the fight, trusting in God's promise of victory. It echoes the swift obedience and action seen in other biblical narratives, such as David's confrontation with Goliath.

In the clans of Reuben there was great indecision
In contrast to Issachar's decisive action, the tribe of Reuben is characterized by hesitation and internal conflict. This indecision may reflect a lack of unity or fear, preventing them from joining the battle. The mention of Reuben's indecision serves as a cautionary example of the consequences of failing to act in faith and obedience. It highlights the theme of choosing to follow God's call, as seen in other biblical accounts where indecision leads to missed opportunities for blessing and deliverance.

Why did you sit among the sheepfolds
This phrase suggests a setting of pastoral life, where shepherds would typically be found. The imagery of sitting among the sheepfolds implies inactivity or a lack of engagement in the battle that Deborah and Barak were leading against the Canaanite oppressors. In biblical times, sheepfolds were enclosures used to protect sheep, often symbolizing peace and domestic life. The question posed here is rhetorical, highlighting the contrast between the call to action and the choice to remain in a place of comfort and safety. This can be compared to other biblical instances where individuals are called to leave their comfort zones for a greater purpose, such as Abraham leaving Ur or the disciples leaving their nets to follow Jesus.

to hear the whistling for the flocks?
The "whistling for the flocks" refers to the sounds shepherds would make to gather or direct their sheep. This detail emphasizes the mundane, everyday activities that the Reubenites prioritized over joining the battle. It suggests a preoccupation with routine and the familiar, rather than responding to the urgent call to arms. This can be seen as a metaphor for spiritual complacency, where one might focus on worldly concerns instead of heeding God's call. The New Testament echoes this theme in passages like Matthew 6:33, which urges believers to seek first the kingdom of God.

In the clans of Reuben there was great indecision.
The tribe of Reuben is singled out for its hesitance and lack of decisive action. Historically, the tribe of Reuben settled on the east side of the Jordan River, which may have contributed to their reluctance to engage in conflicts west of the Jordan. This indecision is a recurring theme in the Bible, where hesitation and doubt often lead to missed opportunities to fulfill God's purposes. The Book of James in the New Testament warns against being double-minded, highlighting the importance of faith and decisiveness in following God's will. The indecision of Reuben serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of spiritual lukewarmness, reminiscent of the church of Laodicea in Revelation 3:15-16.

Gilead remained beyond the Jordan.
Gilead refers to a region east of the Jordan River, often associated with the tribes of Gad and the half-tribe of Manasseh. This phrase indicates that these tribes did not participate in the battle against Sisera, choosing instead to stay in their territory. Historically, the area of Gilead was known for its balm, a valuable commodity, suggesting a focus on trade and economic stability over military engagement. The decision to remain "beyond the Jordan" highlights a division among the Israelite tribes, reflecting a lack of unity during the time of the Judges. This division can be seen as a recurring theme in Israel's history, where geographical and tribal loyalties sometimes took precedence over national unity.

Dan, why did you linger by the ships?
The tribe of Dan was originally allocated land in the central coastal region of Israel, but due to pressure from the Philistines, they later migrated northward. The mention of "lingering by the ships" suggests a preoccupation with maritime activities or trade, possibly indicating a reluctance to engage in the inland conflict. This phrase underscores the challenges faced by the tribe of Dan, who struggled to secure their inheritance and often found themselves in conflict with surrounding peoples. The rhetorical question implies a critique of their priorities, as they chose economic pursuits over joining their fellow Israelites in battle. This can be seen as a reflection of the broader theme of Israel's struggle to fully possess the land and remain faithful to their covenantal responsibilities.

Asher stayed at the coast and remained in his harbors.
The tribe of Asher was located along the northern coast of Israel, an area known for its fertile land and access to the Mediterranean Sea. By "staying at the coast," Asher is depicted as choosing the comfort and security of their established settlements over participating in the conflict. The mention of "harbors" suggests a focus on trade and economic prosperity, similar to Dan. This decision reflects the challenges of tribalism and the temptation to prioritize local interests over national concerns. The coastal location of Asher also made them more susceptible to influence from neighboring Canaanite cities, which may have contributed to their reluctance to engage in the battle. This highlights the ongoing struggle for Israel to maintain its distinct identity amidst surrounding cultures.

Zebulun was a people who risked their lives
Zebulun, one of the twelve tribes of Israel, is highlighted here for their bravery and willingness to face danger. This tribe, descended from Jacob's son Zebulun, was known for its maritime skills and courage. Their territory was located in the northern part of Israel, which often placed them in strategic military positions. The phrase underscores their commitment to the cause of Israel, reflecting a spirit of self-sacrifice and valor. This willingness to risk their lives can be seen as a foreshadowing of the ultimate sacrifice made by Jesus Christ, who laid down His life for humanity. The courage of Zebulun is reminiscent of other biblical figures who demonstrated faith and bravery, such as David facing Goliath (1 Samuel 17) and Esther approaching the king (Esther 4:16).

Naphtali, too, on the heights of the battlefield
Naphtali, another tribe of Israel, is similarly commended for their bravery. Their territory was also in the northern region, adjacent to Zebulun, which often made them allies in battle. The "heights of the battlefield" suggests a strategic advantage, as high ground was crucial in ancient warfare. This phrase may also imply a spiritual high ground, as Naphtali's actions were in alignment with God's purposes for Israel. The tribe of Naphtali is later mentioned in Isaiah 9:1-2, a prophecy that is fulfilled in the New Testament when Jesus begins His ministry in Galilee, the region of Naphtali. This connection highlights the ongoing significance of Naphtali's faithfulness and courage, pointing to the coming of the Messiah who would bring light to the nations.

Kings came and fought;
This phrase refers to the coalition of Canaanite kings who gathered to battle against Israel. In the ancient Near East, it was common for city-states to be ruled by kings who would form alliances for mutual defense or aggression. The gathering of these kings signifies the seriousness of the threat against Israel. This event is part of the larger narrative of the Judges, where God raises leaders to deliver Israel from oppression. The kings' assembly can be seen as a fulfillment of God's promise to give Israel victory over their enemies, as seen in Deuteronomy 7:24.

then the kings of Canaan fought
The Canaanite kings mentioned here were likely rulers of city-states within the region of Canaan. This reflects the fragmented political landscape of the time, where multiple small kingdoms existed rather than a single unified nation. The Canaanites were known for their advanced cities and military capabilities, which posed a significant challenge to the Israelites. This battle is part of the ongoing struggle between the Israelites and the Canaanites for control of the Promised Land, as described throughout the book of Judges.

at Taanach by the waters of Megiddo,
Taanach and Megiddo were strategically important locations in the Jezreel Valley, a fertile and significant area for trade and military campaigns. Megiddo, in particular, is known for its archaeological significance, with evidence of ancient fortifications and battles. The mention of "waters" suggests the presence of a water source, which would have been crucial for sustaining armies. This location is also prophetically significant, as Megiddo (Armageddon) is mentioned in Revelation 16:16 as the site of the final battle between good and evil.

but they took no plunder of silver.
The lack of plunder indicates a decisive defeat for the Canaanite kings. In ancient warfare, victors typically took spoils from the defeated, including precious metals like silver. The absence of plunder suggests that the Canaanite forces were completely routed, leaving nothing for the victors to take. This outcome underscores the divine intervention on behalf of Israel, as God delivered them from their enemies without the usual material rewards of battle. This aligns with the theme in Judges of God providing victory through His chosen leaders, rather than through human strength or wealth.

From the heavens the stars fought;
This phrase suggests a divine intervention in the battle against Sisera, indicating that the forces of nature were aligned with Israel. In ancient Near Eastern culture, celestial bodies were often seen as deities or as having divine influence. The imagery of stars fighting could symbolize God's control over creation, emphasizing His sovereignty and power. This aligns with other biblical passages where God uses natural phenomena to achieve His purposes, such as the parting of the Red Sea (Exodus 14:21) or the sun standing still for Joshua (Joshua 10:13).

from their courses they fought against Sisera.
The mention of "courses" refers to the fixed paths or orbits of the stars, suggesting an orderly and purposeful action against Sisera. This can be seen as a metaphor for God's providential order and His ability to orchestrate events according to His will. Historically, Sisera was a Canaanite commander defeated by the Israelites under Deborah and Barak's leadership. The battle took place near the Kishon River, where a sudden storm could have caused the river to flood, contributing to Sisera's defeat. This aligns with the biblical theme of God using creation to fulfill His promises, as seen in Psalm 77:16-18, where natural elements respond to God's command. The defeat of Sisera can also be viewed as a type of Christ's ultimate victory over evil, where divine intervention ensures the triumph of God's people.

The River Kishon swept them away
The River Kishon is a significant geographical feature in the biblical narrative, located in the northern part of Israel. It played a crucial role in the defeat of Sisera's army, as described in Judges 4 and 5. The river's flooding, likely caused by a sudden storm, rendered the chariots of Sisera ineffective, leading to their defeat. This event highlights God's intervention in the battle, as natural elements are used to accomplish divine purposes. The Kishon River's role in this victory is reminiscent of other instances where God uses nature to deliver His people, such as the parting of the Red Sea in Exodus 14.

the ancient river, the River Kishon
Referring to the Kishon as an "ancient river" emphasizes its longstanding presence and significance in the region. This description may also suggest the timelessness of God's power and His ability to use creation for His purposes throughout history. The repetition of "the River Kishon" underscores its importance in the narrative and serves as a poetic device in the song of Deborah and Barak. The river's ancient status could also symbolize the enduring nature of God's covenant with Israel, as He continues to deliver them from their enemies.

March on, O my soul, in strength!
This phrase is a call to courage and perseverance, reflecting the triumph and confidence that comes from witnessing God's deliverance. It serves as an exhortation to continue in faith and strength, trusting in God's power and provision. The call to "march on" can be seen as an encouragement to the Israelites to remain steadfast in their mission and to rely on God's strength rather than their own. This sentiment is echoed in other biblical passages that encourage believers to be strong and courageous, such as Joshua 1:9 and Ephesians 6:10. The phrase also reflects the personal resolve of Deborah and Barak, who led Israel to victory through their faith and obedience to God.

Then the hooves of horses thundered
This phrase captures the intensity and chaos of the battle scene described in Judges 5, which is part of the Song of Deborah. The imagery of thundering hooves suggests a powerful and overwhelming force, emphasizing the might of the Lord's intervention in the battle against Sisera. In ancient warfare, horses and chariots were symbols of military strength and power. The sound of thundering hooves would have been terrifying to those on foot, highlighting the divine assistance given to Israel. This imagery is reminiscent of other biblical passages where God uses natural elements to fight for His people, such as the parting of the Red Sea in Exodus 14.

the mad galloping of his stallions
The phrase "mad galloping" suggests a sense of panic and disorder among Sisera's forces. Stallions, known for their strength and speed, are depicted here as being out of control, which could symbolize the confusion and defeat of the enemy. This chaos is a direct result of God's intervention, as seen in the narrative of Judges 4, where the Lord throws Sisera's army into disarray. The mention of stallions also connects to the broader biblical theme of God triumphing over human power and pride, as seen in Psalm 20:7, which contrasts trust in chariots and horses with trust in the name of the Lord. This passage foreshadows the ultimate victory of Christ, who conquers not through earthly might but through divine power and sacrifice.

‘Curse Meroz,’ says the angel of the LORD.
The mention of Meroz is unique to this passage, and its exact location remains unknown, though it is believed to be near the battle site where Deborah and Barak defeated Sisera. The curse pronounced by the angel of the LORD, a divine messenger often associated with God's direct intervention, underscores the seriousness of Meroz's failure. In biblical context, curses are significant and denote divine disfavor, as seen in Deuteronomy 27-28. The angel of the LORD appears in various Old Testament passages, often as a theophany, suggesting a direct communication from God, as seen in Genesis 16:7-13 and Exodus 3:2.

‘Bitterly curse her inhabitants;
The repetition of the curse emphasizes the gravity of the offense. Inhabitants of Meroz are singled out for their inaction, which is seen as a betrayal of their covenantal duty to support God's people. This reflects the communal responsibility in Israelite society, where collective action was often necessary for survival and success. The bitterness of the curse suggests a deep-seated disappointment and anger, akin to the curses found in Jeremiah 48:10 against those who do not do the LORD's work with zeal.

for they did not come to help the LORD,
The phrase implies that aiding Israel in battle was equivalent to helping the LORD, highlighting the theocratic nature of Israel where God was seen as the ultimate leader and king. This concept is echoed in 1 Samuel 17:47, where David declares that the battle is the LORD's. The failure of Meroz to assist is seen as a direct affront to God Himself, illustrating the expectation of loyalty and support among the tribes of Israel.

to help the LORD against the mighty.’
The "mighty" refers to the Canaanite forces led by Sisera, who were oppressing Israel. The call to help against such formidable foes underscores the need for unity and courage among God's people. This phrase also reflects the biblical theme of God using the weak to overcome the strong, as seen in 1 Corinthians 1:27. The expectation was that all of Israel would rally to God's cause, as seen in the collective efforts during the conquest of Canaan in Joshua. The failure of Meroz serves as a cautionary tale about the consequences of neglecting one's duty to God and His people.

Most blessed among women is Jael
Jael is celebrated for her decisive action in the defeat of Sisera, the commander of the Canaanite army. Her blessing is reminiscent of the praise given to other women in Scripture, such as Mary, the mother of Jesus, who is also called "blessed among women" (Luke 1:42). This parallel highlights the significant role women play in God's redemptive history. Jael's actions are seen as divinely inspired, fulfilling Deborah's prophecy that a woman would claim victory over Sisera (Judges 4:9).

the wife of Heber the Kenite
The Kenites were a nomadic tribe with connections to the Israelites through Moses' father-in-law, Jethro (Exodus 3:1). Heber, Jael's husband, had separated from the main Kenite group and settled near Kedesh (Judges 4:11). This separation allowed Jael to act independently, aligning with Israel against the Canaanites. The Kenites' metalworking skills may have contributed to their strategic importance, as they were often allied with Israel.

most blessed of tent-dwelling women
The reference to "tent-dwelling" emphasizes Jael's nomadic lifestyle, typical of the Kenites. Living in tents signifies a transient, humble existence, yet Jael's actions elevate her status. This phrase underscores the theme that God often uses the humble and unexpected to achieve His purposes, as seen throughout Scripture (1 Corinthians 1:27-29). Jael's story is a reminder that God's deliverance can come from the most unlikely sources, and her blessing is a testament to her courage and faithfulness.

He asked for water
This phrase highlights the simplicity of Sisera's request, reflecting his vulnerability and exhaustion after fleeing from battle. Water, a basic necessity, symbolizes his dire need for refreshment and safety. In the cultural context of the ancient Near East, offering water to a guest was a common act of hospitality, as seen in Genesis 24:17-18 when Rebekah offers water to Abraham's servant. This request sets the stage for the unexpected turn of events that follow.

and she gave him milk
Jael's response to Sisera's request is significant. Instead of water, she offers milk, which can be seen as an act of generosity and hospitality, going beyond what was asked. Milk, often associated with nourishment and comfort, might have been intended to lull Sisera into a false sense of security. This act can be seen as a strategic move by Jael, as milk has soporific qualities that could induce drowsiness. The offering of milk instead of water also foreshadows the unexpected outcome of the encounter.

In a magnificent bowl
The use of a "magnificent bowl" suggests a display of honor and respect, as such vessels were typically reserved for esteemed guests. This detail emphasizes the deceptive nature of Jael's hospitality, as she presents herself as a gracious host. The choice of a splendid vessel could also symbolize the gravity of the moment, as it contrasts with the impending betrayal. This act of presenting milk in a fine bowl can be seen as a type of Christ, who offers grace and salvation in unexpected ways, often through humble means.

she brought him curds
Curds, a form of dairy product, were a staple in the diet of ancient Near Eastern peoples. The mention of curds further emphasizes the theme of nourishment and comfort. This detail might also indicate the richness of the offering, as curds were considered a delicacy. The act of bringing curds, like the milk, serves to deepen Sisera's sense of security and trust in Jael. This moment can be connected to the broader biblical theme of God's deliverance through unexpected means, as seen in the story of David and Goliath, where a young shepherd defeats a mighty warrior with a simple sling and stone.

She reached for the tent peg
In ancient nomadic cultures, women were often responsible for setting up and taking down tents, making them familiar with tent pegs. This detail highlights Jael's resourcefulness and courage. The tent peg symbolizes an unexpected tool of deliverance, reminiscent of how God often uses the humble and unexpected to achieve His purposes, as seen in 1 Corinthians 1:27.

her right hand for the workman’s hammer
The right hand is often associated with strength and skill in biblical literature. The use of a workman’s hammer, a common tool, emphasizes Jael's practical approach to fulfilling God's plan. This act can be seen as a parallel to David using a sling to defeat Goliath, where God uses ordinary means to accomplish extraordinary victories (1 Samuel 17:49).

She struck Sisera and crushed his skull
This phrase underscores the decisive and lethal action taken by Jael. Crushing the skull is a vivid depiction of total defeat, echoing the prophecy in Genesis 3:15 about the seed of the woman crushing the serpent's head, symbolizing ultimate victory over evil. Jael's act is a fulfillment of Deborah's prophecy in Judges 4:9 that a woman would defeat Sisera.

she shattered and pierced his temple
The temple is a vulnerable part of the human body, and this detail highlights the precision and effectiveness of Jael's action. The shattering and piercing signify a complete and irreversible defeat. This act of deliverance is a type of Christ's ultimate victory over sin and death, where He decisively defeats the powers of darkness (Colossians 2:15).

At her feet he collapsed
This phrase describes the final moments of Sisera, the commander of the Canaanite army, who was defeated by the Israelites under the leadership of Deborah and Barak. The setting is the tent of Jael, the wife of Heber the Kenite. The act of collapsing at her feet signifies a complete reversal of power dynamics, as Sisera, a mighty warrior, is brought low by a woman, which was culturally significant in a patriarchal society. This moment fulfills the prophecy given by Deborah in Judges 4:9, where she foretold that the honor of victory would go to a woman.

he fell
The repetition of Sisera falling emphasizes his defeat and the end of his oppressive reign over the Israelites. In biblical literature, falling often symbolizes defeat and humiliation. This event is a turning point in the narrative, showcasing God's deliverance of Israel through unexpected means. It also serves as a reminder of the theme of divine justice, where the oppressor is brought down.

there he lay still
This phrase indicates the finality of Sisera's defeat. The stillness contrasts with the chaos of battle and the pursuit that led him to Jael's tent. It underscores the peace that follows God's intervention and judgment. The stillness can also be seen as a metaphor for the cessation of Canaanite oppression over Israel, as Sisera's death marks the beginning of a period of peace for the Israelites.

at her feet he collapsed, he fell
The repetition of this phrase reinforces the dramatic nature of Sisera's downfall. It highlights the role of Jael in God's plan, as her actions directly lead to the fulfillment of Deborah's prophecy. This repetition also serves to emphasize the completeness of Sisera's defeat and the unexpected means by which God delivers His people.

where he collapsed, there he fell dead
The finality of Sisera's death is underscored here. His death at the hands of Jael, a non-Israelite woman, is significant in the broader narrative of Judges, where God often uses unlikely individuals to achieve His purposes. This event prefigures the ultimate victory over evil through Jesus Christ, who, like Jael, brings about salvation in unexpected ways. The death of Sisera symbolizes the end of an era of oppression and the beginning of a new chapter for Israel, much like the death and resurrection of Christ signify the defeat of sin and the promise of new life.

Sisera’s mother looked through the window;
In ancient times, women often observed the world from the confines of their homes, symbolizing a limited perspective. The act of looking through a window suggests anticipation and concern. Sisera's mother, a figure of authority in her household, is portrayed in a moment of vulnerability. This scene contrasts with the earlier victory of Deborah and Barak, highlighting the personal cost of war. The window can also symbolize a barrier between her expectations and reality, reflecting the broader theme of divine intervention disrupting human plans.

she peered through the lattice and lamented:
The lattice, a common architectural feature in ancient Near Eastern homes, allowed for privacy while providing a view outside. Her peering indicates a deep longing and anxiety, as she awaits news of her son. Lamentation in the Bible often signifies mourning or distress, and here it foreshadows the tragic news she is about to receive. This moment of lament connects to the broader biblical theme of the futility of opposing God's will, as seen in the downfall of those who stand against Israel.

‘Why is his chariot so long in coming?
Chariots were symbols of military power and speed in the ancient world. Sisera's mother expected a swift return, indicative of confidence in his military prowess. Her question reveals her ignorance of the divine intervention that led to Sisera's defeat. This phrase echoes the biblical motif of misplaced trust in human strength, as seen in Psalm 20:7, which contrasts trust in chariots with trust in the Lord.

What has delayed the clatter of his chariots?’
The clatter of chariots signifies the expected sound of victory and triumph. The delay suggests an unexpected turn of events, highlighting the theme of divine sovereignty over human affairs. This delay is a direct result of God's intervention through Deborah and Barak, emphasizing the futility of relying on human might against divine purpose. The silence of the chariots serves as a metaphor for the ultimate silence of those who oppose God's chosen people, as seen in the prophetic imagery of Isaiah 31:1-3, where reliance on chariots is condemned.

Her wisest ladies answer;
This phrase refers to the attendants or ladies-in-waiting of Sisera's mother, who are attempting to console her. In the ancient Near Eastern context, it was common for women of high status to have a retinue of attendants. These women are described as "wisest," indicating their role as advisors or counselors. This reflects the cultural practice of seeking wisdom and counsel from trusted individuals, a theme seen throughout the Bible, such as in Proverbs 11:14, which emphasizes the value of wise counsel.

indeed she keeps telling herself,
This part of the verse highlights the self-deception or false reassurance that Sisera's mother engages in. The repetition suggests a desperate attempt to convince herself of a positive outcome despite the reality. This mirrors the human tendency to deny unpleasant truths, a theme explored in various biblical narratives. The phrase also foreshadows the futility of her hopes, as Sisera has already been defeated by the Israelites, led by Deborah and Barak. This can be seen as a contrast to the assurance and hope found in God's promises, as seen in passages like Romans 8:28, which speaks of God's sovereignty and purpose.

Are they not finding and dividing the spoil—
This phrase reflects the common practice in ancient warfare where victors would divide the spoils of their conquest. In the context of Judges, this refers to the aftermath of battle where the victorious army would take goods, livestock, and captives from the defeated. This practice is seen throughout the Old Testament, such as in 1 Samuel 30:24-25, where David establishes a statute regarding the division of spoil. It highlights the material motivations behind many ancient conflicts and the expectation of tangible rewards for warriors.

a girl or two for each warrior,
The mention of "a girl or two for each warrior" underscores the grim reality of ancient warfare, where women were often taken as captives and subjected to slavery or forced marriages. This reflects the cultural norms of the time, where women were considered part of the spoils of war. The dehumanizing aspect of this practice is evident, and it contrasts sharply with the biblical ideal of treating all individuals with dignity and respect, as seen in Genesis 1:27, where all humans are made in the image of God.

a plunder of dyed garments for Sisera,
Dyed garments were considered luxury items in the ancient Near East, often signifying wealth and status. The reference to "dyed garments for Sisera" indicates the high value placed on such items and suggests that Sisera, as a commander, would receive the choicest spoils. This is consistent with the historical context where leaders and kings would often claim the best of the plunder. The mention of dyed garments also connects to the broader biblical theme of wealth and its fleeting nature, as seen in Proverbs 23:5.

the spoil of embroidered garments for the neck of the looter?
Embroidered garments were even more valuable than dyed ones, often requiring significant time and skill to produce. The phrase "for the neck of the looter" suggests that these items were intended to adorn and elevate the status of those who took them. This reflects the human tendency to seek honor and recognition through material possessions. In a broader biblical context, this can be contrasted with the teachings of Jesus, who emphasized storing up treasures in heaven rather than on earth (Matthew 6:19-21). The imagery of garments also appears in prophetic literature, such as Isaiah 61:10, where garments symbolize salvation and righteousness.

So may all Your enemies perish, O LORD!
This phrase is a call for divine justice and reflects the biblical theme of God's ultimate victory over His adversaries. It echoes the sentiment found in other scriptures, such as Psalm 68:1-2, where the enemies of God are scattered. The context of Judges 5 is the Song of Deborah, celebrating Israel's victory over the Canaanite king Jabin and his commander Sisera. This victory is attributed to God's intervention, emphasizing His role as a divine warrior. The phrase also foreshadows the ultimate defeat of evil, as seen in Revelation 20:10, where Satan and his forces are finally vanquished.

But may those who love You shine like the sun at its brightest.
This imagery of shining like the sun is a metaphor for righteousness and divine favor. It is reminiscent of Matthew 13:43, where the righteous are said to shine like the sun in the kingdom of their Father. The phrase suggests a stark contrast between the fate of God's enemies and those who are faithful to Him. In the cultural context of ancient Israel, light often symbolizes life, blessing, and God's presence, as seen in Numbers 6:25, where the Lord's face shining upon someone is a sign of blessing. This phrase also points to the transformative power of God's love and the glorification of believers, a theme that is further developed in the New Testament.

And the land had rest for forty years.
The forty-year period of rest signifies a generation's worth of peace and stability, a common motif in the Book of Judges. This rest is a direct result of God's deliverance and the people's obedience, as seen in the cyclical pattern of sin, oppression, deliverance, and peace throughout Judges. The number forty is significant in biblical numerology, often representing a period of testing or completeness, as seen in the forty years of Israel's wilderness wanderings (Exodus 16:35) and Jesus' forty days of fasting (Matthew 4:2). This rest is a temporary foretaste of the ultimate rest promised to God's people, as described in Hebrews 4:9-10, where believers are invited to enter God's eternal rest through faith in Christ.